JSSU B.pharm Regulation and Syllabus 2012

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JSS UNIVERSITY

SRI SHIVARATHREESHWARA NAGAR

MYSORE 570 015

REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS

Revised Regulations - 2012

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (B.PHARM) COURSE

March- 2012

1

JSS University Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar

Mysore 570 015

Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) course

REGULATIONS

These regulations shall be called as The Regulations for the B. Pharmacy Degree course of the J.S.S. University, Mysore.

They shall come into force from the Academic Year 2012 - 2013.

The regulations framed are subject to modifications from time to time by the authorities of the university

Minimum qualification for admission to the course

1. Candidates who have passed two year P.U.C./P.D.C/H.S.C (10+2) examination or an equivalent examination of any approved Board or university with not less than 40% marks in any

combination comprising Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics (PCM) or Physics, Chemistry and

Biology (PCB) or Physics, chemistry, mathematics and Biology (PCMB)

Note: In respect of candidates who have taken P.C.M.B. Combination the aggregate of P.C.M. or

P.C.B. whichever is higher shall be considered for the purpose of admission.

2. In case of students belonging to SC/ST/or Category-I, the minimum percentage of marks for admission to B. Pharm Course shall be not less than 35% in P.D.C. any combination comprising

Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics (PCM) or Physics. Chemistry and Biology (PCB) or

Physics, chemistry, mathematics and Biology (PCMB).

3. Candidates who have passed D.Pharm course with not less than 50% aggregate, from an institution, approved by Pharmacy Council of India shall be eligible to this course and shall be

admitted directly to II B. Pharm course.

Duration of the course

The course of study for B.Pharm shall extend over a period of four academic years and three

academic years for those admitted to second B. Pharm directly. The curricula and syllabi for the course

shall be prescribed from time to time.

Medium of Instruction and Examinations

Medium of Instruction and Examination shall be English.

Working days in the academic year

Each academic year shall consist of not less than 200 working days.

2

Attendance and Progress

A candidate is required to put in at least 80% attendance in theory and practical subjects separately.

The candidate shall complete the prescribed course satisfactorily to be eligible to appear for the respective

examinations.

Course of study

The course of study for B.Pharm I, II, III and IV year shall include the respective Theory & Practical

subjects as given in Table - I, II, III and IV respectively. The number of hours to be devoted to each

theory and practical subject in an academic year shall not be less than that shown in Table - I, II, III and

IV.

Academic Work

A regular record of attendance both in Theory and Practical shall be maintained by the teaching staff

of respective subjects.

Internal Assessment Marks:

Theory: Three sessional examinations evenly spread during the academic year shall be conducted by the

constituent colleges. The average marks of the best two examinations shall be computed out of a

maximum of 30 marks and shall constitute the sessional award in theory. Provided further the colleges

may conduct one special theory sessional examination towards the end of the academic session for those

who might have missed any one of the regular sessional examination on genuine grounds.

Practical: Students are expected to perform the experiment listed in the respective syllabus. The number

of experiments is also listed. Marks shall be awarded out of a maximum of 10 to each of the practical

exercise and an average of those shall be computed out of maximum of 10 marks. In addition, three

practical examinations evenly spread during each academic year shall be conducted. The average marks

of the best of two practical examinations shall be computed out of a maximum of 20 marks. A total of 30

marks shall constitute the sessional award in practical. While awarding the sessional marks for practical

experiments, the following considerations should be taken into account.

1. Preparation of the candidate.

2. Manipulative skills.

3. Results of the experiment.

4. Knowledge of the experiment

5. Viva voce pertaining to the experiments only.

The college shall maintain the sessional books of the students and the record of sessional award of

the students. A regular record of both theory and practical class work and sessional examinations

conducted in an institution imparting the course shall be maintained for each student in the institution.

Marks shall be awarded as per the schemes given in Tables - V, VI, VII and VIII.

Conditions under which candidates are permitted to appear for annual university examination

The candidates are required to score a minimum of 50% marks in each of the subjects (Theory and

practicals separately) in the sessional examination to be eligible to appear for annual university

examination in the respective subject.

3

University Examinations

1. Every year there shall be an examination to examine the students.

2. Each examination will be held twice every year. The first examination in a year shall be the annual examination and the second examination shall be supplementary examination.

3. The examinations shall be of written and practical (including oral nature) carrying maximum marks for each part of a subject as indicated in Tables - V, VI, VII and VIII.

Question Pattern

Long Essay 2/3 = 2 x 15 = 30 marks

Short Essay 6/8 = 6 x 5 = 30 marks

Short Answers 5/7 = 5 x 2 = 10 marks

-----------------------

Total 70 marks

-----------------------

Criteria for pass

a) Candidates who have secured a minimum of 50% marks in the Theory (including sessionals) and Practical (including sessionals) separately in any subject or subjects shall be declared to have

passed in that subject/s and exempted from appearing in that subject/s at subsequent examination.

b) Theory and Practical of a particular subject are considered as individual subjects for the purpose of pass criteria.

c) Those candidates who fail in one or more subjects shall have to appear only in the subject so failed, in the subsequent examinations.

Conditions under which candidates are permitted to proceed to next higher class:

a) Candidates of I B.Pharm are permitted to carry not more than any two subjects (Two Theory/ Two Practicals/ One theory & one practical of same or different subjects), to II B. Pharm and appear for

II B.Pharm examination concurrently along with failed subjects of I B.Pharm. However, these

candidates have to pass all the failed subjects of I B.Pharm to become eligible to proceed to III

B.Pharm.

b) Similarly, candidates of II B.Pharm who have completely passed all the subjects of I B.Pharm but have failed in II B.Pharm are permitted to carry not more than any two subjects (Two Theory/

Two Practicals/ One theory & one practical of same or different subjects), of II B.Pharm to III

B.Pharm and appear for III B.Pharm concurrently along with failed subjects of II B.Pharm.

However, these candidates have to pass all the failed subjects of II B.Pharm to become eligible to

proceed to IV B.Pharm.

c) Candidates of III B.Pharm who have completely passed all the subjects of II B.Pharm but have failed in III B.Pharm are permitted to carry not more than any two subjects (Two Theory/ Two

Practicals/ One theory & one practical of same or different subjects), to III B.Pharm and appear for

IV B.Pharm examination concurrently along with failed subjects of III B.Pharm and he/she has

satisfactorily completed the project in the IV B. Pharm.

.

4

Declaration of class

Class shall be awarded at the end of I, II, III and final year of B.Pharm examination as shown below:

1) Distinction 75% and above

2) First Class 60% and above and less than 75%

3) Second class 50% and above and less than 60%

The result of the successful candidate shall be classified at the end of the final year examination on the

basis of the aggregate of all subjects, theory and practicals, secured by the candidate in the I to IV year

examinations and completes the course in four years, as indicated below.

I Class : 60% and above

II Class : 50%-59%

Candidate securing aggregate of 75% or above marks and have passed in all the subjects in a year in first

attempt shall be declared to have obtained Distinction.

Project Work

All the students must submit a short report on a project study undertaken in any of the following

subjects:-

i. Pharmaceutics ii. Pharmaceutical Chemistry iii. Pharmacognosy iv. Pharmacology v. Pharmacy Practice

The project shall be carried out under the guidance of a teacher in the College. The project shall be carried

out either individually or in groups not exceeding 5 in number. The project report shall be submitted in

triplicate (typed copy not exceeding 25 pages).

The project will be evaluated by the examiner at the time of the Practical examination (Final Year)

appointed by the University. The projects shall be evaluated by qualitative grading as Excellent / Good /

Average. The evaluation of the project report shall not be considered for the purpose of pass/class/rank,

but grading shall be included in the Mark Sheet of the Final B. Pharm Course.

Industrial Tour

Candidates studying in final year of the course shall visit several Pharmaceutical manufacturing houses as

a supplement to their academic training and submit a report to the satisfaction of the Head of the

institution where he/she has studied.

Practice School and Industrial training

During III B Pharm and IV B Pharm course, every candidate shall be exposed to Pharmaceutical

Manufacturing operation / research activities for a period of not less than 300 hrs. As a part of this

training, candidates during the III B Pharm course shall be exposed to unit operations in the

college/industry by the industrial experts for a period of 150 hrs and the remaining 150 hrs in

pharmaceutical manufacturing units/ research laboratories during IV B Pharm.

5

Award of Ranks

Ranks and Medals shall be awarded on the basis of aggregate of all the four university examinations.

However, candidates who fail in one or more subjects during the B.Pharm courses shall not be eligible for

award of ranks.

Moreover, the candidates should have completed the B. Pharm course in minimum prescribed number of

years, (four years) for the award of Ranks.

Award of degree

Candidates who fulfill the requirements mentioned above will be eligible for award of degree during the

ensuing convocation.

Duration for completion of the course of study

The duration for the completion of the course shall be fixed as double the actual duration of the course

and the students have to pass within the said period, otherwise they have to get fresh Registration.

Revaluation I Retotalling of answer papers

There is no provision for revaluation of the answer papers of failed candidates in any examination.

However, the failed candidates can apply for retotalling.

Re-admission after break of study

Candidate who seeks re-admission to the course after break of study has to get the approval from the

university by paying a condonation fee.

No condonation is allowed for the candidate who has more than 2 years of break up period and he/she has to rejoin the course by paying the required fees.

6

Courses of study for B. Pharm

Table I: First year B. Pharm

Sl No Subjects Theory

hours / week

Practical

hours / week

1.1 Human Anatomy & Physiology 3 3

1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry I 3 3

1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics 3 3

1.4 Biochemistry 3 3

1.5 Pharmacognosy 3 3

Total number of Working hours 15 15

Grand Total 30 hours

Table II: Second year B. Pharm Sl No Subjects Theory

hours / week

Practical

hours / week

2.1 Pharmaceutics 3 3

2.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry II 3 3

2.3 Industrial Pharmacognosy 3 3

2.4 Biostatistics & Computer applications 3 3

2.5 Social Pharmacy and Behavioral Science 3 ---

2.6 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence 3 ---



7

Table III: Third year B. Pharm


hours / week

Practical

hours / week

3.1 Medicinal Chemistry -I 3 3

3.2 Pharmacology I 3 3

3.3 Pharmaceutical Engineering 3 3

3.4 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 3 3

3.5 Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance 3 --

3.6 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics 3 --



Table IV: Fourth year B. Pharm


hours / week

Practical

hours / week

4.1 Medicinal Chemistry -II 3 3

4.2 Pharmacology II 3 3

4.3 Formulative and Industrial Pharmacy 3 3

4.4 Instrumental Methods of Analysis 3 3

4.5 Pharmacy Practice 3 --

4.6 Pharmaceutical Marketing and

Management

3 --



8

Scheme of Study and Examination

Table V: First year B. Pharm course

Sl.

No.

Subject Theory Examination

Total

Marks

Practical Examination

Total

Marks

Sessional Annual Sessional Annual

Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks

1.1 Human Anatomy &

Physiology

1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry -I 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

1.4 Biochemistry 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

1.5 Pharmacognosy 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

Total 500 500

Grand Total 1000

Table VI: Second year B. Pharm course

Sl.

No.


Total

Marks


Total

Marks


Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks

2.1 Pharmaceutics 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

2.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry II

1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

2.3 Industrial Pharmacognosy 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

2.4 Biostatistics & Computer

applications

1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

2.5 Social Pharmacy and

Behavioral Science

1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical

2.6 Pharmaceutical

Jurisprudence

1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical

Total 600 400

Grand Total 1000

9

Table VII: Third year B. Pharm course

Sl.

No.


Total

Marks


Total

Marks


Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks

3.1 Medicinal Chemistry I 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

3.2 Pharmacology I 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

3.3 Pharmaceutical Engineering 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

3.4 Pharmaceutical

Biotechnology

1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

3.5 Pharmaceutical Quality

Assurance

1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical

3.6 Biopharmaceutics &

Pharmacokinetics

1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical

Total 600 400

Grand Total 1000

Table VIII: Fourth year B. Pharm course

Sl.

No.


Total

Marks


Total

Marks


Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks Duration

(Hrs)

Marks

4.1 Medicinal Chemistry II 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

4.2 Pharmacology II 1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

4.3 Formulative and Industrial

Pharmacy

1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

4.4 Instrumental Methods of

Analysis

1.5 30 03 70 100 03 30 04 70 100

4.5 Pharmacy Practice 1.5 30 03 70 100 No Practical

4.6 Pharmaceutical Marketing and

Management

1.5 30 03 70 100

Total 600 400

Grand Total 1000

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COURSE CONTENTS

First year B. Pharm

Sl.

No. Subjects

Theory

hours / week

Practical

hours / week

1.1 Human Anatomy & Physiology 3 3

1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry I 3 3

1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics 3 3

1.4 Biochemistry 3 3

1.5 Pharmacognosy 3 3



12

1.1 Human Anatomy and Physiology

THEORY 75 Hrs (3Hrs/Week)

Scope: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure and functions of the

various systems of the human body. It also helps in understanding both homeostatic mechanisms and

homeostatic imbalances of various systems of the body. Since a medicament, which is produced by the

pharmacist, is used in various disease conditions to correct the abnormal functioning of the body systems,

the basic knowledge of this subject is must for a student to understand how drugs act on various

systems/organs in correcting the disease state of organs/systems. Thus it becomes a prerequisite subject

for the pharmacy course.

Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to

Understand the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.

Understand the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.

Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.

Perform the hematological tests like blood cell counts, haemoglobin estimation, bleeding/clotting

time etc and also record blood pressure, ECG, heart rate, pulse and respiratory volume.

Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system

Appreciate the interlinked mechanisms in the maintenance of normal functioning (homeostasis) of

human body.

Lecture wise programme:

Topic Hrs

1. Introduction

Definition, scope of anatomy and physiology, description of body and basic

terminologies.

1

2. General anatomy and physiology

Cell, cell junctions, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, ion channels, cell

communication and signaling pathways.

4

3. Tissues

Definition, classification of tissues, their location, characteristics and Functions.

4

4. Human skeleton

Structure, composition, classification and function of bones. Identification and few

salient features of important bones of axial and appendicular skeleton.

Classification of joints, types of movements.

2

5. Body fluids and blood

Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, haemopoiesis, mechanism of

coagulation, bleeding and clotting disorders, blood grouping and its significance,

blood transfusion, lymphatic system and reticuloendothelial system. Definitions of

Anemia, Hemophilia, leukemia and lymphoma.

7

6. Cardio Vascular system

Anatomy and physiology of heart, blood circulation, cardiac output, cardiac cycle,

heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, heart sounds. Definitions of

8

13

hypertension, hypotension, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, angina, myocardial

infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia.

7. Digestive system

Gross anatomy of G.I. Tract and its physiology with special reference to liver,

pancreas and stomach, digestion, absorption, movements of intestine. Definitions

of peptic ulcer, colorectal cancer, hepatitis.

7

8. Respiratory system

Anatomy of respiratory tract, mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration

lung volumes and capacities, transport of oxygen and carbondioxide, artificial

respiration, resuscitation methods. Definitions of hypoxia, asphysia, bronchial

asthma. COPD.

6

9. Urinary system

Structure and functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,

micturition reflex and acid base balance. Definitions of renal calculi, urinary tract

infection, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, nephritis.

4

10. Reproductive system

Structure and function of male and female reproductive system, sex hormones,

physiology and menstruation, coitus, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis,

pregnancy and parturition.

7

11. Endocrinology

Introduction, chemistry and action of hormones, basic anatomy and physiology of

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas, local hormones. Definitions

of disorders of these glands.

7

12. Nervous system

a. Definition and classification nervous system.

b. Neurons and properties of nerve fibers, neuroglia.

c. Synapses, neurotransmitters its receptors and neurohumoral transmission.

d. Meninges, ventricles of the brain and CSF.

e. Anatomy and functions of cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem (pons,

medulla and mid brain), hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia.

f. Spinal cord- structure and reflexes.

g. Cranial nerves- names and their functions.

h. Definitions of stroke, Alzheimers disease, brain tumor, epilepsy,

Parkinsons disease, psychosis, anxiety, depression.

i. Autonomic nervous system-Anatomy and functions of sympathetic and

parasympathetic nervous system. Definitions of Raynauds phenomenon,

autonomic dysreflexia.

11

13. Sense organs

Introduction to special senses. Anatomy and physiology of eye, ear, skin, nose and

tongue. Disorders related to sense organs. Definitions of cataract, glaucoma, sight

disorder, deafness, Otitis media, vertigo.

5

14. Skeletal muscle

Physiology of muscle contraction, definition of myasthenia gravis.

2

14

1.1 Human Anatomy and Physiology (Practical)

Practical: 3 Hrs/week

Title of the experiment Experiments

1. Study of compound microscope. 1

2. Microscopic study of different tissues. 1

3. Identification of bones 1

4. Study of nervous, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive

systems and special senses with the help of models, charts and specimens.

7

5. Blood experiments:

a. General blood collection techniques

b. Study of appliances used in hematological experiments

c. Determination of total Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) count

d. Determination of White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) count

e. Determination of platelet count

f. Estimation of hemoglobin

g. Estimation of Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC)

h. Estimation of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

i. Determination of Blood groups.

j. Determination of Bleeding and Clotting time

k. Demonstration/Determination of different hematological parameters by

using analytical instruments.

8

6. To record human heart rate, pulse rate and ECG 1

7. To study the effect of posture and exercise on blood pressure 1

8. Recording of human body temperature and Body Mass Index (BMI). 1

9. Determination of tidal volume & vital capacity. 1

10. Study of pregnancy diagnosis test 1

11. Experiments on electrophysiology of nerve and heart using computer assisted

models

2

Recommended Books

1. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam.

2. Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson.

3. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor.

4. Text book of Medical Physiology-Guyton and Hall.

5. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Grabowski.

6. Human Physiology (vol 1 and 2) by Dr. C.C. Chatterrje

7. Textbook of Human Histology by Inderbir Singh

8. Textbook of Practical Physiology by C.L. Ghai

9. Practical workbook of Human Physiology by K. Srinageswari and Rajeev Sharma.

15

1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry -I


Scope: This subject consists of two sections. The organic chemistry section deals with classification and

nomenclature of organic compounds, structural isomerism, intermediates forming in reactions, important

physical properties, reactions and methods of preparation of compounds. The syllabus also emphasizes on

mechanisms and orientation of reactions. The analytical chemistry section designed to enable the students

to have fundamental knowledge of volumetric analysis and determination of impurities in

Pharmaceuticals.


write the structure, name, type of isomerism of the organic compound

write the reaction, name the reaction and understand orientation of reactions

account for reactivity/stability of compounds,

identify/confirm the organic compound

know the principle of volumetric analysis of drugs.


Section A: Organic Chemistry 45 hrs

General methods of preparation, General reactions of compounds marked* to be explained.

To emphasize on definition, types/ classification, mechanisms, uses/applications, examples,

differences

Topics Hrs

1 Classification /Nomenclature/ Isomerism

a. Classification of organic Compounds

b. Common and IUPAC systems of Nomenclature of organic compounds

c. Structural Isomerisms in organic compounds

10

2 Alkanes*/Alkenes*/ Conjugated dienes*

a. SP3 hybridization in alkanes, Halogenation of alkanes.

b. i. Stabilities of alkenes, SP2 hybridization in alkenes,

ii. E1 and E2 reactions kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides,

rearrangement of carbocations, Saytzeffs orientation, evidences. E1

verses E2 reactions, Factors affecting E1 and E2 reactions.

iii. Ozonolysis, electrophilic addition reactions of- alkenes,

Markownikoffs orientation, free radical addition reactions of alkenes,

Anti Markownikoffs orientation.

c. Stability of conjugated dienes, Diel-Alder, electrophilic addition, free

radical addition reactions of conjugated dienes, allylic rearrangement

12

3 Cyclo alkanes*

Stabilities Baeyers strain theory, limitation of Baeyers strain theory, Coulson

and Moffitts modification, Sachse Mohrs theory (Theory of strainless rings)

3

16

4 Alkyl halides*

a. SN1 and SN2 reactions-kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides,

stereochemistry and rearrangement of carbocations.SN1

versus SN2

reactions, Factors affecting SN1 and SN

2 reactions

b. Nucleophilic substitution versus elimination reactions

5

5 Alcohols* 3

6 Carbonyl compounds* (Aldehydes and ketones)

Electromeric effect, aldol condensation, crossed aldol condensation, cannizaro

reaction, crossed cannizaro reaction, benzoin condensation, perkin condensation,

Knoevenagel reaction, reformatsky reaction.

6

7 a) Carboxylic acids*

Acidity of carboxylic acids, effect of substituents on acidity, inductive effect

b) Carboxylic acid derivatives*

6

Section B: Analytical Chemistry 30 Hrs

8 Errors:

Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimisizing errors, accuracy,

precision and significant figures.

2

9 Impurities:

Source and effect of impurities in pharmacopoeial substances, importance of limit

test, general principle and procedures for limit test, limit test for chloride, sulphate,

Iron, Arsenic, Lead and heavy metals.

6

10 Fundamentals of volumetric analysis:

Theories of Acid-Base indicators and methods of expressing concentrations.

Primary and secondary standard. Preparation and standardization of various

molar/normal solutions like oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid,

sodium thiosulphate, sulpuric acid, potassium permanganate, iodine and ceric

ammonium sulphate solution.

4

11 Acid base titration:

Classification, estimation of strong, weak, very weak Acids and Bases

2

12 Non-aqueous titration:

Introduction, solvents, classification with examples

3

13 Principles of redox titrations:

Concept of oxidation and reduction. Redox reactions, strength and equivalent

weights of oxidizing and reducing agents, theory of redox titrations, cerimetry,

Iodimetry, Iodometry, bromometry.

4

14 Complexometric titrations:

Classification with examples, Metal ion indicator, mechanism.

3

15 Principles of precipitation titrations:

Different methods- Mohr's, Modified Mohr's, Volhard's, Modified Volhard's,

Fajans methods with example.

3

16 Gravimetry: Introduction and steps involved in gravimetric methods of analysis 3

17

1.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry -I (Practical)



1 Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound/s for preliminary

tests

1

2 Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound/s for preliminary

and Lassaigns tests.

2

3 Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound/s for functional

group (for preliminary / Lassaigns / solubility / functional group tests )

Following classes of compounds may be analysed

Phenols, amide/ urea, carbohydrate, amine, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone,

alcohol, carboxylic acid ester, hydrocarbon, halohydrocarbon, nitrocompound,

anilide

7

4 Determination of melting and boiling points of organic compounds 1

5 Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound for functional

group and identification of the organic compound

1

6 Preparation of suitable solid derivatives from organic compounds 1

7

Systematic qualitative analysis of unknown organic compound for Functional

group, its identification and confirmation of identification

1

8 Introduction to the use of molecular models

Students to prepare the ball and stick molecular models using lugs , tubes,

plastic sticks, balls etc individually and to explain the formation of bonds , bond

angles, hybridization (example- Methane, Ethane, Ethene, Acetylene, Benzene

etc )

1

9 Limit tests:

Chloride, Sulfate, Iron, Heavy metals and Arsenic

5

10 Assay of the following compounds:

a. Ammonium chloride-acid base titration (Formal titration)

b. Ferrous sulphate- Redox titration- Cerimetry

c. Copper sulphate- Redox titration - Iodometry

d. Calcium gluconate-complexometry

e. Hydrogen peroxide- Redox titration -Permanganometry.

f. Sodium benzoate-nonaqueous titration

g. Sodium chloride-Modified Volhard's method

7

18

Recommended Books

1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd

2. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar , Volume-I

3. Textbook of Organic Chemistry by B.S. Bahl & Arun Bahl.

4. Organic Chemistry by P.L.Soni

5. A.H.Beckett & J.B. Stenlake's -Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol I & II, Stahlone Press of

University of London, 4th edition.

6. Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic analysis by Vogel

7. Bentely and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical chemistry

8. Analytical chemistry principles by John H. Kennedy.

9. I.P.1985 ,1996, 2008 Govt. of India, Ministry of Health

10. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunders.

11. Vogels text book of Practical Organic Chemistry

12. Advanced Practical organic chemistry by N.K.Vishnoi.

13. Introduction to Organic Laboratory techniques by Pavia, Lampman and Kriz.

19

1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics


Scope: The course deals with the various physical, physicochemical properties and principle involved in

formulations of dosage forms. Theory and practical components of the subject help the student to get a

better insight in to various areas of formulation research and development and stability studies of

pharmaceuticals.

Objectives: Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to

Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the designing the dosage

form

Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them in assigning expiry date for formulation

Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in evaluation of dosage forms.

Appreciate physicochemical properties of drug molecules in formulation research and

development


Topic Hrs

1. Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical

rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations

and applications

6

2. Solubility of drugs

Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility

& Scatchard-Hildebrand equation, solubility parameters, solvation & association,

quantitative approach to the factors influencing solubility of drugs, Dissolution &

drug release, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility of gas in liquids,

solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions) Raoults law, real

solutions, azeotropic mixtures, fractional distillation. Partially miscible liquids,

Critical solution temperature, and applications

10

3 pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions: Sorensens pH scale, pH

determination(electrometric and calorimetric), applications of buffers, buffer

equation, buffer capacity, buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems,

buffered isotonic solutions

6

3. Surface and interfacial phenomenon

Liquid interface, surface & interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement

of surface & interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid

interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilisation, detergency

adsorption at solid interface.

6

20

4. Micromeretics

Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution,

particle number, methods for determining particle size, optical microscopy,

sieving, sedimentation measurement, particle shape, specific surface, methods for

determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders,

porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.

7

5. Rheology

Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature on

viscosity, Non-Newtonian systems- plastic, pseudoplastic and dilatants systems.

Thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling

ball, rotational viscometers.

6

6. Drug stability

Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic rate

constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors

influencing the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature,

solvent, ionic strength, dielectric constant, specific & general acid base catalysis,

light. Simple numerical problems.

10

Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis &

oxidation.

Accelerated stability testing in dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

7. Colloidal dispersions

Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of

colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general

properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes on

colloids, coacervation, peptization & protective action.

8

8. Coarse dispersion

Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions,

formulation of suspensions, emulsions and theories of emulsification. Physical

stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of

emulsions, phase equilibria and emulsion formulation, special emulsion systems,

semisolids and gels.

10

9. Complexation and protein binding

Metal complexes, organic molecular complexes, inclusion compounds, methods of

analysis, protein binding, complexation and drug action, crystalline structures of

complexes and thermodynamic treatment of stability constants.

6

21

1.3 Physical Pharmaceutics (Practical)


Title of the Experiments Experiments

1. Determination of dissociation and Pka

values. 1

2. Determination of % composition of sodium chloride in the given

unknown solution by CST

1

3. Determination of partition coefficient of iodine distributed between

carbon tetrachloride and water

1

4. Determination of partition coefficient of benzoic acid distributed

between benzene and water

1

5. To determine the solubility of drug at room temperature and express

the solubility in different concentration expressions

1

6. Determination of surface of given liquids by drop count and drop

weight method

1

7. Determination of surface of given liquids by capillary rise method 1

8. Determination of HLB value of ester surfactant by saponification

method

1

9. Determination of critical micellar concentration of surfactants 1

10. Determination of Freundlich and Langmuirs constants for adsorption

of acetic acid on charcoal.

1

11. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using

microscopic method.

1

12. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using sieving

method

1

13. Determination of derived properties of powders like bulk density, true

density and porosity, compressibility of powders.

1

14. To determine the angle of repose and flow rate of granules. 1

15. Determination of viscosity of liquid using ostwalds viscometer 1

16. Determination of viscosity of liquid using falling sphere viscometer 1

17. Determination of half life, rate constant in first order reaction. 1

18. Determination of half life, rate constant in second order reaction(a=b) 1

19. To study the influence of temperature on the rate of reaction. 1

20. To Study of different types of colloids and their properties. 1

21. Preparation of various types of suspensions and determination of their

sedimentation parameters.

1

22. Preparation and stability studies of emulsions. 1

23. To determine the stability constant and donor acceptor ratio by

solubility method.

1

24. To determine the stability constant and donor acceptor ratio by

distribution method.

1

25. To determine the stability constant and donor acceptor ratio by pH

titration method.

1

22

Recommended Books

1. Physical pharmacy by Alfred Martin

2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.

3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.

4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3, Marcel

Dekkar Inc.

6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3.

Marcel Dekkar Inc.

7. Laboratory manual of physical pharmaceutics, C.V.S.Subramanyam, J. Thimma setty

23

1.4 Biochemistry


Scope: Biochemistry deals with complete understanding of the molecular levels of the chemical process

associated with living cells. The scope of the present course is providing biochemical facts and the

principles to understand metabolism of nutrient molecules in physiological and pathological conditions,

which can help to understand the mechanism of drug action and fundamental changes occur in diseases.

Objectives:

Upon completion of course student shell able to

Understand the catalytic role of enzymes, importance of enzyme inhibitors in design of new drugs,

therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes.

Understand the metabolism of nutrient molecules in physiological and pathological conditions.

Understand the genetic organization of mammalian genome, functions of DNA and RNA in

protein synthesis.

Understand the principles of organ functions tests and their clinical significances


Topics Hrs

1 Introduction to biochemistry:

a. Cell organelles and its biochemical functions

b. Transport process across the cell membranes

03

2 Bioenergetics:

a. Concept of free energy: determination of free energy from equilibrium constant;

Redox potential.

b. Energy rich compounds; Definition, classification and Production and biological

significance of ATP and cyclic AMP

04

3 Enzymes

a. Definition; Nomenclature; IUB classification

b. Properties of enzymes

c. Factor affecting enzyme activity

d. Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot)

e. Enzyme inhibitors with examples

f. Mechanism of enzyme action and theories of enzyme action

g. Allosteric enzymes, Enzyme induction and repression

h. Isoenzymes and their diagnostic applications

i. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes

j. Coenzymes Structure and biochemical role

13

24

4 Biological oxidation

a. Enzymes and co-enzymes involved in Biological oxidation.

b. Electron transport chain (its mechanism and role).

c. Oxidative phosphorylation (its mechanism) and substrate level phosphorylation

d. Inhibitors ETC and Uncouplers or inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation

04

5 Carbohydrate metabolism

a. Definition, classification, chemistry and biological role of carbohydrates

b. Glycolysis energetics and significance

c. Citric acid cycle- energetics, amphibolic nature, anaplerosis and significance

d. HMP shunt and its significance

e. Glycogen metabolism ( Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis) and its regulation

f. Gluconeogenesis and its significance

g. Various shuttle systems and its significance: glycerol phosphate & malate - aspertate

h. Uronic acid pathway and its significance

i. Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism

j. Disorders of Carbohydrate metabolism: Diabetes mellitus, glycogen storage diseases

12

6 Lipid metabolism

a. Definition, classification, chemistry and biological role of lipids

b. -Oxidation of saturated (Palmitic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids(linolinic acid)

c. Ketone bodies metabolism (Ketogenesis and ketolysis) ketosis and ketoacidosis

d. De novo Biosynthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)

e. Metabolism of cholesterol (Biosynthesis and degradation)

f. Biosynthesis and significance of Phospholipids

g. Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis and fatty liver

10

7 Amino acid metabolism

a. Definition, classification and biological role of amino acids

b. General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination, deamination &

decarboxylation.

c. Urea cycle and its metabolic disorders

d. Metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids their metabolic disorders

e. Catabolism of tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and their metabolic disorders

f. Synthesis and significance of biological substances; creatine, histamine, 5-hydroxy

Tryptophan (5-HT), dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline

g. Metabolism of Heme and its disorders Porphyriaas, hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice

11

8 Nucleic acid metabolism

a. Definition, chemistry and biological role of nucleosides, nucleotides

b. Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides

a. Catabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides

b. Disorders of nucleotide metabolism: Gout disease

04

25

9 Replication and Protein synthesis

a. Organization of mammalian genome

b. Structure of DNA and significance as genetic material

e. RNA, structure, types and significance in protein synthesis

f. DNA replication, types and details on semi conservative model

g. Mutation and consequences of mutation

h. DNA Damage and repair mechanism

i. Transcription or RNA synthesis

j. Genetic code

k. Translation or Protein synthesis and its regulation and inhibition

08

10 Clinical biochemistry

a. Role of the kidney: routine performed Laboratory tests (serum creatinine, creatinine

clearance, serum urea and serum uric acid )

b. Liver functions: Metabolic, synthetic, excretion & detoxification. Tests to evaluate the

liver functions

c. Composition and significance of lipoproteins; Lipid profile tests

05

26

1.4 Biochemistry (Practical)

Practical: 3 Hrs/Week

Title of Experiment Experiments

I Qualitative tests for biomolecules

1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates

2. Qualitative analysis of Proteins

6

II Liver functions tests

1. Determination of Serum Glutamate Oxoloacetate Transaminase

2. Determination of Serum Glutamate Pyrvuate Transaminase

3. Determination of blood and urine sugar to asses metabolic function

4. Determination of serum calcium

4

II Kidney functions tests

1. Qualitative analysis of urine for normal constituents

2. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents

3. Determination of serum total proteins

4. Determination of blood creatine

5. Determination of urine creatinine

6. Determination of blood urea

6

IV Lipid profile tests

1. Determination of serum cholesterol

2. Determination of serum triglycerides

2

V Determination of enzyme activity and study the factors effect of enzyme

activity

1. Determination of Salivary amylase activity

2. Study the effect of pH on salivary amylase activity.

3. Study the effect of Temperature on Salivary amylase activity.

4. Study the effect of substrate concentration on salivary amylase

activity.

4

VI Demo experiment on determination of biochemical parameter in blood

using auto analyzer

1

27

Recommended Books

1. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger.

2. Harpers Biochemistry by Robert K. Murry, Daryl K. Granner and Victor W. Rodwell.

3. Biochemistry by Stryer.

4. Biochemistry by D. Satyanarayan and U.Chakrapani

5. Textbook of Biochemistry by Rama Rao.

6. Textbook of Biochemistry by Deb.

7. Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stumpf

8. Practical Biochemistry by R.C. Gupta and S. Bhargavan.

9. Introduction of Practical Biochemistry by David T. Plummer. (3rd Edition)

10. Practical Biochemistry for Medical students by Rajagopal and Ramakrishna.

11. Practical Biochemistry by Harold Varley.

12. Laboratory manual of Biochemistry by Pattabiraman and Sitaram Acharya

28

1.5 Pharmacognosy


Scope: To learn and understand the cultivation and production of crude drugs and their usefulness.

Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to

Know the advances in the cultivation and production of drugs

Know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs.


Topic Hrs

1. Definition, History, present status, future scope & Development of

Pharmacognosy

2

2. Classification of crude drugs: Alphabetical, Morphological, chemical,

taxonomical, pharmacological and chemotaxonomy

5

3. Cultivation, collection, processing & storage of crude drugs

General principle of cultivation & collection of crude drugs

Advantages & disadvantages of cultivation.

Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants

Soil & soil fertility

Plant hormones & their applications.

Processing, storage & preservation of crude drugs.

10

4. Quality Control of Crude Drugs: Different method of Adulteration of crude drugs

and their evaluation. Using various methods like Organoleptic, Microscopic,

Physical, Chemical, Biological and Quantitative microscopy

4

5. Conservation of medicinal plants 2

6. Detailed study of the following crude drugs with specific emphasis on source,

cultivation, collection, preparation, storage, diagnostic characters

applicable, constituents, chemical tests, substitutes, adulterants and uses.

a. Carbohydrates: Agar, Gum Acacia, Gum tragacanth, Honey, Isapghol,

Bael

b. Tannins: Black Catechu, Myrobalan, Pale catechu and Arjuna.

c. Lipids: Castor oil, Wool fat, Bees wax, Cod liver oil, Olive oil,

Sesame oil and Chaulmoogra oil

d. Proteins: Gelatin and spirulina

e. Volatile oils: Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Clove, Fennel,Cardamom,

Lemon grass oil, Sandal wood, Lehsun

f. Saponins: Dioscorea, Gokhru, Liquorice, Ginseng, Centella

g. Cardio active sterols: Digitalis, Squill, Stropanthus

h. Anthraquinones: Aloes, Senna, and Rhubarb,

35

29

i. Alkaloids: Areca, Lobelia, Belladonna, Berberis, Datura, Opium,

Ergot, Rauwolfia, Adathoda, Pilocarpus,Kurchi, Punarnava, Sankupusphi,

Ephedra.

j. Resins: Guggul, Garcinia,Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin, Balsum of Peru,

Asafoetida, Turmeric and Ginger, Shellac

7. Tumor inhibitors: Taxol, Vinca and Podophyllum 5

8. Anti hepatotoxic and oral hypoglycemic agents: Phyllanthus, Gymnema 4

9. Plant fibers used as surgical dressings: Cotton, Jute, Flax, silk, wool and rayon.

Sutures surgical catguts and ligatures.

5

10. Pharmaceutical aids: Talc, Bentonite, Kaolin, Kieselguhr 3

1.5 Pharmacognosy (Practical)

Practical: 3Hrs/Week

Title of Experiments Experiments

1 Microscopical and powder microscopical characters of the following drugs:

Cinchona, Cinnamon, Senna, Digitalis, Rauwolfia, Liquorice, Ipecac,Clove,

Ephedra, Kurchi, Fennel and Coriander

12

2 Study of Morphology of drugs:

Strophanthus, Squill, Rhubarb, Cascara, Liquorice, Senna, Cinchona, Ipecac,

Rauwolfia, Nuxvomica, Vinca, Aconite, Kurchi, Ephedra, Fennel, clove

5

3 Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests:

i) Asafoetida (ii) Benzoin (iii) Acacia (iv)Agar (v) Gelatin (vi) Aloes vii) Honey

vii)Shark liver oil viii) Castor oil

5

4 Distillation of volatile oils 1

5 Determination of foaming index 1

6 Determination of moisture content of crude drugs 1

Recommended Books

1. Pharmacognosy: V.E.Tyler. Lynn. R. Brady, James E. Robgers.

2. Text book of Pharmacognosy by T.E.Wallis.

3. Study of crude drugs by Iyenger.

4. Powder crude drugs by Iyenger

5. Chemistry of organic natural products vol. I and II by O.P. Agarwal.

6. Practical pharmaceutical chemistry by Backett and Stanlake

7. Indian herbal pharmacopoeia and British herbal pharmacopoeia

8. Anatomy of crude drugs by M.A. Iyengar

9. Text book of Pharmacognosy Ed.3-C.K. Kokate.

10. Pharmacognosy Pharmacobiotechnology- James Bobbers, Marilyn K, Speedice & V E.Tylor.

30

Second year B. Pharm

Sl.

No. Subjects

Theory

hours / week

Practical

hours / week

2.1 Pharmaceutics 3 3

2.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry II 3 3

2.3 Industrial Pharmacognosy 3 3

2.4 Biostatistics & Computer applications 3 3

2.5 Social and Behavioral Science 3 --

2.6 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence 3 --



31

2.1 Pharmaceutics


Scope: This course is designed to impart a fundamental knowledge on the art and science of formulating

different dosage forms. It prepares the students for most basics of the applied field of pharmacy.

Objectives: Upon the completion of the course the student should be able to:

Know the formulation aspects of different dosage forms

Do different pharmaceutical calculation involved in formulation

Formulate different types of dosage forms

Appreciate the importance of good formulation for effectiveness


Topic Hrs

1 Historical back ground and development of profession of pharmacy

History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education,

industry and organization, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to

IP, BP, USP and extra pharmacopoeia. Salient features of Indian Pharmacopoeia.

05

2 Dosage forms

Introduction to dosage forms, classification and definitions

Prescription: Definition, significance, parts and handling of Prescription.

Posology: Definition, Factors affecting dose selection. Calculation of doses for

infants & children based on age, body weight and body surface area.

05

3 Pharmaceutical Calculations: Weights and measures Imperial & Metric

system, Calculations involving percentage solutions, alligation, proof spirit and

isotonic solutions.

06

4 Powders and Granules: Definition, classification, advantages and disadvantages,

Particle size analysis, Flow characteristics, quality control tests, simple &

compound powders official preparations, insufflations, dusting powders, eutectic

mixtures, effervescent powders and effervescent granules.

Granules: definition, methods of granulation (wet, dry, spray drying, RMG, roller

compaction, high shear mixer granulators), granulation process validation, scaleup

considerations (dissolution testing requirement; size, equipment and process

change; reporting requirements), regulatory issues in granulation processes,

Pellets: Definition; rationale for pelletization; manufacturing considerations-

equipments and methods used (coating pan, FBP, extrusion spheronisation);

formulation variables.

04

04

04

5 Liquid Dosage forms: Classification, Advantages & Disadvantages. General

formulation aspects including adjuvants like Vehicles, Organoleptic additives &

Stabilizers.

02

32

Monophasic Dosage forms:

Study of Monophasic liquids - Definition, formulation and official examples of

gargles, mouthwashes, Throat paint, Eardrops, Nasal drops, Liniments and lotions,

Enemas, collodions, Syrups, Elixirs and solutions.

Biphasic dosage forms:

Suspensions: Definition; advantages and disadvantages; classification; Diffusible

and indiffusible suspensions; Formulation & official examples; Flocculated and

Deflocculated suspension; Surfactants employed (anionic, non-ionic, cat ionic and

additional surfactants); nano suspensions; reconstitutional suspensions; parenteral

suspensions; aerosol suspensions; rheology of suspensions and emulsions.

Emulsions: Definition, classification, test for the identification of type of

emulsion, emulsifying agents, Methods of preparation & stability problems

cracking, creaming and phase inversion; self emulsifying drug delivery systems;

emulsions for ocular delivery of drugs, multiple emulsions.

03

06

06

6 Semisolid dosage form: Definition, types, mechanism and factors affecting drug

penetration, General formulation of ointments, creams, pastes and gels, their

evaluation and packing, ophthalmic ointments and gels; in situ gels

05

7 Suppositories: Definition, types, advantages and disadvantages, types of bases,

method of preparation, Displacement value & its calculations, packaging and

evaluation.

05

8 Extraction: Definition, study of different extraction processes - Expression,

Infusion, Decoction, Maceration, Percolation & Soxhelation. Examples of tinctures

and extracts.

06

9. Surgical aids

Surgical dressings, sutures, ligatures and preparation of surgical catgut.

04

10 Incompatibilities: Definition, Physical, Chemical and Therapeutic

incompatibilities, reasons and correction of incompatibilities.

04

11. Introduction to novel dosage forms and drug delivery technologies

Ocular drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, nasopulmonary drug delivery,

colon specific drug delivery, bioadhesive and mucoadhesive systems,

gastroretentive systems, microspheres, microparticles, iontophoresis, osmotic

pumps, oral inhalations, IUDs, ophthalmic inserts, liposomes, implants,

autoinjection systems

06

33

2.1 Pharmaceutics (Practical)

Practical: 3Hrs/week

Title of the Experiments No of classes

1. Syrups

a) Simple syrup

b) Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup

2

2. Elixirs

a) Piperazine citrate elixir

b) Paracetamol paediatric elixir

2

3. Solutions

a) Strong solution of ammonium acetate

b) Cresol with soap solution

2

4. Suspensions

a) Calamine lotion

b) Magnesium hydroxide mixture

2

5. Emulsions

a) Castor oil emulsion

b) Liquid paraffin emulsion

2

6. Powders and Granules

a) Eutectic powder

b) Effervescent granules

c) Granule preparation-Wet granulation

d) Granule preparation-dry granulation

e) Pellets preparation-extruder spherinizer/ FBP

5

7. Suppositories

a) Boric acid suppository

1

8. Semisolids

a) Sulphur ointment

b) Cold cream

c) Vanishing cream

d) Bentonite Gel

e) In situ gel preparation

5

9. Gargles and Mouth Washes

a) Potassium chlorate gargle

b) Any antiseptic mouth washes

2

10. Tinctures

a) Orange tincture

b) Compound Benzoin tincture

2

34

Recommended Books

1. H.C. Ansel et al, Pharmaceutical Dosage form and Drug delivery system, Lippincott Williams and

Walkins, New Delhi, 7th Edition, 2000.

2. Carter S.J., Cooper and Gunns-Dispensing for Pharmaceutical students, CBS publishers, New

Delhi 12th Edition. 2000.

3. M.E. Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science& Dosage Form Design, Churchill Livingstone,

Edinburgh, 2nd Edition, 2002.

4. Indian pharmacopoeia and British pharmacopoeia.

5. Theory and practice of Industrial pharmacy by Lachmann.

6. Alfonso R. Gennaro Remington: The science and practice of pharmacy, Vol I and Vol II,

Lipponcott Williams, 20th edition, 2000.

7. Carter S.J., Cooper and Gunns-Tutorial pharmacy, CBS Publications, New Delhi, 6th edition,

2000.

8. E.A. Rawlins, Bentleys text book of Pharmaceutics, English language Book Society, 8th edition,

1997.

9. Isaac Ghebre Sellassie: Pharmaceutical; Pelletization Technology, Marcel Dekker, INC, New

York, 1989.

10. Dilip M. Parikh: Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, Marcel Dekker, INC,

New York, 1997.

11. Francoise Nieloud and Gilberte Marti-Mestres: Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions,

Marcel Dekker, INC, New York, 2000.

35

2.2 Pharmaceutical Chemistry - II


Scope: The subject deals with structure, stability and reactivity of organic compounds. It emphasizes on

mechanisms and orientation of reactions. The syllabus includes physical properties of organic compounds

and named reactions. This course also deals with stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and

stereo chemical reactions.


write the structure, name, the type of isomerism of the organic compound

write the reaction, name the reaction and understand orientation of reactions

understand the stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and reactions

know and account for stability/reactivity/orientation


Topics Hrs

Note: To emphasize on definition, types/ classification, mechanisms, examples, uses/ applications,

differences.

1 Benzene and its derivatives

a. Analytical/ synthetic/ other evidences in the derivation of structure of benzene.

Orbital picture, resonance in benzene, aromatic characters, Huckels rule

Reactions of benzene nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity, friedel crafts

alkylation- reactivity, limitations, friedel crafts acylation.

Substituents,effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted

benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reactions.

b. Aryl halides

Nomenclature,General methods of preparation, General reactions of - Aryl

halides,Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (Bimolecular nucleophilic

substitution and Benzyne- mechanisms), effect of substituents on reactivity towards

nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions

c. Phenols - Nomenclature,General methods of preparation, General reactions, Acidity

of - phenols, effect of substituents on acidity

d. Amines

Nomenclature,General methods of preparation, General reactions,

Basicity of - aromatic amines, effect of substituents on basicity, comparision

with aliphatic saturated amines, synthetic uses of diazonium salts

18

2 Polynuclear hydrocarbons:

Synthesis , reactions and medicinal uses of of following compounds/ derivatives -

Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene. Diphenylmethane and Triphenylmethane.

8

3 Reactions of synthetic importance

a. Catalytic hydrogenation, metal hydride reduction, Clemmensen reduction, Meerwein

Pondorff Verley reduction, Birch reduction, Wolff kishner reduction.

8

36

b. Oppenauer-oxidation, Dakin reaction.

c. Beckmanns rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement.

d. Claisen-Schmidt Condensation

4 Stereo isomerism:

a. Optical isomerism

i. Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso

compounds

ii. Elements of symmetry, chiral, achiral- molecules

iii. DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers,

sequence rules,

RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers

iv. Reactions of chiral molecules

v. Racemic modification, resolution of racemic mixture.

vi. Asymmetric synthesis- partial, absolute

b. Geometrical isomerism

i. Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems)

ii. Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers.

c. Conformational isomerism in alkanes, Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane.

d. Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) - conditions for optical

activity.

e. Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions

18

5 Heterocyclic compounds:

a. Nomenclature.

b. Synthesis ,reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds /derivatives

i. Pyrrole/Furan/Thiophene - Relative aromaticity, reactivity, Basicity of pyrrole,

ii. Pyrazole/ Imidazole/ Oxazole/ Thiazole.

iii. Pyridine/ Quinoline/ Isoquinoline/ Acridine/ Indole. Basicity of pyridine

c. Synthesis and medicinal uses of following compounds / derivatives - Pyrimidine/

Purine.

15

6 Fats and Oils.

a. Fatty acids- Reactions

b. Hydrolysis, hydrogenation, saponification and rancidity- of oils, drying oils.

c. Analytical constants Acid value, saponification value, ester value, iodine value,

acetyl value, Reichert Meissl (RM) value significance and principle involved in the

determination.

8

37

Pharmaceutical Chemistry II (Practical)

Practical: 3 Hours/Week


I Quantitative determination of following classes of organic compounds

( including standardization of reagents)

1. Alcohol by acetylation method.

2. Carbonyl compound by hydroxyl amine hydro chloride method.

3. Carboxylic acid by acid base method.

4. Ester by hydrolysis method.

5. Amino acid by formal titration method

6. Aldehyde by sodium sulfite sulphuric acid method.

7. Acetone by Sodium hypo iodite method.

8. Phenol by bromination method.

( Students to carry out Minimum of seven Quantitative

determination experiments)

7

II Determination of following oil values (including standardization of

reagents)

1. Acid value.

2. Saponification value.

3. Iodine value by pyridine bromide method.

4. Iodine value by iodine mono chloride method.

( Students to carry out Minimum of three determination of oil value

experiments)

3

III Preparation of homocyclic compounds. ( Students to prepare

Minimum of six homocyclic compounds listed below )

1. Benzanilide/Phenyl benzoate/Acetanilide from Aniline/ Phenol

/Aniline by acylation reaction.

2. 2,4,6-Tribromo aniline/Para bromo acetanilide from Aniline/

Acetanilide by halogenation (Bromination) reaction.

3. 5-Nitro salicylic acid/Meta di nitro benzene from Salicylic acid /

Nitro benzene by nitration reaction.

4. Benzoic acid from benzyl chloride by oxidation reaction.

5. Benzoic acid/Salicylic acid from alkyl benzoate/ alkyl salicylate

by hydrolysis reaction.

6. 1- Phenyl azo -2- napthol from aniline by diazotization and

coupling reactions.

6

38

IV

Preparation of heterocyclic compounds. (Students to prepare

Minimum of Five heterocyclic compounds listed below or any other

heterocyclic compounds)

1. Benzimidazole from ortho phenylene diamine.

2. 2,3diphenyl quinoxaline from benzil

3. Benzotriazole from ortho phenylene diamine by diazotization.

4. 2-phenyl indole from acetophenone.

5. 3-methyl 1-phenyl pyrazol-5-one from ethylacetoacetate

5

V Separation of binary mixture of organic compounds 2

VI Stereo modeling of enantiomers, diastereoisomers, anomers, epimers

meso compounds, geometrical isomers, conformational isomers (chair,

boat, twist conformers of cyclohexane and substituted cyclohexane),

biphenyl compounds etc.

2

Recommended Books

1. Organic chemistry by I. L. Finar, Volume-I & II.

2. A text book of organic chemistry Arun Bahl , B.S.Bahl.

3. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal

4. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd

5. Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L.Gilchrist

6. Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry by AI Vogel, Part- III, Quantitative Organic

Analysis.

7. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunders.

8. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Volume- I & II by Beckett and J. B.Stanlake

9. Indian Pharmacopoeia

10. Vogels text book of Practical Organic Chemistry

11. Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry by N. K. Vishnoi

39

2.3 Industrial Pharmacognosy


Scope: To learn and understand the techniques involved in the herbal drug, cosmetic preparation and their

standardization

Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to

know the modern extraction techniques, characterization and identification of the herbal drugs

understand the preparation and development of herbal drugs as per GMP guidelines


Topics Hrs

1 Modern methods of extraction, application of latest techniques like

Spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis in the isolation, purification

and identification of crude drugs.

11

2 a) Introduction to plant biochemistry with special reference to basic metabolic

pathways.

b) Introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites like Atropine,

Ergotamine, Morphine and Steroidal glycosides.

c) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of

Biogenetic studies.

08

3 A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on

medicinal and aromatic plants in India.

02

4 Industrial production and estimation of the following phytoconstituents:

Forskolin, Sennoside, Artemisinin, Diosgenin,, Tropane alkaloids.,

Curcumin,Rutin, Phyllanthin, Asiaticoside, Andrographolides and Gymnemic

acid

10

5 Herbal formulation development and standardization

a) Preparation, stability testing of Herbal extracts and formulations

b) Role of Herbs in Cosmetics

Hair care preparation - Henna, Amla, Hibiscus

Skin Care preparation Aloe vera, Turmeric, Sandal wood

c) Neutraceuticals

10

6 WHO Guidelines for the assessment of Herbal Medicine and Cosmetics 02

7 a) Basic principles involved in the alternative system of medicine viz.

Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy

b) Preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations i.e.

Aristas, Asawas, Ghutika,Churna, Leha and Bhasma.

07

8 Plant Toxins and adverse drug reactions:

Natural allergens, Hallucinogens, Teratogens.

06

9 Plant tissue culture:

Historical development, nutritional requirements, growth and their

maintenance, applications of plant tissue culture and types of cultures related to

cell suspension culture, callus culture, hairy root culture and protoplast culture

07

40

10 Enzyme Biotechnology

Introduction, general methods of isolation, purification and application of

immobilized enzymes.

Biological sources, methods of preparation, chemical nature and uses of:

a. Papain b. Pepsin c. Trypsin d. Pancreatin e. Asparaginase, urokinase

07

11 a) Herb-Drug interaction

b) Edible Vaccine

02

2.3: Industrial Pharmacognosy (Practical)

Practical: 3 Hours/Week


1 Exercise involving isolation of active principles

a. Caffeine - from tea dust.

b. Curcumin from turmeric

c. Berberine from Berberis

d. Andrographolide from Kalmegh

e. Diosgenin from Dioscorea

f. Phyllanthin from Phyllanthus neruri

g. Piperine from Pepper

h. Hespiridin from orange peel

08

2 Separation of amino acids by Paper chromatography 1

3 TLC analysis of extracts 1

4 Determination of

a. Moisture content (Loss on drying)

b. Extractive values

c. Ash values

d. Swelling factors

4

5 Preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations 1

6 Preparation of herbal cosmetics 1

7 Demonstration of experiments in column chromatography 1

8 Demonstration of experiments in plant tissue culture. 1

Recommended Books

1. Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans 14th and 15th edition. 2. Pharmacognosy Pharmacobiotechnology- James Bobbers, Marilyn K, Speedice & V.E. Tylor. 3. Herbal Drug Industry R.D.Chowdary. 4. The formulation and preparation of cosmetic, fragrances and flavours. 5. Remingtons Pharmaceutical sciences. 6. WHO Guidelines website http:/www/who.int/druginformation 7. Standardization of botanicals. 8. Quality Control Herbal Drugs - Pulok K.Mukherjee. 9. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry I edition, vol- l &II by Vinod. D. Rangari 10. Practical Pharmacognosy, III edition, C.K. Kokate.

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2.4 Biostatistics and Computer applications


Scope: This subject deals with the introduction to computers, M.S. Word, M.S. Excel, Computer

graphics, operating system, softwares, Net-work, Internet, Computer application in clinical studies.

Biostatistics deals with the Frequency distribution, Graphics, Measures of central tendency, Correlation,

Regression, Probability theory, Sampling technique, Sample, Parameter, Statistics, Students t-test and

Pharmaceutical examples.


know the operation of M.S. Word, M.S. Excel, M.S. Access

know the various application of computers in pharmacy

know the various statistical technique to solve statistical problems

solve statistical problems by using Excel

appreciate various applications of software packages in Pharmacy

Appreciate statistical techniques in solving the problems.


Topics Hrs

Section A: Biostatistics

01 Frequency distribution: Definition, Types of frequency distribution,

Cumulative frequency

Graphical Representation: Histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve,

Semi logarithmic graph, ogive.

06

02 Measures of central tendency : Average, Types of averages - Mean, Median,

Mode, Harmonic mean, Geometric mean, Quartile, deciles, percentile -

Pharmaceutical examples

08

03 Measures of dispersion : Dispersion, Range, quartile deviation, mean

deviation, standard deviation, Variance, coefficient of variation, application

of coefficient of variation in pharmacy, skewness, Kurtosis, coefficient of

skewness, Pharmaceutical problems

08

04 Correlation : Definition, Types of correlation, Karl Pearsons coefficient of

correlation, Rank difference method, Correction of tied ranks, Multiple

correlation - Pharmaceuticals examples

05

05 Regression: Curve fitting by the method of least squares, fitting the lines y= a

+ bx and x = a + by, fitting the curve y = abx , fitting exponential curve,

Multiple regression, standard error of regression, difference between

regression and correlation Pharmaceutical Examples

05

06 Probability : Trial, event, sure event, random event, Sample space, Definition

of probability, mutually exclusive events, Independent event, Laws of

Probability - simple problems, Binomial distribution, Normal distribution,

Poissons distribution, properties - problems

06

42

07 Sample, Population, large sample, small sample, Null hypothesis, alternative

hypothesis, sampling, essence of sampling, types of sampling, Error-I type,

Error-II type, Standard error of mean (SEM) - Pharmaceutical examples

05

08 T- distribution : t-test between the means of Population and sample, Pooled

t-test, students t-test, Pharmaceutical examples

04

Section B: Computer Science

09 Number system: Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal

number system, conversion decimal to binary, binary to decimal, octal to

binary etc, binary addition, binary subtraction First complement, second

complement method, binary multiplication, binary division

05

10 Over view of computers, Generation of computers, Types of computers

Mini, Micro, Super computer, digital, analog and hybrid computers, input

devices, output devices, input/output devices Floppy disk, CD-ROM, Pen

drive, Monitor, Printers, types of printers-Impact and Non impact printers,

08

11 Algorithm and flow chart Pharmaceutical problems 02

12 Hardware, software , types of softwares System, application, Custom

software

02

13 Operating system, Types of Operating systems 02

14 Computer Network LAN, WAN, MAN, Internet, Intranet, WWW 02

15 Programming languages Machine language, Assembly language, High level

languages

01

16 Introduction to M.S. Office M.S. Excel, M.S. Access-operators and

Expression

03

17 Application of computers in Pharmacy Drug information storage and

retrieval, Pharmacokinetics, Drug design, Crude drug identification, Hospital

and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical analysis

03

43

2.4: Biostatistics and Computer applications (Practical)


Title of the Experiments Experiments

1. Introduction to M.S. Word, Mail Merge, Table Handling 2

2. Introduction to Excel - Graphs Histogram, Bar, Line, Pie etc 1

3. Introduction to mathematical functions and Statistical functions - Sum,

Average, Exponential, Logarithm, Round, Power , If and Else - logical

function

2

4. Calculation of Averages using excel - Mean - Individual, discrete and

continuous series

1

5. Calculation of Median and Mode using Excel - Discrete and continuous

series

1

6. Calculation of Geometric mean, Harmonic mean using Excel -

Individual, Discrete and continuous series

1

7. Calculation of mean deviation by direct and shortcut method using

Excel - Individual, Discrete and continuous series

1

8. Calculation of Standard deviation and coefficient of variation by direct

method using Excel - Individual, Discrete and continuous series

1

9. Calculation of Standard deviation and Coefficient of variation by

shortcut method using Excel - Individual, Discrete and continuous

series

1

10. Calculation of coefficient of correlation by direct , shortcut method and

Rank difference method using Excel

1

11. Multiple correlation problem 1

12. Calculation of coefficient of Skewness using Excel 1

13. Calculation of Kurtosis using excel 1

14. Formation of linear regression equation calculation of predicted values 1

15. Binomial distribution , Poissons distribution problems Using excel 1

16. t-test Problem to know the significance difference between population

and sample mean Using excel

1

17. Pooled t-test Problem to know the significance difference between

means of two Samples Using excel

1

18. Students t-test Problem to know the significance difference between

means of Control and treatment group Using excel

1

19. Student t-test from correlation coefficient and regression coefficient 1

20. Introduction to Access - Creating database, Creating table, designing

table creating forms

1

21. Writing programme to generate labels of different formulation using

access

1

22. Operating statistical software 1

23. Introduction to Power point Slides Preparations 1

44

Books Recommended

1. Pharmaceutical Statistics - By Sanford Bolton Third/Fourth Edition

2. Comdex Computer Course Kit - Vikas Guptha

3. Fundamental of Statistics - S.C.Guptha

4. Practical Problems in Statistics D.N.Elhance and Veen Elhance

5. Microsoft Office Access 2003 - Cary N.Prague, Michael R.Irwin

6. Statistics - Kapoor

7. Fundamental of Statistics - S.N.Guptha

8. Methods in Biostatistics B.K.Mahajan

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2.5. Social Pharmacy and Behavioral Science


Scope: Social Pharmacy and Behavioral Science course will prepare the young pharmacy student to fit

into the social role as Pharmacist. Interaction of pharmacist with doctors, nurses, dentists, physiotherapists

and other health workers is to develop team spirit in pharmacist. Rational drug use and essential drugs

concepts can be realized with meaningful interaction of pharmacists with other health care providers. At

the end of this course the student will get the soft skills set to work cohesively with the team as a team

player and will add value to the pharmaceutical business.

Objectives:

Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to

Understand the behavioral needs for a Pharmacist to function effectively in the areas of pharmaceutical Operation

Communicate effectively ( Verbal and Non Verbal)

Effectively Manage the team as a team player

Manage the time effectively

Develop Leadership Qualities and Essentials

Topics Hrs

1. Social Pharmacy and Behavioral Science

The Concept and context of social pharmacy

02

2. Pharmacy Profession a) Introduction to profession of Pharmacy b) Pattern of entry and employment in pharmacy c) Employment position and job responsibilities of a pharmacist d) Role of pharmacist in health care e) Pharmacy ethics

10

3. Professionalization of community pharmacy a) Introduction professional status of community pharmacy b) Patients medication records and pharmacists extended role c) Health screening services in community pharmacy

08

4. Role of hospital pharmacist in a hospital a) Introduction b) Manufacturing, purchasing, inventory management, distribution and

promoting the rational view of medicine

c) Definition and concept of clinical pharmacy

15

5. Time Management a) Value of Time

b) How to Track the action items

c) Goal setting

d) Using SMART Objective concept

e) Goals, Tasks, Sub Tasks

f) Resource Management

g) Mile Stone, Mapping and Gantt chart application

10

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6. Preparing for an Interview a) Creating an Effective CV (Objective Setting, Skills, how to prepare the

content, Describing Self, Summarizing the Education and Self, Selling

your Experience, Deciding on looks, Getting it Right)

b) Define the purpose of the interview

c) Preparation of STP, PDCA

d) Improving the delegation

e) Dress Code and Code of Conduct

f) Dos and Donts

g) Style of communication

h) Attitude Vs Skills

i) Co

JSSU B.pharm Regulation and Syllabus 2012

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