Judge's Opinion in Southwest-Delta Case at Love Field

8/20/2019 Judge's Opinion in Southwest-Delta Case at Love Field

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K@ ÊG W@K^GN Z^C^GZ NKZ^]KJ^ JFW]^@F]ÊG]@ NKZ^]KJ^ FO ^GUCZ

NCIICZ NK_KZKF@

JK^[ FO NCIICZ, §§Xick`tkoo, §

§ v. § Jkvki Cjtkf` @f. :237-J_-=8?;-D

§NGI^C CK]IK@GZ, K@J., ZFWÊ\GZ^ § CK]IK@GZ JF., _K]LK@ CAG]KJC §K@J., CAG]KJC@ CK]IK@GZ, K@J., §W@K^GN CK]IK@GZ, K@J., ZGCXF]^ §

CK]IK@GZ, K@J., W@K^GN Z^C^GZ §NGXC]ÂG@^ FO §^]C@ZXF]^C^KF@, c`n ÊG §OGNG]CI C_KC^KF@ § CNAK@KZ^]C^KF@, §

§Ngog`nc`ts. §

AGAF]C@NWA FXK@KF@ C@N F]NG]

êg Jfurt ks csdgn my Xick`tkoo Jkty fo Nciics, Ngog`nc`t Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs

Jf., c`n Ngog`nc`t Ngitc Ckr Ik`gs, K`j. tf lrc`t c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, gcje pcrty

rgqugstk`l nkoogrg`t rgikgo. êg ofiifwk`l aftkf`s crg mgofrg teg Jfurt2 (3)

Ngog`nc`t Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jf.‛s _grkokgn Cppikjctkf` ofr ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l

Frngr, Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`, c`n Xgrac`g`t K`bu`jtkf` Clck`st Ngitc Ckr Ik`gs,

K`j. (Nfj. 38)4 (=) Xick`tkoo Jkty fo Nciics‛ _grkokgn Jrfss-Aftkf` ofr T^gapfrcry

]gstrck`k`l FrngrQ (Nfj. @f. =8)4 c`n (:) Ngog`nc`t Ngitc Ckr Ik`gs, K`j.‛s

Gagrlg`jy Aftkf` ofr c ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l Frngr c`n c Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 3 fo >= XclgKN


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Clck`st Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jf. (Nfj. @f. ==). êg Jfurt egin c` gvkng`tkcry

egcrk`l (’k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l‑) f` tegsg pg`nk`l aftkf`s ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo f`

Zgptgamgr =5-:8, =837. êg Jfurt ecs jcrgouiiy jf`skngrgn teg aftkf s̀, teg

rgspf`sgs, teg rgpikgs, suppfrtk`l cppg`nkjgs, pigcnk`ls, cppikjcmig icw, c`n gvkng`jg

foogrgn ct teg k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l. Mgjcusg teg gquktcmig ocjtfrs rgictgn tf k`bu`jtkvg

rgikgo wgkle egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc c`n `ft Zfutewgst, teg Jfurt egrgmy L]C@^Z

Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` c`n NG@KGZ teg aftkf` ofr k`bu`jtkvg

rgikgo okign my Zfutewgst. êg Jkty rgqugsts c`y f`g fo sgvgrci citgr`ctkvg ofras fo

k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo k`jiunk`l teg rgikgo rgqugstgn my Ngitc. Mgjcusg teg gquktcmig ocjtfrs

cisf wgkle k` ocvfr fo teg Jkty, teg Jfurt L]C@^Z teg Jkty‛s aftkf`.

K. Ocjtuci c`n Xrfjgnurci Mcjdlrfu`n

Ekstfry fo Ifvg Okgin c`n êg \rklet Cag`nag`t

Ifvg Okgin Ckrpfrt (’Ifvg Okgin‑) wcs frklk`ciiy jf`strujtgn cs c W`ktgn Ztctgs

Cray ckrmcsg nurk`l \frin \cr K. Xick`tkoo Jkty fo Nciics (’Jkty‑) ecs fw`gn c`n

fpgrctgn Ifvg Okgin sk`jg 3;=5. K` teg 3;?8s, teg ogngrci lfvgràg`t frngrgn teg

jktkgs fo Nciics c`n Ot. \frte tf ngskl`ctg f`g ckrpfrt orfa wekje ogngrciiy rgluictgn

ckr jcrrkgrs jfuin sgrvg mfte jktkgs. êg jktkgs wgrg u`cmig tf clrgg f` teg ngskl`ctkf`

fo gktegr Ifvg Okgin fr teg ckrpfrt k` Ot. \frte cs teg ckrpfrt tf sgrvg mfte jktkgs. Mut

teg jktkgs nkn clrgg tf jf`strujt c `gw ckrpfrt, Nciics-Ot. \frte K`tgr`ctkf`ci Ckrpfrt

(’NO\ Ckrpfrt‑), wekje uitkactgiy fpg`gn k` 3;. Gvgry ogngrciiy jgrtkokgn ckrik`g

teg` fpgrctk`l ct Ifvg Okgin c`n teg Ot. \frte ckrpfrt clrggn tf rgifjctg tegkr

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg = fo >= XclgKN


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fpgrctkf`s tf NO\ Ckrpfrt. Ct tect tkag, Ngog`nc`t Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs Jfapc`y

(’Zfutewgst‑) oigw fìy wktek` teg Ztctg fo ^gxcs, sf kt wcs `ft c ogngrciiy jgrtkokgn

ckr jcrrkgr. Citefule teg ftegr ckrik`gs igot Ifvg Okgin, Zfutewgst jf t̀kùgn kts ^gxcs-

fìy oiklet fpgrctkf`s orfa Ifvg Okgin.

\kte teg g`cjtag`t fo teg Ckrik`g Ngrgluictkf` Cjt fo 3;


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Cagrkjc` Ckrik`gs (’Cagrkjc`‑) f` Buiy 33, =88? (’Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t‑).

Kapfrtc`t tgras fo teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t k`jiung teg ofiifwk`l2

3. C rgnujtkf` k` teg tftci ùamgr fo lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin orfa := tf =8.

=. C prfekmktkf` fo teg sumnkvkskf` fo c lctg k` c`y ofra, k`jiunk`l teg usg foecrnstc`ns wekje pgrakt c` ckrik`g tf ’lrfu`n ifcn/uìfcn‑ tegkrpcssg`lgrs.

:. êg ciifjctkf` fo 3? ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ lctgs tf Zfutewgst, twf ’prgogrg`tkciusg‑ lctgs tf Cagrkjc`, c`n twf ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ lctgs tf GxprgssBgt Ckrik`gs, K`j..

>. C ikaktctkf` f` oiklet fpgrctkf`s tf teg efurs fo ?288 c.a. tf 33288 p.a.

7. C prfekmktkf` fo k`tgr`ctkf`ci oiklets frklk`ctk`l orfa Ifvg Okgin.

K` cnnktkf` tf tegsg tgras, teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t rgogrs tf teg pfsskmkikty fo c

`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g sggdk`l spcjg tf fpgrctg ct Ifvg Okgin u`ngr teg `gw lctg

ikaktctkf`s2

^f teg gxtg`t c `gw g`trc`t jcrrkgr sggds tf g`tgr Ifvg Okgin,teg Jkty fo Nciics wkii sggd vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` orfa ktsgxkstk`l jcrrkgrs tf cjjfaafnctg teg `gw g`trc`t sgrvkjg. Ko teggxkstk`l jcrrkgrs crg `ft cmig fr crg `ft wkiik`l tf cjjfaafnctg teg`gw g`trc`t sgrvkjg, teg` teg Jkty fo Nciics clrggs tf rgqukrg tegsecrk`l fo prgogrg`tkci igcsg lctgs, pursuc`t tf Nciics‛ gxkstk`l igcsgclrggag`ts.

êg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t nfgs `ft ngok`g teg tgra ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ gvg` tefule kt

ks usgn k` tect clrggag t̀. Ct teg tkag fo teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, tergg ckrik`gs ecn

Igcsg Clrggag`ts wkte teg Jkty tf usg Ifvg Okgin lctgs c`n spcjg. (êgsg ckrik`gs

wkte Igcsg Clrggag`ts crg rgogrrgn tf egrgk` cs ’Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs‑.) Wìkdg teg

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg > fo >= XclgKN


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Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs ngok`g teg tgra ’prgogrg`tkci usg‑ cs

agc`k`l teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ecs prkacry, mut `ft sfig, usg fo teg igcsgn spcjg.

Cotgr teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t wcs ofracikzgn, teg pcrtkgs prgsg`tgn tegkr

clrggag`t tf Jf`lrgss cs teg jfiicmfrctkvg ifjci goofrt ofr rgofrak`l c`n/fr rgpgcik`l

teg \rklet Cag`nag`t. Zgvgrci, tefule `ft cii, prfvkskf`s fo teg Okvg Xcrty

Clrggag`t wgrg uitkactgiy k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf teg \rklet Cag`nag`t ]gofra Cjt

(’\C]C‑), wekje fookjkciiy rgpgcign teg \rklet Cag`nag`t weg` kt wcs cnfptgn f`

Fjtfmgr 3:, =88?4 mut ack`tck`gn teg if`l-nkstc`jg oiklet rgstrkjtkf`s orfa Ifvg

Okgin ofr gklet afrg ygcrs u`tki Fjtfmgr =83>. Bust cs k` teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t,

\C]C cnnrgssgn `gw g`trc`t ckrik`gs `ggnk`l spcjg tf fpgrctg ct teg `fw lctg

rgstrkjtgn Ifvg Okgin, spgjkokjciiy prfvknk`l tect, ’TtQf cjjfaafnctg `gw g`trc`t ckr

jcrrkgrs, teg jkty fo Nciics secii ef`fr teg sjcrjg rgsfurjg prfvkskf` fo teg gxkstk`l Ifvg

Okgin igcsgs.‑ (Gapecsks cnngn.) êg sumstc`tkvg prfvkskf`s rgluictk`l oiklets k` c`n

fut fo Ifvg Okgin wgrg k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf \C]C. êg prfvkskf`s fo teg Okvg Xcrty

Clrggag`t wekje wgrg `ft k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf c`n cnfptgn my \C]C crg skapiy

jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf`s mgtwgg` teg okvg pcrtkgs tect crg k`ngpg`ng`t fo \C]C, c`n

nf `ft k`jiung Ngitc.

Xfst-\C]C Jec`lgs

Jgrtck` jec`lgs tf teg frklk`ci prgogrg`tkci lctg cssklàg`ts ecvg fjjurrgn sk`jg

teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t wcs g`tgrgn k`tf c`n \C]C wcs g`cjtgn. êgrg wgrg

tergg ckrik`gs wekje g`tgrgn k`tf Igcsg Clrggag`ts wkte teg Jkty ofr ’prgogrg`tkci

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 7 fo >= XclgKN 8


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usg‑ fo teg =8 lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin„GxprgssBgt Ckrik`gs, K`j. (’GxprgssBgt‑), Cagrkjc`,

c`n Zfutewgst. K` =885, teg GxprgssBgt lctgs wgrg cjqukrgn my Jf`tk`g`tci Ckrik`gs,

c`n teg` my Ngog`nc`t W`ktgn Ckrik`gs, K`j. (’W`ktgn‑) cs pcrt fo kts agrlgr wkte

Jf`tk`g`tci. \kte teg agrlgr, W`ktgn mgjcag fmiklctgn cs c sujjgssfr tf c Zkl`ctfry

Ckrik`g rglcrnk`l cii fmiklctkf`s u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ofr tefsg twf lctgs.

Cagrkjc` ks stkii c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g, mut k` Acy =83>, Ngog`nc`t _krlk` Cagrkjc,

K`j. (’_krlk`‑) sumigcsgn Cagrkjc`‛s twf lctgs pursuc`t tf c ogngrci nkvgstkturg frngr

rgictgn tf teg Cagrkjc` c`n W.Z. Ckrwcys agrlgr wekje mglc` k` =83: c`n wcs

cpprfvgn k` =83>. êks cjtkf` googjtkvgiy rgafvgn Cagrkjc` Ckrik`gs orfa oiyk`l fut

fo Ifvg Okgin. (Zfutewgst c`n Ngitc mfte sfulet tefsg twf Cagrkjc` lctgs nurk`l

teg nkvgstkturg prfjggnk`ls c`n mfte wgrg rgbgjtgn my teg Ngpcrtag`t fo Bustkjg c`n

teg ogngrci jfurt.) _krlk` teg` g`tgrgn k`tf c lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte Ngog`nc`t

Zgcpfrt Ckrik`gs ciifwk`l kt tf fpgrctg twf oiklets nckiy orfa _krlk`‛s twf lctgs.

Zfutewgst jf`tkùgs tf ecvg c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty ofr prgogrg`tkci usg fo

3? lctgs.

^gras c`n Xrfvkskf`s fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t

êg tgras fo gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t ofr lctgs mgtwgg` teg Jkty c`n teg rgspgjtkvg

Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g crg gssg`tkciiy kng`tkjci, cjjfrnk`l tf teg Jkty. êg Zkl`ctfry

Ckrik`g ecs gktegr gxjiuskvg usg fr prgogrg`tkci usg fo kts igcsgn spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin, cs

ngsjrkmgn k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`ts. ’Gxjiuskvg usg‑ pgrtck`s tf tect igcsgn spcjg tect

teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ecs teg sfig rklet tf usg. ’Xrgogrg`tkci usg‑, f` teg ftegr ec`n,

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg ? fo >= XclgKN 3


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cppikgs tf tefsg igcsgn spcjgs wegrg teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ks jf`skngrgn teg prkacry,

mut `ft sfig, usgr. W`ngr gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t, `f Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ecs gxjiuskvg

usg fo c`y lctg, fìy prgogrg`tkci usg. êgrg ks gxjiuskvg usg igcsgn spcjg ct Ifvg

Okgin4 mut, tegrg crg `f gxjiuskvg usg lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin.

Bust cs mfte teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t c`n \C]C rgjfl`kzgn teg ikaktctkf`s

jrgctgn my teg lctg rgstrkjtkf`s, gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t cnnrgssgs teg pfsskmkikty fo

Ifvg Okgin ocjkiktkgs mgjfak`l c ’sjcrjg rgsfurjg‑. êg Igcsg Clrggag`t c`tkjkpctgs c

`gw g`trc`t ckr jcrrkgr (’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑) acy sggd tf prfvkng sgrvkjg ct Ifvg

Okgin wkte teg `gw lctg rgstrkjtkf s̀. ]gjfl`kzk`l teg `ggn ofr ’fpg` cjjgss c`n

u`kofra trgctag`t‑, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t lfgs ourtegr c`n prfvkngs c prfjgnurg k`

Zgjtkf` >.8?O weg` cjjfaafnctkf` ks sfulet my c ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g. êks

prfjgnurg rgqukrgs teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g okrst gxecust cii rgcsf`cmig goofrts tf sgjurg

c vfiu`tcry crrc`lgag`t ofr cjjfaafnctkf`s orfa gcje Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g. Ko teg

]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‛s cttgapt ofr vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` ockis, teg` teg Jkty‛s

Nkrgjtfr fo Cvkctkf` (’Nkrgjtfr‑) wkii `ftkoy gcje Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tect ko c vfiu`tcry

cjjfaafnctkf` ks `ft acng wktek` teg :8-ncy tkag orcag u`ngr gcje Igcsg

Clrggag`t, teg Nkrgjtfr wkii sgigjt f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs tf ouiokii teg

cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst. @ftkjg wkii teg` mg sg`t tf teg sgigjtgn Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g

wekje wkii ecvg 38 ncys tf jfaag`t f` fr nksputg teg Nkrgjtfr‛s jefkjg. êg

Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g aust cjjfaafnctg teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g uìgss teg Nkrgjtfr

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg < fo >= XclgKN =


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rgsjk`ns eks sgigjtkf`. êg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg nfgs `ft spgjkoy fptkf`s fr

rgagnkgs teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g aklet ecvg ko teg Nkrgjtfr rgsjk`ns eks sgigjtkf`.

Ngitc‛s Okrst Cjjfaafnctkf` ]gqugst

Mglk``k`l Buiy =88;, Ngitc g`tgrgn k`tf c af`te-tf-af`te sumigcsg wkte

Cagrkjc` ofr pcrtkci usg fo kts twf lctgs, wekje ciifwgn Ngitc tf mglk` sgrvkjg orfa

Ifvg Okgin. Ngitc g`bfygn u`k`tgrruptgn sgrvkjg orfa Ifvg Okgin u`ngr teks af`te-

tf-af`te crrc`lgag`t. Mut Ngitc‛s sgrvkjg wcs picjgn k` bgfpcrny weg` kts af`te-

tf-af`te sumigcsg wkte Cagrkjc` wcs sgt tf g`n f` Fjtfmgr 3=, =83>, teg googjtkvg

nctg fo Cagrkjc ‛̀s nkvgstk`l sumigcsg wkte _krlk` ofr tefsg twf lctgs. Ngitc mglc`

jf`tcjtk`l teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs, cs wgii cs _krlk`, f` Bu`g 3:, =83>, tf rgqugst

vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` ofr kts okvg nckiy oiklets, mut tect goofrt wcs u`sujjgssoui.

K` c igttgr nctgn Buiy 3?, =83>, Ngitc rgqugstgn teg Jkty k`ktkctg teg ac`nctfry fr

ofrjgn cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg sgt ofrte k` gcje Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg

Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs. Ofiifwk`l Zgjtkf` >.8?O, Ar. Acrd Nugm`gr (’Ar. Nugm`gr‑),

Nkrgjtfr fo teg Jkty‛s Ngpcrtag`t fo Cvkctkf`, `ftkokgn teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs tect

uìgss Ngitc wcs cjjfaafnctgn wktek` :8 ncys, Ar. Nugm`gr wfuin sgigjt f`g

Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf jfapiy wkte teg cjjfaafnctkf` frngr. F` Zgptgamgr 35,

=83>, Ngitc kòfragn Ar. Nugm`gr k` c igttgr tect `f cjjfaafnctkf` ecn mgg`

acng gvg` tefule teg :8-ncy ngcnik`g ecn pcssgn. Ngitc gapecskzgn teg urlg`jy fo

teg sktuctkf` wkte Cagrkjc` tgrak`ctk`l kts clrggag`t wkte Ngitc googjtkvg Fjtfmgr

3=, =83>. Ngitc cisf rgak`ngn Ar. Nugm`gr tect ’teg Ngpcrtag`t fo Cvkctkf` ecs

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 5 fo >= XclgKN :


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prgvkfusiy cssurgn us tect wg wfuin mg cjjfaafnctgn, c`n wg crg rgiyk`l f` tect

jfaaktag`t.‑ \kte `f sumigcsg fr vfiu`tcry fr ofrjgn cjjfaafnctkf` k` picjg,

Ngitc g`tgrgn k`tf tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`ts wkte nkoogrg`t ckr jcrrkgrs ct Ifvg

Okgin ct vcrkfus pfk`ts k` tkag tf g`surg jf`tkùgn sgrvkjg, cii wekig rgcssgrtk`l kts

cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst tf teg Jkty.

Nurk`l teks tkag, W`ktgn wcs fpgrctk`l fìy sgvg` nckiy oiklets fut fo kts twf

igcsgn lctgs. F` Zgptgamgr 3;, =83>, Ar. Nugm`gr `ftkokgn W`ktgn k` c igttgr tect

teg Jkty sgigjtgn W k̀tgn tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc f` f`g fo kts lctgs. Ar. Nugm`gr

stctgn tect teg Jkty‛s ngjkskf` wcs mcsgn f` W`ktgn‛s cjtuci lctg usclg ct tect tkag

c`n eg tfin W`ktgn tect teg cjjfaafnctkf` aust mg acng wktek` :8 ncys. êg ncy

mgofrg tect `ftkokjctkf`, f` Zgptgamgr 35, =83>, W`ktgn g`tgrgn k`tf c lctg usclg

clrggag`t wkte Zfutewgst ofr kts usg fo W`ktgn‛s twf lctgs fìy ofr fvgroifw purpfsgs

fr krrgluicr fpgrctkf`s4 W`ktgn jf`tkùgn tf fpgrctg kts oiklets orfa mfte lctgs.

F` Zgptgamgr =:, =83>, Ar. Mfm Af`tlfagry (’Ar. Af`tlfagry‑), _kjg

Xrgskng`t fo Ckrpfrt Coockrs ofr Zfutewgst, sg`t c igttgr tf Ar. Nugm`gr nksputk`l c`n

nksclrggk`l wkte teg Jkty‛s ngjkskf` tf ofrjg W`ktgn tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc f` tegsg

twf lctgs Zfutewgst ecn jf`trcjtgn tf usg ofr fvgroifw fr krrgluicr fpgrctkf`s. ^f

mfistgr Zfutewgst‛s crluag`t, Ar. Af`tlfagry pfk`tgn tf Zfutewgst‛s rgjg`t lctg

usclg clrggag`t wkte W`ktgn, Zfutewgst‛s fw` ngskrg c`n k`tg`t tf ’rcap up‑ kts

oiklet fpgrctkf`s, c`n eks k`tgrprgtctkf` fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ic`luclg prfvknk`l

fìy c` cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgss ofr rgqugsts, mut `ft c` cjtuci rgqukrgag`t fo teg

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg ; fo >= XclgKN >


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Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf cjjfaafnctg. ^eg `gxt ncy, Zgptgamgr =>, =837, Zfutewgst

JGF Ar. Lcry Dgiiy gackign Ar. CJ Lf`zcigz, Jkty Ac`clgr, tect Zfutewgst wcs

`ft ecppy wkte teg Jkty‛s ngjkskf`2

Kt ecs jfag tf ay cttg`tkf` tect f`jg clck`, cs rgjg`tiy cs teks wggd, Tteg JktyQ ecs tcdg` stgps tf orustrctg c`n kapgng Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs‛ lrfwte c`n sujjgss. Ourtegr, teg TJQkty ecs cjtgn k` cac``gr tect clck` puts us k` cnvgrsg pfsktkf`s iglciiy.

^eg >:-ygcr ekstfry fo Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs ecs mgg` c jf`stc`tstrullig tf fvgrjfag TskjQ wkte teg Jkty fo Nciics.

Ko c`yf`g orfa teg Jkty Ac`clgr‛s Fookjg fr teg Cvkctkf` Ngpt.

ecn cttg`ngn teg prflrca wg efstgn ofr Nciics igcngrs twf wggdsclf ct fur $388 akiikf`+ `gw trck`k`l c`n fpgrctkf`s jg`tgr, tegy wfuin ecvg igcr`gn tect Zfutewgst, mcsgn f` =83: cjjuauictgnnctc2

--lg`grctgn fvgr $> mkiikf` k` ifjci gjf`fakj cjtkvkty--jf`trkmutgn $= mkiikf` tf teg Nciics crgc LNX--ckngn k` teg jrgctkf` fo fvgr ==,888 bfms--pckn $3 mkiikf` k` scicrkgs, wclgs, c`n mg`gokts tf 5,888 Nciicscrgc Gapifyggs--pckn $>= akiikf` k` tcxgs k` teg Nciics crgc--suppfrtgn >=5 ifjci jkvkj c`n jecrktcmig frlc`kzctkf`s wktejcse c`n/fr orgg trcvgi

Cii fo teg cmfvg ecs mgg` cjjfapiksegn wktefut ok`c`jkcik`jg`tkvgs fr tcx cmctgag t̀s csdgn ofr fr foogrgn. K` rgtur`, Nciicsecs, my jefkjg„`ft `gjgsskty, gigjtgn tf rgwcrn jfapgtktfrs tectecvg jf`trkmutgn `ftek`l tf Nciics wekig ng`yk`l Zfutewgst tegfppfrtu`kty tf lrfw orfa Nciics Ifvg Okgin, teg ckrpfrtTZfutewgstQ okrst scvgn orfa gikak`ctkf` my teg TJQkty c`n teg`TZfutewgstQ rgmukit ct `f jfst tf teg jkty.

\g tefulet tect cotgr wfrdk`l sf ecrn tf rgsfivg teg ekstfrkjnksputg mgtwgg` Nciics c`n Ot. \frte fvgr fur ckrpfrts c`n teg`k`vgstk`l sf acsskvgiy tf rgk`vg`t Ifvg Okgin tect wg wgrg ok`ciiypcst tegsg cjrkaf`kfus ecrnsekps wkte fur efagtfw`. Cotgr >: ygcrs fo teks, wg ecvg ―Nciics octklug.‛ \g crg afvk`l f` tf ofjus

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 38 fo >= XclgKN 7


11/42

33

fur jfrpfrctg k`vgstag`ts k` tefsg acrdgts tect picjg c vciug f`tega c`n tegkr jfrpfrctg rgskng`ts.

F` Zgptgamgr =?, =83>, W`ktgn sg`t c igttgr tf teg Jkty fmbgjtk`l tf teg Jkty‛s

rgqukrgag`t tect W`ktgn cjjfaafnctg Ngitc. W`ktgn stctgn mfte fo teg lctgs wfuin

mg ouiiy utkikzgn cs fo Fjtfmgr 3:, =83>, pfk`tk`l tf W`ktgn‛s oiklet fpgrctkf`s c`n

teg rgjg`t lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte Zfutewgst ofr fvgroifw fr krrgluicr fpgrctkf`s

f` tefsg lctgs. W`ktgn sckn tect Ngitc jfuin `ft mg cjjfaafnctgn c`n csdgn teg

Jkty tf rgsjk`n kts nkrgjtkvg. F` Zgptgamgr =, Zfutewgst foogrgn $3=8

akiikf` jcse jf`skngrctkf` ofr teg prgogrg`tkci usg fo mfte W`ktgn lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin,

wekje wcs cjjgptgn my W`ktgn f` Zgptgamgr =;, =83>. ^eg Jkty cjqukgsjgn tf

Zfutewgst‛s ngac`ns f` Zgptgamgr =;, =837, c`n ngjkngn tf rgsjk`n teg Zgptgamgr

3; cjjfaafnctkf` frngr tf mg kapigag`tgn my W`ktgn. K` c igttgr nctgn Zgptgamgr

=;, =83>, teg Jkty `ftkokgn Ngitc tect kt jfuin `f if`lgr mg cjjfaafnctgn f`

W`ktgn‛s lctgs mgjcusg fo W`ktgn‛s rgjg`tiy prfvkngn oiklet sjegnuigs wekje k`jiungn

teg `gw lctg usclg clrggag`t mgtwgg` Zfutewgst c`n W`ktgn.

Ngitc‛s Zgjf`n Cjjfaafnctkf` ]gqugst

Zgjtkf` >.8?O prfvkngs `f fptkf`s fr citgr`ctkvgs ofr c ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g k` teg

jcsg fo teg Nkrgjtfr rgsjk`nk`l eks sgigjtkf`. Cotgr teg Jkty rgsjk`ngn kts frklk`ci

Zgptgamgr 3; cjjfaafnctkf` nkrgjtkvg tf W`ktgn, Ngitc acng c sgjf`n rgqugst ofr

ofrjgn cjjfaafnctkf` wkte teg Jkty. Ngitc sg`t Ar. Nugm`gr c igttgr nctgn Fjtfmgr

=, =837, cssgrtk`l tect teg Jkty ecn ’fmiklctkf`s u`ngr Zgjtkf` >.8? fo teg TIgcsg

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 33 fo >= XclgKN ?


12/42

3=

Clrggag`tQ, teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t, teg Jkty‛s rgjg`t prfaksg tf cjjfaafnctg

Ngitc, kts jfaaktag`t k` kts Ckrik`g Jfapgtktkf` Xic` okign wkte teg TOCCQ. . ., kts

Ckrpfrt Kaprfvgag`t Xrflrca lrc`t cssurc`jgs, c`n Ogngrci icw‑ tf cjt f` Ngitc‛s

cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst c`n ngskl`ctg c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf secrg kts lctg spcjg wkte

Ngitc f` c afrg pgrac`g`t mcsks. êg Jkty mglc` c`ftegr cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgss

f` Ngjgamgr 3, =83>, c`n sg`t c igttgr tf _krlk`, W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst stctk`l tect

Ngitc‛s cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ecn trkllgrgn teg ofraci cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgss sgt

fut k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O. êg Jkty stctgn tect ko `f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs wfuin

vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctg Ngitc, teg Jkty wfuin jeffsg f`g tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc.

@f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs foogrgn tf vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctg Ngitc k` rgspf`sg

tf tect igttgr.

êg Jkty Csds NF^ ofr Luknc`jg f` Cjjfaafnctkf` ]gqugst

F` Ngjgamgr 5 c`n 33, =83>, teg Jkty jf`tcjtgn Ngog`nc`t Ngpcrtag`t fo

^rc`spfrtctkf` (’NF^‑) my pef`g ofr egip c`n luknc`jg f` efw tf ec`nig ckr jcrrkgr

cjjgss ct Ifvg Okgin, spgjkokjciiy cs kt rgictgn tf Ngitc‛s cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst. êg

NF^ rgspf`ngn wkte c igttgr nctgn Ngjgamgr 3, futik`k`l wect teg NF^

u`ngrstffn teg Jkty‛s fmiklctkf`s tf mg rglcrnk`l jfapgtktkf` ct Ifvg Okgin.

Zpgjkokjciiy, teg NF^ stctgn tect teg Jkty ecn iglci fmiklctkf`s tf cjjfaafnctg

Ngitc, wekje k`jiungn teg Jkty‛s fmiklctkf`s u`ngr teg ogngrci Jfapgtktkf` Xic`

stctutg c`n cisf teg lrc`t cssurc`jgs teg Jkty acng k` rgictkf` tf lrc`ts u`ngr teg

Ckrpfrt Kaprfvgag`t Xrflrca. êg NF^ gapecskzgn teg kapfrtc`jg fo

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 3= fo >= XclgKN


13/42

3:

cjjfaafnctk`l c rgqugstk`l ckrik`g c`n g`surk`l jfapgtktkf` ct teks ’jf`strck`gn‑

ckrpfrt. Cs ofr teg ig`lte fo c`y cjjfaafnctkf`, teg NF^‛s pfsktkf` wcs tect c`

cjjfaafnctgn ckrik`g ’ks g`tktign tf c` f`lfk`l skakicr pcttgr` fo sgrvkjg cs if`l cs

teg jcrrkgr jf`tkùgs tf fpgrctg teg cjjfaafnctgn oiklets.‑

Zfutewgst‛s Zumigcsg fo W`ktgn‛s ^wf Lctgs ^cdgs Googjt

Citefule `f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs clrggn tf vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctg Ngitc

cotgr Ar. Nugm`gr‛s Ngjgamgr 3 igttgr, teg Jkty jefsg `ft tf sgigjt c`y fo teg ckrik`gs

tf jfapiy wkte teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst, gvg` tefule tect cjjfaafnctkf` ks

rgqukrgn u`ngr Zgjtkf` >.8?O=2 ’T^Qeg Nkrgjtfr wkii `ftkoy cii Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs k`

wrktk`l tect ko ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g ks `ft cjjfaafnctgn wktek` tekrty (:8) ncys orfa

teg rgjgkpt fo teg `ftkjg, teg Nkrgjtfr wkii sgigjt f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs tf jfapiy

wkte teg rgqugst ofr cjjfaafnctkf` k` c `f`-nksjrkak`ctfry ac``gr.‑ (Gapecsks cnngn.)

êg` f` Bcùcry =5, =837, Zfutewgst g`tgrgn k`tf c Zumigcsg Clrggag`t wkte

W`ktgn ofr Zfutewgst‛s prgogrg`tkci usg fo W`ktgn‛s twf lctgs, wekje ofracikzgn teg

$3=8,888,888 ngci clrggn tf f` Zgptgamgr =;. êg W`ktgn Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte

teg Jkty rgqukrgn teg Jkty tf cpprfvg c`y sumigcsg mgofrg tect sumigcsg jfuin tcdg

googjt. F` Bcùcry =5, teg Jkty jf s̀g`tgn tf tect Zumigcsg Clrggag`t mgtwgg`

W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst.

êg Jkty Zggds NF^ Luknc`jg c Zgjf`n ^kag

Citefule teg Jkty rgousgn tf sgigjt c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc, Ar.

Xgtgr Ecsdgii, teg Csskstc`t Jkty Cttfr`gy, gackign teg NF^ f` Ogmrucry =?, =837,

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 3: fo >= XclgKN 5


14/42

3>

csdk`l ofr ourtegr luknc`jg f` teg Jkty‛s ogngrci c`n iglci fmiklctkf`s c`n cisf teg

prfpgr nurctkf` ofr Ngitc‛s rgqugstgn cjjfaafnctkf .̀ êg NF^ sg`t c`ftegr igttgr

tf teg Jkty f` Bu`g 37, =837, clck` gxpick`k`l teg NF^‛s k`tgrprgtctkf` fo teg Jkty‛s

fmiklctkf`s. êg NF^ rgktgrctgn tect teg lrc`t cssurc`jgs c`n teg Jfapgtktkf` Xic`

stctutg mfte rgqukrg teg Jkty tf cjjfaafnctg c rgqugstk`l ckrik`g ko c vfiu`tcry

cjjfaafnctkf` jc``ft mg crrc`lgn. êg NF^ cisf stctgn tect ’teg Jkty ks rgqukrgn

tf cjjfaafnctg c rgqugstk`l jcrrkgr uìgss Ifvg Okgin‛s ocjkiktkgs crg ouiiy-utkikzgn ct

teg tkag fo teg rgqugst, fr teg skl`ctfry jcrrkgrs ct teg tkag fo teg rgqugst crg sgiik`l

tkjdgts ofr outurg oiklets ouiiy-utkikzk`l teg ocjkiktkgs.‑ êg NF^ spgjkokjciiy `ftgn

tect teg Jkty sefuin `ft jf`skngr c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g‛s u`sjegnuign outurg gxpc`skf`

pic`s mgjcusg kt ’acy lkvg c skl`ctfry jcrrkgr teg cmkikty tf mifjd c jfapgtktfr‛s

cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst my ngjknk`l fr cssgrtk`l, cotgr c rgqugst ks acng, tect kt wkii

gxpc`n sgrvkjg.‑ Ok`ciiy, teg NF^ rgstctgn kts pfsktkf` f` teg ig`lte fo

cjjfaafnctkf`, wekje ks tect ’f`jg cjjfaafnctgn ct Ifvg Okgin, ―teg

cjjfaafnctgn jcrrkgr ks g`tktign tf c` f`lfk`l skakicr pcttgr` fo sgrvkjg cs if`l cs

teg jcrrkgr jf`tkùgs tf fpgrctg teg cjjfaafnctgn oiklets‛ c`n tect ―teg

cjjfaafnctgn jcrrkgr sefuin `ft mg pusegn fut my k`juamg`t jcrrkgrs ct c ictgr

nctg.‛‑ êg NF^ jf`jiungn kts rgspf`sg wkte c rgak`ngr tect kt ks teg Jkty‛s

rgspf`skmkikty tf ngjkng efw tf cjt f` Ngitc‛s rgqugst.

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 3> fo >= XclgKN ;


15/42

37

Jkty fo Nciics Okigs êks Icwsukt„’^gii Ws \ect tf Nf!‑

Witkactgiy, `f`g fo teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs (agc`k`l c` ckrik`g ecvk`l c Igcsg

Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty ofr usg fo Ifvg Okgin spcjg c`n lctgs) fr _krlk` (ecvk`l c

Zumigcsg Clrggag`t wkte Cagrkjc`) foogrgn tf vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctg Ngitc c`n

teg Jkty rgousgn tf ofrjg c` cjjfaafnctkf` jeffsk`l `ft tf ofiifw teg luknc`jg teg

Jkty sfikjktgn orfa teg NF^. Ngitc jf`tkùgn tf fpgrctg oiklets orfa Ifvg Okgin

u`ngr c tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t wkte W`ktgn tf usg f`g fo kts prgogrg`tkci usg

lctgs ofr 358 ncys tf fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets4 Zfutewgst foogrgn tf ef`fr teg

tgapfrcry 358 ncy lctg usclg clrggag`t cotgr teg googjtkvg nctg fo teg Zumigcsg

Clrggag`t. êks tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t wcs sgt tf gxpkrg f` Buiy ?, =837.

Cs teg gxpkrctkf` nctg iffagn jifsgr, Zfutewgst rgbgjtgn Ngitc‛s rgqugsts tf gxtg`n kt.

Jf`tkùk`l tf prgss teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst wkte teg Jkty, Ngitc tfin teg Jkty kt

wfuin rgousg tf jgcsg fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin f` Buiy


16/42

3?

^]F TskjQ f` Bu`g =:, =837. F` teg scag nctg, Ngitc okign teg pg`nk`l Gagrlg`jy

Aftkf` ofr c ^gapfrcry ]gstrck`k`l Frngr c`n c Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf` Clck`st

Zfutewgst.

^cdk`l k`tf cjjfu`t teg jfapigxkty fo teks jcsg c`n teg kapfrtc`jg fo teks acttgr

tf teg jktkzg`s fo Nciics c`n teg Agtrfpigx, teg Jfurt urlgn teg pcrtkgs tf jfag tf c

tgapfrcry clrggag`t rgictgn tf Ngitc‛s lctg usclg ct Ifvg Okgin k` frngr tf ciifw teg

pcrtkgs cngquctg tkag tf mrkgo teg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo rgqugsts c`n rgspf`sgs, cs wgii cs

ciifw teg Jfurt tkag tf jf`nujt c egcrk`l. Zfutewgst c`n Ngitc rgcjegn c

tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t wegrgmy Zfutewgst wfuin pgrakt Ngitc tf jf`tkùg

fpgrctk`l kts okvg oiklets nckiy u`tki teg Jfurt ruigs f` teg pg`nk`l aftkf`s ofr

k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. êg Jfurt jf`nujtgn c tergg-ncy egcrk`l f` teg aftkf`s f`

Zgptgamgr =5-:8, =837.

KK. Iglci Ztc`ncrn

’‛êg purpfsg fo c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` ks tf prgsgrvg teg stctus quf c`n teus

prgvg`t krrgpcrcmig ecra u`tki teg rgspgjtkvg rklets fo teg pcrtkgs jc` mg csjgrtck`gn

nurk`l c trkci f` teg agrkts.‛‑ Zgr`c v. ^gx. Ngpt. fo Ztctg Egcite Zgrvkjgs, _ktci Ztctkstkjs

W`kt, @f. 3-37-J_->>?-]X, =837 \I ?335?=:, ct 3: (\.N. ^gx. Fjt. 3?, =837)

(quftk`l Gxekmktfrs Xfstgr Gxje., K`j. v. @ct‛i Zjrgg` Zgrv. Jfrp., >>3 O.=n 7?8, 7?8 (7te

Jkr. 3;= XclgKN


17/42

3<

afvc`t futwgkles teg tergctg`gn ecra tf teg pcrty sfulet tf mg g`bfk`gn4 c`n (>)

lrc`tk`l teg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wkii `ft nkssgrvg teg pumikj k`tgrgst. Jc`ci Cute. fo Ztctg

fo Oic. v. Jciicwcy, >5; O.=n 7?


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35

fpgrctkf`s k` frngr tf prgvg`t nfumig-mffdk`l c`n ikakt k`tgrogrg`jg wkte lctg rklets.

êg Jkty tcdgs `f pfsktkf` f` prgjksgiy wect teg k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo sefuin mg. êg

Jkty skapiy afvgs ofr sfag sfrt fo k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo, wectgvgr teg Jfurt ngtgrak`gs

tect tf mg, wekig teg iglci kssugs crg ngjkngn.

Ngitc‛s ]gqugst

Ngitc sggds k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo clck`st Zfutewgst tf ’orggzTgQ teg stctus quf . . .

ciifwk`l Ngitc tf jf`tkùg fpgrctk`l kts ikaktgn sjegnuig fo okvg nckiy oiklets . . .

pg`nk`l ok`ci rgsfiutkf` fo teks prfjggnk`l.‑ Ngitc spgjkokjciiy csds teg Jfurt tf kssug

c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` prfekmktk`l Zfutewgst orfa (3) gvkjtk`l Ngitc orfa kts

lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, (=) gxpc`nk`l kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin, fr (:) c`y

ftegr cjtkf` k`jf`skstg`t wkte Ngitc‛s rklet tf if`l tgra cjjfaafnctkf .̀

Zfutewgst‛s ]gqugst

Zfutewgst sggds k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo clck`st Ngitc tf prftgjt ’Zfutewgst‛s prfpgrty

rklets c`n tf prftgjt teg rklets fo teg oiyk`l pumikj.‑ Zpgjkokjciiy, Zfutewgst sggds c

prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` prfekmktk`l Ngitc orfa trgspcssk`l f` Zfutewgst‛s lctgs ct

Ifvg Okgin cotgr teg gxpkrctkf` fo teg tgapfrcry lctg usclg clrggag`t.

C. Ngitc‛s Aftkf` ofr Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`

3. Ikdgikeffn fo Zujjgss f` teg Agrkts

K` gstcmiksek`l c ’sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss‑, teg afvc`t ’ks `ft

rgqukrgn tf prfvg TeksQ g`tktigag`t tf suaacry bunlag`t‑ ofr purpfsgs fo

prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Myrua v. Ic`nrgte, 7?? O.:n >>=, >>? (7te Jkr. =88;)4 sgg cisf

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg 35 fo >= XclgKN


19/42

3;

Bc`vgy v. Cilukrg, ?>< O.:n 757, 7;7-;? (7te Jkr. =833). êg nkstrkjt jfurt ’iffdTsQ tf

―stc`ncrns prfvkngn my teg sumstc`tkvg icw‛‑ tf ngtgrak`g ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg

agrkts. Bc`vgy, ?>< O.:n ct 7;? (quftk`l ]fef, K`j. v. Acrquks, ;8= O.=n :7?, :75

(7te Jkr. 3;;8)).

Ct teg tkag Ngitc okign kts aftkf`, kt ecn `ft ygt okign c` c`swgr fr c`y

jfu`tgr- c`n/fr jrfssjickas. Ct teg tkag fo teg k`bu`jtkf` egcrk`l, Ngitc ecn okign kts

cag`ngn jrfss-jickas clck`st Zfutewgst sggdk`l fr cssgrtk`l2 (3) c ngjicrctfry

bunlag`t tect teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t mgtwgg` W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst vkfictgn teg

Igcsg Clrggag`ts4 (=) c ngjicrctfry bunlag`t tect Ngitc ks g`tktign tf mg

cjjfaafnctgn4 (:) c jicka ofr mrgcje fo teg Zfutewgst Igcsg Clrggag`t4 c`n (>) c

jicka ofr tfrtkfus k`tgrogrg`jg wkte teg W`ktgn Igcsg Clrggag`t. êg Jfurt `ggn

fìy jf`skngr wegtegr Ngitc ecs c ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo f`g fo kts

jickas. Zgg ]cacnc Orc`jeksg Zys., K`j. v. Bcjfmjcrt, K`j., Jkv. @f. :283-J_-:8?-N,

=883 \I 7>8=3:, ct *3 (@.N. ^gx. Acy 3) tect teg pcrty

wcs ncaclgn cs c rgsuit fo teg mrgcje. Jfrngrf v. Cvf` Xrfnujts., K`j., @f. 37->87?:,

=837 \I ?7:8


20/42

=8

\frte =83=). Ngitc‛s mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka ks mcsgn f` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t

g`tgrgn k`tf my teg Jkty c`n Zfutewgst. Mgjcusg Ngitc ks `ft c skl`ctfry tf teg

Igcsg Clrggag`t, teg Jfurt aust ngtgrak`g cs c tergsefin acttgr tect Ngitc ecs

stc`nk`l cs c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry tf gòfrjg teg Igcsg Clrggag`t.

c. Ks Ngitc c êkrn-Xcrty Mg`gokjkcry6

^gxcs jfurts ecvg trcnktkf`ciiy ’prgsuagn tect c pcrty jf`trcjts fìy ofr kts

fw` mg`gokt c`n ecvg tegrgofrg ack`tck`gn c prgsuaptkf` clck`st tekrn-pcrty

mg`gokjkcry clrggag`ts.‑ Kn. ct 3;, >=7 (^gx. =833). êg jf`trcjt nfgs `ft `ggn tf

spgjkokjciiy `cag teg tekrn-pcrty, mut kt aust cngquctgiy ngsjrkmg fr ngskl`ctg teg

tekrn-pcrty. Acnnfx , :?3 Z.\.:n ct


21/42

=3

Ngitc jf`tg`ns tect c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ ks c` k`tg`ngn, jf`tgapictgn,

c`n/fr tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t mgtwgg` teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g

c`n teg Jkty. Ngitc jf`tg`ns tect kts rgqugst ofr vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` orfa

Zfutewgst, mglk``k`l k` Bu`g =83>, sctksokgn Ngitc‛s fmiklctkf`s cs c ’`gw g`trc`t

ckrik`g‑ fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑ u`ngr Zgjtkf` >.8?O. Ngitc, teg Jkty c`n Zfutewgst

nksclrgg cs tf teg gxcjt ngok`ktkf` fo ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑. êg Okvg Xcrty

Clrggag`t, \C]C, c`n teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nf `ft ngok`g ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑.

êg Jfurt aust okrst ngok`g ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ mgofrg kt jc` cnnrgss teg tekrn-pcrty

mg`gokjkcry c`ciysks.

k. ’@gw G`trc`t Ckrik`g‑ Ngok`gn

Ngitc ngok`gs ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ cs c`y ckrik`g tect ks `ft c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g

k` c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty. Zfutewgst ngok`gs ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ cs c`

ckrik`g tect nfgs `ft jurrg`tiy fpgrctg ct Ifvg Okgin. êg Jkty nfgs `ft foogr c

ngok`ktkf`, mut k`stgcn csds teg Jfurt tf ngok`g kt. êg Igcsg Clrggag`t usgs teg

tgra ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O k`tgrjec`lgcmiy wkte ’]gqugstk`l

Ckrik`g‑, mut teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs `ft ngok`g ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑. êg Igcsg

Clrggag`t nfgs ngok`g ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑ k` Zgjtkf` 3.78, mut teg ngok`ktkf` ks

ikaktgn, stctk`l fìy tect teg tgra ecs teg agc`k`l lkvg` tf kt k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O. êg

Igcsg Clrggag`t prfvkngs k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O2

Ckrik`g c`n Jkty clrgg tect citefule afst fo teg ckrik`g crgcsk` teg ^grak`ci Mukink`l Tct Ifvg OkginQ crg fr wkii mg igcsgn tfZkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs ofr tegkr gxjiuskvg fr prgogrg`tkci usg, c`n

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =3 fo >= XclgKN


22/42

==

^grak`ci Mukink`l ocjkiktkgs Twekje k`jiungs lctgsQ ct teg Ckrpfrtacy mgjfag c sjcrjg rgsfurjg ko c `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g (’]gqugstk`l

Ckrik`g‑) rgqugsts tf prfvkng sgrvkjg ct teg Ckrpfrt. K` sujejkrjuastc`jgs, Ckrik`g clrggs tf cjjfaafnctg suje ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g cs kts Igcsgn Xrgaksgs ct suje tkags tect wkii `ft u`nuiy

k`tgrogrg wkte kts fpgrctk`l sjegnuig c`n upf` suje rgcsf`cmigtgras cs acy mg clrggn upf` mgtwgg` Ckrik`g c`n teg ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`gTQ, tcdk`l k`tf jf`skngrctkf` cii teg jkrjuastc`jgs fo suje c`cjjfaafnctkf` clrggag`t. . . . ^f k`surg jfapikc`jg wkte teksfmiklctkf` c`n tf prfvkng fpg` cjjgss c`n u`kofra trgctag`t ofrcii ckrik`g tg`c`ts, teg ofiifwk`l Tcjjfaafnctkf`Q prfjgnurg ksgstcmiksegn. . . .

My skl`k`l teg Igcsg Clrggag`t wekje jf`tck`s teks ic`luclg, cii pcrtkgs

cjd`fwignlg teg pftg`tkci sjcrjg rgsfurjgs ct Ifvg Okgin. êg ic`luclg ks jigcr tect

teg purpfsg fo teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg ks tf k`surg tegrg wfuin mg fpg` cjjgss

ofr c` ckrik`g rgqugstk`l cjjfaafnctkf` ofr lctg spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin k` iklet fo teg

lctg ikaktctkf`s c`n fvgrcii jf`strck`ts wekje teg pcrtkgs cii rgjfl k̀zgn. êg

ic`luclg nksjussgs teg pftg`tkci sjcrjkty fo Ifvg Okgin ocjkiktkgs mgjcusg afst ’crg fr

wkii mg igcsgn tf Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ofr tegkr gxjiuskvg fr prgogrg`tkci usg‑. Mgjcusg fo

teks, teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g clrggs tf prfvkng spcjg tf c `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g sggdk`l tf

prfvkng sgrvkjg ct Ifvg Okgin. êgrg ks `f ic`luclg ikaktk`l teg `gw g`trc`t ckrik`g tf

f`g `ft jurrg`tiy fpgrctk`l ct Ifvg Okgin. êg Igcsg Clrggag`t ic`luclg nfgs `ft

ikakt teg pcrtkgs‛ cjjfaafnctkf` fmiklctkf` tf c` ckrik`g `ft jurrg`tiy fpgrctk`l ct

Ifvg Okgin. Zuje c `crrfw jf s̀trujtkf` fo ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ ks u`rgcsf`cmig c`n

tff rgstrkjtkvg k` iklet fo teg ic`luclg fo sgjtkf` >.8?O fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. êg

Jfurt clrggs wkte Ngitc‛s prfpfsgn ngok`ktkf` fo ’`gw g`trc`t‑. Citefule teg Igcsg

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg == fo >= XclgKN


23/42

=:

Clrggag`t ic`luclg ks `ft crtouiiy nrcotgn, teg Jfurt ok`ns ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ tf

agc` c`y ckrik`g tect ks `ft c Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g k` c Igcsg Clrggag`t wkte teg Jkty

c`n c` ckrik`g `ggnk`l spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin tf prfvkng sgrvkjg.

kk. Ks Ngitc Cmig tf Mrk`l Mrgcje fo Jf`trcjt Jicka cs c ’@gwG`trc`t Ckrik`g‑6

Ecvk`l ngok`gn ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑, teg Jfurt `fw tur`s tf wegtegr Ngitc,

cs c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑, jc` mg c tekrn-pcrty mg`gokjkcry tf teg Igcsg Clrggag`t

c`n mrk`l kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka. êg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ks c jrgnktfr mg`gokjkcry

mgjcusg teg nuty fwgn tf Ngitc ks c jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf` fr sfag ftegr iglciiy

gòfrjgcmig jfaaktag`t u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. Zgg Ztk`g v. Ztgwcrt, 58 Z.\.:n

75?, 75; (^gx. =88=). Zgjtkf` >.8?O spgjkokjciiy prfvkngs tect weg` c`

cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ks acng, Zfutewgst cs teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g clrggs tf

cjjfaafnctg teg ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑, egrg Ngitc, ct tkags tect wfuin `ft u`nuiy

k`tgrogrg wkte Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig. êks clrggag t̀ my Zfutewgst sctksokgs c nuty fr

iglciiy gòfrjgcmig jfaaktag`t fwgn tf Ngitc f`jg Ngitc acng tect cjjfaafnctkf`

rgqugst k` jfapikc`jg wkte sgjtkf` >.8?O. êg Jfurt ok`ns teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ks

jigcr c`n u`gqukvfjci tect teg Jkty c`n teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs k`tg`ngn tf nkrgjtiy

mg`gokt c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑, k` teks jcsg Ngitc, wkte teks

cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf`. Zgg ^cwgs, :>8 Z.\.:n ct >=7.

Ngitc wfuin `ft skapiy mg`gokt k`jkng`tciiy orfa teg cjjfaafnctkf`

prfvkskf`. Zgg Ztk`g, 58 Z.\.:n ct 75;. êg pcrtkgs nrcotgn c` cjjfaafnctkf`

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =: fo >= XclgKN


24/42

=>

prfjgnurg tect wfuin mg trkllgrgn upf` c rgqugst orfa c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ c`n

teks wcs k`jfrpfrctgn k`tf teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. ^eg purpfsg fo tect prfjgnurg ks

gxpick`gn k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t cs prfvknk`l c ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ cjjgss tf sjcrjg

spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin. Fmvkfusiy, teg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs `ft spgjkokjciiy `cag

Ngitc cs c mg`gokjkcry, mut kt nfgs cngquctgiy ngsjrkmg fr ngskl`ctg Ngitc my usg fo

teg tgra ’`gw g`trc`t ckrik`g‑ fr ’]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g‑. Zgg Acnnfx , :?3 Z.\.:n ct

87?:,

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg => fo >= XclgKN


25/42

=7

=837 \I ?7:8.8?O

my jf`tcjtk`l cii Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs c`n c`y ckrik`g sumigcsk`l lctg spcjg orfa c

Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g mglk``k`l Bu`g 3:, =83>, tf try tf sgjurg vfiu`tcry

cjjfaafnctkf`.

Zgjtkf` >.8?O prfvkngs tect teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ’clrggs tf cjjfaafnctg suje

]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g ct kts Igcsg Xrgaksgs ct suje tkags tect wkii `ft u`nuiy k`tgrogrg

wkte kts fpgrctk`l sjegnuig.‑ êg Igcsg Clrggag`t nfgs `ft ngok`g ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg

wkte‑. êg Jfurt ok`ns kt vgry k`tgrgstk`l tect ofragr Acyfr Icurc Akiigr tgstkokgn

cmfut teks gxcjt percsg k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t ct teg Jf`lrgsskf`ci sumjfaakttgg

egcrk`l f` rgofrak`l teg \rklet Cag`nag`t Cjt. K` rgspf`sg tf c sumjfaakttgg

agamgr‛s qugstkf` cmfut teg agc`k`l fo teg u`ngok`gn c`n ’vclug‑ tgra ’u`nuiy

k`tgrogrg wkte‑, As. Akiigr tgstkokgn2

\gii kt wcs jrcotgn my teg Nciics Jkty Cttfr`gy‛s Fookjg c`n wg u`ngrstc`n, sk`jg kt ecs `gvgr mgg` tgstgn, wg ecvg `gvgr ecn cjfòikjt4 tect wg sefuin, ko wg crg rgspf`skmig, jrgctg c vgry jigcr pfikjyusk`l teks cs teg tgapictg ofr efw wg crg k` rgci tgras lfk`l tf mg gxgjutk`lteks. êks TtgraQ lkvgs us teg cutefrkty tf tgii Tc Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gQ, yfu ecvg tf acdg rffa. Mut K tek`d tect ikdg ftegr ckrpfrts ikdg yfu jktgn tect ecvg teks kssug fo jcpcjkty, wg `ggn tf ecvg c vgry jigcr pfikjy k` picjg sf tect teg tg`c`ts ecvg c jigcr gxpgjtctkf` ofr efw kts lfk`ltf wfrd weg` teg nkrgjtfr scy wg secii acdg rffa ofr Tc ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`gQ c`n teks ks efw wg crg lfk`l tf nf kt.



26/42

=?

Gx. ?:3, p. 887=. Cs wg `fw d`fw, teg Jkty wefiiy ockign tf jrcot c`y pfikjy, igt

cif`g c jigcr f`g, sgttk`l ofrte efw teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg c`n prfjgss wfuin

wfrd k` rgcikty. êks ’vclug ic`luclg cmfut ―u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‛‑ wcs nrcotgn my

teg Jkty ktsgio c`n wcs `ftgn my ct igcst f`g jf`jgr`gn sumjfaakttgg agamgr fo

jf`trkmutk`l tf ’Zfutewgst Tmgk`lQ k` teg jctmkrn sgct‑. C`n wfrsg, teg` Acyfr

Icurc Akiigr cjd`fwignlgn teg `ggn ofr teg Jkty, ’ko wg crg rgspf`skmig, TtfQ jrgctg c vgry

jigcr pfikjy . . . ofr efw wg crg k` rgci tgras lfk`l tf mg gxgjutk`l teks.‑ @fw k` teks jcsg, teg

Jfurt ks csdgn tf ofiifw terfule wkte wect teg Jkty sefuin ecvg nf`g ygcrs clf.

k. ’W`nuiy K`tgrogrg \kte‑ Ngok`gn

êg Jfurt jf`jiungs, ofr purpfsgs fo teks prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, tect ’u`nuiy

k`tgrogrg wkte‑ k` sgjtkf` >.8?O agc`s teg rgqugstgn oiklet cjjfaafnctkf` jc` okt

wktek` teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g‛s gxkstk`l pumiksegn sjegnuig, ct teg tkag teg

cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ks acng, wktefut jcusk`l teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g‛s gxkstk`l

sjegnuig tf rgcje acxkaua usclg. êg gvkng`jg gstcmiksegs tect Zfutewgst

jf`skngrs acxkaua usclg fr ’ouii utkikzctkf`‑ fo lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin tf mg 38 oiklets

nckiy pgr lctg. êg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc prfvkngn gvkng`jg tect, ct sgvgrci pfk`ts k`

tkag cotgr kts k`ktkci cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` Bu`g =83>, Zfutewgst wcs cmig tf

cjjfaafnctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets f` Zfutewgst‛s 3? lctgs wktefut u`nuiy

k`tgrogrk`l wkte Zfutewgst‛s gxkstk`l fpgrctk`l sjegnuig.

Ct teg tkag fo teg Ngitc‛s frklk`ci cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` Bu`g =83>,

Zfutewgst wcs oiyk`l cpprfxkactgiy sgvg` oiklets nckiy fut fo 3? lctgs. êg gvkng`jg

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =? fo >= XclgKN


27/42

=<

sefws tect cs fo Fjtfmgr 3, =83>, prkfr tf teg rgpgci fo teg \rklet Cag`nag`t,

Zfutewgst fpgrctgn 335 oiklets nckiy fut fo 3? lctgs, cpprfxkactgiy sgvg` oiklets

nckiy pgr lctg. êct oiklet sjegnuig wfuin jgrtckìy ecvg pgrakttgn cjjfaafnctkf`

fo Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets nckiy wktefut rgcjek`l Zfutewgst‛s k`tgrprgtctkf` fo ’ouii

utkikzctkf`‑ cs 38 oiklets nckiy orfa gcje lctg. êg Jfurt rgjfl`kzgs teks wcs mgofrg

teg ikotk`l fo nfagstkj oiklet nkstc`jg rgstrkjtkf`s c`n Zfutewgst pic``gn tf k`jrgcsg

kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s. Gvg` ko teg Jfurt jf`skngrs Zfutewgst‛s pfst-\C]C k`jrgcsgn

oiklet fpgrctkf`s sjegnuig, tegrg wcs rffa k` Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig tf cjjfaafnctg

Ngitc. êg gvkng`jg sefws tect Zfutewgst wcs fpgrctk`l 3>; oiklets nckiy fut fo 3?

lctgs cs fo @fvgamgr :, =83>. êct ks `k`g oiklets nckiy pgr lctg. F`jg teg Zumigcsg

Clrggag`t mgtwgg` W`ktgn c`n Zfutewgst tffd googjt ct teg g`n fo Bcùcry =837,

Zfutewgst wcs fpgrctk`l 37: oiklets nckiy fut fo 35 lctgs fr 5.7 oiklets nckiy pgr lctg.

Kt wcs `ft u`tki Ogmrucry =?, =837, tect Zfutewgst c``fu`jgn kt wcs k`jrgcsk`l oiklet

fpgrctkf`s tf 358 oiklets nckiy fut fo 35 lctgs mglk``k`l Culust ;, =837.

Zfutewgst‛s jicka tect Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets nckiy u`nuiy k`tgrogrgs wkte Zfutewgst‛s

fpgrctkf`s ks skapiy `ft suppfrtgn my teg gvkng`jg. Wp u`tki kts c``fu`jgag`t f`

Ogmrucry =?, =837 fo k`jrgcsgn oiklet fpgrctkf`s, teg gvkng`jg gstcmiksegs tect

Zfutewgst wcs cmig tf cjjfaafnctg Ngitc wktefut ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrk`l wkte‑

Zfutewgst‛s fw` fpgrctkf`s.

^cdk`l teg Jfurt‛s ngok`ktkf` fo ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte‑ k`tf jf`skngrctkf`,

Zfutewgst jfuin ecvg vfiu`tcrkiy cjjfaafnctgn Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets wktefut u`nuiy

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =< fo >= XclgKN


28/42

=5

k`tgrogrk`l wkte Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig weg` teg k`ktkci rgqugst wcs acng k` Bu`g

=83>. Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig stkii ciifwgn ofr cjjfaafnctkf` fo Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets

wktefut u`nug k`tgrogrg`jg ko teg Jfurt wgrg tf jf`skngr Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuigs ct

gcje fo teg ofiifwk`l pfk`ts k` tkag2 Bu`g 3:, =83>, @fvgamgr :, =83>, c`n Bcùcry

=5, =837. Zfutewgst nkn `ft c``fu`jg pic`s tf k`jrgcsg kts oiklet fpgrctkf`s tf 358

oiklets nckiy fut fo 38 lctgs u t̀ki Ogmrucry =?, =837. Kt wcs `ft u`tki Culust =837,

fvgr f`g ygcr cotgr Ngitc‛s okrst vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst k` Bu`g =83>, tect

Zfutewgst‛s k`jrgcsgn fpgrctk`l sjegnuig cjtuciiy rgcjegn ’ouii utkikzctkf`‑ fo 38

oiklets nckiy orfa gcje lctg.

W`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t, prgogrg`tkci usg fo ckrpfrt ocjkiktkgs agc`s teg

Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`g ks teg prkacry, mut `ft sfig, usgr. Gxjiuskvg usg agc`s teg ckrik`g

ecs teg sfig rklet tf usg teg spcjg. êgrg crg `f gxjiuskvg usg lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin.

Zfutewgst ecs prgogrg`tkci usg fo teg lctgs kt igcsgs orfa teg Jkty c`n sumigcsgs orfa

W`ktgn. êgrgofrg, Zfutewgst ks jf`skngrgn tf mg teg prkacry, mut `ft sfig, usgr fo

teg lctgs. Zfutewgst nfgs `ft ecvg c` uògttgrgn rklet tf teg lctgs kt ecs igcsgn4 c`n,

ngspktg Zfutewgst‛s crluag`t tf teg jf`trcry, teg prgogrg`tkci usg rklets crg sumbgjt

tf teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf` jf`tck`gn k` teg Igcsg Clrggag`t, wekje Zfutewgst

clrggn tf c`n skl`gn. Zfutewgst‛s pfsktkf` ks tect cjjfaafnctkf` ks `ft rgqukrgn cs

if`l cs tegy crg usk`l teg lctgs ct ouii utkikzctkf` fo 38 oiklets nckiy fut fo gcje lctg.

Zfutewgst nkn `ft ’ouiiy utkikzg‑ kts lctg spcjg u`tki, ct teg gcrikgst, kts c``fu`jgag`t

f` Ogmrucry =?, =837 fo k`jrgcsgn oiklet fpgrctkf`s, fr, ct teg ictgst, u`tki Culust



29/42

=;

=837 weg` teg cjtuci k`jrgcsg wcs ouiiy rgcikzgn. Zfutewgst jc``ft ’rcap up‑ kts

oiklet sjegnuig tf tewcrt teg pg`nk`l cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst my Ngitc.

Cs tgstkaf`y orfa teg Jf`lrgsskf`ci sumjfaakttgg egcrk`l f` rgofrak`l teg

\rklet Cag`nag`t Cjt rgvgcign, tegsg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurgs wgrg k`tg`ngn tf

egip ’okt tefsg pgfpig k`‑ weg` c ]gqugstk`l Ckrik`g acdgs c` cjjfaafnctkf`

rgqugst. Cisf nurk`l teg sumjfaakttgg egcrk`l, jgrtck` Jkty fookjkcis, lfvgràg`t

rgprgsg`tctkvgs, c`n ifjci musk`gss igcngrs stctgn tect jfapgtktkf` ct Ifvg Okgin

wfuin mg g`surgn ko teg Okvg Xcrty Clrggag`t wcs g`cjtgn k`tf iglksictkf`. Ar. Egrm

Dgiigegr, teg`-JGF fo Zfutewgst, tgstkokgn ct teg egcrk`l. Eg tgstkokgn tect ’TCQ`y

jcrrkgr tect ks ngskrfus `fw fo sgrvk`l Ifvg Okgin jc` gcskiy mg cjjfaafnctgn gvg`

cotgr tefsg T3=Q lctgs jfag nfw`,‑ ikaktk`l Ifvg Okgin tf =8 lctgs. K` rgspf`sg tf c

qugstkf` k`vfivk`l c vgry skakicr sjg`crkf cs tf tect wekje teg Jfurt ecs mgofrg kt

tfncy, Ar. Dgiigegr tgstkokgn,

C`n kt ks vgry skapig. êgrg ks `f aystgry tf teg wcy kt fpgrctgs,c`n tect ks, K jc` sefw yfu Zfutewgst Ckrik`gs sjegnuig, lctg sjegnuigs, wg ecvg lft efurs f` fur lctgs wegrg c`ftegr jcrrkgr jfuin fpgrctgtegrg. . . . C`n wg wfuin skapiy mg tfin my teg Jkty fo Nciics, yfu ecvglft tegsg vcjc`t spcjgs k` yfur lctg utkikzctkf` c`n my lfiiy yfu crglfk`l tf put c`ftegr jcrrkgr k` tegrg.

Zumjfaakttgg agamgr rgspf`ngn, ’êgy wfuin mg cmig tf tgii yfu tect6‑ Ar.

Dgiigegr c`swgrgn, ’êct ks teg wcy kt wfrds, fe, ygs cmsfiutgiy.‑ Gx. ?:3, p. 887>.

Cppcrg`tiy ct tect tkag, Ar. Dgiigegr u`ngrstffn Zfutewgst‛s fmiklctkf`s, cs wgii cs

teg Jkty‛s. K` spktg fo tect u`ngrstc`nk`l, `f cjjfaafnctkf` gvgr ecppg`gn.

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg =; fo >= XclgKN


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:8

Zfutewgst clrggn k` Zgjtkf` >.8?O tect kt wfuin cjjfaafnctg c ’`gw g`trc`t

ckrik`g‑ weg` cjjfaafnctkf` wfuin `ft ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrg‑ wkte kts fw` fpgrctk`l

sjegnuig. Cs teg Jfurt ecs ofu`n, Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig wfuin jigcriy cjjfaafnctg

Ngitc weg` kt acng kts k`ktkci rgqugst ofr vfiu`tcry cjjfaafnctkf` k` cjjfrnc`jg

wkte Zgjtkf` >.8?O, c`n ofr sgvgrci af`tes cotgr. Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn Zfutewgst

nkn `ft jfapiy wkte kts jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf` c`n, tegrgofrg, mrgcjegn Zgjtkf`

>.8?O, teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfvkskf`, fo teg Igcsg Clrggag`t.

j. \cs Ngitc Ecragn my Zfutewgst‛s Mrgcje6

Ngitc ecs sefw` tect kt suoogrgn ecra, teg ofurte gigag`t fo mrgcje fo jf`trcjt,

mgjcusg tegrg ks `f if`lgr cvckicmig lctg spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin cmig tf cjjfaafnctg kts

jurrg`t oiklet fpgrctkf`s. Ngitc ecs k`nkjctgn c ngskrg tf gxpc`n kts sgrvkjg ct Ifvg

Okgin, mut cs kt stc`ns, tegrg ks crlucmiy `f pfsskmkikty tect Ngitc wkii mg cmig tf

gxpc`n. Zfutewgst jurrg`tiy igcsgs fr sumigcsgs 35 lctgs, c`n _krlk` sumigcsgs teg

rgack`k`l twf lctgs. ^eg gvkng`jg k`nkjctgs tect mgjcusg _krlk` sumigcsgn tefsg

lctgs u`ngr vgry nkoogrg`t jkrjuastc`jgs k`vfivk`l c ofrjgn nkvgstkturg orfa

Cagrkjc`, c`n teg NFB spgjkokjciiy rgbgjtgn Ngitc (c`n Zfutewgst) orfa sumigcsk`l

tefsg lctgs orfa Cagrkjc`, teg f`iy pfsskmkikty ofr cjjfaafnctkf` fo Ngitc jfags

orfa Zfutewgst.

Ct teks pfk`t, Ngitc wkii mg ifjdgn fut fo Ifvg Okgin. ^gstkaf`y ct teg k`bu`jtkf`

egcrk`l gstcmiksegn tect cjjfaafnctkf`s crg jfaaf` ct ftegr ckrpfrts, c`n tefsg

cjjfaafnctkf`s jc` tcdg ac`y ofras, suje cs sumnkvknk`l c lctg, usk`l ecrnstc`ns

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :8 fo >= XclgKN


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tf ifcn/uìfcn pcssg`lgrs, fr mukink`l cnnktkf`ci mrkjd-c`n-afrtcr lctgs. @f`g fo

tegsg fptkf`s crg cvckicmig ct Ifvg Okgin mgjcusg fo teg tgras fo \C]C c`n teg Okvg

Xcrty Clrggag`t. êg Jfurt ok`ns Zfutewgst c`n teg Jkty crg picyk`l c lcag fo

auskjci jeckrs wkte Ifvg Okgin lctg spcjg, c`n wkte _krlk`‛s ’jeckrs‑ `ft k` picy k`

teks lcag, tegrg‛s `f ’jeckr‑ ofr Ngitc„Zfutewgst fjjupkgs cii 35 lctgs c`n teg Jkty

jf`sg`ts. êg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn kt suoogrgn ecra orfa Zfutewgst‛s

ockiurg/rgousci tf ofiifw kts jf`trcjtuci fmiklctkf` u`ngr sgjtkf` >.8?O fo teg Igcsg

Clrggag`t.

Ecvk`l gstcmiksegn cii ofur ocjtfrs fo c mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka, teg Jfurt

jf`jiungs tect Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts

fo kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka clck`st Zfutewgst.

Gvg` ko Ngitc nkn `ft acdg c suookjkg`t sefwk`l f` kts mrgcje fo jf`trcjt jicka,

teg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn c sumstc`tkci ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts

fo kts ngjicrctfry bunlag`t jicka tect kt ks g`tktign tf mg cjjfaafnctgn my

Zfutewgst. êg Ngjicrctfry Bunlag t̀ Cjt prfvkngs2 ’K` c jcsg fo cjtuci jf`trfvgrsy

wktek` kts burksnkjtkf`, . . . c`y jfurt k` teg W`ktgn Ztctgs, upf` teg okik`l fo c`

cpprfprkctg pigcnk`l, acy ngjicrg teg rklets c`n ftegr iglci rgictkf`s fo c`y

k`tgrgstgn pcrty sggdk`l suje ngjicrctkf`, wegtegr fr `ft ourtegr rgikgo ks fr jfuin mg

sfulet.‑ =5 W.Z.J. § ==83(c). êg pcrty sggdk`l teg ngjicrctfry bunlag`t ’aust

ecvg suoogrgn ―c` k`vcskf` fo c iglciiy prftgjtgn k`tgrgst,‛ wekje ks ―trcnktkf`ciiy

tefulet tf mg jcpcmig fo rgsfiutkf` terfule teg bunkjkci prfjgss,‛ c`n ks jurrg`tiy okt



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:=

ofr bunkjkci rgvkgw.‑ Jrc`g v. @cpfiktc`f, :23=-J_-=:>>==, ct

*3: (@.N. ^gx. Cpr. =:, =83:)(F‛Jf``fr, B.) (quftk`l @ct‛i ]koig Css‛` fo Cagrkjc v.

Aclcw, 3:= O.:n = O.=n 3:;8,

3:;> (7te Jkr. 3;5?). Krrgpcrcmig k`bury acy mg gstcmiksegn wegrg ncaclgs jc``ft

mg gcskiy jcijuictgn. Akiigr Xcpgr Jf. v. ]fmgrts Xcpgr Jf., ;83 Z.\.=n 7;:, ?8= (^gx.

Cpp.„Cacrkiif 3;;7, `f wrkt). \egrg teg pftg`tkci ncaclg tf c pcrty‛s musk`gss

jc``ft mg gcskiy jcijuictgn, suje cs ifss fo lffn wkii, c iglci rgagny ks

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg := fo >= XclgKN


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k`cngquctg. ^-@-^ Aftfrspfrts, K`j. v. Eg``gssgy Aftfrspfrts, K`j., ;?7 Z.\.=n 35, =>

(^gx. Cpp.„Efustf` T3st Nkst.Q 3;;5, pgt. ng`kgn).

Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn tect kaagnkctg c`n krrgpcrcmig ecra acy rgsuit ko kt ks

prfekmktgn orfa fpgrctk`l kts jurrg`t sjegnuig fo okvg oiklets c`n ks ofrjgn fut fo Ifvg

Okgin nurk`l teg pg`ng`jy fo teks jcsg. êfusc`ns fo pcssg`lgrs, mfte trcvgik`l tf

c`n orfa Ifvg Okgin, wfuin ecvg tf mg rgou`ngn fr rgmffdgn ko Ngitc ks ofrjgn tf

nksjf`tkùg kts sgrvkjg ct Ifvg Okgin. Ifss fo musk`gss c`n lffnwkii crg kaagcsurcmig

terfule af`gy ncaclgs. Zkaaf`s v. Sukxtcr, K`j., @f. >28>, ct *7 (G.N. ^gx. =88-J_-7:>-U], =83> \I >7>?;). \ktefut c` k`bu`jtkf`, Ngitc wfuin ecvg `f cngquctg rgagny ct icw mgjcusg

kt wkii afst jgrtckìy suoogr c ifss fo musk`gss c`n lffnwkii.

Ngspktg Zfutewgst‛s crluag`t tf teg jf`trcry, teg Jfurt nfgs `ft ok`n Ngitc‛s

ecra ak`kakzgn fr gikak`ctgn skapiy mgjcusg kt ecs fr jc` sgjurg lctg spcjg ct NO\

Ckrpfrt. êg Jfurt `ggn `ft cnnrgss Zfutewgst‛s ’f`g acrdgtpicjg‑ crluag t̀ ct teks

bu`jturg. êg Jfurt ks cnnrgssk`l teg rgqugstgn k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo mcsgn f`

cjjfaafnctkf` ct Ifvg Okgin cs rgqukrgn u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t. êg Igcsg

Clrggag`t nfgs `ft jf`tgapictg cjjfaafnctkf` ct NO\ Ckrpfrt4 `ft f`g wfrn ks

sckn tect teg cjjfaafnctkf` prfjgnurg k`jiungs jf`skngrctkf` fo NO\ Ckrpfrt,

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :: fo >= XclgKN


34/42

:>

wegtegr c pcrty ecs cjjgss tf lctg spcjg ct NO\ Ckrpfrt, c`n NO\ Ckrpfrt ks `ft c

pcrty tf tegsg Igcsg Clrggag`ts k` teks jcsg.

^f ng`y Ngitc‛s k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wfuin rgafvg Ngitc orfa Ifvg Okgin c`n,

wgrg teg Jfurt fr c bury tf uitkactgiy ngtgrak`g Ngitc ecs c rklet tf cjjfaafnctkf`,

Ngitc wfuin ecvg ifst musk`gss c`n g`nurgn `glctkvg kapcjt tf kts `cag c`n mrc`n

nurk`l tect pgrkfn. êg Jfurt cisf clrggs wkte Ngitc tect kt wfuin ’ecvg tf oklet c`

upekii mcttig‑ tf acdg teg pumikj cwcrg fo kts prgsg`jg f`jg clck` ct Ifvg Okgin. Cii

fo teks wfuin u`nfumtgniy jcusg Ngitc tf suoogr lrgct k`bury k` suje c wcy tect ks

kaagcsurcmig c`n jfuin mg krrgpcrcmig. êgrgofrg, teg Jfurt ok`ns tect teg rksd fo

sumstc`tkci tergct fo krrgpcrcmig ecra wgkles egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc.

:. Mcic`jg fo Ecras c`n teg Xumikj K`tgrgst

êg Jfurt `fw tur`s tf teg mcic`jg fo ecras, jf`skngrk`l wegtegr teg

tergctg`gn k`bury tf Ngitc futwgkles teg tergctg`gn ecra tf Zfutewgst. Cs

prgvkfusiy nksjussgn, teg Jfurt ofu`n teg pftg`tkci ecra Ngitc wfuin ikdgiy suoogr

upf` mgk`l rgafvgn orfa Ifvg Okgin ks lrgct„ncaclg tf rgputctkf`, `cag, mrc`n

c`n fvgrcii lffnwkii k` cnnktkf` tf af`gtcry ecra. Zfutewgst crlugs kt wkii suoogr

ecra k` teg ofra fo jc`jgiign oiklets fr u`tfin ngicys fr k`cmkikty tf ouiiy utkikzg kts

lctg ko kt ks ofrjgn tf jf`tkùg ciifwk`l Ngitc tf oiy kts okvg oiklets nckiy. Okrst,

Zfutewgst ecs suoogrgn `f ecra cs kt rgictgs tf c` k`cmkikty tf ouiiy utkikzg kts lctgs.

@ft fìy ecs Zfutewgst mgg` cmig tf ’ouiiy utkikzg‑ kts 35 lctgs wkte kts fw` sjegnuig

fo 358 oiklets nckiy, Ngitc ecs fpgrctgn kts okvg oiklets nckiy, ofr c tftci fo 357 oiklets

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :> fo >= XclgKN


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nckiy fut fo 35 lctgs. Ourtegrafrg, teg gvkng`jg mgofrg teg Jfurt nfgs `ft gstcmikse

Zfutewgst ecs suoogrgn c`y ecra fr teg tergct fo ecra k` teg ofra fo jc`jgiign

oiklets mgjcusg fo Ngitc‛s usg fo teg lctgs. Ct teg k b̀u`jtkf` egcrk`l, Zfutewgst

foogrgn tgstkaf`y tect kt ecs gxpgrkg`jgn sfag oiklet ngicys cs wgii cs twf k`stc`jgs

fo gqukpag t̀ ncaclg nug tf Ngitc‛s prgsg`jg ct teg lctgs. Cssuak`l wktefut

ngjknk`l tegsg oiklets ngicys c`n gqukpag`t ncaclg ecvg ecragn fr tergctg` tf ecra

Zfutewgst, teks k` `f wcy futwgkles teg tergctg`gn ecra tf Ngitc ko kt ks ofrjgn tf

igcvg Ifvg Okgin wekig tegsg iglci kssugs crg rgsfivgn. Citefule Zfutewgst acy `ft

mg cmig tf ru` kts oiklets c`n fpgrctkf`s cs gookjkg`tiy cs kt wfuin ikdg mgjcusg fo

Ngitc‛s prgsg`jg, tect ocjtfr skapiy nfgs `ft futwgkle teg pftg`tkci ecra tf Ngitc

orfa rgafvk`l kt orfa Ifvg Okgin citflgtegr.

K` jf`skngrk`l teg pumikj k`tgrgst, teg Jfurt ok`ns teg jecfs c`n k`jf`vg`kg`jg

fo nksruptgn sgrvkjg my rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Ifvg Okgin mgofrg teg iglci kssugs crg

ngjkngn wfuin mg c lrgct nkssgrvkjg tf teg pumikj. Ofrjk`l Ngitc tf jgcsg oiklet

fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin wfuin `gjgsscrkiy rgqukrg kts pcssg`lgrs tf mg rgmffdgn f` c

Ngitc oiklet orfa c`ftegr ckrpfrt fr tf ecvg tegkr tkjdgt purjecsg rgou`ngn, rgqukrk`l

tega tf ok`n citgr`ctg trcvgi crrc`lgag`ts, pfsskmiy ct lrgctgr gxpg`sg ko f` sefrt-

`ftkjg. Cisf, Ifvg Okgin ks fw`gn my teg Jkty wekje fmvkfusiy vgsts kts jktkzg`s wkte

c` k`tgrgst k` teg ckrpfrt c`n kssugs surrfu`nk`l kt.

^eg Jfurt ok`ns teg mcic`jg fo ecras c`n teg pumikj k`tgrgst mfte wgkle

egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc.



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:?

K` jf`jiuskf`, teg Jfurt ok`ns Ngitc ecs gstcmiksegn cii ofur gquktcmig ocjtfrs

g`tktik`l kt tf k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. ^egrgofrg, teg Jfurt lrc`ts Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr

k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo c`n teg rgqugstgn rgikgo tect Zfutewgst mg g`bfk`gn orfa gvkjtk`l fr

ftegrwksg rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, fr ftegrwksg

k`tgrogrk`l wkte fr prgvg`tk`l Ngitc‛s jf`tk`ugn usg fo Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) tf fpgrctg

Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets.

M. Zfutewgst‛s Aftkf` ofr Xrgikak`cry K`bu`jtkf`

Cisf pg`nk`l mgofrg teg Jfurt ks Zfutewgst‛s jfapgtk`l aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry

k`bu`jtkf`, wekje wcs okign okrst mgofrg gktegr teg Jkty‛s aftkf` fr Ngitc‛s aftkf`.

^f gstcmikse g`tktigag`t tf c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`, Zfutewgst aust sctksoy cii ofur

gquktcmig ocjtfrs tf fmtck` c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Zgg ^LK Orkncy‛s K`j. v. Lrgct

@frtewgst ]gstcurc`ts, K`j., ?7= O.Zupp.=n


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krrgpcrcmig k`bury, cisf ockis. Zfutewgst aust sefw ’c skl`kokjc`t tergct fo k`bury orfa

teg kapg`nk`l cjtkf`, tect teg k`bury ks kaak`g`t, c`n tect af`gy ncaclgs wfuin

`ft ouiiy rgpckr teg ecra.‑ Euac`c, 58> O.=n ct 3:;>. Zfutewgst ockis tf acdg teks

sefwk`l. êg Jfurt nfgs `ft ok`n tect Zfutewgst ecs gstcmiksegn c sumstc`tkci

ikdgikeffn fo sujjgss f` teg agrkts fo kts trgspcss jicka clck`st Ngitc. êg Jfurt ecs

cisf prgvkfusiy ngtgrak`gn tect teg mcic`jg fo ecras c`n pumikj k`tgrgst wgklet

egcvkiy k` ocvfr fo Ngitc4 tegrgofrg, Zfutewgst wfuin mg u`cmig tf sctksoy cii ofur

gquktcmig ocjtfrs.

êg Jfurt ok`ns tect Zfutewgst ecs `ft prfvg` cii teg gquktcmig ocjtfrs tf

gstcmikse g`tktigag`t tf c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. Zgg ^LK Orkncy‛s, ?7= O.Zupp.=n ct


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:5

Jkty sggds ngjicrctfry bunlag`t rgikgo orfa teks Jfurt. Zpgjkokjciiy, teg Jkty rgqugsts

teg Jfurt ngjicrg teg Jkty‛s rklets c`n rgspf`skmkiktkgs u`ngr teg Okvg Xcrty

Clrggag`t, \C]C, teg NF^ igttgrs, teg Igcsg Clrggag`ts, teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t,

teg lrc`t cssurc`jgs c`n ftegr fmiklctkf`s tf teg NF^ c`n OCC, c`n c`y ftegr

cppikjcmig ogngrci icw cs rgictgn tf cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugsts, teg Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs‛

prgogrg`tkci usg rklets c`n teg Jkty‛s jf`sg`t tf teg Zumigcsg Clrggag`t. Kt ks wgii

gstcmiksegn tegrg ks c nksputg mgtwgg` Ngitc c`n Zfutewgst. Gssg`tkciiy, teg Jkty

csds teg Jfurt tf ngjicrg wect teg Jkty ks rgqukrgn tf nf. Witkactgiy, teg Jfurt wkii

acdg suje ngjicrctkf`s lkvk`l teg jicrkokjctkf` c`n jgrtck`ty mgk`l sfulet. êgrgofrg,

teg Jfurt ok`ns tect teg Jkty wkii prgvcki f` kts ngjicrctfry bunlag`t jickas f`jg teg

Jfurt ngtgrak`gs c`n ngjicrgs teg Jkty‛s rklets c`n rgspf`skmkiktkgs pgrtck`k`l tf

cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugsts acng my Ngitc cs wgii cs c`y outurg rgqugsts. êg okrst

gquktcmig ocjtfr ecs mgg` gstcmiksegn.

^f gstcmikse krrgpcrcmig ecra, teg Jkty aust sefw ’c skl`kokjc`t tergct fo k`bury

orfa teg kapg`nk`l cjtkf`, tect teg k`bury ks kaak`g`t, c`n tect af`gy ncaclgs

wfuin `ft ouiiy rgpckr teg ecra.‑ Euac`c, 58> O.=n ct 3:;>. Krrgpcrcmig k`bury acy

mg gstcmiksegn wegrg ncaclgs jc``ft mg gcskiy jcijuictgn. Akiigr Xcpgr , ;83 Z.\.=n

ct ?8=. ]gafvk`l Ngitc orfa Ifvg Okgin wkii `glctkvgiy kapcjt teg oiyk`l pumikj wef

ecvg pckn tkjdgts oiyk`l k`tf/fut fo Ifvg Okgin. K` tur`, teks ikdgiy wfuin `glctkvgiy

kapcjt teg rgputctkf` fo Ifvg Okgin c`n teg Jkty, wekje fw`s Ifvg Okgin. êg Jfurt

ok`ns teg Jkty ocjgs teg tergct fo krrgpcrcmig ecra ko Ngitc ks rgafvgn orfa Ifvg Okgin



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:;

wekig teg iglci kssugs crg ngtgrak`gn. Ok`ciiy, teg mcic`jg fo ecras c`n teg pumikj

k`tgrgst wgkle k` ocvfr fo lrc t̀k`l k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. êg ecra fr tergct fo ecra tf

Zfutewgst ks ak`kaci k` jfapcrksf` tf pftg`tkci jecfs ko k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo wgrg `ft

lrc`tgn c`n Ngitc wcs rgafvgn. Ourtegrafrg, sfag cafu`t fo jgrtck`ty caf`l teg

oiyk`l pumikj cs tf teg lctg sktuctkf` c`n lg`grciiy oiklet fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin ks k`

teg pumikj k`tgrgst.

êg Jfurt ok`ns cii ofur gquktcmig ocjtfrs wgrg gstcmiksegn g`tktik`l teg Jkty tf

k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo. êg Jfurt ok`ns tect c prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf` frngr g`bfk`k`l

Zfutewgst orfa gvkjtk`l fr ftegrwksg rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) ct

Ifvg Okgin, fr ftegrwksg k`tgrogrk`l wkte fr prgvg`tk`l Ngitc‛s jf`tkùgn usg fo

Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) tf fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets ks teg prfpgr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo

k` teks jcsg. êks ks teg scag k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo rgqugstgn my Ngitc wekje teg Jfurt

lrc`tgn f` Ngitc‛s aftkf`. Zf, gvg` ko teg Jfurt nkn `ft tf lrc`t Ngitc‛s aftkf`, teg

Jfurt lrc`ts teg Jkty‛s aftkf` ofr k`bu`jtkvg rgikgo.

Cs prgvkfusiy stctgn, `f`g fo tegsg ocjtuci ok`nk`ls c`n/fr jf`jiuskf`s fo icw crg

mk`nk`l ct c trkci f` teg agrkts.

K_. Jf`jiuskf`

Ifvg Okgin ks u`kqug k` tect kt ks teg fìy ckrpfrt k` teg W`ktgn Ztctgs tect ks

jf`trfiign my c ogngrci stctutg c`n ks lctg-jf`strck`gn, tegrgmy orggzk`l lrfwte. Ifvg

Okgin ks k` tect rgspgjt teg afst u`kqug ckrpfrt k` teg wfrin4 `f ftegr ckrpfrt ecs tf

ngci wkte teg Jf`lrgsskf`ciiy ac`nctgn `f-lrfwte c`n ikaktgn efuriy oiklet

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg :; fo >= XclgKN


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rgstrkjtkf`s. Cssuak`l \C]C ks jf`stktutkf`ci sk`jg `f f`g ks cttcjdk`l teg stctutg

ct teks pfk`t, teg jf`strck`ts kapfsgn f` teks ckrpfrt my \C]C crg jf`strck`k`l tf

teg pfk`t fo mgk`l fut fo nctg. êgsg crg pfiktkjci jf`strck`ts, `ft jf`strck`ts

rgsuitk`l orfa musk`gss rgictgn ngvgifpag`t. Ifvg Okgin nfgs `ft ecvg teg gxpc s̀kf`

fptkf`s cvckicmig tf ftegr ckrpfrts wekje ciifw outurg lrfwte.

Cs Ngitc sf sujjk`jtiy stctgn, ’Ct afst ckrpfrts, cjjfaafnctkf` ks `ft teg

gqukvcig`t fo cjjgss.‑ Ifvg Okgin ks teg gxjgptkf` tf teks ruig. Wìgss jkrjuastc`jgs

jec`lg, cjjfaafnctkf` ks teg fìy agc`s my wekje Ngitc jc` ecvg if`l-tgra cjjgss

wkte c`y jgrtck`ty ct Ifvg Okgin. êgsg ckrik`gs u`ngrstc`ncmiy oklet tffte-c`n-`cki

ofr vkrtuciiy `f`-gxkstg`t gxpc`skf` fo lctg spcjg. êg Jkty jigcriy nfgs `ft wc`t tf

ofrjg cjjfaafnctkf` f` c`y ckrik`g, pcrtkjuicriy f`g tect ecs pckn $388s fo akiikf`s

k` kaprfvgag`ts tf Ifvg Okgin c`n jf`trfis ;8% fo teg ckrpfrt‛s oiklets. Zfutewgst ks

c afngi ofr ru` k̀`l c` ckrik`g. W`ngrstc`ncmiy kt ks cllrgsskvgiy tryk`l tf lck` 388%

fo teg lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin. Ar. Af`tlfagry fo Zfutewgst tgstkokgn tect Zfutewgst

wfuin muy teg icst twf lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin c`n jf`trfi cii =8 ko kt jfuin. Zfutewgst ks

jf`trcjtuciiy c`n iglksictkvgiy mfu`n tf `ft gxpc`n tf NO\ Ckrpfrt wktefut

rgik`quksek`l prgogrg`tkci usg fo kts lctgs ct Ifvg Okgin. Cs Zfutewgst ecs sckn, tegrg

acy mg c tkag weg` `f outurg cjjfaafnctkf`s jc` mg acng ct Ifvg Okgin. ^fncy ks

`ft tect tkag. \kte teg gvkng`jg mgofrg teg Jfurt, teg Jfurt ok`ns Zfutewgst aust

cjjfaafnctg Ngitc u`ngr teg Igcsg Clrggag`t kt skl`gn mgjcusg c` cjjfaafnctkf`

wfuin `ft ecvg ’u`nuiy k`tgrogrgn wkte‑ Zfutewgst‛s fpgrctkf`s sjegnuig ct teg tkag,

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg >8 fo >= XclgKN


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>3

`fr Zfutewgst acy `ft cnn oiklets cotgr teg cjjfaafnctkf` rgqugst ks acng tf

tewcrt teg cjjfaafnctkf`. êg Jfurt cisf ok`ns Ngitc‛s okvg oiklets jurrg`tiy nf `ft

u`nuiy k`tgrogrg wkte Zfutewgst‛s sjegnuig.

Ifvg Okgin wkii jf`tkùg tf ocjg tegsg jeciig`lgs mgk`l sf sgvgrgiy lctg

jf`strck`gn. ^f jec`lg teks `f-lrfwte sktuctkf` ct Ifvg Okgin, Jf`lrgss wkii `ggn tf

cjt. êg pfiktkjci pfwgrs-tect-mg jc` cnnrgss c`n jfrrgjt tegsg kssugs tect ocjg Ifvg

Okgin c`n `gw g`trc`t ckrik`gs terfule rgpgcik`l iglksictkf` u`kqug tf teks ckrpfrt.

\ktefut teks jec`lg, `gw g`trc`t ckrik`gs, teg Jkty, Zkl`ctfry Ckrik`gs, c`n teg

jktkzg`s fo Nciics wkii jf`tkùg tf ocjg nkigaacs ikdg teks f`g. êg oiyk`l pumikj

ngsgrvgs afrg jfurclg orfa kts gigjtgn fookjkcis cmfut trcvgi tf c`n orfa Ifvg Okgin.

êg tkag ofr tegsg gigjtgn fookjkcis tf jf`skngr c` g`n tf cii jf`strck`ts f` Ifvg Okgin

ks `fw.

êg Jfurt NG@KGZ Zfutewgst‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`. êg Jigrd

fo teg Jfurt ks egrgmy nkrgjtgn tf tgrak`ctg teg Jkty‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry

k`bu`jtkf` cs afft. êg Jfurt L]C@^Z Ngitc‛s aftkf` ofr prgikak`cry k`bu`jtkf`.

Zfutewgst ks egrgmy g`bfk`gn orfa gvkjtk`l fr ftegrwksg rgafvk`l Ngitc orfa

Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) ct Ifvg Okgin, fr ftegrwksg k`tgrogrk`l wkte fr prgvg`tk`l Ngitc‛s

jf`tkùgn usg fo Zfutewgst‛s lctg(s) tf fpgrctg Ngitc‛s okvg nckiy oiklets. Zfutewgst

ks cisf g`bfk`gn orfa cnnk`l cnnktkf`ci oiklets f` c`y Zfutewgst lctg(s) Ngitc usgs

tf fpgrctg kts okvg nckiy oiklets. Ourtegrafrg, Zfutewgst aust kòfra teg Jfurt k`

wrktk`l wktek` okvg (7) ncys fo c`y rgnujtkf` c`n/fr jec`lg k` Zfutewgst‛s oiklets

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg >3 fo >= XclgKN


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fpgrctkf`s ct Ifvg Okgin sf tect teg Jfurt jc` gvciuctg wect teg Jfurt jf`skngrs tf

mg ouii utkikzctkf` fo teg lctgs c`n ftegr igcsgn spcjg ct Ifvg Okgin. ]gnujtkf` c`n/fr

jec`lg k` oiklet fpgrctkf`s k`jiungs, mut ks `ft gxjiuskvg fo, ngstk`ctkf`s, efurs fo

oiklets, c`n ùamgr fo oiklets gcje ncy. Ourtegrafrg, pursuc t̀ tf ]uig ?7(j) fo teg

Ogngrci ]uigs fo Jkvki Xrfjgnurg, Ngitc aust pfst c mf`n k` teg cafu`t fo f`g

eu`nrgn tefusc`n nfiicrs ($388,888) f` fr mgofrg Bcùcry 37, =83?, ct >288 X.A.,

tf sgjurg pcyag`t fo c`y ncaclgs sustck`gn ko Zfutewgst ks ofu`n tf ecvg mgg`

wrf`louiiy g`bfk`gn. Cisf pursuc`t tf ]uig ?7(j) fo teg Ogngrci ]uigs fo Jkvki

Xrfjgnurg, teg Jkty aust pfst c mf`n k` teg cafu`t fo f`g eu`nrgn nfiicrs ($388)

f` fr mgofrg Bcùcry 37, =83?, ct >288 X.A., tf sgjurg pcyag`t fo c`y ncaclgs

sustck`gn ko Zfutewgst ks ofu`n tf ecvg mgg` wrf`louiiy g`bfk`gn.

ZF F]NG]GN.

Zkl`gn Bcùcry 5te, =83?.

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVGN DK@DGCNGW@K^GN Z^C^GZ NKZ^]KJ^ BWNLG

Jcsg :237-jv-8=8?;-D Nfjuag`t =7< Okign 83/85/3? Xclg >= fo >= XclgKN

Judge's Opinion in Southwest-Delta Case at Love Field

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