Juanita Riaño Transparency International The Empirics of Governance May 1-2, 2008 Washington D.C.
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Transcript of Juanita Riaño Transparency International The Empirics of Governance May 1-2, 2008 Washington D.C.
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Juanita RiañoTransparency International
www.transparency.org
The Empirics of GovernanceMay 1-2, 2008
Washington D.C.
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• Corruption high on the international agenda
• Increased understanding of its nature:• supported by broader research base
• Growth in development of new measurement tools:• especially surveys
• at global, regional and national levels
• complemented by other initiatives and tools
Measuring governance and corruption internationally: progress thus far
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Measurement Tools: Production Process
What (Target)
What for? (Purpose)
What’s possible? (Resources, information,
capacity)
Type
Method
Sample
Data
Measurement process
Use (communication,
advocacy, interpretation etc.)
Validity
Legitimacy, credibility, reliability
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What do we want to
measure? (Target)
What for? (Purpose)
What’s possible?
• Awareness• Academic research• Advocacy, Policy reform• Diagnostics (targeting action)• Monitoring (policy evaluation)
• Information available• Capacity• Funding• What you want and what you need
Measurement Tools: Production Process
• Costs of Corruption• Trends of corruption• Extent of corruption
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Aggregate Indicators: What for?• To create public awareness of corruption and put
corruption on the public debate contributing to create a climate for change.
• To offer a snapshot of the extent of the corruption problem.
• To enhance comparative understanding of levels of corruption and trends over time.
• To motivate new research and complementary diagnostic analysis on causes and consequences of corruption.
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Aggregate Indicators: What NOT? and What NOT for?
WHAT NOT: • Not an in-country diagnostic tool: doesn’t offer
analysis on causes, dynamics or consequences of corruption
WHAT NOT FOR: • Not to make inferences about petty/grand corruption,
public-private sector interface, etc.• Not to design policy actions or country reforms.
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• Unbiased, hard data difficult to obtain or validity questionable
•e.g. comparing number of prosecutions, court cases or media coverage as a way to measure effectiveness and capacity of a country's judiciary in prosecuting corruption.
• Legal definition of bribery and corruption may differ (e.g. facilitation payments)
• Perception questions have become more rigorous, experiential and quantitative.
• Cultural biases seem not to be as strong as they were originally thought (tested e.g. by vignettes)
• Even the fact-based data have elements of subjectivity involved
Perceptions-based data
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Interpreting perceptions• Potential bias resulting from cultural
background.• Residents
– Comparing to other problems, not countries– Standard of ethics
• Expatriates– Dominance of a cultural heritage in the
sample– Lacking cultural understanding
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What about people perceptions regarding corruption vs. experts
perceptions?
Source: Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2007 and CPI 2007
22.
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2 4 6 8 10Corruption Perceptions Index 2007
r=0.64
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Aggregate indicators are just one variable in the equation…
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TI’s global assessment tools
Aggregate indicators
CPI, BPI
Diagnosis Barometer, NIS Country Studies and Scoring Systems, Promoting Revenue Transparency, PCMS, CRINIS, CACTI, Global Corruption Report
Monitor OECD report cards, A-C Conventions Gap Analysis, ALACs
Prevent Business Principles, Integrity Pacts
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At the National Level…
• TI national chapters have developed a wide range of tools that provide indicators for the fight against corruption:– National household surveys: TI Bangladesh, TI
Lithuania, TI Madagascar, TI Mexico, TI Morocco, TI Peru, TI Russia
– Index of public institutions: TI Kenya, TI Colombia– Public sector diagnostics: TI Bangladesh, TI
Nicaragua– Monitoring political party financing: TI Bulgaria, TI
Latvia – Private sector assessment: TI Mexico, TI Madagascar
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The Kenya Bribery Index, an example.
• Captures bribery experiences among general public on an annual basis
• Who is bribed, how much and for what?• Results have been used to
– Provide information on the nature and extent of bribery in Kenya
– Generate public awareness– Advocate for and support reforms– Set performance targets and monitor reforms
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Lessons learned
• Methodolgies- Use of expertise- Right for the purpose of the tool
• Process: validation (external, internal) – who else has seen it?
• Communication: as important as production• If the tool is solid, criticism is a sign of success• Don‘t ask more from a tool than it can bear
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Measuring corruption: challenges ahead
• Improving use of results by various stakeholders (civil society, private sector and governments) and to convert research into policy.
• Taking stock of what we have learnt, without reinventing the wheel.
• Strengthening research in diagnostic indicators.• Supporting repetition of tools over time, in order to set
performance targets and measure anti-corruption efforts.
• Extending coverage of measuring corruption tools to countries/sectors where no data-research has been conducted so far.
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www.transparency.org
the coalition against corruption