JOURNAL OF VIROLOGYVOLUME 52 * JANUARY 1985 * NUMBER 1

Edward M. Scolnick, Editor in Chief(1987)

Merck Sharp & Dohme ResearchLaboratories

West Point, Pa.David T. Denhardt, Editor (1987)University of Western OntarioLondon, Ontario, Canada

Bernard N. Fields, Editor (1988)Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Mass.

Robert M. Krug, Editor (1987)Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew York, N. Y.

Michael B. A. Oldstone, Editor (1988Scripps Clinic & Research FoundatiLa Jolla, Calif.

Thomas E. Shenk, Editor (1989)Princeton UniversityPrinceton, N.J.Robert A. Weisberg, Editor (1988)National Institute of Child Healthand Human Development

Bethesda, Md.

EDITORIAL BOARDDavid Baltimore (1987)Amiya K. Banerjee (1985)Andrew Becker (1985)Tamar Ben-Porat (1987)Kenneth I. Berns (1985)Michael Botchan (1986)David Botstein (1985)Barrie J. Carter (1987)Purnell Choppin (1986)John M. Coffin (1986)Geoffrey M. Cooper (1987)Donald Court (1987)Richard Courtney (1986)Walter Doerfler (1986)Peter Doherty (1986)Elvera Ehrenfeld (1986)Robert N. Eisenman (1985)Suzanne U. Emerson (1986)Emanuel Faust (1987)S. Jane Flint (1987)Yasuhiro Furuichi (1985)Costa Georgopolous (1986)Walter Gerhard (1986)Larry M. Gold (1985)Peter Gruss (1985)Hidesaburo Hanafusa (1986)

William S. Hayward (1987)Roger Hendrix (1987)Martin Hirsch (1986)John J. Holland (1987)Ian H. Holmes (1986)Robert W. Honess (1986)Nancy Hopkins (1986)Peter M. Howley (1987)Alice S. Huang (1987)Tony Hunter (1986)Masayori Inouye (1985)Robert Kamen (1985)Thomas J. Kelly, Jr. (1985)George Khoury (1987)Elliott Kieff (1987)Daniel Kolakofsky (1986)Robert Lamb (1985)Robert A. Lazzarini (1987)Myron Levine (1985)Douglas R. Lowy (1986)Robert Martin (1987)Warren Masker (1987)Thomas Merigan (1986)George Miller (1987)Lois K. Miller (1985)Peter Model (1986)

Bernard Moss (1986)Fred Murphy (1986)Nancy G. Nossal (1987)Abner Notkins (1986)J. Thomas Parsons (1986)Ulf G. Pettersson (1986)Lennart Philipson (1987)Lewis I. Pizer (1987)Craig R. Pringle (1986)Carol Prives (1986)Robert Purcell (1986)Fred Rapp (1987)Dan S. Ray (1986)M. E. Reichmann (1985)Gordon M. Ringold (1987)Harriet Robinson (1985)William S. Robinson (1986)Bernard Roizman (1985)Naomi Rosenberg (1986)Roland R. Rueckert (1985)Norman P. Salzman (1987)Joseph Sambrook (1985)Charles E. Samuel (1986)Priscilla A. Schaffer (1987)Sondra Schlesinger (1986)June R. Scott (1986)

Bart Sefton (1985)Phillip A. Sharp (1985)Charles J. Sherr (1987)Saul J. Silverstein (1985)Ann Skalka (1985)Patricia G. Spear (1987)Nat Sternberg (1986)Mark F. Stinski (1986)James Strauss (1987)F. William Studier (1987)Lawrence S. Sturman (1985)Jesse Summers (1985)William Summers (1985)John M. Taylor (1987)Howard M. Temin (1985)George F. Vande Woude (1986)Inder Verma (1986)Edward K. Wagner (1986)Eckard Wimmer (1985)Owen Witte (1986)Charles Hamish Young (1986)Julius S. Youngner (1986)

Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications BoardLinda M. Illig, Managing Editor, Journals

Walter G. Peter III, Director of PublicationsJohn P. Evans, Produiction Editor

The Journal of Virology (ISSN 0022-538X), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW,Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the dissemination offundamental knowledge concerning viruses of bacteria, plants, andanimals. Investigators are invited to submit reports of original research in all areas of basic virology, including biochemistry,biophysics, genetics, immunology, morphology, physiology, and pathogenesis and immunity. Instructions to authors arepublished in the January issue each year; reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Department. The Jouirnalis issued monthly, four volumes per year. The nonmember subscription price is $249 per year; single copies are $21. Themember subscription price is $37 (foreign, $49 [surface rate]) per year; single copies are $7.00. Correspondence relating tosubscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition of submitted manuscripts,and general editorial matters should be directed to the ASM Publications Department, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006(phone: 202 833-9680).Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months afterpublication of the issues; residents of all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues.Claims for issues missing because of failure to report an address change or for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed.Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20006, and at additional mailing offices.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Joiurnal of Virology, ASM, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006.Made in the U.S.A.Copyright (C 1985, American Society for Microbiology. El 4iMriit t, E r± rf 'I t.All Rights Reserved.The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the arti-cle may be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, thatthe copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, forcopying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to otherkinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collectiveworks, or for resale.

Author IndexAblashi, Dharam V., 279Adams, Mark B., 174, 180, 185Anderson, Stephen K., 19

Baan, Elly Wouters, 302Baar, Joseph, 19Babiuk, L. A., 58Bachenheimer, Steven L., 144Bar-Shira, Anat, 330Beck, Thomas W., 235Belardelli, Filippo, 221Berns, Anton, 89Bolen, Joseph B., 114, 335Brendel, Volker, 340Brown, A., 198Brown, H. Richard, 180Buckler, Charles E., 100Buss, Janice E., 7

Casjens, Sherwood, 174, 180,185, 192

Chatis, Pamela A., 152Childs, Geoffrey, 94Chinsky, Jeffrey, 94Chowdhury, Kamal, 335Coffin, John M., 32Coutinho, Roel A., 287

Dahlberg, John E., 279Dasgupta, Asim, 266Dawe, Clyde J., 335Dorner, Andrew J., 32Drillien, Robert, 316Drlica, Karl, 296

Ellis, Ronald W., 81

Fischer, Duncan K., 254Fisher, Suzanne E., 335Fleckenstein, Bernhard, 13Fontichiaro, Kristine L.Engstrom, 235

Frisque, R. J., 306Fuchs, Pawel G., 13Fujita, Donald J., 19

Gibbons, Gwendolyn F., 266Gibbs, Carol P., 19Gielkens, Arno, 89Gilchrist, James E., 58

Gillard, Sylvie, 316Glorioso, Joseph C., 128Gluzman, Yakov, 120Golini, Fred, 205Goodenow, Maureen M., 94Goudsmit, Jaap, 287Green, D. E., 75Gresser, Ion, 221

Hall, Carol, 174Harris-Hamilton, Elizabeth, 144Hartley, Janet W., 152, 158Heston, Lee, 254Hocko, Janet, 266Hoffman, Paul M., 40Holland, Christie A., 152, 158Holland, Thomas C., 128Homma, Morio, 228Honigman, Alik, 330Hopkins, Nancy, 152, 158Hudson, G. R., 58

Israel, Mark A., 114, 335

Jackson, Marian, 94Jones, Elaine V., 312

Kates, Joseph R., 205Keller, Paul Malcolm, 81Kennedy-Morrow, Jennifer, 44Kenyon, Richard H., 75King, D. M., 306King, Jonathan, 174Kousoulas, Konstantin G., 243Kristensson, Krister, 67Kung, Hsing-Jien, 19

Leinwand, Leslie, 94Lesnaw, Judith A., 44Levine, Myron, 128Lilly, Frank, 94Love, Arthur, 67Lowe, Robert S., 81Lubinski, John, 266Luka, Janos, 107Lukacs, Nodmi, 52, 166

Maniloff, Jack, 25Manos, M. Michele, 120Marks, M. David, 44

Marlin, Steven D., 128Martin, J. D., 306Martin, Malcolm A., 100Maunoury, Marie-Thdrese, 221Mayman, Barbara A., 1Melief, Cornelis J. M., 287Mettenleiter, Thomas C., 52, 166Miedema, Frank, 287Miller, George, 254Millette, Robert L., 235Moreau-Gachelin, Francoise, 292Morrow, Casey D., 266Morse, Herbert C., III, 40Moss, Bernard, 312

Nexo, Bjorn Andersen, 273Nishioka, Yutaka, 1Norrby, Erling, 67

Olsen, John C., 324O'Neill, Raymond R., 100Orvell, Claes, 67

Pagano, Joseph S., 299Panet, Amos, 330Pearson, Gary R., 107Pellett, Philip E., 243Pereira, Lenore, 243Peters, C. J., 75Pfister, Herbert, 13

Quint, Wim, 89

Radul, Janet, 19Repaske, Roy, 100Ridgway, Anthony, 19Robert-Guroff, Marjorie, 214Robert-Lezenes, Jacqueline, 292Rodriguez, Moses, 107Roizman, Bernard, 243Roos, Marijke T. L., 287Rowe, Wallace P., 158Rueckert, Roland, 137Ruger, Rudiger, 13Rydbeck, Robert, 67Rziha, Hanns-Joachim, 52, 166

Sabara, Marta, 58Schellekens, Peter T. A., 287Schlegel, Richard, 319

Sefton, Bartholomew M., 7Shan, Tai-Chi, 335Shepard, Emily, 214Sherry, Barbara, 137Silberberg, Hana, 330Sixbey, John W., 299Sladek, Todd L., 25Slauch, J. M., 306Smith, Colton, 198Sol, Cees J. A., 302Spehner, Daniele, 316Steck, Todd R., 296Stoye, Jonathan P., 32

Tabin, Clifford J., 260Tambourin, Pierre, 292Tanaka, Akio, 19Tashiro, Masato, 228Tavitian, Armand, 292ter Schegget, Jan, 302Theodore, Theodore S., 100Thiel, Heinz-Jurgen, 166Tovey, Michael G., 221

Ulrich, Kay, 273

van den Ouweland, Ans, 89van der Noordaa, Jan, 287, 302van Oirschot, Jan, 89van Ormondt, Hans, 302Vignaux, Franqoise, 221Vroman, Ben, 107

Wade, Marta, 319Watson, Kenneth F., 324Weigel, Ronald, 254Weinberg, Robert A., 260Wendling, Frangoise, 292Wijngaarden-du Bois, Ria

J. G. J., 287Williams, Jeannette E., 335Wolcott, Judith A., 198Wozney, John, 152Wust, Carl J., 198Wyckoff, Elizabeth, 192

Zintz, Eric, 279Zivin, Robert A., 81

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Jan. 1985

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTSSubmit manuscripts directly to the ASM Publications

Department, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006.Since all submissions must be processed through thisoffice, alternate routings, such as to an editor, willdelay initiation of the review process. The manuscriptshould be accompanied by a covering letter stating thefollowing: the journal to which the manuscript is beingsubmitted; the most appropriate section of the journal;the address and telephone number of the correspond-ing author; and the former ASM manuscript numberand year if it is a resubmission. In addition, includewritten proof that permission to cite personal comnmu-nications and preprints has been granted.Authors may suggest an appropriate editor for new

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

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ScopeThe Journal of Virology is devoted to the dissemi-

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(i) The Journal of Virology will consider papers thatdescribe the use of antiviral agents as tools for eluci-dating the basic biological processes of viruses andhost cells. Papers dealing with other aspects of antivi-ral agents and chemotherapy will be considered forAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

(ii) Manuscripts describing new or novel methods orimprovements in media and culture conditions will notbe considered by the Journal of Virology unless theseare applied to the study of basic problems in virologyor cell biology. Such manuscripts are more appropri-ate for Applied and Environmental Microbiology or forthe Journal of Clinical Microbiology. By the sametoken, manuscripts dealing with methods for produc-tion of monoclonal antibodies will not be consideredunless they also address fundamental questions requir-ing their use.

(iii) Manuscripts dealing with clinical investigations,excluding those concerned with the activities of anti-viral agents, should be submitted to the Journal ofClinical Microbiology. Manuscripts dealing with ecol-ogy or environmental studies are more appropriate forApplied and Environmental Microbiology.

Questions about these guidelines may be directed tothe editor in chief of the journal being considered.Note that a manuscript rejected by one ASM journal

on scientific grounds or on the basis of its generalsuitability for publication is considered rejected by allother ASM journals.

Availability of Mutants and Other VariantsThe editors assume that all variant viruses and cell

strains, as well as new isolates and mutants, describedin papers published in the Journal of Virology will bemade freely available for distribution upon request toall qualified members of the scientific community.

Nucleotide Sequence DataAuthors should submit nucleotide sequence data to

the Nucleotide Sequence Data Library of the Euro-pean Molecular Biology Laboratory. This library hasbeen established to preserve the growing body ofnucleic acid sequence data in a form readily availableto researchers. Use or redistribution of the data willnot be restricted in any way. The data should besubmitted, along with a preprint, to the library whenthe paper has been accepted for publication.For more information about the sequence library

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Council of Biology Editors Style Manual (5th ed.,1983; Council of Biology Editors, Inc., 9650 RockvillePike, Bethesda, Md.), Robert A. Day's How To Writeand Publish a Scientific Paper (2nd ed., 1983; ISIPress), and Scientific Writing for Graduate Students(Council of Biology Editors, Inc.), as interpreted andmodified by the editors and the ASM PublicationsDepartment. The editors and the Publications Depart-ment reserve the privilege of editing manuscripts toconform with the stylistic conventions set forth in theaforesaid publications and in these instructions.

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acceptable for publication on the basis of scientificmerit, it is sent to the Publications Department, whereit is checked by the production editor. If the manu-script has been prepared according to the criteria setforth in these Instructions, it is scheduled for the next

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

available issue and an acceptance letter that indicatesthe month of publication, approximate page proofdates, and section is mailed to the correspondingauthor. The editorial staff of the ASM PublicationsDepartment completes the editing of the manuscript tobring it into conformity with prescribed style andEnglish usage.

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Introduction. The introduction should supply suffi-cient background information to allow the reader tounderstand and evaluate the results of the presentstudy without referring to previous publications on thetopic. The introduction should also provide a rationalefor the present study. Choose references carefully toprovide the most salient background rather than anexhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The Materials and Methodssection should include sufficient technical informationto allow the experiments to be repeated. When cen-trifugation conditions are critical, give enough infor-mation to enable another investigator to repeat theprocedure: make of centrifuge, model of rotor, tem-perature, time at maximum speed, and centrifugalforce (x g, rather than revolutions per minute). Forcommonly used materials and methods (e.g., mediaand protein determinations), a simple reference issufficient. If several alternative methodologies arecommonly employed, it is useful to identify themethod briefly as well as to cite the reference. Forexample, it is preferable to state "cells were broken byultrasonic treatment as previously described (9)"rather than to state "cells were broken as previouslydescribed (9)." The reader should be allowed to assessthe methodology without constant reference to previ-ous publications. Describe new methods completelyand give sources of unusual chemicals, equipment, ormicrobial strains. When large numbers of microbialstrains or mutants are used in a study, include straintables identifying the sources and properties of thestrains, mutants, bacteriophages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of several

experiments reported in the paper may be described inthe Results section or, if very brief (one or twosentences), may be included in a table footnote orfigure legend.

Results. In the Results section, include the rationaleor design of the experiments as well as the results;reserve extensive interpretation of the results for theDiscussion section. Present the results as concisely aspossible in one of the following: text, table(s), orfigure(s). Data in tables (e.g., cpm of radioactivity)should not contain more significant figures than theprecision of the measurement allows. Illustrations(particularly photomicrographs and electron micro-graphs) should be limited to those that are absolutelynecessary to show the experimental findings. Number

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

figures and tables in the order in which they are citedin the text, and be sure to cite all figures and tables.

Discussion. The Discussion should provide an inter-pretation of the results in relation to previously pub-lished work and to the experimental system at handand should not contain extensive repetition of theResults section or reiteration of the introduction. Inshort papers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of financialassistance and of personal assistance should be givenin separate paragraphs. The usual format for acknowl-edgment of grant support is as follows: "This workwas supported by Public Health Service grantCA-01234 from the National Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplemen-tary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles,authors, and Literature Cited sections that are distinctfrom those of the primary article are not allowed. If itis not feasible to list the author(s) of the appendix inthe by-line or the Acknowledgment section of theprimary article, rewrite the appendix so that it can beconsidered for publication as an independent article,either full-length or Note style. Equations, tables, andfigures should be labeled with the letter "A" precedingthe numeral to distinguish them from those cited in themain body of the text.

Literature Cited. The Literature Cited section mustinclude all relevant published work, and all listedreferences must be cited in the text. Arrange thecitations in alphabetical order by first author andnumber consecutively. (Abbreviate journal names ac-cording to Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Data Base,BioSciences Information Service, 1983.) Cite eachlisted reference by number in the text.The following types of references are not valid for

listing: unpublished data, personal communications,manuscripts in preparation, manuscripts submitted,"in press" references, pamphlets, abstracts, patents,theses, dissertations, and material that has not beensubjected to peer review. References to such sourcesshould be made parenthetically in the text. An "inpress" reference to an ASM publication should statethe control number (e.g., JVI 576) or the name of thepublication if it is a book.

Follow the styles shown in the examples below.

1. Arens, M., and T. Yamashita. 1978. In vitro terminationof adenovirus DNA synthesis by a soluble replicationcomplex. J. Virol. 25:698-702.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E.Crouch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi-bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessin-ger (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society for Mi-crobiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p.169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman (ed.), Manual of

clinical immunology. American Society for Microbiology,Washington, D.C.

4. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomennovum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons(ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 8thed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

5. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p.352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y.

Parenthetical references in the text should be citedas follows:. . . and protects the organisms against oxygen toxic-ity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Proc. 35:1686,1976).. . .system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun., in press).. . . in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D. thesis,University of California, Los Angeles, 1972).... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and C. W.Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.1976, K15, p. 139).

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length papers.

They receive the same review, they are not publishedmore rapidly than full-length papers, and they are notconsidered preliminary communications. The Noteformat is intended for the presentation of brief obser-vations that do not warrant full-length papers.Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50

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Author's CorrectionsThe Author's Correction section provides a means

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLESThe figure number and authors' names should be

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Halftone PhotographsWhen submitting halftone photographs (e.g., poly-

acrylamide gels), keep in mind the journal page size:35/16 inches for a single column and 67/8 inches for adouble column (maximum). Include only the signifi-cant portion of the illustration. Each must be ofsufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable loss ofcontrast and detail inherent in the printing process.Submit two photographs of each figure; photocopiesare not acceptable. If possible, the figures submittedshould be the size they will appear when published sono reduction is needed. If they must be reduced, makesure that all elements, including labeling, can with-stand reduction and remain legible. If a figure is a

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Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop-ies of the original negative; in addition to the two setsof photographs for the reviewers, include a third set tobe used for reproduction. Indicate the magnificationwith a scale marker on each micrograph. Figures may

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Color PhotographsColor photographs are discouraged. However, if

they are necessary, include three copies so that a costestimate for printing may be obtained. The cost ofprinting color photographs must be borne by theauthor.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other drawings

as glossy photographs made from finished drawings notrequiring additional artwork or typesetting. No part ofthe graph or drawing should be typewritten or handlettered. Use a lettering set or other professional-qual-ity device for all labeling. Both axes of graphs must belabeled. Most graphs will be reduced to one-columnwidth (35/16 inches, and all elements in the drawingshould be large enough to withstand this reduction.Avoid heavy letters, which tend to close up whenreduced, and unusual symbols, which the printer maynot be able to reproduce in the legend. Direct readoutsfrom computers, recorders, etc., are not usually ac-ceptable; such material should be redrawn. One of thetwo sets of drawings may consist of photocopies; theother, however, must consist of photographs.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well astable column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num-

bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to usethe International System of Units (,u for 10-6, m forlo-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing ofSI symbols can be found in the International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual ofSymbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quan-tities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figureordinate is to be made by the number 20, accompaniedby the label kcpm.When powers of 10 must be employed, the editorial

style of the Journal follows the CBE Style Manualrecommendation, which differs from the conventionsused by several other journals. The CBE Style Manualsuggests that the exponent power be associated withthe number shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml,the numeral on the ordinate would be "2" and thelabel would be "104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x10-4'"). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/mlwould be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2U/ml. This is equivalent to the label "hundredths ofunits per ml" or the preferable "cU/ml" for the SIconvention. The preferred designation would be 60mU/ml (milliunits per ml).

Figure LegendsLegends should provide enough information so that

the figure is understandable without frequent referenceto the text. However, detailed experimental methodsmust be described in the Materials and Methodssection, not in a figure legend. A method that is uniqueto one of several experiments may be reported in alegend only if the discussion is very brief (one or twosentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations usedin the figure that have not been defined elsewhere.

Camera-Ready CopyDrawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc., that can

be photographically reproduced for publication with-out further typesetting or artwork are referred to as"camera ready". Such copy may also be prepared forcomplicated mathematical or physical formulas, por-tions of genetic maps, diagrams, and flow schemes. Itshould not be hand lettered. Camera-ready copy mustbe carefully prepared to conform to the style of theJournal of Virology. The advantage of submitting cam-era-ready copy is that the material will appear exactlyas envisioned by the author, and no second proofread-ing is necessary. This is particularly advantageouswhen there are long, complicated tables and when thedivision of material and spacing are important.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange the

data so that columns of like material read down, notacross. The headings should be sufficiently clear sothat the meaning of the data will be understandablewithout reference to the text. See the Abbreviationssection of these instructions for those that should beused in tables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable,

v

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

but more extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of the exper-iment. A well-constructed table is shown below:

TABLE 1. Distribution of protein and ATPase in fractions ofdialyzed membranesa

ATPaseMembranes Fraction

from: mgo ToaUprotein Total UControl Depleted mem- 0.036 2.3

braneConcentrated 0.134 4.82

supernatantEl treated Depleted mem- 0.034 1.98

braneConcentrated 0.11 4.6

supernatanta Specific activities of ATPase of nondepleted membranes from control and

treated bacteria were 0.21 and 0.20, respectively.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of chemical

compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical Ab-stracts Service, Ohio State University, Columbus) andits indexes. For biochemical terminology, includingabbreviations and symbols, consult the following: In-ternational Union of Biochemistry Biochemical No-menclature and Related Documents (1978; reprintedfor The Biochemical Society, London, England), In-structions to Authors of Journal of Biological Chem-istry and Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics(first issues of each year), and the Handbook ofBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (G. D. Fasman,ed., CRC Press, Inc., 3rd ed., 1976).Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec-

ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass isexpressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name

assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry as described inEnzyme Nomenclature 1978 (Academic Press, Inc.,1979). If a nonrecommended name is used, place theproper (trivial) name in parentheses at first use in theabstract and text. Use the EC number when one hasbeen assigned, and express enzyme activity either inkatals (preferred) or in the older system of micromolesper minute.

Nomenclature of VirusesNames used for viruses should be those approved

by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Vi-ruses (ICTV) and published in the 4th Report of theICTV: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses(Intervirology 17:23-199, 1982). If desired, synonymsmay be added parenthetically when the name is firstmentioned. Approved generic (or group) and familynames may also be used.

Nomenclature of BacteriaBinary names, consisting of a generic name and a

specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), should be usedfor all bacteria. Names of higher categories may beused alone, but specific and subspecific epithets maynot. A specific epithet must be preceded by a genericname the first time it is used in a paper. Thereafter, thegeneric name should be abbreviated to the initialcapital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided there can be noconfusion with other genera used in the paper. Namesof all taxa (phyla, classes, orders, families, genera,species, subspecies) are printed in italics; strain des-ignations and numbers are not.

Genetic NomenclatureWhen appropriate for viral genetic systems, use the

recommendations of Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966) as a guide.

(i) Phenotype designations must be employed whenmutant loci have not been identified or mapped. Phe-notype designations generally consist of three-lettersymbols; these are not italicized and the first letter ofthe symbol is capitalized. It is preferable to use romanor arabic numerals (instead of letters) to identify aseries of related phenotypes. Thus, a series of bacteri-ocin-tolerant mutants might be designated Toll, TolIl,Tollll, etc., or a series of nucleic acid polymerasemutants might be designated Poll, Pol2, Pol3, etc.Wild-type characteristics can be designated as Tol + orPol+ and, when necessary for clarity, negative super-scripts (Tol- Pol-) can be used to designate mutantcharacteristics. Superscript letters may be used tofurther delineate phenotypes (e.g., Strs for strep-tomycin sensitivity). Phenotype designations shouldbe defined.

(ii) Genotype designations are similarly indicated bythree-letter locus symbols. These are lowercase italic(e.g., pol src). If several loci govern related functions,these are distinguished by italicized capital lettersfollowing the locus symbol.

(iii) Wild-type alleles are indicated with a super-script plus (ara+ his'). Where the genotype of anorganism is being specified (e.g., in a strain table), asuperscript minus is not used to indicate a mutantlocus. Elsewhere, a superscript minus may be used todistinguish between the symbol of a mutant allele andthat of a genetic locus. However, this distinction isbest made in the context, and thus one refers to an aramutant rather than an ara- strain.

(iv) The rules for genetic nomenclature of viruses(phages) differ from those of bacteria. As a generalrule, the entire description of a virus is italicized,including the designations am or sus (amber) and ts(temperature sensitive). Superscripts are employed toindicate hybrid genomes. Genetic symbols may beone, two, or three letters. For example, a mutantstrain of A might be designated as XcI857int2redll4susAll; this strain carries mutations in genes cI, int,and red and a suppressible (sus) mutation in gene A. A

Vi

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

strain designated Ximm21att434 would represent a hy-brid of phage X which carries the immunity region(imm) of phage 21 and the attachment (att) region ofphage 434. Host DNA insertions into viruses should bedelineated by square brackets, and the genetic sym-bols and designations for such inserted DNA shouldconform to those employed for the host genome.Genetic symbols for phage X can be found in Echolsand Murialdo (Microbiol. Rev. 42:577-591, 1978) andSzybalski and Szybalski (Gene 7:217-270, 1979).

(v) Nomenclature of restriction endonucleasesshould follow the recommendations of Roberts (p.757-768, in Bukhari et al., ed., DNA Insertion Ele-ments, Plasmids, and Episomes, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory, 1977).

"Mutant" vs. "mutation." Authors are reminded ofthe distinction between a mutation (an alteration of theprimary sequence of the genetic material) and a mu-tant (a strain carrying one or more mutations). Onemay speak about the mapping of a mutation, but onecannot map a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has nogenetic locus, only a phenotype.

ABBREVATIONS AND CONVENTIONSVerb TenseUse the past tense to narrate particular events in the

past, including the procedures, observations, and dataof the study you are reporting. Use the present tensefor general statements, including your own generalconclusions, the conclusions of previous researchers,and generally accepted facts. In addition, the presenttense should be used for discourse having an immedi-ate effect on the reader ("the data indicate"; "Fig. 1shows").

AbbreviationsGeneral. It is strongly recommended that all abbre-

viations except those listed below be introduced in thefirst paragraph in Materials and Methods. Alterna-tively, define each abbreviation and introduce it inparentheses the first time it is used; e.g., "cultureswere grown in Eagle minimal essential medium(MEM)." Generally, eliminate abbreviations that arenot used at least five times in the text (including tablesand figure legends). Abbreviations should be usedprimarily as an aid to the reader, rather than as aconvenience to the author, and therefore their useshould be limited. Abbreviations other than thoserecommended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical No-menclature and Related Documents, 1978) should beused only when a case can be made for necessity, suchas in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrasea long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "thesubstrate"). Standard chemical symbols, numericalmultiples (e.g., Me2SO for dimethyl sulfoxide), andtrivial names or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.)may be used for terms that appear in full in theneighboring text.

Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia-tions for standard units of measurement and chemicalsymbols of the elements, the following should be usedwithout definition in the title, abstract, text, figurelegends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucleicacid); cRNA (complementary RNA); RNase (ribonu-clease); DNase (deoxyribonuclease); rRNA(ribosomal RNA); mRNA (messenger RNA); tRNA(transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc.(for the respective 5' phosphates of adenosine or othernucleosides) (add 2'-, 3'-, or 5'- when needed forcontrast); ATPase, dGTPase, etc. (adenosine tri-phosphatase, deoxyguanosine triphosphate, etc.);NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized);NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced);NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-phate); NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidephosphate, reduced); Pi (orthophosphate); PP,(pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU (plaque-form-ing units); CFU (colony-forming units); MIC (minimalinhibitory concentration); MBC (minimal bactericidalconcentration); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); A260 (absorb-ance at 260 nm); and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraace-tate). Abbreviations for cell lines (e.g., HeLa cells)also need not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used without

definition in tables:

amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Reporting Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting length,

weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity,use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p for 10-3, 10-6, 10-9,and 10-12, respectively. Likewise, use the prefixes cfor 102 and k for 103. Avoid compound prefixes such asmp. or ,u,u. Use p.g/ml or ,ug/g in place of the ambiguousppm. Units of temperature are presented as follows:37°C or 324 K.When fractions are used to express units such as

enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use wholeunits, such as g or min, in the denominator instead offractional or multiple units such as ,ug or 10 min. Forexample, ''pmol/min" would be preferable to"nmol/10 min," and ",umol/g" would be preferable to"nmol/,ug."

It is also preferable that an unambiguous form suchas exponential notation be used instead of multiple

.ii

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

slashes; for example, "pumol g-1 min-m" is preferableto ",umol/g per min."

See the CBE Style Manual, 5th edition, for more

detailed information about reporting numbers. Alsocontained in this source is information on the ap-propriate SI units to be used for the reporting ofillumination, energy, frequency, pressure, and otherphysical terms. Always report numerical data in theappropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, labeling is indicated in the

chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20, H235S04).Brackets are not employed when the isotopic symbolis attached to a word that is not a specific chemicalname (e.g., 1311-labeled protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.)

For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotopeintroduced is placed in square brackets directly pre-

ceding the part of the name that describes the labeledentity. Note that configuration symbols and modifiersprecede the isotopic symbol. The following examplesillustrate correct usage:

["4C]urea[2,3-3H]serine[y-32P]ATPSV40 [32P]DNA

L-[methyl-'4C]methionine[ca-14C]lysineUDP-[U-'4C]glucosefructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphosphate

This journal follows the same conventions for iso-topic labeling as the Journal of Biological Chemistry,and more detailed information can be found in theInstructions to Authors of that journal (first issue ofeach year).

viii

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EDITORS: Loretta Leive and David SchlessingerThis newest addition to the annual Microbiology series features recent research on many current topicsin microbiology and includes several symposia from the ASM Annual Meeting 1983 and the 1983Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Contents include:

Cellular and Molecular Biology Ordering Information:* Bacterial Periplasmic Transport Systems April 1984. 400 pages.* Regulation of Gene Expression: Genetic, Functional, and Structural Clothbound.Approaches to Understanding Protein-DNA Interactions ISBN: 0-914826-61-1.

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ASMMCONFERENCEVirus Attachnilent and Entry Into Celds

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