Birth Date: June 1, 1919Birth Date: June 1, 1919 Death Date: July 13, 1975, age 56Death Date: July 13, 1975, age 56 Place of Birth: New York, New York, Place of Birth: New York, New York,

United StatesUnited States Place of Death: Stanford, California, Place of Death: Stanford, California,

United StatesUnited States Nationality: AmericanNationality: American Occupations: Physiologist, ResearcherOccupations: Physiologist, Researcher

Eldest of three children of Eldest of three children of Leon Wilfred and Nellie Leon Wilfred and Nellie Baron GrahamBaron Graham

Nellie Graham - TeacherNellie Graham - Teacher Leon Graham - Leon Graham -

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earned good grades in high school and earned good grades in high school and especially loved science.especially loved science.

majored in biochemistry at the majored in biochemistry at the University of ChicagoUniversity of Chicago

graduated with a bachelor of science graduated with a bachelor of science degree in 1939 degree in 1939

pursued graduate studies while working pursued graduate studies while working as an assistant in physiology at the as an assistant in physiology at the university. university.

graduated with a Ph.D in Physiology, in graduated with a Ph.D in Physiology, in the same university in 1946the same university in 1946

Love Love StoryStory

While at the University of Chicago, While at the University of Chicago, Judith married political science Judith married political science student Ithiel de Sola Pool. student Ithiel de Sola Pool.

The Pools had two sons, Jonathon, The Pools had two sons, Jonathon, born in 1942, and Jeremy, born in born in 1942, and Jeremy, born in 1945.1945.

The couple divorced in 1953. The couple divorced in 1953. In 1972, Judith remarried to Maurice In 1972, Judith remarried to Maurice

Sokolow, Professor of Medicine and Sokolow, Professor of Medicine and HematologyHematology

Research findingsResearch findings Judith made many discoveries and wrote Judith made many discoveries and wrote

several scientific papers.several scientific papers. She conducted studies on frogs and wrote She conducted studies on frogs and wrote

her first paper on the response of frog her first paper on the response of frog muscles to calcium chloride.muscles to calcium chloride.

Three years later (1942), she co-wrote Three years later (1942), she co-wrote with other researchers to publish a paper with other researchers to publish a paper on measuring the membrane potential in on measuring the membrane potential in frog muscle fibres. frog muscle fibres.

They described the use of microelectrodes They described the use of microelectrodes in measuring the impulses in the fibres.in measuring the impulses in the fibres.

Research findingsResearch findings

Ralph Ralph Waldo Gerard, the neurophysiologist who conducted and wrote the paper with her, furthered the research on measuring membrane potential. The paper was one of the major contributions in physiology.

HE was nominated a Nobel Prize

Her major second area in research is on hematology.

At Stanford Medical School she At Stanford Medical School she changed her research focus from changed her research focus from muscle physiology to blood physiology, muscle physiology to blood physiology, (an area she had no experience in.)(an area she had no experience in.)

The results of her research had greatly The results of her research had greatly improved the way hemophilia was improved the way hemophilia was treated. Before that, hemophiliacs were treated. Before that, hemophiliacs were treated with transfusions of plasma. treated with transfusions of plasma.

Hemophiliac patients lack anti-hemophilic Hemophiliac patients lack anti-hemophilic factor (AHF) also known as factor VIIIfactor (AHF) also known as factor VIII

This factor is required for blood clotting.This factor is required for blood clotting.

Hemophiliac patients needed huge Hemophiliac patients needed huge quantities of plasma fluid in order to quantities of plasma fluid in order to receive adequate quantities of AHF. receive adequate quantities of AHF. However these massive transfusions However these massive transfusions carried a risk of circulatory overload and carried a risk of circulatory overload and congestive heart failure.congestive heart failure.

She discovered a way to separate AHF She discovered a way to separate AHF from plasma so patients could get from plasma so patients could get greater quantities of it. greater quantities of it.

HOW?HOW?

By process known as cryoprecipitation By process known as cryoprecipitation (freezing fresh plasma at very low (freezing fresh plasma at very low temperature and slowly thawing it)temperature and slowly thawing it)

Pool continued her research in blood Pool continued her research in blood coagulation for the remainder of her lifecoagulation for the remainder of her life

devoted the later years of her career to devoted the later years of her career to advancing opportunities for women advancing opportunities for women scientists.scientists.

elected co-president of the Association of elected co-president of the Association of Women in Science in 1971.Women in Science in 1971.

first chairwoman of the Professional first chairwoman of the Professional Women of Stanford University Medical Women of Stanford University Medical Center.Center.

Pool died of a brain tumor on July 13, Pool died of a brain tumor on July 13, 1975, in Stanford, California, at the 1975, in Stanford, California, at the

age of 56. age of 56.

ChallengesChallenges She had to juggle both family and career.She had to juggle both family and career. After her Ph.D in 1946, her husband was After her Ph.D in 1946, her husband was

diagnosed with tuberculosis and she had diagnosed with tuberculosis and she had to work a variety of jobs, including as a to work a variety of jobs, including as a secretary, an English and physics teacher, secretary, an English and physics teacher, a cancer researcher, and a teacher in a a cancer researcher, and a teacher in a school for mentally handicapped children.school for mentally handicapped children.

She got divorced and became a young She got divorced and became a young single mothersingle mother

Her contribution to research of the Her contribution to research of the membrane potential in cells was greatly membrane potential in cells was greatly overlooked. (gender biasness)overlooked. (gender biasness)

An inspiration An inspiration She inspired many women to devote their She inspired many women to devote their

passion for science.passion for science. She was elected co-president for She was elected co-president for

Association of Women in Science in 1971.Association of Women in Science in 1971. She was the founder and the first She was the founder and the first

chairwoman of the Professional Women chairwoman of the Professional Women of Stanford University Medical Center.of Stanford University Medical Center.

National Hemophilia Foundation National Hemophilia Foundation renamed its research fellowship after renamed its research fellowship after her. her.

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