Judaisms, Christianities, and Islams The People not of the Book.
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Transcript of Judaisms, Christianities, and Islams The People not of the Book.
101 THE RELIGION OF ABRAHAM
Judaisms, Christianities, and Islams
The People not of the Book
First, a (sadly) necessary disclaimer:
This lecture is on the HISTORY of the religion of Abraham and some of its myriad HISTORICAL interpretations. It is not about FAITH.
We are not debating theology, we are recounting HISTORY
The historical facts about to be presented are not intended to offend anyone or to change anyone’s personal beliefs (indeed facts have no intent).
You are in a college classroom, and are expected to appreciate diverse views, even when they differ from your own.
If you are personally offended by any of the HISTORICAL facts presented...that’s okay…be offended…but remember, you are in a college classroom and will behave in a manner of respect and decorum accordingly.
“True” Religion
Remember “TRUE” religion is whatever ANY individual believes.
We will be looking at a number of “TRUE” Judaisms, Christianities, and Islams in our investigation .
Now…let’s get on with some critical thinking about the history of the religion of Abraham.
THE HEBREWS, ISRAELITES, AND JEWS
Torah (Pentateuch, Five Books of Moses) Genisis, Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy,
Numbers Rabbinic Literature
Mishna-oral traditions compiled c. A.D. 200 Talmud- A. D. 5th and then 7th
Midrash- oral biblical interpretations compiled c. A.D. 200
Josephus-”Romanized” Jewish author A.D. 1st century
Habiru
Abraham-around 2000 BC Ur El Shaddai Jacob-grandson of Abraham Israel Israelites Moses
Sinai Peninsula Yahweh Monotheistic Judges
Philistines Saul 1020 – 1000 BC David 1000 – 961 BC Solomon 960 – 922 BC Judah Temple destroyed- Nebuchadnezzar
in 6th CBC Diaspora Temple rebuilt c. 515 BC-Second
Temple Destroyed by Romans in A.D. 70 Diaspora again
Second Temple – restored by Herod
Josephus’ four sects of Judaism
Sadducees Strict literal interpretation of written laws
PhariseesFlexible interpretation of written and
oral laws
Essenes Ascetic communities One branch did not marry. Shared material possessions
Zealots No King but God
Samaritans Believe a strict interpretation of the Torah Mt. Gerizim, not Jerusalem, is the chosen
location for the temple. Reject Rabbinic literature Slowly dying out
CHRISTIANITIES
Roman legal and historical texts Late first/early second century A.D. Suetonius/Tacitus/Pliny
Church Councils Council of Nicaea, A.D. 324/5
Church Literature Bishops: St. Augustine- City of God Historians- Eusebius- History of the Church
Some Bibles Septuagint
Greek Old Testament 3rd – 1st CBC
Vulgate St . Jerome Everyday Latin 405
Council of Trent -1590 Vulgate official
King James Version English 1604-1611
The Church Fathers
Dozens of bishops, scholars, and other Church officials
Histories Biographies Martyr texts Apologies
Persecutions
Nero AD 64 Trajan 98-117
Pliny the Younger Decius 250 Diocletian 284-305
Certificate of sacrifice from the reign of Decius
Christian Rome
Constantine 324-327 Edict of Milan 313
Toleration Council of Nicaea 324/5
Nature of Jesus State support for Christianity
The Great Christological Debate
Ebionites Christ was completely human
Arianism Similar not same
Nestorianism Christ-separate human and divine nature
Monophysitism Same substance (Divine)
The impact of Neo-Platonism
Christian Neo-Platonism Everyone’s soul is a part of god
Theodosius I 379-95 Nicene Christianity is the state religion Persecution of heretics
Theodosius II 408-450 Theodosian Code
ISLAM
Muhammad c. A.D. 570-632
Allah Arabian Peninsula Koran (Qur’an) – A.D. 651
Mushaf Uthman Sahabah – companions of
Muhammad Sunnah, Hadith – words and deeds of
Muhammad Ibn Ishaq c.A.D.750
Life of Muhammad
Semitic Nomadic Sheikh Animism Polytheistic
Mecca Quarysh Ka’ aba
Hajar Aswad
Religious Concepts Sin Salvation Heaven and Hell Afterlife Monotheism
Caliph Medina AD 622 Higira “the turning point” AD 630 conquest of Mecca AD 632 death of Muhammad
Monotheism Jinns Satan Jesus
The Five Pillars of Faith
Prayer Charity Fasting Pilgrimage Acceptance of Allah and Muhammad
Ulema- educated class of scholars Theocratic State Sunnah – Islamic law Jihads
Arabia North Africa Spain South Italy Near East Asia Minor
Knowledge
Dome of the Rock
Abu Bakr 632-634 Umar 634-644 Uthman 644-656
Ali 656-661
Muawiya and the Umayyad Dynasty661-750
Some Islams
Sunni – Leaders chosen by the community
Shi’a – only the descendants of Muhammad
Ibadi agree with Sunni’s on above Non –Ibadi Muslims are unbelievers Hell is forever (contra Sunni belief)
Quranic – only follow the Quran