Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Q 2010European Conference

on Quality in Official StatisticsHelsinki, May 2010

Nationality, Citizenship, Race, Ethnicity and Migration as Socio-Demographic Background

Variables in Comparative Social Surveys

by: Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS, Mannheim/GERand Uwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange/LUX

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Structur:

- Research Question

- Elements of request

- How to ask?

- in Census, EU & USA

- in Surveys

- Proposal for question wording

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Ethnicity is:

"a shared racial, linguistic, or national identity of a social group" (Jary & Jary 1991

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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In different societies the context in which citizenship is defined differs

1st: Country is dominated by one ethnic group: citizenship is defined by ancestry / Ultimate ambition is homogeneity (resettlers from Eastern Europe in Germany)2nd: Country had colonies in the past: Inhabitants of some of the colonies were temporary citizens of the home country – reintegration (e.g. people from Algeria in France)3rd: Country as country of immigration: The nation is composed of different ethnic groups.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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There are two different principles of law to become a citizen by birth:

- ius soli: "right of the soil", citizenship results from being born in [country]

- ius sanguinis: "right of the blood", citizenship results from having [national] parent or parents

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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After these definitions we look to the different elements of the 26 questionnaires in European Censuses around 2000

- legal status of a person- possibility to participate in the economic live / to be allowed

to work- ethnic classification as a classification by cultural background (self-estimation)- the migration background of a person- indicator for integration

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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The legal status of a person – The posibility to participate in the political and social life:

The main indicator is

citizenship – a person's membership in a country.

Only in some countries “nationality” is the equivalent of citizenship (e.g. FRA, CDN, USA).

Nationality means the relationship between a person and his/her state of origin, culture, association, affiliation and/or loyalty.

If respondent is not a citizen of the country of residence: the resident permit status is asked for.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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(a) In Census 2000 nearly all questionnaires asked for citizenship; if more then one citizenship: listing of all of them

(b) sometimes a citizenship equivalent is asked in categories like "European Union", yes/no

The resident permit status is given by group membership as:

- immigrant - refugee - asylum seeker

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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The posibility to participate in the economic life:

(in censuses it is rarely asked)

- residence permit: temporary versus unrestricted

- work permit: existing versus non existing

- freedom of movement and trade

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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The ethnic classification and race:

Self-estimation into typical categories of the countries

In census questionnaire ethnic classification is asked …

- "ethnic nationality" (in Estonia)

- "ethnic/religious group" (in Cyprus)

- "ethnic or cultural background" (in Republic of Ireland)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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US Census asks1. Is this person Spanish/Hispanic/Latino?2. What is this person's race? Mark one or more races.

a) Whiteb) Black, African American, Negroc) American Indian or Alaska Natived) Asian Indiand) Chinesed) Filipinod) Japanesed) Koreand) Vietnamesed) Other Asiane) Native Hawaiiane) Guamanian or Chamorroe) Samoane) Other Pacific Islanderf) some other race

(64 combination by in maximum 4 categories) US-Census

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Migratonal background of a person:

(a) Is the respondent an immigrant?

Problem: Remigration (migrant laborer returns aftermore then 1 year of absence)

or Reintegration (Algerian‘s reintegration into France, resettlers from Eastern Europe in Germany)

(b) Are respondent’s parents immigrants / or foreigners?

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Question wording:

Respondent:

- Country of birth / Mother‘s place of residence at the time respondent was born

- in which year respondent came to [country]

Problems: changing borders (e.g. Germany or Poland after World War 2, Yugoslavia after the collapse of the system)

Respondent‘s parents:

- Country of birth of father - Citizenship of father - Country of birth of mother - Citizenship of mother

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Integration of Immigrants into host society:

The most common indicator we found is "mother tongue"

Def: the language a person speaks at home normally,Def: that language a child learns first.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Examples of questions in censuses 2000:

What language do you speak fluently? (Cyprus)

What is your mother tongue? (Estonia)

Which language do you speak most at home? (Malta)

Language that you usually speak in your household/family (Slovenia)

Can you understand, speak, read or write Scottish Gaelic? (Scotland)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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List of variables formulated by the European Commission that should be asked at Census 2010:

- citizenship

- country of birth

- year of arrival in country of residence / number of full years of settlement in [country]

- country of residence before migration - reasons for migration - naturalization - country of birth of father / of mother - ethnic affiliation - mother tongue

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Question wording in survey research:

Eurobarometer: asks for "nationality"

European Value Study (EVS): asks for

- "nationality" (Definition: "Nationality is passport!")

- Country of birth of respondent

- Country of birth of rs. father / of rs. mother

- Number of years in [country].

International Social Survey Programme: no specific question

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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European Social Survey: asks for …

- Citizenship of respondent.

- Country of birth of respondent.

- Language (first, second) rs. speaks most at home

- Member of an ethnic group in country of residence

- Country of birth of rs. father / of rs. mother

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Questions for a Questionnaire on ethnicity –our Proposal:

1. Are you a citizen of [this country]?Yes go to question 1.1. No go to question 1.4. (actual citizenship)

1.1. What other citizenship do you hold?a. No other citizenshipb. Write in the second citizenship: ……………….c. Write in the third citizenship: …………………..(Coded as ISO3166-1 and first citizenship

automatically filled with the ISO3166-1 of this country)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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1.2. By which legal procedure did you become citizen of [this country]?by birth go to question 3. (ethnicthrough one of my parents go to question 3. group)on reaching the age a majority go to question 1.3by marriage go to question 1.3by adoption go to question 1.3by naturalization go to question 1.3by descent go to question 1.3The list of response categories can be extended in order to

cover country-specific provisions

1.3. In what year did you obtain the citizenship of [this country]?Around: ……. go to question 2. (resid. status)

1.4. What citizenship do you hold?a. Write in the first citizenship: ………………………b. Write in the second citizenship: ………………….c. Write in the third citizenship: ………………….…..d. stateless person(Coded as ISO3166-1)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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2. Which residential status do you hold?- I hold an unlimited residence permit - I hold a limited residence permit and a work/ employment permit - I hold a temporary residence permit but no work/employment permit - I am a refugee, asylum-seeker

The list of answer categories can be prolonged according to the country specific legal settings

2.1. In what year did you acquire this residential status?

Around: ……

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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3. To which ethnic group in [this country] do you belong?Country specific list of groups

Show card based on the demographic structure of the country and featuring the main visible ethnic groups.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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4. Were you born in [this country]?Yes go to question 5.1. (father/mother)No go to question 4.1.

4.1. In what country were you born?Write the country of birth: ………………… (Coded as ISO3166-1: If answer to 4 is yes fill

automatically with the ISO3166-1 of this country)

4.2. In what year did you first come to [this country]?Approximately in: ……..

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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5.1. Was your father born in [this country]?- No, he was born in: …………….. (Write the country and code as ISO3166-1) - Yes (fill automatically with the ISO3166-1 of this country)

5.2. Was your mother born in [this country]?- No, she was born in: …………….. (Write the country and code as ISO3166-1) - Yes (fill automatically with the ISO3166-1 of this country)

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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6.1. What language do you speak most often at home?Write in the most frequently spoken language:

…………….(Coded as ISO 693-2)

6.2. Do you frequently speak a second language at home?

- Yes, this is: ………………… (Write the language and code as ISO 693-2)- No

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Conclusion:

A European Standard Questionnaire covering socio-demographic background variables should ask for all relevant items.

The relevant items are:

- citizenship,

- the procedure how to become citizen,

- the residential status,

- membership of an ethnic group,

- country of birth of respondent, of respondent’s father

and of respondent’s mother,

- the mother tongue as an indicator for integration.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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The proposed questions

- ask for all relevant information.

- will work in each European country.

The questionnaire

- is short enough

- limits the interview burden and is therefore practicable during fieldwork.

Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, MannheimUwe Warner, CEPS/INSTEAD, Differdange

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Thank you

for your attention

juergen.hoffmeyer-zlotnik@gesis.org

uwe.warner@ceps.lu