ESG-Related Objectives, Achievements M 〇 and Progress, and ...
JRAIA · 2013. 9. 24. · established; Law on Promoting Green Purchasing . 〇 Law of the Recycling...
Transcript of JRAIA · 2013. 9. 24. · established; Law on Promoting Green Purchasing . 〇 Law of the Recycling...
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JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
November 25, 2011
Intercontinental Seoul
Korea
The 5th Three Associations Meeting
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CONTENTS
◊ Statistics
◊ Study of alternate refrigerants
◊ JRECO JAPAN Refrigerants Environment Conservation Organization
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STATISTICS
Transition of yearly shipments Residential Air Conditioners
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Units ( in thousands )
Inverter
Jan.-Sep.
Statistics – Domestic Shipments
Calendar year
Transition of yearly shipments Commercial Air Conditioners
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Units ( in Thousands )
Inverter
Jan.-Sep.
Transition of yearly shipments Residential heat-pump water heaters
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Calendar Year
Units ( in thousands )
Jan.-Sep.
Transition of yearly shipments Commercial Refrigerators/Air Conditioners
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Chiller
GHP
PAC
Commercial Refrigerator
Self Contained SC
Water Cooler
Ice Maker
Remote SC
Transport Refrigeration U
Refrigeration U
Screw U
Centrifugal
Fiscal Year
Units ( in thousands )
Transition of yearly shipments Gas-engine driven Heat-pump Air Conditioners
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Units
Calendar YearJan.-Sep.
Transition of yearly shipments Centrifugal Chillers
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Fiscal Year
Units
Transition of yearly shipments Absorption Chillers
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Fiscal Year
Units
Estimates of World’s Demand for Air-conditioners
Statistics – JRAIA Estimation
World Total in 2010 : 82,770,000 units
STUDY OF ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS
World’s movement in fighting against global warming
Actions taken so far to protect ozone layer
Overseas
〇Prof. Rowland of the University of California, points out the effect of CFCs on ozone layer 〇Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer adopted 〇Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer adopted 〇Almost all the nations in the world (196 countries and EU) ratify the Montreal Protocol
Japan 〇 The Law Concerning the Protection of the Ozone Layer through the Control of Specified Substances and Other Measures 〇 Signs the Montreal Protocol 〇 Law of the Recycling of Special Kinds of Home Appliances ○ Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy 〇 Fluorocarbons Recover & Destruction Law established; Law on Promoting Green Purchasing 〇 Law of the Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles 〇 Fluorocarbons Recovery & Destruction Law revised
1974 1985 1987 1988 1998 2001 2002 2006 2009
Montreal Protocol has been revised six times for strengthened control
1990 London 1992 Copenhagen 1995 Vienna 1997 Montreal 1999 Beijing 2007 Montreal
Prevention of CFC impact on global warming
出展“Projections of global emissions of fluorinated green house gases in 2050” by Öko Recherche
Impact of air conditioning (incl. industrial refrigeration)
Share of HFC emissions by developing countries:76% in 2050.
Impact of commercial refrigerators
・Japan: around 5% of the total GHG emissions due to nearly completed conversion to HFC.
・World: HFC emissions will be more than 4 times as great as the current level if conversion to HFC is advanced in developing countries.
Share of HFC refrigerants in total GHG emissions
4 billion tons in 2050
◆Emerging nations: are accelerating their R22 reduction plan under the Montreal Protocol. ・There is a move toward propane as an R22 alternative for RAC. But, many firms are concerned about the safety of propane, hoping for the continued use of R410A for a time being. However, if the use of R410A increases, there is possibility that R125 will be in short supply. ・Most of the nations have not yet decided their policy and are worried over the HCFC phase-out. As they are required to report their policy to the UN by the end of this year, these nations are being put in a difficult situation. ・The move toward R32 as alternate refrigerants has gathered momentum.
Emerging nations’ HCFC phase-out plan (Montreal)
Latest movement in emerging economies
◆Developed countries: are struggling to reduce the impact of HFC refrigerants on global warming. Europe: with EU’s 20-30% GHG emissions reduction target, it is inevitable to take measures for the refrigerant control. Currently, EU is preparing for stricter F-gas regulation, and its proposed draft is expected to be made public early next year. Japan: as the refrigerant recovery has been encouraged in earnest, the recovery rate has reached 30%. In the 2008 study, refrigerant leakage during use was revealed, which has become a new problem. The Government and the industry joined in strengthening the refrigerant control and developing low GWP refrigerants, like R32 and HFO, and natural refrigerants, like CO2. USA: has proposed to discuss the HFC (+HCFC) phase-out plan at the Meeting of the Montreal Protocol (see figure below). Related organizations are putting more energy in study of lower flammable refrigerants.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
2020:70%
2025:50%
2013:90% 2017:80%
2029:30%
2033:15%
U.S.-proposed plan to reduce the HFC & HCFC impact on global warming
Impact on global warming was slashed by 85% in 2003
Movement in developed countries
・Due to the expanding HVACR market and the spread of HFC, it is worried that the impact of refrigerants on global warming is rising.
・Developing countries began searching for alternate refrigerants to HCFC(R22).
・Conversion from HCFC(R22) to HC or R32 is geared up in developing countries. R32 is a rising candidate as an alternative. ・The increased effect of refrigerants has become apparent in the review of LCCP. ・ASHRAE has created a new grade A2L for moderate flammable refrigerants in its classification. There is a movement worldwide toward lower flammable refrigerants with a low GWP. ・The UN approved the conversion project to R32 in China and Indonesia. ・A new regulation is planned in Europe to control refrigerants with a high GWP.
World’s Situation Surrounding Refrigerants
Movement of F-gas Regulation Review in EU
EU Commission ・ Makes a relatively cool judgment ・ Not designate specific refrigerants ・ Complete phase-out is assigned to certain products in which the substitution of F-gas is deemed technically feasible. ・ Content of the Regulation is based on EU 20-20-20 Strategy ・ Aims at reducing GHG emissions 80% by 2050. ・ Öko Recherche Report was produced by advocates of HC refrigerants, and it lacks objectivity. ・ A strong possibility of regulating total GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent ・ In favor of reducing HFC production & consumption under the Montreal Protocol, EU is likely to regulate HFCs in a similar way as proposed by North-America and Micronesia. ・EU Climate Action Commissioner Ms Hedgaard is the Danish Environment Minister who made the framework in Denmark for complete phase-out of HFCs. The industry is concerned about her intention.
European Parliament ・Environment Committee is most likely to adopt an extreme HFC reduction proposal. ・Resolution at the Plenary Session of the Parliament is important. The status quo is that most of EP Members are not aware of the F-gas issue. European Council ・ Northern Europe is likely to make a radical proposal; they say they are able to control installers’ skills. ・ The German Environment Ministry promotes the complete phase-out of HFCs, while the Industry Ministry opposes it. ・ Southern Europe thinks it difficult to control installers’ skills because refrigerant use is mainly for air conditioners and that the need for installers is varied from season to season. ・On the environmental issues, Northern Europe speaks more loudly than Southern Europe.
STUDY OF ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS
Technical assessment of promising candidates as alternate refrigerants
Next-Generation Refrigerant Candidates
Refrigerants are composed of elements other than the following; ・Solid elements, like metal ・Elements having toxicity ・Hard-to-liquefy elements ・Rare elements Elements that constitute refrigerants are thought to be the combinations of the following five kinds of substances which are called Period 1-1A, Period 2-4B, -5B, -6B and -7B in the Table of Periodic Law. 1.Hydrogen (H) 2.Carbon (C) 3.Nitrogen (N) 4.Oxygen (O) 5.Fluorine (F)
Listed below are possible candidates as next-generation refrigerants, which are combinations of the above five substances and which are free from toxicity and high flammability. R-32, HFO-1234yf/ze, HFO-1234+R32 or R132a Mix, CO2, (H2O)
Refrigerants characteristics
CFC -12 F
Cl C
F
Cl
HCFC -22
H
C F
F
Cl
HFC -32 C
H
F
F structure
Study of HFO1234yf
1. Risk of moderate flammability High humidity condition enhances flammability 2. High pressure loss Large capacity drop in cooling Problem of power supply in cooling Enlarged diameter of connection pipes between equipment
by 1 or 2 rank 3. Occurrence of HF in burning 4. Influence of moisture in refrigeration circuit 5. Necessity for a mixed refrigerant with R32 or R134a (GWP
increase) 6. Issues of economical efficiency
Although the study has been conducted, favorable result is not found.
Review of R32
1. Though GWP of R32 is 675, one-third of R410, it is still high compared to HFO, HFO-MIX and other natural refrigerants.
2. Characteristics of R32 is remarkably superior and its efficiency is very high.
3. Both of supply capacity and cost efficiency are also superior.
4. There is a risk of moderate flammability and possibility of diesel explosion at leakage and pump down.
5. Temperature of discharge gas is high.
6. R32 is considered as flammable under current law. Relaxation of regulation is necessary. Risk assessment of moderate flammability is in progress.
1810 2027
675
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
100 97 70
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1810 1960
472 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
GWP 4th IPCC report Charging amount %
Comparison of Global Warming Impact among R32, R22 and R410A
R32 is possible to achieve 75% reduction at maximum of global warming impact.
CO2-Kg/Kg Kg/unit ratio CO2-Kg/unit ratio
Refrigerants Refrigeration Efficiency (kJ/kg)
Required amount %
R22 141.7 96%
R410A 136.7 100%
R32 219.8 62%
Comprehensive Global Warming Impact
1234yf(100%) 32(100%)
Properties of R32 and R1234yf blends
0
1 Baseline(410A)
-NEDO project revealed that refrigerants with a low GWP, such as 150 blends, have significantly lower efficiency than 410A. - Blends stay within flammability class 2L.
2
Composition
Com
pare
to R
410A
Risk of HC Refrigerants
・GIZ (Germany) recommends HC refrigerants mainly to developing countries as alternate to HCFC. In Japan, there are also some people who promote the adoption of HC refrigerants. ・HC is a strong combustion substance, having high risks of explosion and fire accidents. ・Use of HC refrigerants in air-conditioning equipment except specific systems is extremely dangerous. ・Accidents caused by HC refrigerants were reported in some countries.
■Natural refrigerants have many difficulties with actual use. ■At this moment, most of practicable new refrigerants are moderately flammable.
Candidates of refrigerants and characteristics
HCFC22
HFC410A
R32 HFC
アンモニア (R717)
プロパン(R290 )
Nat
ural
Ref
r.
CO2(R744 )
Refrigerants
HFC407C
HFO1234yf
Refrigerant Characteristic Ozone
Depleting Potential
GWP Flammability ASHRAE34 Toxicity
0.05 1810 A1 LOW
0 2090 A1
0 675 A2L
0 0 A2L HIGH
0 3以下 A3
0 1 A1
0 1770 A1
0 4 A2L
HFO混合 ? ? A2L
Condensing Pressure
MPa
1.73
2.72
1.78
1.53
10.00
1.86
1.16
?
2.80
Several proposals from refrigerant maker
100
92
97
106
98
41
99
90
Theoretical Efficiency Vs. R22
We have no choice but to use moderate flammable refrigerants to prevent global warming. Harmonization with safety laws is indispensable.
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
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Estimation is made based on following ; CO2 emission coefficient: 0.425[CO2-kg/kwh] Lifetime: 12years Operation hours: 9hrs/day Refrigerant leakage ratio: 2%/year Refrigerant recovery ratio at disposal: 30%
LCCP – CO2 Emissions Amount by Refrigerants
Comprehensive warming impact estimation and energy efficiency by refrigerants - Residential Air-Conditioner 4.0kw
CO2 emission amount
4101
3646
3217
3860
4687
3281
3860
98
178
0
702
501
1883
1345
36
25.2
13.2
0.25
23
32.2
0
1
1
1
2
3
263
478
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
1234yf(1.2kg 但し熱交大型化)
1234yf+R32 (1.2kg 混合比50:50)
R32(1.1kg)
R290(プロパン;Secondly)(0.5kg)
CO2(1.05kg)
R410A(高効率)(1.4kg)
R410A(標準)(1kg)
Refrigerant production process Operation electric power for 12 years Leakage for 12years Emission at disposal
CO2 Emission Amount
30
30
Estimation is made based on following ; CO2 emission coefficient: 0.425[CO2-kg/kwh] Lifetime: 12years Operation hours: 9hrs/day Refrigerant leakage ratio: 2%/year Refrigerant recovery ratio at disposal: 30%
Comparison of Electric Power in Cooling Operation by Refrigerants
Comparison of Electric Power in Cooling Operation
167
132
97
133
143
100
115
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
R410A(標準)(1kg)
R410A(高効率)(1.4kg)
CO2(1.05kg)
R290(プロパン;Secondly)(0.5kg)
R32(1.1kg)
1234yf+R32 (1.2kg 混合比50:50)
1234yf(1.2kg 但し熱交大型化)
%
SUMMARY
・Ideal refrigerants have not been found yet.
・Every candidate of next generation refrigerants bears some sort of faults.
・Usable candidates, in particular, are moderate flammable.
・We are forced to make full use of those candidates for prevention of global warming caused by refrigerants.
HVAC&R industry has been proceeding with the development of next generation low GWP refrigerants to mitigate the impact of HFC on global warming.
However ;
STUDY OF ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS
JRAIA’s Policy on Refrigerants
Refrigeration safety regulation 1. Definition of flammable gases Gases satisfying both of a. and b. conditions in addition to specified gases in the regulation. a. Lower point of explosion limit is 10% or below b. Difference between upper and lower point of explosion limit is 20% or above 2. Definition of inert gases Gases satisfying fluorocarbon gases excluding flammable ones in addition to specified gases in the regulation.
Japanese High Pressure Gas Safety Law
Use of moderate flammable refrigerants (class 2L), such as R32, are regulated under the current law. It is under discussion to revise the current law so that class 2L refrigerants can be used.
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JRAIA’s Vision and Activities on Environmental Issues
Responsible Use Principles for HFCs
EQUIPMENT Energy Saving Emission control on a CO2 basis
REFRIGERANTS
Direct Emission Control
· Recovery activities
· Emission control in production
· Leakage reduction in use
ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS
· Research and investigation
· Low GWP refrigerants
· Natural refrigerants
Name: JAPAN Refrigerants Environment Conservation Organization(JRECO) Date : October 1 2011 Tasks: ・Promotion of refrigerant emissions reduction in maintenance and equipment disposal ・Training and qualifying of engineers for refrigerant recovery ・Development of refrigerant recovery equipment ・Certification of refrigerant reclamation facilities ・Registration system of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment
Back ground: Refrigerants Recycling Promotion and Technology Center, the predecessor of the current JRECO, had been promoting refrigerant recovery and training engineers since its establishment in 1993. It is becoming urgently needed to prevent leaks from equipment. To enhance the activities against refrigerant leaks, JAPAN Refrigerants Environment Conservation Organization was set up as an independent organization.
Establishment of JRECO
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