Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and...

162
Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends Event Tourism Volume II, No. 2, 2009

Transcript of Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and...

Page 1: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

Journal of TourismChallenges and Trends

!"#$%&'()*+,-

Volume II, No. 2,2009

Page 2: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

"

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

Page 3: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

!"#$%&'(%)#*!&+#$'&,

-./.01234

!$ %

Journal of TourismChallenges and Trends

!"#$%&'()*+,-

Volume II, No. 2,2009

Page 4: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

!"#$%&"'()$*+"+,(-"#"'%.$&.( /( $&(01*'$23$&.(4526+$7#$%&

89:;!<)(9=(>9:;?@A(-B<))C!DC@(<!4(>;C!4@

8%1+&"'(%E(>%1+$2F(-3"''5&.52("&G(>+5&G2

H%'1F5(??I(!%J(KI(KLLM!"!#$%$&'()*+!,-*)$&.!/0*1'&2*).&3

4556!7899":;9<

>563&$6"'(5G$#$&.+!=>'?$@.!A*(.0

-%N5++!B.&*.0!CDE&'

01*'$235G(*,O

,-*)$&.!/0*1'&2*).&3F!#$%$&'()*

-%7,+$.3#(P(KLLQJ(GD>.0*.0!=>'&*%.0!=22D%*.)*D0!DH!I&DJ'%)!B.0.K'&2!HD&

,-$%.)*D0!.0-!G'2'.&%L!MG==IB,GN

6D!O.&)!DH!)L*2!PD&Q!%D1'&'-!ER!)L'!%DOR&*KL)!L'&'D0!>.R!E'!&'O&D-$%'-!D&

$2'-!*0!.0R!HD&>!D&!ER!.0R!>'.02SK&.OL*%F!'?'%)&D0*%F!D&!>'%L.0*%.?F!*0%?$-*0K

OLD)D%DOR*0KF! &'%D&-*0KF! ).O*0KF!T'E! -*2)&*E$)*D0! D&! *0HD&>.)*D0! 2)D&.K'

&')&*'1.?!2R2)'>2SP*)LD$)!)L'!P&*))'0!O'&>*22*D0!DH!)L'!G==IB,GU!5*0%'!)L*2

O.K'! %.00D)! ?'K*E?R! .%%D>>D-.)'! .??! %DOR&*KL)! 0D)*%'2F! .$)LD&

.%Q0DP?'-K'>'0)2!%D02)*)$)'!.0!'V)'02*D0!DH!)L'!%DOR&*KL)!0D)*%'U

I&D)'%)'-!ER!W54BF!XYZ<[;Y<ZUZ:U[ZZ8

Page 5: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

89:;!<)(9=(>9:;?@A(-B<))C!DC@(<!4(>;C!4@

CG$#%+($&(-3$5EO(A$3"5'"(@%E$"(4$&1

4"5&3*&3675-/*+&3(83*9-/'*:;0(1+,""%("2(!"5-':*+(&3<

=3:-/3&:*"3&%(."#/*'5(>+"3"5*+'

CG$#%+$"'(R%"+GO

4E&.L*>!B$&.)!=\=]=^F!_!"?#@(>;%#%A(83*9-/'*:-'*0(=@5*/0(.#/?-;

C.0!#`]\,=6/F!=3':*:#:-("2(B-"$/&C,;0(D#+,&/-':0(4"5&3*&3(7+&<-5;

CD&*.0D!a=5\=]C464F!83*9-/'*:;("2()"<-3&(&3<(4-$$*"(>5*%*&0()"<-3&0(=:&%;

=-&*.0!a4W=a`F!_1C*/#(E&/-:A(83*9-/'*:;0(D#+,&/-':0(4"5&3*&

]b&c0)!C=A4CF!FG/"%;(4HI-/:(J"%%-$-0(B;K3$;K'0(E#3$&/;

X&d-d&*%!C4B=6ae,F!J-3:-/("2(."#/*'5()&3&$-5-3:0(J>47)(1"C,*&(73:*C"%*'0

>#/"C-&3(1+,""%("2(D#'*3-''0(L/&3+-

f)'H.0!CWB#=^F!MD&I-N(O(D"%;&*A(83*9-/'*:;0(J%#P6Q&C"+&0(4"5&3*&

6*&1.0.!BDL.>'-!BU!e=G=gF!1*3&*(E*$,(=3':*:#:-(2"/(."#/*'5(R(E":-%'0(J&*/"0(>$;C:

4D0!4=6WfF!83*9-/'*:;("2(D#+,&/-':0(D#+,&/-':0(4"5&3*&

5.*-!]=Ch4F!D#'*3-''(1+,""%0(S-I&3-'-(75-/*+&3(83*9-/'*:;0(D-*/#:0(S-I&3"3

iD2'OL!],B=0(!/-T-%(83*9-/'*:;0(U-33';%9&3*&0(817

j.Eb&!B4ae=]hkF!B-"$/&C,*+&%(4-'-&/+,(=3':*:#:-("2(:,-(E#3$&/*&3(7+&<-5;("2

1+*-3+-'0(D#<&C-':0(E#3$&/;

,>..-!B/e=66=F!1*3&*(E*$,(=3':*:#:-(2"/(."#/*'5(R(E":-%'0(J&*/"0(>$;C:

\.>.&.! Gl\gF!F"<"%&3;*( V&3"'( 83*9-/'*:;( J"%%-$-0( ."#/*'5( !-C&/:5-3:0

1-?-'@2-,-/9&/0(E#3$&/;

iDL0!5=,,F!1+,""%("2(D#'*3-''(&3<(>3:-/C/*'-0(1W*3I#/3-(83*9-/'*:;0()-%I"#/3-0

7#':/&%*&

B*%L.'?!5WX,GF!_D&/6=%&3A(83*9-/'*:;0(.-%(79*90(='/&-%

CD$K?.2!B*%L'?'!\/GaWF!!/-T-%(83*9-/'*:;0(U-33';%9&3*&0(817

=?'V.0-&.! g#/ae,=F!Q&:*"3&%( 1+,""%( "2( U"%*:*+&%( &3<(7<5*3*':/&:*9-(1:#<*-'0

D#+,&/-':0(4"5&3*&

Page 6: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

(

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

CG$#%+$"'(@6$5&#$E$6(@56+5#"+,O

f'&E.0!C&.KD>*&'2%$

CG$#$&.(>5"FO

W?*1*."B.&*.0.!G.-$

,?'0.!A3-$1.

0+%%E+5"G$&.

B*L.'?.!=0.!42)&.)'

0+525&#"#$%&

iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!aL.??'0K'2!.0-!\&'0-2! Mi\a\N!.*>2!.)!O&D1*-*0K!ED)L

O&DH'22*D0.?2!.0-!.%.-'>*%2!P*)L!.0!D1'&1*'P!DH!)L'D&*'2!.0-!O&.%)*%'2!*0!)L'

)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&RF!PL*?'!HD%$2*0K!D0!%L.??'0K'2!.0-!)&'0-2!%$&&'0)?R!>.0*H'2)

)L&D$KLD$)! )L'!PD&?-U! ,m$.?! *0)'&'2)! .0-! .))'0)*D0!P*??! E'! K*1'0! )D! ED)L

'2).E?*2L'-!)D$&*2>!-'2)*0.)*D02!.0-!)D!.&'.2!D0?R!0DP!>.Q*0K!.!0.>'!HD&

)L'>2'?1'2!D0!)L'!>.&Q')U

i\a\! *2!.!E*".00$.?! O$E?*%.)*D0!DH! )L'!GD>.0*.0"=>'&*%.0!=22D%*.)*D0!DH

I&DJ'%)!B.0.K'&2!HD&!,-$%.)*D0!.0-!G'2'.&%LU!\L'!iD$&0.?!.%%'O)2!HD&!O''&

&'1*2*D0!ED)L!O.O'&2!O&'2'0)'-!.)!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!'1'0)2!PL*%L!L.1'!0D)!E''0

R')!2$E>*))'-!HD&!O$E?*2L*0KF!.0-!D&*K*0.?!.&)*%?'!O&DOD2.?2!2$E>*))'-!-*&'%)?R

)D!)L'!'-*)D&*.?!ED.&-U

@1*S56#(6%N5+".5

\DO*%2!2$*).E?'!HD&!i\a\!%D1'&!.!P*-'!&.0K'!DH!*22$'2F!.>D0K!PL*%L!E$)!0D)

'VL.$2)*1'?RF!)L'!HD??DP*0K+

• 40! )L'! H*'?-! DH! )D$&*2>! 2)$-*'2+! '%D)D$&*2>n! &$&.?! )D$&*2>! .0-

.K&D")D$&*2>F! %$?)$&.?! )D$&*2>F!'1'0)! .0-! 2OD&)2! )D$&*2>F!>D$0).*0

)D$&*2>F!')%U

• 40!&'?.)'-!D&!%&D22"-*2%*O?*0.&R!.&'.2+!2$2).*0.E?'!-'1'?DO>'0)!.0-

K?DE.?*o.)*D0n! L$>.0! &'2D$&%'!>.0.K'>'0)! .0-! )&.*0*0Kn! IGF

.-1'&)*2*0K! .0-!E&.0-*0K! *0! )D$&*2>n! *00D1.)*D0! .0-! )'%L0D?DK*%.?

.-1.0%'2!*0!)L'!LD2O*).?*)R!*0-$2)&RF!')%U

• a.2'! 2)$-*'2! .0-! E'2)! O&.%)*%'2F! 2O'%*H*%! 0.)*D0.?! OD?*%*'2! .0-

?'K*2?.)*D0F!.0.?R2*2!DH!&'K*D0.?!.0-!&'2D&)!-'1'?DO>'0)U

<GG+522

J)%)UDHH*%'pK>.*?U%D>

L))O+YYJD$&0.?\a\UPD&-O&'22U%D>

Page 7: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

./0!1/02

.,-(W"/%<(-+"3"5;(*'(#3<-/(:,-('C-%%("2(&(%"3$(-+"3"5*+(+/*'*'X(7%%('-$5-3:'

"2(I#'*3-''(&/-(&<9-/'-%;(&22-+:-<0(:,-(<*'C"'&I%-(*3+"5-("2(:,-(C"C#%&:*"3

&:(%&/$-(*'("3(&(<-+%*3-(+#/9-X(73(&$$/&9&:*3$(2&+:"/(*'(:,-("#:I/-&?("2(:,-

*32%#-3:&(9*/#'-'0(W,"'-(C';+,"%"$*+&%(*5C&+:(*'(<--C%;(2-%:X(J"3'-Y#-3:%;0

:,-(:"#/*'5(*3<#':/;(*'(&5"3$(:,"'-(W,*+,(:""?(&('-/*"#'(,*:X

D#:(*3("#/(5"<-/3(:*5-'0(&(+/*'*'(3"(5&::-/(,"W(<--C0(<"-'(3":(&#:"5&:*+&%%;

%-&<(:"(&(+"5C%-:-(,&%:("2(:,-(I#'*3-''(&'(*:(W&'(:,-(+&'-(<#/*3$(<-C/-''*"3'

*3(Z[\'("2(:,-(%&':(+-3:#/;X(],*%-('&9*3$("3(:,-(3"36-''-3:*&%(%*9*3$(-TC-3'-'0

C-"C%-(':*%%($"(C%&+-'(&'(W*:3-''-<(I;( :,-(<&:&(C#I%*',-<(I;( :,-(8Q].^

]"/%<(."#/*'5(D&/"5-:-/(_*3:-/*5(/-C"/:0(1-C:-5I-/(`[[abX(72:-/(&(C-&?("2

cd[(5*%(*3:-/3&:*"3&%(&//*9&%'(2"/(:,-(`[[e(V&36V#%;(C-/*"<0(:,-(+"//-'C"3<*3$

C-/*"<("2(`[[a(5&/?-<(<"W3(:"(&(:":&%("2(c[[(5*%X(L"/(:,-(W,"%-(;-&/(`[[a0

'"5-(-':*5&:-'(*3<*+&:-(&(:":&%("2(ec[(5*%(*3:-/3&:*"3&%(&//*9&%'0(<"W3(5"/-

:,&3(ef(2/"5(:,-(&%%(:*5-'(C-&?("2(a``(*3(`[[eX

S""?*3$(&:(:,-(I/*$,:('*<-'0("3-(+"#%<(3":-(:,&:(3":W*:,':&3<*3$(:,-(2&%%0(:,-

*3:-/3&:*"3&%(:"#/*'5(*'(,"9-/*3$(&:(&I"9-(e[[(5*%(&//*9&%'0(&(9-/;(/-'C-+:&I%-

%-9-%X(̂ 3+-(:,-(+/*'*'(W*%%(I-('#I<#-<0(:,-(C';+,"%"$*+&%(%-9-%("2(g(I*%%*"3(*3:-/6

3&:*"3&%(&//*9&%'(*'(W*:,*3(/-&'"3&I%-(/-&+,X

.,-(+#//-3:( *''#-("2( :,-(V"#/3&%(,*$,%*$,:'("3-('#I':&3:*&%('-$5-3:("2( :,-

:"#/*'50(3&5-%;(:,-(-9-3:'(:/*$$-/*3$(:,-(:"#/*'5X(.,-/-(*'(&:(%-&':("3-(/-&6

'"3( 2"/(-3+"#/&$*3$('#+,(&(':#<;(6( :,-( :"#/*'5(2%"W( :,-;($-3-/&:-(5&?-'

:"#/*'5(5"/-(C/-<*+&I%-(*3(:-/5'("2(9"%#5-(&3<(*:(&I'"/I'(I-::-/(:,-(',"+?'

"2(:,-(-+"3"5*+(+/*'*'X

Mihaela DinuEditor-in-chief

Page 8: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

*

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

Page 9: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

CONTENTS

77 \L'!,%D0D>*%!5*K0*H*%.0%'!DH!.!BD$0).*0!\D$&*2>!,1'0)2+!\L'!a.2'!DH

)L'![ZZ:!_4%'!a?*>E*0K!TD&?-!a$O!X*0.?2q!*0!#$()'0*F!GD>.0*.

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.84J^0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!=Q8

[7 \L'!i.O.0'2'! *0H?$'0%'!D0!e.P.**r2! ?.&K'2)!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)F! )L'![ZZ8

eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0

V"'-C,(S>)7!"V-/"5-(7B4817

[: =!>'K."'1'0)!*02*-'!)L'!j&'.)!T.??!DH!aL*0.+!'VO'%).)*D02!.0-!OD22*E?'

*>O.%)2!DH!)L'!#'*J*0K![ZZ8!W?R>O*%!j.>'2

U-</"()^4>=47

<: =22'22*0K! )L'! 2D%*D"%$?)$&.?! *>O.%)! DH! 2O'%*.?! '1'0)2+! H&.>'PD&Q2F

>')LD-2F!.0-!%L.??'0K'2

!&3#:&(!>(B4^1D^=1

s< aL.&.%)'&*2)*%2! DH! %D0H'&'0%'! )D$&*2>!.)! ?.&K'! ?.Q'2! *0!,$&DO'! .0-

2$KK'2)*D02!HD&!-'1'?DO>'0)!.)!].Q'!#.?.)D0!G'K*D0F!e$0K.&R

E"/9&:,(h^S.iQ

;7 aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-*0K

D&%&P*(j>QF7.7JE7S7)

:7 aD>OD0'0)2! HD&! *0H&.2)&$%)$&.?! -'1'?DO>'0)!E.2*2! HD&! 2OD&)2! '1'0)! S

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!S!6'P!C'?L*

7C&/&P*:&(!#::&(4^k0(7%?&()7E>1E]74=

7Z7 ,1'0)2!.0-!)D$&*2>+!.0!'01*&D0>'0).?!.OO&D.%L!.0-!*>O.%)!.22'22>'0)

SH/G3:(!ij=!

77s ,>O?DR''r2!1.?$'!.0)*%*O.)*D0!*0!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)

F&:-(L^4)7!=0(U-:-/()7k>4

7[: /2*0K!P'E2*)'!.2!.0!*0)'&.%)*1'!>.&Q')*0K!)DD?!.0-!*)2!*>O?*%.)*D0!D0!LD)'?

'"2.?'2!*0!,KRO)

.&,&(7,5-<(.74>F

797 \L'!&D?'!DH!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!*0!)L'!O?.%'!>.&Q')*0K!.%)*1*)R!DH

C'E&'%'0!Me$0K.&RN

BGI"/(F^h)70(h"%:G3(!7Qk

Page 10: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

Page 11: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

>BC(C-9!9A?-(@?D!?=?-<!-C(9=(<(A9:!><?!(>9:;?@A

CHC!>O( >BC(-<@C(9=( >BC( KLLM( ?-C(-)?AR?!D(T9;)4

-:0(=?!<)@( ?!(R:U>C!?I( ;9AV!?<

#$%&'()"*+,-.'."/01234!"*+-(.'("5$6+("#780

44

9:);<(,;="=+-(+%*5I*3$(*'(&3(&+:*9*:;("2(+%*5I*3$(:,/"#$,(*+-(':/#+:#/-'("/(2"/5&:*"3'X

.,-(̀ [[a(=+-(J%*5I*3$(]"/%<(J#C(L*3&%'(W&'(,-%<(*3(D#N:-3*0(4"5&3*&(c6e(L-I/#&/;X

=+-(W&%%(+%*5I*3$(C&3-%'(,&9-(I--3('-:(#C(9-/;(+%"'-(:"(:,-(F&%*3<-/#(1%"C-0(W*:,(&

C/"2*:&I%-(-22-+:0(&::/&+:*3$(&(%&/$-/(3#5I-/("2(:"#/*':'0("I9*"#'%;(&'(&('-+"3<&/;(&+:*9*:;

_&2:-/('?**3$bX()"#3:&*3(+"55#3*:*-'(/-%;*3$(#C"3(:"#/*'5(&'(&3(-+"3"5*+(<-9-%"C5-3:

':/&:-$;(5&;(C/"5":-("#:<""/(&<9-3:#/-(&3<('C"/:(&/-&'(2"/(%-*'#/-(&3<(+"5C-:*:*"3

.,-(C#/C"'-'("2(:,*'(/-'-&/+,(C/"P-+:0(D#N:-3*(=J>`(_=+-(J%*5I*3$(>9-3:(>9&%#&:*"3b

W-/-(:"l(_gb(!-:-/5*3-(/-'*<-3:'\(C-/+-C:*"3'("2(:,-(`[[a(]"/%<(J#C(=+-(J%*5I*3$

J,&5C*"3',*C0(_`b(C/"2*%-(C&/:*+*C&3:(+"3'#5-/(I-,&9*"/'0(&3<(_Zb(&''-''(:,-(-+"3"5*+

*5C%*+&:*"3'("2(:,-(-9-3:(*3+%#<*3$("C-/&:*"3&%(*39-':5-3:'(&3<(2*3&3+*&%(/-:#/3X(],*%-

+"3'*<-/&I%-(/-'-&/+,(,&'(2"+#'-<("3('C"/:(:"#/*':(*5C&+:'(*3(+*:*-'(&3<(5-$&6-9-3:'0

/-%&:*9-%;(%*::%-(&::-3:*"3(,&'(I--3(<-9":-<(:"(:,-(*5C&+:'("2(&<9-3:#/-('C"/:'0(C&/:*+#%&/%;

*3(>&':-/3(>#/"C-(_1+"::(&3<(.#/+"0(`[[mbX

>.?"@$<A)B"=+-(J%*5I*3$(]"/%<(J#C(2*3&%'0"-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:!"D#N:-3*0(4"5&3*&

?&#+%G16#$%&

#'HD&'!.)L?')'2!2')!HDD)!*0!.!2).-*$>!D&!D)L'&!%D0)'2)!1'0$'2!)D!%D>O')'!HD&!.

2OD&)!%L.>O*D02L*OF!2'1'&.?!%*)*'2!L.1'!.?&'.-R!P.K'-!.!H*'&%'!E.))?'!HD&!)L'

&*KL)2!)D!LD2)!)L'!'1'0)!S!P*00'&").Q'".??t!5OD&)!'1'0)2!.&'!E*-!$OD0!HD&!)L'

'VO'%)'-!1.?$'!.--'-!)D!)L'!LD2)!%*)R!H&D>!O&*1.)'!*01'2)>'0)2F!2OD02D&2L*O2F

.0-!2O'0-*0K!ER!)LD$2.0-2!DH!2OD&)!)D$&*2)2U!40%&'.2*0K?RF!'1'0)!2).Q'LD?-'&2

.&'!.2Q*0KF!*2!)L'!2OD&)!'1'0)!PD&)L!)L'!*01'2)>'0)u

=0!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!2)$-R!*2!)L'!>D2)!%D>>D0!P.R!)D!'1.?$.)'!)L'!PD&)L!DH!.

2OD&)!'1'0)U!,22'0)*.??RF!*)!>'.2$&'2!LDP!>$%L!1.?$'!)L'!'1'0)!.--2!)D!)L'

-'2*K0.)'-! '%D0D>RU!I$)! .0D)L'&!P.RF!PL.)!PD$?-! E'!>*22*0K! H&D>! )L'

'%D0D>R!P*)LD$)!)L'!'1'0)u!5$%L!2)$-*'2!L.1'!E''0!%D0-$%)'-!D0!.!P*-'

&.0K'!DH!2OD&)2!$2*0K!.!P*-'!&.0K'!DH!>')LD-2!"!H&D>!.$)D>DE*?'!&.%*0K!M#$&02F

e.)%LF!v!B$?'2F!7:8wN!)D!TD&?-!a$O2!Mn!]''!v!\.R?D&F![ZZsn!#..-'!v!B.)L'2D0F

n( !/-T-%( 83*9-/'*:;0( U,*%&<-%C,*&0( 817

nn(4"5&3*&3675-/*+&3(83*9-/'*:;0(D#+,&/-':0(4"5&3*&

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 11-20

Page 12: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!"

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

[ZZ9n!B.'00*KF![ZZ;NU!C'2O*)'!P*-'2O&'.-!$2'!)L'&'!*2!K&DP*0K!2Q'O)*%*2>

2$&&D$0-*0K!2OD&)!'1'0)!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!&'2'.&%LF!*0!O.&)F!E'%.$2'!DH!H.$?)R

2)$-*'2! .0-!D1'&"*0H?.)'-! H*0-*0K2! Ma&D>O)D0F! [ZZwn!#..-'F!#.$>.00F!v

B.)L'2D0F![ZZwNU!\L'&'!.&'!2'1'&.?!&'.2D02!HD&!)L'!*0.%%$&.%*'2F!*0%?$-*0K

)L'!>*2.OO?*%.)*D0!DH!-.).!)D!O$&OD2'H$?!H.?2*H*%.)*D0U!a&D>O)D0!M[ZZwN!.&K$'2

)L.)!2D>'!2OD&)!)D$&*2>!*>O.%)!2)$-*'2!.&'!*0H?.)'-!HD&!OD?*)*%.?!&'.2D02!*U'UF!)D

J$2)*HR!O$E?*%!*01'2)>'0)F!*>O&D1'!O$E?*%!&'?.)*D02F!')%U!X$&)L'&F!2D>'!2)$-*'2

O$&OD&)'-!)D!>'.2$&'!'1'0)!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!.&'!>'&'?R!E'0'H*)2!2)$-R!)L.)

H.*?!)D!.%%D$0)!HD&!)L'!.22D%*.)'-!%D2)2U

W$)-DD&!2OD&)2!*0%?$-*0K!%?*>E*0KF!Q.R.Q*0KF!>D$0).*0!E*Q*0KF!.0-!.-1'0)$&'

&.%*0KF!.0-!L.0K!K?*-*0K!.&'!>.&Q')'-!ER!>D$0).*0D$2!%D>>$0*)*'2!.2!)D$&*2>

.))&.%)*D02!)D!0*%L'!>.&Q')!2'K>'0)2U!\L'!ODO$?.&*)R!DH!'V)&'>'!D&!.-1'0)$&'

2OD&)2!L.2!K&DP0!2*K0*H*%.0)?R!-$&*0K!)L'!0'P!>*??'00*$>!M=>'&*%.0!5OD&)2

C.).F![ZZ[N!R')!&'2'.&%L!2)$-*'2!D0!'V)&'>'!2OD&)!O.&)*%*O.0)2!&'>.*0!H'PF

O.&)*%$?.&?R!)LD2'!.))&.%)'-!)D!P*0)'&!2OD&)2!M\R&&'??F!7::wn!#&*%Q'&!v!h'&2)'))'&F

[ZZZn!CD2L*F![ZZZn!CD00'??RF![ZZwn!j*??'))!v!h'??RF![ZZwNU!\L'!.$)LD&2!L.1'

0D)!HD$0-!.!O$E?*2L'-!)D$&*2>!2)$-R!D0!2OD&)!%?*>E*0K!%D>O')*)*D02!.0-!2OD&)

'1'0)!)D$&*2>!&'2'.&%L!*0!0'P!,$&DO'.0!/0*D0!%D$0)&*'2!*2!1D*-!*0!)L'!?*)'&.)$&'U

4%'!%?*>E*0K!*2!.0!.%)*1*)R!DH!%?*>E*0K!)L&D$KL!*%'!2)&$%)$&'2!D&!HD&>.)*D02U!4%'

HD&>.)*D02!>.R!E'!*0!)L'!HD&>!DH!H&Do'0!P.)'&H.??2F!*%'H.??2F!*%'!2?.E2!D&!&D%Q2

%D1'&'-!P*)L!H&Do'0!P.)'&!H?DP!D&!*%'F!D&!)L'R!>.R!E'!.&)*H*%*.?!2)&$%)$&'2!%D1'&'-

P*)L!*%'U!/0*D0!40)'&0.)*D0.?'!-'2!=22D%*.)*D02!-r=?O*0*2>'!M/4==NF!HD$0-'-

*0!aL.>D0*V! *0! 7:<[F! *2! )L'! *0)'&0.)*D0.?! .22D%*.)*D0! DH!>D$0).*0''&*0K

M*0%?$-*0K! %?*>E*0K!.0-!>D$0).*0! 2OD&)2N! D&K.0*o.)*D02U!\L'! 40)'&0.)*D0.?

aD>>*22*D0! HD&! 4%'!a?*>E*0K!aD>O')*)*D02! M4a4aaN! *2! )L'! 2OD&)r2! ED-R

&'2OD02*E?'!HD&!)L'!.->*0*2)&.)*D0!.0-!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!.??!.2O'%)2!DH!)L'!0'P

*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D>O')*)*1'!*%'"%?*>E*0K!2OD&)U!/4==!&'%DK0*o'2!*%'!%?*>E*0K!.2

.!%D>O')*)*1'!2OD&)!.0-!*2!&'2OD02*E?'!HD&!D&K.0*o.)*D0!.0-!O&D>D)*D0!DH!)L'

4%'!a?*>E*0K!TD&?-!a$O!.0-!40)'&0.)*D0.?!aL.>O*D02L*O2U!\L'&'!.&'!)L&''

)RO'2!DH!*%'!%?*>E*0K!%D>O')*)*D02+!5O''-F!]'.-F!.0-!#D$?-'&!-*HH*%$?)RU!=)L?')'2

P*2L*0K!)D!%D>O')'!*0!)L'!4%'!a?*>E*0K!TD&?-!a$O!.0-!TD&?-!aL.>O*D02L*O

%D>O')*)*D02!.&'!&'m$*&'-!)D!DE).*0!)L'!4a4aa!40)'&0.)*D0.?!]*%'02'U

\L'![ZZ:!4%'!a?*>E*0K!TD&?-!a$O!X*0.?2!P.2!L'?-!*0!#$()'0*F!GD>.0*.!s"8

X'E&$.&R![ZZ:U!#$()'0*! *2!2*)$.)'-! *0!)L'!%'0)'&!DH!GD>.0*.! *0!)L'!#$%'K*

BD$0).*02U!\L'!)DP0!2*)2!.)!.0!.?)*)$-'!DH!:ZZ!>!.0-!L.2!.OO&DV*>.)'?R!7:

ZZZ!&'2*-'0)2F!)LD$KL!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!*0L.E*).0)2!1.&*'2!-$'!)D!)D$&*2>U!#$()'0*

*2!?D%.)'-!7<7!Q*?D>')'&2!0D&)L!DH!#$%L.&'2)!.0-!<s!Q>!2D$)L!DH!#&.(D1U!I&*D&

)D!)L'![ZZ:!X*0.?2!*0!#$()'0*F!)L&''!D)L'&!TD&?-!a$O!%D>O')*)*D02!P'&'!L'?-!*0

Page 13: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

[ZZ:+!C.D0'F!4).?R!M7w"78!i.0$.&RNF!5..2!X''F!5P*)o'&?.0-!M[["[9!i.0$.&RNF

.0-!BD2)&.J0.F!5?D1'0*.!M<7!i.0$.&RNU!BD&'!*0HD&>.)*D0!D0!)L'!TD&?-!a$O

X*0.?2!>.R!E'!HD$0-!.)!PPPU*P%E$2)'0*U&DY[ZZ:U

01+7%25(%E(@#1G,

\L'!O$&OD2'!DH! )L*2!2)$-R!P.2!)D!.22'22! )L'!'%D0D>*%!2*K0*H*%.0%'!DH! )L'

TD&?-!a$O!4%'!a?*>E*0K!X*0.?2!D0!#$()'0*F!GD>.0*.!ER!M.N!O&DH*?*0K!2O'%).)D&

.0-!%D>O')*)D&!%D02$>'&!E'L.1*D&2F!MEN!%.?%$?.)*0K!)L'!DO'&.)*D0.?!*01'2)>'0)2

.0-!H*0.0%*.?!&')$&02!H&D>!)L'!'1'0)F!.0-!M%N!-')'&>*0*0K!&'2*-'0)2r!O'&%'O)*D02

DH!)L'!'1'0)!*0%?$-*0K!%D2)2!.0-!E'0'H*)2U

;525"+63(0+%65G1+52

I.&)*%*O.0)! 2O'0-! *0!#$()'0*!P.2!-')'&>*0'-! H&D>!-.).!DE).*0'-! )L&D$KL

2$&1'R2!DH!9s!DH!)L'!s[!%D>O')*)D&2!M8:U9xN!$2*0K!.!m$'2)*D00.*&'!>D-*H*'-

H&D>!5%D))!.0-!\$&%D!M[ZZ;NU!40"-'O)L!*0)'&1*'P2!P*)L!)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)2!)DDQ

O?.%'!*0!)L'!42D?.)*D0!GDD>!O&*D&!)D!)L'!]'.-!a?*>E!%D>O')*)*D0U!=!2'%D0-

2$&1'R!P.2!%D0-$%)'-!)PD!P''Q2!.H)'&!)L'!%D>O')*)*D0!)D!-')'&>*0'!PL'0

O.&)*%*O.0)2!E'K.0!%?*>E*0KF!O&*D&!2OD&)!O.&)*%*O.)*D0F!2D%*.?!E'0'H*)2!DH!%?*>E*0KF

2'?H"*-'0)*H*%.)*D0!.2!.!2'&*D$2!%?*>E'&F!)&.1'?!E'L.1*D&2F!')%U!5O'%).)D&!O&DH*?'2

*0%?$-*0K!)L'*&!-*&'%)!2O'0-*0KF!?'0K)L!DH!2).RF!1*2*)D&!K&D$O!%D>OD2*)*D0F!')%U

P'&'!%D>O*?'-!H&D>!7sw!D0"2*)'!*0)'&1*'P2!.)!2'?'%)'-!)*>'!O'&*D-2!'.%L!-.R

DH! )L'! '1'0)! w"8! X'E&$.&R! [ZZ:U! C$&*0K! .0-! .H)'&! )L'! [ZZ:! 4aTaF! sZ

-DD&")D"-DD&! *0)'&1*'P2! H&D>!.!%?$2)'&!2.>O?'!DH! &'2*-'0)2!.-J.%'0)! )D! )L'

'1'0)!1'0$'!P'&'!O'&HD&>'-! )D!-')'&>*0'! &'2*-'0)2r!O'&%'O)*D02!DH!2D%*.?

%D2)2!.0-!E'0'H*)2! H&D>! )L'!'1'0)U!\L'! &'2*-'0)!2$&1'R!m$'2)*D00.*&'!P.2

.-.O)'-!H&D>!X&'-?*0'F!-:(&%X!M[ZZ<NU!G'2OD02'2!)D!m$'2)*D02!O'&).*0*0K!)D

'%D0D>*%2!H&D>!)L'!&'2*-'0)!2$&1'R2!.&'!L*KL?*KL)'-!*0!)L*2!O.O'&U!40"-'O)L

*0)'&1*'P2!P'&'!%D0-$%)'-!P*)L!)L'!-*&'%)D&2!DH!)L'!GD>.0*.0!=?O*0'!a?$EF

B.RD&!.0-!1*%'"B.RD&!DH!#$()'0*U!,1'0)!.0-!%*)R!H*0.0%*.?!&'%D&-2!P'&'!.?2D

.%%'22'-!)D!-')'&>*0'!'1'0)!*01'2)>'0)2U!\D!-.)'F!)L'!a*)R!DH!#$()'0*!L.2

*01'2)'-!.! )D).?! DH! .OO&DV*>.)'?R! y! 79Z!ZZZ! )D! LD2)! )L'!TD&?-!a$OF!P*)L

.! y! wZ! ZZZ! *01'2)>'0)! *0! [ZZ:U!,1'0)! O&D-$%)*D0! %D2)2! HD&! [ZZ:! )D).?'-

0'.&?R!!y!<Z!ZZZU

\L'&'!.&'!.!0$>E'&!DH!DO'&.)*D0.?!-'H*0*)*D02!O'&)*0'0)! )D!'1'0)!'%D0D>*%

2)$-*'2!)L.)!2LD$?-!E'!-'2%&*E'-!E'HD&'!-*2%$22*0K!>D-'?2!DH!>'.2$&'>'0)U

1C"/:( :"#/*':'! .&'!1*2*)D&2! )D!.!-'2)*0.)*D0! HD&! )L'!O$&OD2'!DH!O.&)*%*O.)*0KF

1*'P*0KF!D&!%'?'E&.)*0K!2OD&)!M\$&%DF!G*?'RF!.0-!5P.&)F![ZZ[NU!!&;6:/*CC-/'!D&

-T+#/'*"3*':'!.&'!1*2*)D&2!PLD!-D!0D)!2).R!D1'&0*KL)!*0!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)RU

=>D0K!2OD&)!'1'0)!2O'%).)D&2F!2'1'&.?!-*2)*0%)!>.&Q')!2'K>'0)2!'V*2)!*0%?$-*0K

Page 14: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

U/*5&/*-'F!J&'#&%'0(4-'*<-3:'F!4#3&W&;'0(J&'#&%'0(.*5-(1W*:+,-/'0(79"*<-/'0

>T:-3'*"3-/'0(>9-3:-/'0(.0-!E"5-':&;-/'U!U/*5&/*-'(_"/(U/*5&/;('C"/:(-9-3:

:"#/*':'b!.&'!)LD2'!1*2*)*0K!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!2O'%*H*%.??R!E'%.$2'!DH!)L'!2OD&)

'1'0)!*0!m$'2)*D0U!J&'#&%'(.&'!1*2*)D&2!PLD!.))'0-!.!2OD&)!'1'0)!E$)!P'&'!*0

LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!O&*>.&*?R!HD&!D)L'&!&'.2D02!*U'UF!1*2*)*0K!H&*'0-2!.0-YD&!&'?.)*1'2F

E$2*0'22F!')%U!4-'*<-3:'!.&'!2OD&)!'1'0)!.))'0-''2!*0!)L'*&!LD>'!%D>>$0*)RU

G'2*-'0)! 2O'0-*0K! &'O&'2'0)2! .! 2P*)%L*0K! DH! )&.02.%)*D02! H&D>!D0'! ?D%.?

E$2*0'22!*U'UF!-*0*0K!D$)F!%*0'>.F!)L'.)&'F!')%U!)D!.0D)L'&F!*0!)L*2!%.2'!)L'!2OD&)

'1'0)U!.*5-('W*:+,-/'!.&'!)LD2'!PLD!O$&OD2'?R!2%L'-$?'!)L'*&!1*2*)!)D!%D*0%*-'

P*)L! )L'! 2OD&)! '1'0)! E$)!PLD!PD$?-!L.1'! 1*2*)'-!.)! .0D)L'&! )*>'!.0RP.RU

4#3&W&;'!.&'!&'2*-'0)2!PLD!O$&OD2'?R!?'.1'!)L'!LD2)!%*)R!-$&*0K!)L'!'1'0)

-$'!)D!)L'!'1'0)U!E"5-':&;-/'!.&'!&'2*-'0)2!PLD!O$&OD2'?R!2).R!*0!)L'!LD2)

%*)R!-$&*0K!)L'!'1'0)!-$'!)D!)L'!'1'0)U!I&'$22!.0-!5%L$))'!M[ZZ8N!2$KK'2)

)L.)!O&*>.&R!2OD&)!'1'0)! )D$&*2)2!2O'0-!.)!L*KL'&! ?'1'?2! )L.0! )L'!D1'&0*KL)

1*2*)D&2!)L'R!-*2O?.%'!*0!LD)'?2!.0-!D)L'&!O.*-!.%%D>>D-.)*D02U!40!2$%L!%.2'2F

)L'!1.?$'".--'-!DH!O&*>.&R!2OD&)!'1'0)!)D$&*2)2!>$2)!E'!H.%)D&'-!*0!)L'!%&DP-*0K

D$)!'HH'%)U!j*'*:*3$(2/*-3<'(&3<(/-%&:*9-'!MAXGN!.&'!.!>.&Q')!2'K>'0)!&'H'&&*0K

)D!0D0&'2*-'0)2!*0!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!PLD2'!O&*>.&R!>D)*1'!*2!)D!1*2*)!H&*'0-2

.0-!D&!&'?.)*1'2U!]&:+,*3$(2/*-3<'(&3<(/-%&:*9-'!MTXGN!.&'!AXG2!P*)L!H&*'0-2

.0-YD&!&'?.)*1'2!O.&)*%*O.)*0K!*0!)L'!2OD&)!'1'0)U!=!2OD&)!)D$&*2>!'1'0)r2!_O$??q

D&!-&.P*0K!ODP'&!*2!>'.2$&'-!ER!*)2!.E*?*)R!)D!.))&.%)!0D0&'2*-'0)2!.0-!*0-$%'

%D02$>'&!2O'0-*0K!.)!.0-!0'.&!)L'!'1'0)!1'0$'U

;521'#2("&G(4$26122$%&

2$CD.;+;$<)

aD>O')*)D&2!&'O&'2'0)'-!0.)*D0.?!%?*>E*0K!.22D%*.)*D02!H&D>!#$?K.&*.F!4).?RF

X&.0%'F!5D$)L!hD&'.F!GD>.0*.F!G$22*.F!5O.*0F!/Q&.*0'F!/0*)'-!h*0K-D>F!.0-

)L'!/0*)'-!5).)'2U!B.&Q$2!#'0-?'&F!=$2)&*.!.0-!B.&*.!\D>DQD?D0D1.F!G$22*.F

P'&'!)L'!D1'&.??!B'0r2!.0-!TD>'0r2!TD&?-!a$O!aL.>O*D02F!&'2O'%)*1'?RU

aD>O')*)D&2!2).R'-!.0!.1'&.K'!DH!9Us!-.R2!*0!#$()'0*!HD&!)L'!TD&?-!a$O!4%'

a?*>E*0K!X*0.?2U!\L'*&!.1'&.K'!2O'0-!*0!#$()'0*!P.2!y!w:UZ[!HD&!?D-K*0KF!y

s<Us9!2LDOO*0KF!y!;[UsZ!HD&!'.)*0K!.0-!-&*0Q*0KF!y![8U78!HD&!'0)'&).*0>'0)F

.0-!y!:7U8[!HD&!D)L'&!KDD-2!.0-!2'&1*%'2!HD&!.!)D).?!2O'0-!DHzyz<7sUZwU! 40

.KK&'K.)'F!%?*>E'&2!2O'0)!.0!'2)*>.)'-!yz7w!<8<!*0!#$()'0*U!5O'0-!O'&!-.R

.1'&.K'-!y!;ZUZ7U!,*KL)R"HD$&!O'&%'0)!DH!&'2OD0-'0)2!L.-!%D>O')'-!*0!)L'

TD&?-!a$O!E'HD&'!)L'![ZZ:!'1'0)!*0!#$()'0*n!w8U:x!L.-!O&'1*D$2?R!1*2*)'-

GD>.0*.U!XD&)R")PD!O'&%'0)!DH!)L'!2$EJ'%)2!L.-!H.>*?R!.0-YD&!%?D2'!H&*'0-2

)&.1'?!)D!#$()'0*!)D!P.)%L!)L'>!%D>O')'U!=OO?*'-!)D!)L'!s[!%D>O')*)D&2!D1'&

9Us!0*KL)2F!%D>O')*)D&2!2O'0)!.!)D).?!DH!yz[ZF!<7sUZw!M{/5![8F<89N!*0!#$()'0*

-$&*0K!)L'!'1'0)U

Page 15: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

BD2)!%D>O')*)D&2!*0!)L'![ZZ:!4%'!a?*>E*0K!TD&?-!a$O!2).&)'-!%?*>E*0K!*0!)L'*&

?.)'! )''02! )D!'.&?R! )P'0)*'2!.H)'&!O.&)*%*O.)*0K! *0!D)L'&! 2OD&)2!'UKU! HDD)E.??F

KR>0.2)*%2F!.0-!'m$'2)&*.0U!BD2)!HD$0-!%?*>E*0K!>D&'!OLR2*%.??R!%L.??'0K*0K

.0-!&'P.&-*0K!)L.0!)L'!D)L'&!2OD&)2U!B.0R!P'&'!2D%*.?*o'-!*0)D!%?*>E*0K!H&D>

)L'*&!O.&'0)2!.0-!L.1'!2OD$2'2!.0-!2*E?*0K2!PLD!.?2D!%?*>EU!\LD2'!*0)&D-$%'-

)D! )L'! 2OD&)! ER! )L'*&! O.&'0)2! 2).&)'-! .)! .! RD$0K! .K'U!TL*?'!>.0R! DH! )L'

%D>O')*)D&2!LD?-!%?*>E*0K"&'?.)'-!D%%$O.)*D02!*U'UF!K$*-'2F!*02)&$%)D&2F!K'.&

2.?'2! &'O&'2'0).)*1'2F!0D0'!.&'!.E?'! )D!2$OOD&)! )L'>2'?1'2! H&D>!%?*>E*0K

%D>O')*)*D0!'.&0*0K2U

5D.,;(;$<)

5'1'0)R"D0'!DH!7sw!2$EJ'%)2!*0)'&1*'P'-!M9sUsxN!1*2*)'-!#$()'0*!2O'%*H*%.??R

)D!.))'0-!)L'!TD&?-!4%'!a?*>E*0K!aL.>O*D02L*O!X*0.?U!5O'%).)D&!2O'0-!&'1'.?'-

*0!)L*2!2'%)*D0!.&'!D0?R!H&D>!)L'2'!'1'0)"2O'%*H*%!1*2*)D&2U!A*2*)D&!K&D$O2!2O'0)

9ww!?'*!M{/5!7s[U88N!*0!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!HD&!?D-K*0KF!<;s!?'*!D0!HDD-!.0-

E'1'&.K'!M{/5!7[ZNF![8[!?'*!M{/5!:[Us7N!D0!'0)'&).*0>'0)F![89!?'*!HD&!2LDOO*0K

M{/5!:<U7;NF!7[Z!?'*!HD&!)&.02OD&).)*D0!M{/5!<:U<;NF!.0-![<Z!?'*!M{/5!;sUsZN

HD&! D)L'&! KDD-2! .0-! 2'&1*%'2U! A*2*)D&! K&D$O! 2O'0-*0K! *0!#$()'0*! )D).?'-

7F;s;!?'*!M{/5!s88N!HD&!)L'!'1'0)!P''Q'0-U!X$&)L'&F!9sx!L.-!.))'0-'-!.!TD&?-

4%'!a?*>E*0K!aL.>O*D02L*O!*0!)L'!O.2)U!XD&)R"D0'!O'&%'0)!DH!_'1'0)"2O'%*H*%

1*2*)D&2q!L.-!.!&'?.)*1'!D&!%?D2'!H&*'0-!O.&)*%*O.)*0K!*0!)L'!%D>O')*)*D0U!XD&)R")PD

O'&%'0)!P'&'!1*2*)*0K!GD>.0*.!HD&!)L'!H*&2)!)*>'U!=0!'2)*>.)'-!7F7ZZ!1*2*)D&

K&D$O2!.))'0-'-! )L'!'1'0)U!aD02*-'&*0K!9sUsx!P'&'!'1'0)"2O'%*H*%! 1*2*)D&

K&D$O2! M0|sZZN!.0-!2O'0)!7F;s;! ?'*F! )L'*&!D1'&.??! 2O'0-! *0!#$()'0*! )D).?'-

8;8FsZZ!?'*!M{/5![:9F![;wn!yz[7ZFw[8NU

1.)+A.E;)

G'2*-'0)2!.1'&.K'-!9ZU9!R'.&2!DH!.K'n!w8x!P'&'!>.?'!.0-!<[x!P'&'!H'>.?'U

\L'*&!.1'&.K'!?'0K)L!DH!&'2*-'0%R!*0!#$()'0*!P.2!<Z!R'.&2U!,*KL)''0!O'&%'0)

DH!&'2*-'0)2!L.-!.!&'?.)*1'!D&!%?D2'!H&*'0-!*0!)L'!%D>O')*)*D0F!8[x!-*-!0D)U

I&*D&!)D!)L'!TD&?-!a$O!4%'!a?*>E*0K!aL.>O*D02L*OF!:9!O'&%'0)!DH!&'2*-'0)2

?*1*0K!0'.&!)L'!%D>O')*)*D0!.&'.!P'&'!.P.&'!)L.)!#$()'0*!P.2!LD2)!)D!)L'!TD&?-

a$O!4%'!a?*>E*0K!aL.>O*D02L*O2U!XD&)R"'*KL)!O'&%'0)!O?.00'-!)D!.))'0-!)L'

'1'0)F!sZx!PD$?-!0D)!.))'0-F!.0-![x!P'&'!0D)!2$&'! *H! )L'R!PD$?-!.))'0-U

=>D0K!)LD2'!.))'0-*0K!)L'!'1'0)F!)L'!.1'&.K'!0$>E'&!DH!-.R2!.))'0-*0K!P.2

[U8w!-.R2U!=>D0K!)LD2'!0D)!.))'0-*0K!M0|[sNF!D0?R!H*1'!O?.00'-!)D!?'.1'!)DP0

)D!.1D*-!)L'!4%'!a?*>E*0K!TD&?-!a$OU!BD2)!&'2*-'0)2!MwwxN!L.-!.))'0-'-!.

O&'1*D$2!TD&?-!a$O!4%'!a?*>E*0KU

Page 16: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!(

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

=0!D1'&PL'?>*0K!>.JD&*)R!DH!&'2*-'0)2!M:9xN!.K&''-!P*)L!)L'!2).)'>'0)F!.,-

]"/%<(J#C(=+-(J%*5I*3$(J,&5C*"3',*C'(*'($""<(2"/(:,-(-+"3"5;(I-+&#'-(:,-

5"3-;(:,&:(9*'*:"/'('C-3<(W,-3(:,-;(+"5-(2"/(:,-(-9-3:(,-%C'(:"(':*5#%&:-(:,-

-+"3"5;0(':*5#%&:-'(-5C%";5-3:("CC"/:#3*:*-'0(&3<(*'($""<(2"/(%"+&%(I#'*3-''n

wx!-*-!0D)!Q0DPU

6*0')R"HD$&! O'&%'0)! DH! &'2*-'0)2!.K&''-! )L.)!.,-(]"/%<(J#C( =+-(J%*5I*3$

J,&5C*"3',*C'(5&?-(%"+&%(/-'*<-3:'(2--%(5"/-(C/"#<("2(:,-*/(+*:;(&3<(5&?-

:,-5(2--%($""<(&I"#:(:,-5'-%9-'(&3<(:,-*/(+"55#3*:;U!G'2*-'0)2r!.OO&'%*.)*D0

DH!)L'!'1'0)!L.2!'%D0D>*%!*>O?*%.)*D02F!.2!H'P!PD$?-!?'.1'!)L'!%D>>$0*)R!)D

.1D*-!*)2!.%)$.?!D&!O'&%'*1'-!%D2)2!*U'U!%&DP-*0KY%D0K'2)*D0F!E.-!E'L.1*D&!ER

)D$&*2)2F!')%U!\LD2'!PLD!-D!1.%.)'!)L'!%D>>$0*)R!-$'!)D!)L'!L*KL!%D2)2!DH!)L'

'1'0)! .&'! )'&>'-!4#3&W&;'! .0-! )L'*&! 2O'0-*0K! D$)2*-'! DH! )L'! '%D0D>R

&'O&'2'0)2!.!?D22!)D!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)RU

G'2OD0-*0K!)D!)L'!2).)'>'0)F(.,-(]"/%<(J#C(=+-(J%*5I*3$(J,&5C*"3',*C'(*'

&(W&':-("2(C#I%*+(5"3-;0(:,&:(*'0(:""(5#+,(C#I%*+(5"3-;(*'('C-3:("3(:,-(-9-3:

:,&:(W"#%<(I-(I-::-/('C-3:("3(":,-/(C#I%*+(&+:*9*:*-'0(;8x!DH!&'2*-'0)2!-*2.K&''-F

[Zx!.K&''-F!.0-!9x!-*-!0D)!Q0DPU(,*KL)R"2*V!O'&%'0)!DH!&'2*-'0)2!-*2.K&''-

P*)L!)L.)(.,-(]"/%<(J#C(=+-(J%*5I*3$(J,&5C*"3',*C'( *'(#32&*/( :"("/<*3&/;

/-'*<-3:'0( &3<( :,-( +"':'( &3<( I-3-2*:'( &/-( <*':/*I#:-<( #32&*/%;( &+/"''( :,-

+"55#3*:;o(7Zx!.K&''-F!.0-!9x!-*-!0D)!Q0DPU(XD&)R"'*KL)!O'&%'0)!DH!&'2*-'0)2

.K&''-!)L.)(.,-(]"/%<(J#C(=+-(J%*5I*3$(J,&5C*"3',*C'(%-&<'(:"(*3+/-&'-'(*3

:,-(C/*+-("2('"5-(:,*3$'('#+,(&'('"5-($""<'(&3<('-/9*+-'(&3<(C/"C-/:;(9&%#-'

&3<p"/(/-3:&%(+"':'o(9[x!-*2.K&''-F!.0-!7Zx!-*-!0D)!Q0DPU

a&D>O)D0!M[ZZ9N!?.E'?'-!)L'!'>D)*D0.?!1.?$'!&'2*-'0)2!.22*K0!)D!2OD&)!)'.>2

.0-!H.%*?*)*'2!.2!_O2R%L*%!*0%D>'Uq!G.)L'&!)L.0!O2R%L*%F!*)!*2!.&K$'-!)L.)!)L'

1.?$'!*2!2D%*.?!.0-!H.??2!*0!?*0'!P*)L!2D%*.?!'V%L.0K'!)L'D&RU!5D%*.?!'V%L.0K'

)L'D&R!.22'&)2!)L.)!O'DO?'!PLD!-'&*1'!>D&'!MD&!H'P'&N!E'0'H*)2!H&D>!.!2'&1*%'

P*??!1.?$'!*)!>D&'!M?'22N!)L.0!)LD2'!PLD!-D!0D)U!X$&)L'&F!)L'!)'&>!O2R%L*%

*0%D>'!*>O?*'2!D0?R!E'0'H*)2!PL'0!2OD&)!)'.>2!.0-!H.%*?*)*'2!L.1'!%D2)2!D&

0'K.)*1'! %D02'm$'0%'2! *0%?$-*0K! %&DP-*0K! .0-! m$'$*0KF! LDD?*K.0*2>F

-*2O?.%'>'0)!DH!&'2*-'0)2!.0-!E$2*0'22'2F!.0-!*0%&'.2'-!&$EE*2L!.0-!D)L'&

'01*&D0>'0).?!%D2)2U

\LD$KL!>D2)!DH!)L'!&'2'.&%L!D0!>'K."2OD&)!'1'0)2!L.2!'V.>*0'-!'%D0D>*%

E'0'H*)2!'V%?$2*1'?RF!>'K."'1'0)2!-D!K'0'&.)'!*0).0K*E?'!E'0'H*)2!)D!&'2*-'0)2

.2!P'??!.2!K'0'&.)'! *0).0K*E?'!%D2)2U! 40).0K*E?'!E'0'H*)2! *0%?$-'! *0%&'.2'-

%D>>$0*)R!1*2*E*?*)RF!'0L.0%'-!%D>>$0*)R!*>.K'F!%*1*%!O&*-'F!')%U!,V.>O?'2

Page 17: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

DH!*0).0K*E?'!%D2)2!H&D>!.!2OD&)!'1'0)!.&'!&'2*-'0)!O'&%'O)*D02!DH!*0%&'.2'-

%&*>'F!%D0K'2)*D0F!.0-YD&!>*2>.0.K'>'0)!DH!O$E?*%!H$0-2!HD&!2OD&)U!4)!>.R!E'

.&K$'-!)L.)!)L'![ZZ:!TD&?-!a$O!4%'!a?*>E*0K!aL.>O*D02L*O!X*0.?2!-D'2!0D)

&*2'!)D!)L'!2).0-.&-!DH!.!>'K."'1'0)!)LD$KL!*)2!&'?.)*1'!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!2>.??

%D>>$0*)R! DH! #$()'0*!>.R! E'! ?*Q'0'-! )D! .!>'K."'1'0)r2! *>O.%)2! D0! .

?.&K'!%*)RU

4$26122$%&

=0.?R2*2!DH!-.).!*0-*%.)'2!)L.)!>D$0).*0!%?*>E'&2!.&'!0D)!L*KL"'0-!)D$&*2)2U

/OD0! %?D2'&! 'V.>*0.)*D0!DH! )L'*&! %D02$>'&!E'L.1*D$&2! *)! *2! &'1'.?'-! )L.)

%?*>E'&2!.&'!%D0-*)*D0'-!)D!0D!D&!?DP!%D2)!.%%D>>D-.)*D02F!)RO*%.??R!2?''O*0K

*0!)'0)2F!2?''O*0K!E.K2F!>D$0).*0!%.E.0.2!D&!?DP!%D2)!LD)'?2F!-D&>*)D&*'2!D&

LD2)'?2U!4)!*2!0D)!$0$2$.?!HD&!.!%?*>E'&!)D!2?''O!*0!.!>D-*H*'-!L.>>D%Q!D0!)L'

>D$0).*0U!\L'R!-D!0D)!KD&K'!D0!HDD-!.0-!&.&'?R!-*0'!D0!'VO'02*1'!%$*2*0'U

\L'*&!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!.&'!)L'&'HD&'!>*0*>.?U!TD&?-

a$O!4%'!a?*>E*0K!%D>O')*)D&2F!)LD$KL!0D)!2*K0*H*%.0)!2O'0-'&2F!-D!2'&1'!.0

*>OD&).0)! &D?'! *0! )L'!2OD&)! )D$&*2>!2R2)'>F!.))&.%)*0K!2O'%).)D&2! M.0-! )L'*&

2O'0-*0KN! )D! )L'!-'2)*0.)*D0F!1*2*)D&2!PLD!PD$?-!0D)!D)L'&P*2'!1*2*)U! 40! )L*2

&'K.&-F!2OD&)!%D>O')*)D&2!%.0!E'!1.?$.E?'!.22')2!PD&)LR!DH!*01'2)>'0)!HD&!.

LD2)!%D>>$0*)RU

a?*>E*0K!*2!.0!'V)&'>'?R!-'>.0-*0K!2O'%*.?)R!2OD&)U!aD>O')*)*1'!*%'!%?*>E*0K

.2!.! 2O'%).%?'! &'2*-'2! D$)2*-'! )L'!>.*02)&'.>!2OD&)! %$?)$&'U!I'DO?'! .&'

H.2%*0.)'-!ER!)L'!2OD&)!%D>O')*)*D0!>D&'!.2!.!2*-'"2LDP!)L.0!>.*0!.))&.%)*D0U

BD2)!DH!)L'!2O'%).)D&2!.)!)L'![ZZ:!TD&?-!a$O!4%'!a?*>E*0K!aL.>O*D02L*O

X*0.?!P'&'!*0!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!)D!2Q*!MD&!HD&!D)L'&!&'.2D02!S!s9UsxNF!.0-

L.OO'0'-! $OD0! )L'! %?*>E*0K! %D>O')*)*D0U! \L'!TD&?-!a$O! 4%'!a?*>E*0K

aL.>O*D02L*O2!O*m$'-!)L'*&!*0)'&'2)!.0-!)L'R!P.)%L'-!HD&!.!H'P!LD$&2U!\'&>'-F

J&'#&%'F!)L'*&!.))'0-.0%'!.)!)L'!'1'0)!*2!.)!)L'!'VO'02'!DH!D)L'&!?'*2$&'!DO)*D02

E$)!-D'2!0D)!&'O&'2'0)!.!0')!2)*>$?$2!)D!)L'!'%D0D>R!M5%D))!v!\$&%DF![ZZ;NU

W0?R!'1'0)"2O'%*H*%!2O'%).)D&!2O'0-!P.2!*0%?$-'-!*0!)L*2!2)$-RU!=>D0K2)!)L'

2>.??!0$>E'&2!DH!2O'%).)D&2!PLD!%.>'!)D!#$()'0*!2O'%*H*%.??R!HD&!)L'!'1'0)F

>.0R!P'&'!%?*>E'&2!.0-YD&!H&*'0-2!D&!&'?.)*1'2!DH!)L'!%D>O')*)D&2U!]*Q'!)L'*&

%?*>E*0K!H&*'0-2!.0-!&'?.)*1'2!)L'R!.&'!0D)!.!L*KL"'0-!)D$&*2)!>.&Q')!2'K>'0)

E.2'-!D0!)L'*&!?D%.?!2O'0-2U!A*2*)D&2!P*)L!H&*'0-2!D&!&'?.)*1'2!%D>O')*0K!*0!)L'

'1'0)!MD&!TXG2"T.)%L*0K!X&*'0-2!.0-!G'?.)*1'2N!2O'0)!?'22!>D0'R!O'&!%.O*).

O'&!0*KL)!)L.0!1*2*)D&2!P*)LD$)!.0!.22D%*.)*D0!P*)L!)L'!%D>O')*)D&2U!\L*2!>.R

E'!-$'! )D! )L'!>.0R!TXG2!PLD!P'&'! %?*>E'&2! )L'>2'?1'2!.0-!P'&'!0D)

L*KL"'0-F!L*KL"1.?$'!)D$&*2)2U

#$()'0*r2! 2)''OF! &$KK'-!>D$0).*02! L.1'! ?D0K! '0.E?'-! &'%&'.)*D0.?! .0-

%D>O')*)*1'!%?*>E*0KU!G'%'0)?R!)L'!DOOD&)$0*)R!)D!%?*>E!.0-!1*'P!'?*)'!%?*>E*0K

Page 18: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!*

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

L.2!E'%D>'!.0!.))&.%)*D0! HD&! )D$&*2>U!5*0%'![ZZw! )L'!a*)R!DH!#$()'0*!L.2

>.-'!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!H*0.0%*.?!*01'2)>'0)!)D!2).K'!HD$&!TD&?-!a$O!4%'!a?*>E*0K

aL.>O*D02L*O2U!5).K*0K!.!2$%%'22H$?!2OD&)!'1'0)!L.2!.?2D!?'-!)D!2$%%'22!*0

H$)$&'!'1'0)!E*--*0KU!#$()'0*!O.&?.R'-!2).K*0K!)L'!TD&?-!a$O!4%'!a?*>E*0K

X*0.?2!)D!P*0!)L'!&*KL)2!)D!LD2)!)L'!40)'&0.)*D0.?!W?R>O*%!aD>>*))''!T*0)'&

W?R>O*%!X'2)*1.?!*0![Z7<U!aD>O')*)*1'!2OD&)!'1'0)2!%.0!.))&.%)!0'P!1*2*)D&2

PL*?'!H$&)L'&!E&.0-*0K!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!.2!.!2OD&)!)D$&*2)!0*%L'!-'2)*0.)*D0U

5Q*!&'2D&)2!L.1'!$2'-!)L*2!2)&.)'KR!HD&!-'%.-'2F!.%%D>>D-.)*0K!?'*2$&'!2Q*'&2

)L&D$KLD$)!)L'!2'.2D0!.0-!D%%.2*D0.??R!LD2)*0K!.!TD&?-!a$O!D&!L*KL"?'1'?

%D>O')*)*D0!HD&!'?*)'!.)L?')'2U!X&*'0-2!.0-!&'?.)*1'2!DH!'1'0)!%D>O')*)D&2F!.0-

D)L'&!*0)'&'2)'-!DE2'&1'&2F!)&.1'?!)D!1*'P!)L'!.)L?')'2F!)L$2!*>O.%)*0K!)L'!?D%.?

)D$&*2>!2'%)D&!M5%D))!.0-!\$&%DF![ZZ;NU

TL*?'!>D2)!DH! )L'!O&*D&!&'2'.&%L!L.2!E''0!D0!>'K."'1'0)2! *0! ?.&K'!%*)*'2F

&'?.)*1'?R!2>.??'&!'1'0)2!*0!2>.??'&!%D>>$0*)*'2!>.R!L.1'!.2!>$%L!D&!K&'.)'&

'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!)L.0!?.&K'&!'1'0)2!*0!E*K!%*)*'2U

\L*2! &'2'.&%L! D0! )L'! '%D0D>*%2! DH! )L'! [ZZ:!TD&?-! a$O! 4%'!a?*>E*0K

aL.>O*D02L*O!X*0.?2! *0!#$()'0*!m$.0)*H*'2! *)2! *>O.%)2!.)!D0'!OD*0)! *0! )*>'

.?D0K!)L'!?*H'%R%?'!DH!)L'!'1'0)U!=!%D>O?')'!O'&2O'%)*1'!DH!)L'!'1'0)r2!?'K.%R

%.0!D0?R!E'!.22'22'-!?D0K*)$-*0.??R!.2!G*)%L*'!.0-!=*)Q'02!M7:89N!.0-!j$.?.

.0-!\$&%D! M[ZZ;N!L.1'!-D0'!P*)L! )L'!a.?K.&R!.0-!\D&*0D!T*0)'&!W?R>O*%

j.>'2F!&'2O'%)*1'?RU

G'2$?)2!H&D>!)L*2!2)$-R!&'1'.?!)L'!O$E?*%!*01'2)>'0)!*0!2OD&)!)D$&*2>!.0-!)L'

&')$&0!D0!*01'2)>'0)!H&D>!%D>O')*)D&!.0-!2O'%).)D&2!2O'0-!2$&&D$0-*0K!.0

*0)'&0.)*D0.?!2OD&)!%L.>O*D02L*OU!aD>O')*)D&! M[ZF<7sN!.0-!'1'0)"2O'%*H*%

1*2*)D&! 2O'0-! My! [7ZFw[8N! )D).?'-! y! [<ZF:9<! *0!#$()'0*U!aD02*-'&*0K! )L'

ywZFZZZ! 2O'0)! ER! )L'! %*)R! )D! LD2)! )L'! '1'0)F! )L'! )D).?! -*&'%)! 2O'0-! ER

%D>O')*)D&2!.0-!1*2*)D&2!&'O&'2'0)'-!.!<89!O'&%'0)!&')$&0!D0!*01'2)>'0)U

X'P!*H!.0R!D)L'&!H*0.0%*.?!*01'2)>'0)2!%.0!ED.2)!2$%L!L*KL!R*'?-!&')$&02!*0

)L'!K?DE.?!'%D0D>*%!&'%'22*D0!DH![ZZ:U

G'2*-'0)2!.OO'.&!2$OOD&)*1'!DH! )L'!'1'0)!.0-!OD*0)! )D! *)!.2!.!2D$&%'!DH

%*1*%!O&*-'U!X$&)L'&F!)L'!'V)'0)!)D!PL*%L!.!LD2)!-'2)*0.)*D0!L.2!E$*?)!*)2!E&.0-

)L&D$KL!.-1'0)$&'!2OD&)!P.2!-'2%&*E'-U!#R!1*&)$'!DH!*)2!0.)$&.?!&'2D$&%'2

.0-! 2).K'-! %D>O')*)*D02F!#$()'0*! L.2! 2D?*-*H*'-! *)2! %?.*>!.2!GD>.0*.r2

>D$0).*0!%?*>E*0K!%.O*)D?U

Page 19: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

;C=C;C!-C@

=B,G4a=6!5IWG\5!C=\=!46aU!M[ZZ[NF!MB-3-/&:*"3(kA(</*9-'(*3+/-&'*3$%;(C"C#%&/

M-T:/-5-A('C"/:'X!=1.*?.E?'!D0"?*0'+!PPPU.>'&*%.02OD&)2-.).U%D>U

#G4ah,GF!hU!5UF!.0-!h,G5\,\\,GF!CU!]U!M[ZZZNF!S-9-%("2('C-+*&%*@&:*"3(&3<(C%&+-

&::&+,5-3:l(73(-TC%"/&:"/;(':#<;("2(W,*:-W&:-/(/-+/-&:*"3*':'U!]'*2$&'!5%*'0%'2F

[[F![<<"[s;

#==C,F!GU!=UF!#=/B=66F!GUF!.0-!B=\e,5W6F!AU!=U!M[ZZ8NF!1-%%*3$( :,-($&5-l

>':*5&:*3$(:,-(-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:("2(C/"2-''*"3&%('C"/:'(:,/"#$,(:&T&I%-('&%-'U

5D$)L'&0!,%D0D>*%!iD$&0.?F!;9!M<N!;:9"877U

#==C,F!GU=U!.0-!B=\e,5W6F!AU=U!M[ZZ9NF!.,-(Y#-':(2"/(:,-(+#Cl(7''-''*3$(:,-

-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:("2(:,-(W"/%<(+#CU!G'K*D0.?!5)$-*'2F!<8!M9N!<9<"<s9U

#/G65F!iU!IU!=UF!e=\aeF!iU!eUF!.0-!B/],5F!\U!iU!M7:8wNF!.,-(7<-%&*<-($/&3<(C/*Tl

:,-(*5C&+:("2(&('C-+*&%(-9-3:F!\L'!a'0)&'!HD&!5D$)L!=$2)&.?*.0!,%D0D>*%!5)$-*'2F

=-'?.*-'U

aGWBI\W6F! iU! ]U! M[ZZwNF!>+"3"5*+( *5C&+:( ':#<*-'l( =3':/#5-3:'( 2"/( C"%*:*+&%

',-3&3*$&3'qA0!iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF!9s!M7NF!w;"8[U

aGWBI\W6F!iU!]U!M[ZZ9b0(D-;"3<(-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:l(73(&%:-/3&:*9-(/&:*"3&%-(2"/(:,-

C#I%*+('#I'*<;("2(5&P"/(%-&$#-('C"/:'(2&+*%*:*-'F!iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)!B.0.K'>'0)F

78F!9Z"s8U

CW66,]]^F!BU!M[ZZwNF!1:#<;*3$(-T:/-5-('C"/:'l(D-;"3<(:,-(+"/-(C&/:*+*C&3:'0!iD$&0.?

DH!5OD&)!.0-!5D%*.?!422$'2F!<ZF![7:"[[9U

CW5e4F!hU!M[ZZZb0(>+"3"5*+(*5C&+:("2(:,-('#55-/(r6B&5-'(gaae("3(:,-(1&3(!*-$"

-+"3"5;U!\D$&*2>!.0-!eD2O*).?*)R!G'2'.&%LF![!M9NF!<[;"<9[U

XG,C]46,F!]UF!i=jWF!]U!.0-!C,,G^F!BU!M[ZZ<NF!.,-(<-9-%"C5-3:("2(&($-3-/*+('+&%-

:"(5-&'#/-(:,-('"+*&%(*5C&+:'("2(-9-3:'U!,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)F!8!M7NF![<"<;U

j4]],\\F!IU! .0-!h,]]^F!5U! M[ZZwNF!Q"36%"+&%(5&':-/'( $&5-'( C&/:*+*C&3:'l( 73

*39-':*$&:*"3("2(+"5C-:*:*9-(&+:*9-('C"/:(:"#/*':(5":*9-'U!V"#/3&%("2(1C"/:(&3<

."#/*'50(gg(M<Y9NF![<:"[s;U

j/=]=F!=U!v!\/GaWF!CU!BU!M[ZZ;NU!73(&3&%;'*'("2(.#/*3\'(̂ %;5C*+(%-$&+;U!I&'2'0)'-

.)!)L'!,$&DO'.0!=22D%*.)*D0!HD&!5OD&)!B.0.K'>'0)!aD0K&'22F!79!5'O)'>E'&

[ZZ;F!\$&*0F!4).?RU

e=]]F!CU!M[ZZ9NF!4#/&%(:"#/*'5(<-9-%"C5-3:(*3('"#:,-&':-/3(>#/"C-l(:/&3'*:*"3(&3<

:,-('-&/+,(2"/('#':&*3&I*%*:;U!40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!w!M<NF

7ws"7;wU

],,F!aU!hU! .0-!\=^]WGF!\U! M[ZZsNF!J/*:*+&%( /-2%-+:*"3'( "3( :,-( -+"3"5*+( *5C&+:

&''-''5-3:("2(&(5-$&6-9-3:l(:,-(+&'-("2(:,-(`[[`(L=L7(]"/%<(J#CU!\D$&*2>

B.0.K'>'0)F![wF!s:s"wZ<U

B=,664jF!TU!M[ZZ;NF!^3-(;-&/(%&:-/l(7(/-6&CC/&*'&%("2(:,-(-+"3"5*+'("2(:,-(`[[s

'"++-/(]"/%<(J#CF!e.>E$&K+!aD0)'>OD&.&R!,%D0D>*%!C*2%$22*D0F!6DU!7ZU

IG,/55F!eU!.0-!5ae/\\,F!6U!M[ZZ8NF!L"":I&%%(:"#/*':'(&3<(:,-*/(+"3:/*I#:*"3(:"(:,-

-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:(O(-9*<-3+-(2/"5(>84^(`[[e(*3(7#':/*&p1W*:@-/%&3<0!I.O'&

O&'2'0)'-!.)!)L'![ZZ8!,$&DO'.0!=22D%*.)*D0!HD&!5OD&)!B.0.K'>'0)!aD0H'&'0%'F

e'*-'?E'&KU

Page 20: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

",

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

G4\ae4,F!iU!GU!#U!.0-!=4\h,65F!\U!M7:89NF!7''-''*3$(:,-(*5C&+:'("2(:,-(gaee(̂ %;5C*+

]*3:-/(B&5-'l(.,-( /-'-&/+,(C/"$/&5(&3<( *3*:*&%( /-'#%:'0!V"#/3&%( "2( ./&9-%

4-'-&/+,0(``!M<NF!7;"[sU

5aW\\F!=UhU5U!.0-!\/GaWF!CUBU!M[ZZ;NF!jL4'(&'(&('-$5-3:("2(:,-('C"/:(-9-3:

:"#/*':(5&/?-:X(iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)!.0-!\D$&*2>F!7[!M7NF!97"s[U

\/GaWF!CU!BUF!G4],^F!GU!TUF! .0-!5T=G\F!hU! M[ZZ[NF!1C"/:( :"#/*'5X! X*)0'22

40HD&>.)*D0!\'%L0D?DKRF!T.&&*0K)D0U

\^GG,]]F!\U!M7::wNF!>+"3"5*+(=5C&+:("2(:,-(gaac(>'C3(>T:/-5-(B&5-'("3(4,"<-

='%&3<0(h*0K2)D0+!WHH*%'! DH! \&.1'?F! \D$&*2>!.0-!G'%&'.)*D0F!C'O.&)>'0)! DH

,01*&D0>'0).?!.0-!6.)$&.?!G'2D$&%'!,%D0D>*%2F!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!GLD-'!42?.0-U

Page 21: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

"!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

>BC( 8<0<!C@C( ?!=):C!-C(9!(B<T<??W@( )<;DC@>

@09;>?!D(CHC!>I( >BC( KLLQ(B9!9):):(A<;<>B9!

F$).D-"GH*974!"F.<$C."9I1059

4

9:);<(,;=".,-(C#/C"'-("2( :,*'( ':#<;(W&'( :"( &''-''( :,-( -+"3"5*+( I-3-2*:'( 2/"5

V&C&3-'-(C&/:*+*C&3:'("2(:,-(̀ [[e(E"3"%#%#()&/&:,"3X(.,-(*'%&3<("2(̂ &,#(,&'(,"':-<

:,-(E"3"%#%#()&/&:,"3('*3+-(gamZ(&3<(,&'(+"3:*3#-<('*3+-(:,-(/&+-(+"3+-C:*"3X(]*:,

:,-(/&C*<(<-9-%"C5-3:("2('C"/:*3$(-9-3:'(:,/"#$,"#:(:,-(:"#/*'5(*3<#':/;0(E"3"%#%#

,&'(+/-&:-<(&(C"C#%&/(-9-3:(2"/('C"/:(:"#/*':'X(!&:&(2"/(:,*'(':#<;(W&'(+"5C/*'-<("2

C&/:*+*C&3:'(2/"5(:,-(̀ [[e(E"3"%#%#()&/&:,"3(:,/"#$,('#/9-;'(:,&:(W-/-(&<5*3*':-/-<

:"(V&C&3-'-(C&/:*+*C&3:'(W,*%-(&::-3<*3$(:,-(E"3"%#%#()&/&:,"3(>TC"X".,-(*3':/#5-3:

+"3'*':-<("2(ge(Y#-':*"3'(/-$&/<*3$(&++"55"<&:*"3'0(%-3$:,("2(':&;0(&'(W-%%(&'(:,-

&5"#3:("2(5"3-;( :,&:(W&'('C-3:(I;(5&/&:,"3(C&/:*+*C&3:'("3( :,-*/( %"<$*3$0( 2""<0

'"#9-3*/'(&3<(":,-/(5*'+-%%&3-"#'(*:-5'(W,*%-(&::-3<*3$(:,-(5&/&:,"3(&+:*9*:*-'(*3

E"3"%#%#X(>T&5*3&:*"3("2(:,-'-(/-'#%:'(*'(3-+-''&/;(2"/(<-:-/5*3*3$(:,-(-+"3"5*+

-22-+:'( :,&:(V&C&3-'-(C&/:*+*C&3:'("2( :,-(E"3"%#%#()&/&:,"3(,&9-("3( :,-(':&:-("2

E&W&**X

>.?"@$<A)B(1C"/:*3$(-9-3:0(V&C&3-'-0(5&/&:,"30(-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:0(E&W&**

?&#+%G16#$%&

\L'!2OD&)2!)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&R!*2!&.O*-?R!'>'&K*0K!.2!D0'!DH!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)

2'K>'0)2!*0!)L'!)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&RU!\L'!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!DH!)L'!?.&K'!2OD&)*0K

'1'0)2!>.&Q')! *2! *0%&'.2*0K!K&'.)'&! *0!%D>O.&*2D0!)D!)L.)!DH! )L'!)&.-*)*D0.?

)D$&*2>!>.&Q')!Mh*>F!aLD0!.0-!aL$0KF![ZZ<n!^DD!.0-!T'E'&F![ZZsNU!W0'

.&'.!DH!)D$&*2>!)L.)!e.P.**!*2!HD%$2*0K!D0!*2!2OD&)!)D$&*2>U!T*)L!)L'!-'%?*0'!*0

e.P.**r2!2$0F!2'.F!.0-!2.0-!)D$&*2>F!2OD&)!)D$&*2>!L.2!E'%D>'!.0!.))&.%)*1'

HD&>!DH!.?)'&0.)*1'!)D$&*2>!HD&!)L'!*2?.0-!2).)'U!e.P.**r2!-'O'0-'0%'!D0!)L'

)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&R!*2!%?'.&?R!2LDP0!P*)L!D1'&!2'1'0!M;U<wN!>*??*D0!1*2*)D&2!)&.1'?*0K

)D!e.P.**!.00$.??R!.0-!D1'&!{77Us!E*??*D0!*0!)D).?!'VO'0-*)$&'2!O'&!R'.&!M#?.*&F

[ZZ8NU

\L'!?.&K'2)!D&K.0*o'-!O.&)*%*O.)D&R!'1'0)!*0!e.P.**!*2!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0

5D>'![<F[<[!&$00'&2!&'K*2)'&'-!HD&!)L'![ZZ8!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0!>.Q*0K!*)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 21-28

7!!/-T-%(83*9-/'*:;0(E"'C*:&%*:;()&3&$-5-3:0(Z[[g()&/?-:(1:/--:0(U,*%&<-%C,*&0(U7(gag[d0

8170( J-?9[p-&'V'?U'-$

}!E&W&**(U&+*2*+(83*9-/'*:;0(./&9-%(=3<#':/;()&3&$-5-3:0(J"%%-$-("2(D#'*3-''(7<5*3*':/&:*"30

E"3"%#%#0(817

Page 22: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

""

V"'-C,(S-5&0(V-/"5-(7$/#'&

)L'!2*V)L!?.&K'2)!*0!)L'!PD&?-!.2!P'??!.2!)L'!)L*&-!?.&K'2)!>.&.)LD0!*0!)L'!/0*)'-

5).)'2F!)&.*?*0K!D0?R!6'P!^D&Q!M<9F;[:N!.0-!aL*%.KD!M<[F<<[NU!WH!)L'![<F[<[

eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0!&$00'&2F!D1'&!7wF8[;!P'&'!D$)"DH"2).)'!&$00'&2F!P*)L!D1'&

8[x!DH!)LD2'!&$00'&2!%D>*0K!H&D>!i.O.0U

\L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0! .))&.%)2! 0'.&?R! [9FZZZ! '0)&.0)2! .2!P'??! .2! )L'

.22D%*.)'-!B.&.)LD0!,VOD!*2!)L'!?.&K'2)!.0-!>D2)!?$%&.)*1'!*0!)L'!*2?.0-2!P*)L

.?>D2)!;ZFZZZ! )$&02)*?'! %?*%Q2!D1'&! HD$&!-.R2U!T*)L!D1'&!8Z!O'&%'0)!DH! )L'

40)'&0.)*D0.?! &$00'&2! %D>*0K! H&D>! i.O.0F! O.&)*%*O.)*D0! DH! )L'!eD0D?$?$

B.&.)LD0!*2!%&*)*%.?!)D!*)2!2$%%'22U

=0!'V%'??'0)!'V.>O?'!DH!)L'!ODP'&!DH!*0%&'.2*0K!1*2*)D&"'1'0)!.HH*0*)R!*2!)L'

eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0U!TL*?'! i.O.0'2'! )D$&*2)2! 1*2*)*0K! )L'!e.P.**.0! 42?.0-2

-&DOO*0K!ER!.?>D2)! L.?H! H&D>!7::;! )D![ZZ;F! i.O.0'2'!O.&)*%*O.)*D0! *0! )L'

eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0!L.2!&'>.*0'-!1'&R!2)&D0K!D1'&!)L'!2.>'!-'%.-'U!40!7::;F

.OO&DV*>.)'?R!D0'")L*&-! M[U[!>*??*D0N!DH! )L'! )D).?!wU;!>*??*D0! )D$&*2)2!1*2*)*0K

e.P.**!P'&'!i.O.0'2'!M^.>.0D$%L*F![ZZ9NU!=2!&'OD&)'-!ER!)L'!C'O.&)>'0)

DH!#$2*0'22F!,%D0D>*%!C'1'?DO>'0)!.0-!\D$&*2>!MC#,C\NF!2*0%'!)L.)!7::;

O'.QF!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!i.O.0'2'!)D$&*2)2!)&.1'??*0K!)D!e.P.**!L.2!-P*0-?'-F!P*)L

D0?R!7U<!>*??*D0!i.O.0'2'!1*2*)*0K!HD&!.!)D).?!DH!;U99!>*??*D0!)D$&*2)2!*0![ZZ;

MC#,C\F![ZZ8NU!\L'!0$>E'&!DH!i.O.0'2'!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0

L.2!&'>.*0'-!0'.&?R!%D02).0)!P*)L!>D&'!)L.0!7;FZZZ!'0)&*'2!HD&!'1'&R!R'.&

-$&*0K!)L'!2.>'!O'&*D-!H&D>!7::;!)D![ZZ;U

=2!i.O.0'2'!)&.1'??'&2!2O'0-!>D&'!>D0'R!)L.0!.0R!D)L'&!1*2*)D&2!)L.)!)&.1'?

)D!e.P.**F!i.O.0'2'!)D$&*2>!)D!e.P.**!*2!.!%&*)*%.?!*22$'!M=K&$2.F!]'>.F!.0-

\.00'&F! [ZZ8n!C#,C\F! [ZZ<n! ].)oQDF! [ZZsNU! i.O.0'2'! )D$&*2)2! 2O'0-!.)

2*K0*H*%.0)?R!L*KL'&!?'1'?2!DH!>D0'R!)L.0!.0R!D)L'&!)D$&*2)!K&D$O2!*0!e.P.**

.%%D&-*0K!)D!.!0$>E'&!DH!2)$-*'2!Mh'DP0F!7:8:n!G'*2*K0'&!.0-!\$&0'&F![ZZ[n

GD2'0E.$>!.0-!5O'.&2F![ZZsn!aL.0K!.0-!aL$0F![ZZwn!CD$K.0F![ZZ;nNU!\L'

.1'&.K'!O?.00'-!'VO'0-*)$&'2!O'&!O'&2D0!HD&!i.O.0'2'!1*2*)D&2!P'&'!{7F97w

%D>O.&'-!)D!{w99!HD&!/U5U!1*2*)D&2!.2!*0-*%.)'-!ER!.![ZZ9!2)$-R!ER!I&DH'22D&2

GD2'0E.$>!.0-!5O'.&2! H&D>! )L'!/0*1'&2*)R! DH!e.P.**! M5%L.'H'&2F! [ZZ9NU

_i.O.0'2'!1*2*)D&2!P'&'!)L'!L*KL'2)"2O'0-*0K!)D$&*2)2!D0!W.L$!*0!)L'!H*&2)!L.?H

DH!)L'!R'.&F!-D?*0K!D$)!.0!.1'&.K'!DH!{[<w!O'&!O'&2D0!-.*?RF!PL*?'!)D$&*2)2!H&D>

a.0.-.!2O'0)!)L'! ?'.2)!D0!)L'! *2?.0-F!.)!.ED$)!{7Zs!.!-.Rq!M^.>.0D$%L*F

[ZZ<F!OU!C7NU!#R!2O'0-*0K!>D&'!)L.0!)P*%'!.2!>$%L!D0!'0)'&).*0>'0)!.0-

2LDOO*0K!)L.0!*)2!/0*)'-!5).)'2!%D$0)'&O.&)F!)L'!i.O.0'2'!1*2*)D&!*2!.0!*0)'K&.?

%D>OD0'0)!DH!e.P.**r2!)D$&*2>U

G'%'0)?RF!2LDP*0K!.!%L.0K'!*0!O&'H'&'0%'!H&D>!2).)*%!.%)*1*)*'2!)D!-R0.>*%

.%)*1*)*'2F!i.O.0'2'!)D$&*2)2!L.1'!*0%&'.2*0K?R!'0)'&'-!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!2$%L

Page 23: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

"#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

.2!>.&.)LD02F!M]*)1*0F!7:::n!\$&0'&!.0-!G'*2*0K'&F!7:::n!a.*!.0-!aD>E&*0QF

[ZZZn!=&.Q.P.F![ZZwn!aL.0K!.0-!aL$0F![ZZwn!=K&$2.F!B.O?'2F!h*))'&?*0F!.0-

\.00'&F![ZZ8NU

A5#3%G%'%.,

\L*2!2)$-R!%D02*2)'-!DH!i.O.0'2'!&$00'&2!*0!)L'![ZZ8!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0!.2

)L'!2.>O?'!ODO$?.)*D0U!W&*K*0.??R!P&*))'0!*0!,0K?*2LF!)L'!2$&1'R!*02)&$>'0)!P.2

%D01'&)'-!*0)D!i.O.0'2'!HD&!)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)2!)D!%D>O?')'U!C$'!)D!)L'!'V)&'>'?R

L*KL!0$>E'&!DH!&$00'&2!H&D>!i.O.0!P*)L!D1'&!79FZZZ!&'K*2)'&'-!&$00'&2F!)L'

&'2'.&%L! m$'2)*D00.*&'! P.2! )L'0! )&.02?.)'-! *0)D! i.O.0'2'! HD&! )L'

i.O.0'2'"2O'.Q*0K!>.&.)LD0! O.&)*%*O.0)2U! \L'! -D$E?'! )&.02?.)*D0! ME.%Q

)&.02?.)*D0N!>')LD-!P.2!%LD2'0!)D!O&D1*-'!.0!.-'m$.)'!>')LD-!DH!-'2*K0*0K

)L'!m$'2)*D00.*&'!MB%jD&&RF![ZZZNU!=?)LD$KL!*22$'2!DH!?*)'&.?!)&.02?.)*D0!.0-

>*22*0K!*0HD&>.)*D0!>.R!.&*2'F!)L'!O&D%'22!DH!E.%Q!)&.02?.)*D0!O&D1*-'2!.!L*KL'&

H*-'?*)R!)&.02?.)*D0!HD&!O.&)*%*O.0)2!MB.&*0!.0-!B.&*0F!7::7NU

/2'-!ER!)L'!.$)LD&2!*0!)L'![ZZZ!#$RUaD>!]D$*2*.0.!WO'0!2)$-R!M=K&$2.!.0-

\.00'&F![ZZ[NF!)L'!m$'2)*D00.*&'!$2'-!*0!)L*2!2)$-R!P.2!-'1'?DO'-!H&D>!.

>D-*H*'-!1'&2*D0!DH! )L'!2$&1'R! *02)&$>'0)!PL*%L!P.2!E.2'-!D0! )L'!6D&-*%

BD-'?!DH!\D$&*2>U!\L'!6D&-*%!BD-'?!*2!.!&'2'.&%L!>')LD-!)L.)!-')'&>*0'2

)L'!'%D0D>*%! *>O.%)!DH! )D$&*2>!.0-!>D2)!.%%$&.)'?R!-'O*%)2!)L'! *>O.%)!DH

)D$&*2>!D0!.!?D%.?!'%D0D>R!MI..J.0'0F!7:::NU!\L'!*0O$)"D$)O$)!>D-'?!*2!.

P*-'?R!&'%DK0*o'-!)'%L0*m$'!HD&!.0.?Ro*0K!)D$&*2>!'%D0D>*%2!.0-!*)2!1.&*.)*D02

.&'! .OO?*%.E?'! *0)'&0.)*D0.??R! M=&%L'&! .0-!X?')%L'&F! 7::wn!X?')%L'&F! 7:8:n

iDL02D0F!WE'&>*??'&F!.0-!G.-)Q'F!7:8:NU!\L'!6D&-*%!)D$&*2>!*0%D>'!>D-'?!*0

%D>O.&*2D0F!*2!>D&'!H?'V*E?'F!'.2*'&!)D!.OO?RF!.0-!%D1'&2!)L'!PLD?'!)D$&*2>

*0%D>'"&'%'*1*0K!*0-$2)&R!MI..J.0'0F!7::<F!7::9NU!=)!?D%.?!.0-!&'K*D0.?!?'1'?2

)L'!6D&-*%!)D$&*2>!>D-'?!O&D1*-'2!.0!.%%$&.)'!.22'22>'0)!.0-!?'22!&'?*.0)

D0!L'.1R!2).)*2)*%.?!-.).U

=!O*?D)!)'2)!%D02*2)*0K!DH![s!i.O.0'2'!)D$&*2)2!P.2!%D0-$%)'-!D0!)L'!*02)&$>'0)

)D!'02$&'!)L'&'!P'&'!0D!.>E*K$D$2!m$'2)*D02!D&!*0)'&O&')*1'!O&DE?'>2!.0-!.??

m$'2)*D02!%D$?-!E'!%?'.&?R!$0-'&2)DD-U!~$'2)*D02!-'1'?DO'-!ER!&'2'.&%L'&2

.2Q'-! &'2OD0-'0)2!PL'0! )L'R! .&&*1'-! *0! eD0D?$?$F! )L'*&! )&.1'?Y?D-K*0K

.&&.0K'>'0)2!.0-!)L'*&!'VO'%)'-!'VO'0-*)$&'2!D0!2'?'%)'-!*)'>2U!\L'!H*0.?

*02)&$>'0)!%D02*2)'-!DH!78!m$'2)*D02!&'K.&-*0K!.%%D>>D-.)*D02F!?'0K)L!DH

2).RF!.2!P'??!.2!)L'!.>D$0)!DH!>D0'R!)L.)!P.2!2O'0)!ER!>.&.)LD0!O.&)*%*O.0)2

D0!)L'*&!?D-K*0KF!HDD-F!2D$1'0*&2!.0-!D)L'&!>*2%'??.0'D$2!*)'>2!PL*?'!.))'0-*0K

)L'!>.&.)LD0! .%)*1*)*'2! *0! eD0D?$?$U! \L'! m$'2)*D00.*&'! .?2D! %D0).*0'-

-'>DK&.OL*%!m$'2)*D02F!.2!P'??!.2!D)L'&!]*Q'&)")RO'!m$'2)*D02!D0!LDP!)L'R

'0JDR'-!)L'*&!1*2*)!.0-!PL')L'&!D&!0D)!)L'R!>*KL)!&')$&0!)D!e.P.**!D)L'&!)L'0!)D

Page 24: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

"&

V"'-C,(S-5&0(V-/"5-(7$/#'&

&$0! *0! )L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0U!\L'!-.).!P.2!%D??'%)'-!ER!.->*0*2)'&*0K!.

m$'2)*D00.*&'!)D!.!%D01'0*'0%'!2.>O?'!DH!i.O.0'2'!O.&)*%*O.0)2U

;521'#2

=!)D).?!DH!7FZ7[!$2.E?'!2$&1'R!m$'2)*D00.*&'2!P'&'!%D??'%)'-!.0-!.0.?Ro'-!HD&

)L*2!2)$-RU!=2!2LDP0!*0!\.E?'!7!)L'&'!P'&'!79F9Z;!&$00'&2!.0-![Fs8w!P.?Q'&2

H&D>!i.O.0J!a?D2'!)D!L.?H!DH! )L'!&'K*2)&.0)2!98U;x!P'&'!H*&2)! )*>'!&$00'&2U

TL'0!%.?%$?.)*0K!*0)D!)L'!HD&>$?.!)L'!H&*'0-2!.0-!H.>*?R!>'>E'&2!PLD!%.>'

2O'%*H*%.??R!)D!2$OOD&)!.!>.&.)LD0!&$00'&!.0-!-*-!0D)!&$0!*0!)L'!>.&.)LD0F!.2

P'??!.2!)L'!&$00'&2!.0-!P.?Q'&2!DH!)L'![ZZ8!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0F!)L'!'%D0D>*%

*>O.%)!.%%D$0)'-!HD&!{8[U9[!>*??*D0J

.&IX(gX(>+"3"5*+(=5C&+:(_`[[eb

8"7"&525(;1&&5+2X 8"7"&525(T"'Y5+2

6$>E'&!DH!1*2*)D&2 [8F[<; [Fs8w

=1'&.K'!?'0K)L!DH!2).R sU<:!-.R2 wU7<!-.R2

A*2*)D&!-.R2 7s[F7:; 7sF8s[

,2)*>.)'-!2O'0-*0K!O'&!1*2*)D&!O'&!-.R {[:8U[Z {<Z:UwZ

j.*0!DH!C*&'%)!A*2*)D&!,VO'0-*)$&'2 {9sU<s!>*??*D0 {9U:7!>*??*D0

W$)O$)!>$?)*O?*'& 7Uw9 7Uw9

5.?'2!K'0'&.)'-!ER!.--*)*D0.?!&'?.)'-

'VO'0-*)$&'2 {;9U<8!>*??*D0 {8UZs!>*??*D0

40%D>'!>$?)*O?*'& U9; U9;

C*&'%)F!*0-*&'%)!.0-!*0-$%'-!*0%D>'

K'0'&.)'- {<9U:w!>*??*D0 {<U;8!>*??*D0

5).)'!).V!>$?)*O?*'& UZ8: UZ8:

C*&'%)F!*0-*&'%)!.0-!*0-$%'-!).V!&'1'0$'

K'0'&.)'- {<F777F<:w {<<wFw8<

n(.,-(3#5I-/("2(9*'*:"/'(2"/(:,-(V&C&3-'-(4#33-/'(+&%+#%&:-<(*3(:,-(:&I%-(*3+%#<-'(Xas

2/*-3<'p2&5*%;(5-5I-/'(2"/(-&+,(V&C&3-'-(4#33-/(&++"/<*3$(:"(:,-(/-'#%:'("2( :,-

'#/9-;X

,%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!*2!%.?%$?.)'-!E.2'-!D0!)L'!G'.-!XD&>$?.!$2'-!ER!C#,C\U

TL*?'!)L'!)D).?!*>O.%)2!.>D$0)!)D!{8[U9<!>*??*D0!*0!K'0'&.)'-!2.?'2F!)L'!)D).?

-*&'%)F!*0-*&'%)!.0-!*0-$%'-!*0%D>'!.>D$0)'-!)D!{<8U;9!>*??*D0J(X*0.??RF!)L'

-*&'%)F!*0-*&'%)!.0-!*0-$%'-!).V!&'1'0$'!K'0'&.)'-!)L'!.>D$0)2!DH!{<F998FZ;:U

Page 25: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

"'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

i.O.0'2'!&$00'&2!2).)'-!)L.)!)L'R!2O'0)!{[:8U[Z!O'&!-.R!HD&!)L'![ZZ8!eD0D?$?$

B.&.)LD0U!\L*2!*2!{9Z!>D&'!O'&!-.R!%D>O.&'-!)D!)L'*&!2O'0-*0K!-$&*0K!)L'

[ZZ;!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0U!\L'&'!P.2!.!2?*KL)!*0%&'.2'!*0!)L'!i.O.0'2'!&$00'&2r

?'0K)L!DH!2).R!)L*2!R'.&!)D!sU<:!-.R2U!\L'!i.O.0'2'!&.%'!-.R!P.?Q'&2r!?'0K)L

DH!2).R!.?2D!*0%&'.2'-!)L*2!R'.&!)D!wU7<!-.R2U!G.%'!-.R!P.?Q'&2!H&D>!i.O.0

.?2D!L.-!.0!*0%&'.2'!*0!2O'0-*0K!)L*2!R'.&!P*)L!{<Z:UwZ!2O'0)!O'&!-.RU!\L*2!*2

.0!*0%&'.2'!DH!D1'&!{9[!M{9[U[ZN!O'&!-.R!%D>O.&'-!)D!)L'*&!2O'0-*0K!-$&*0K

)L'![ZZ;!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0U

\L'&'!P'&'![Fs8w!P.?Q'&2!H&D>!i.O.0!*0!.--*)*D0!)D!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0

&$00'&2!&'2$?)*0K! *0!7wF::<!O.&)*%*O.0)2! *0! )L'!>.&.)LD0!H&D>!i.O.0U!BD&'

)L.0!:9x!DH!.??!)L'!&'2OD0-'0)2!2).)'-!)L.)!)L'R!L.-!.!OD2*)*1'!'VO'&*'0%'

P*)L!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0U!=?2DF!<<x!DH!)L'!2$&1'R!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0-*%.)'-

)L.)!)L*2!*2!)L'*&!H*&2)!)*>'!)D!1*2*)!eD0D?$?$F!.0-!D1'&!:[x!DH!)L'2'!i.O.0'2'

&$00'&2!2).)'-!)L.)!)L'R!PD$?-!&')$&0!)D!1*2*)!e.P.**!.K.*0!*0!)L'!H$)$&'!D)L'&

)L.0!)D!O.&)*%*O.)'!*0!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0U!40!.--*)*D0F!D1'&!7sx!M7sU<xN!DH

)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0!)L*2!2)$-R!2).)'-!)L.)!)L'R!P*??!1*2*)!.0D)L'&!*2?.0-!D)L'&!)L'0

W.L$!MPL'&'!)L'!eD0D?$?$!>.&.)LD0!*2!&$0N!-$&*0K!)L*2!)&*O!)D!e.P.**U!\L*2

*0-*%.)'2!)L.)!)L'!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!DH!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0!.?2D!L.2!.!OD2*)*1'

'HH'%)!)D!)L'!D)L'&!*2?.0-2!*0!)L'!2).)'!DH!e.P.**U

TL'0!.2Q'-!LDP!?D0K!*0!.-1.0%'!)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)2!E'K.0!O?.00*0K!)L'*&!)&*O!)D

O.&)*%*O.)'!*0!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0F!D1'&![<x!DH!&'2OD0-'0)2!2).)'-!7!R'.&

*0!.-1.0%'!.0-!D1'&!s;x!2).)'-!E')P''0!w!>D0)L2!)D!7!R'.&! *0!.-1.0%'U

TL'0!.2Q'-!*H!)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)2!L.-!.0R!)LD$KL)!DH!%.0%'??*0K!)L'*&!)&*O!)D!)L'

eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0F!D1'&!:wx!DH!)L'!i.O.0'2'!&'2OD0-'0)2!2).)'-!_6DqU!TL'0

.2Q'-! LDP! ?*Q'?R! )L'! O.&)*%*O.0)2! .&'! )D! &'%D>>'0-!e.P.**! .2! .! )&.1'?

-'2)*0.)*D0!)D!D)L'&2F!:8U;x!DH!)L'!&'2OD0-'0)2!.02P'&'-!_1'&R!?*Q'?Rq!D&!_?*Q'?RqF

P*)L!D0?R!7U<x!2).)*0K!)L.)!)L'R!P'&'!_$02$&'q!PL*?'!0D0'!DH!)L'!D1'&!7FZZZ

&'2OD0-'0)2!.02P'&'-!_$0?*Q'?RqU

-%&6'12$%&

\L*2!2)$-R!O&D1*-'2!.!>.&Q')!O&DH*?'!DH!i.O.0'2'!)D$&*2)2!PLD!O.&)*%*O.)'-!*0

)L'![ZZ8!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0U!40!.--*)*D0F!)L*2!2)$-R!L*KL?*KL)'-!.!0$>E'&!DH

)L'!-*&'%)!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)2!)L.)!i.O.0'2'!1*2*)D&2!L.1'!D0!eD0D?$?$!.0-!)L'

2).)'!DH!e.P.**U!=%%D&-*0K!)D!&'2$?)2!DH!)L*2!2)$-RF!.0-!2*>*?.&!)D!)L'!&'2$?)2!DH

D)L'&!2)$-*'2F! *0%?$-*0K!)LD2'!%D0-$%)'-!ER!C#,C\!e.P.**F! )L'!i.O.0'2'

1*2*)D&!2O'0-2!0'.&?R!{7ZZ!>D&'!O'&!-.R!)L.0!D)L'&!1*2*)D&2U!=2!)D$&*2)2!H&D>

i.O.0!%D0)*0$'!)D!-'%?*0'!M.!?D22!DH!D1'&!:ZZFZZZ!i.O.0'2'!)D$&*2)2!O'&!R'.&

D1'&! )L'!O.2)!-'%.-'NF!L.1*0K!.0! *0%&'.2*0K!0$>E'&!DH!i.O.0'2'!&$00'&2

Page 26: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

"(

V"'-C,(S-5&0(V-/"5-(7$/#'&

O.&)*%*O.)'!*0!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0!*0!.--*)*D0!)D!)L'!.%%D>O.0*'-!H&*'0-2

.0-! H.>*?R!>'>E'&2F! 2$E2).0)*.??R! *>O.%)2! )D$&*2>!.0-! ).V! -D??.&2U! \L'

'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!DH!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0!O&D1*-'2!.!>$%L"0''-'-!EDD2)

.0-!2*K0*H*%.0)!%D0)&*E$)*D0!)D!)L'!eD0D?$?$!'%D0D>R!.2!P'??!.2!)L'!5).)'!DH

e.P.**!*0!K'0'&.?U

\L'!i.O.0'2'!)&.1'??'&!*2!)L'!>D2)!2D$KL)!.H)'&!)&.1'??'&!E'%.$2'!i.O.0'2'

1*2*)D&2!.&'! )L'!L*KL'2)"2O'0-*0K! )D$&*2)2!D0!W.L$!.%%D&-*0K! )D!0$>'&D$2

2)$-*'2!.0-!C#,C\!M[ZZwN!DH!e.P.**U!\L'!*0%&'.2'!*0!2O'0-*0K!%.0!E'!O.&)*.??R

.))&*E$)'-!)D!)L'!i.O.0'2'!%$2)D>!DH!E$R*0K!2>.??!K*H)2!HD&!H.>*?R!.0-!H&*'0-2

Q0DP0!.2!"5*;&$-X(X$&)L'&>D&'F!)L'!O$&%L.2*0K!DH!2D$1'0*&2!D0!?*3-3!2'&1'2

)D!?'K*)*>*o'!.0-!%D>>'>D&.)'!.0!*0-*1*-$.?r2!1*2*)!)D!.!)D$&*2)!-'2)*0.)*D0U

T*)L!D0'!)L*&-!DH!)L'!i.O.0'2'!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0!)L'!2)$-R!2).)*0K!)L.)!)L*2!P.2

)L'*&!H*&2)!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0F!)L'!.>D$0)!DH!-D??.&2!D&!^'0!2O'0)!D0!"5*;&$-

.0-!?*3-3!*2!'V)&'>'?R!E'0'H*%*.?!HD&!)L'!?D%.?!2)D&'2!.0-!)L'!2.?'2!).V!DH!e.P.**U

W0'!DH!)L'!>.*0!%D0)&*E$)D&2!)D!)L*2!R'.&2!*0%&'.2'!*0!2O'0-*0K!LDP'1'&!*2!.

&'2$?)!DH!)L'!*0%&'.2'!*0!)L'!1.?$'!DH!)L'!i.O.0'2'!̂ '0U!C$'!)D!)L'!L*KL!.>D$0)

DH!-D??.&2!D&!R'0!2O'0)!O'&!-.R!ER!i.O.0'2'!)D$&*2)2F!.0!'1'0)!2$%L!.2!)L'

eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0! )L.)! %.0! %D02*2)'0)?R! .))&.%)! .! 2*K0*H*%.0)! 0$>E'&! DH

i.O.0'2'!)D$&*2)2F!'2O'%*.??R!-$&*0K!.!)RO*%.??R!2?DP!)D$&*2>!O'&*D-U

I&'H'&.E?RF!DH!)L'!i.O.0'2'!)D$&*2)2!PLD!O.&)*%*O.)'!*0!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0

.!O&DH*?'!PD$?-!E'!O'&HD&>'-!D0!.!R'.&?R!E.2*2!2D!)L.)!%L.0K'2!.0-!)&'0-2!*0

)L'!1*2*)D&!O&DH*?'!%D$?-!E'!.0.?Ro'-!.0-!>.&Q')*0K!2)&.)'K*'2!%D$?-!E'!.-J$2)'-

.%%D&-*0K?RU!5OD&)!)D$&*2>F!2O'%*H*%.??R!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0F!L.2!)L'!OD)'0)*.?

)D! L.1'! .! OD2*)*1'! %D0)&*E$)*D0! )D! )L'! '%D0D>R! DH! e.P.**! ER! .))&.%)*0K

*0%&'>'0).?!1*2*)D&2!.0-!*0%&'.2'-!'>O?DR>'0)!DOOD&)$0*)*'2U!\L*2!'1'0)!P*??

2*K0*H*%.0)?R! *>O&D1'! *0)'&0.)*D0.?!.P.&'0'22!DH!e.P.**!.2!.!2OD&)! )D$&*2>

-'2)*0.)*D0!*0!.--*)*D0!)D!O&D1*-*0K!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!'%D0D>*%!%D0)&*E$)*D0U

\L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0!.2!.!2OD&)!)D$&*2>">.&Q')*0K!'1'0)!L.2!E''0!1'&R

'HH'%)*1'!%D02*-'&*0K!)L.)!L.?H!DH!)L'!2).)'r2!)D$&*2>!>.&Q')*0K!-D??.&2!.&'!$2'-

)D!.))&.%)!0'P!)D$&*2)2U!W1'&!:9x!2).)'-!)L.)!)L'R!.&'!%D02*-'&*0K!&')$&0*0K!)D

e.P.**F!DH!)L'!H*&2)!)*>'!1*2*)D&2!PLD!P'&'!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0!)L'!eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0F

.2!)D$&*2)2!.0-!*0)'&'2)'-!*0!D)L'&!.%)*1*)*'2!E'RD0-!)L'*&!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!*0!)L'

eD0D?$?$!B.&.)LD0U!e.P.**!2LD$?-!LDP'1'&F!.?2D!%D02*-'&!'VO.0-*0K!*)2!2OD&)2

)D$&*2>!>.&Q')! P*)L! D)L'&! .>.)'$&! 2OD&)*0K! '1'0)2F! 2$%L! .2! E*%R%?*0K

%D>O')*)*D02F! 2P*>>*0K! '1'0)2F! .0-! D)L'&! &$00*0K! '1'0)2F! P*)L! .?>D2)

)PD")L*&-2!2).)*0K!)L.)! *H!2$%L!'1'0)2!P'&'!)D!E'!DHH'&'-F!)L'R!PD$?-!&')$&0

)D!O.&)*%*O.)'U

Page 27: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

")

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

;C=C;C!-C@

=jG/5=F!iUF!],B=F!iU!.0-!\=66,GF!iU!M[ZZ8NF!7(/-6-T&5*3&:*"3("2(:,-(%-$&%*@&:*"3("2(+&'*3"

$&5I%*3$(2/"5(:,-(V&C&3-'-(:"#/*':(C-/'C-+:*9-l(7(g[(;-&/(/-9*-WX!=2*.!I.%*H*%!iD$&0.?

DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!7<!M[NF!7[:"799U

=jG/5=F!iUF!B=I],5F!jUF!h4\\,G]46F!BU!.0-!\=66,GF!iU!M[ZZ8NF!1-3'&:*"3('--?*3$0(+#%:#/-0

&3<(:,-(9&%#&:*"3(-TC-/*-3:*&%('-/9*+-'X(,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)F!77!M<NF!7[7!"7[8U

=jG/5=F!iU!.0-!\=66,GF!iU!M[ZZ[NF!.,-(-+"3"5*+('*$3*2*+&3+-("2(:,-(`[[[(D#;XJ"5(B"%2

."#/3&5-3:( "3( :,-( S&2&;-::-0( S"#*'*&3&( &/-&X! iD$&0.?! DH! 5OD&)! \D$&*2>F! ;! M7NF

7Z[:"s<::U

=G=h=T=F!]U!M[ZZwF!X'E&$.&R!;NF!\[s(C%&3(:"(&::/&+:(V&C&3-'-(9*'*:"/'(#39-*%-<X(\L'!eD0D?$?$

=-1'&)*2'&F!a7U

=Gae,GF!#U!eU!.0-!X],\ae,GF!iU!,U!M7::wNF!.,-(-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:("2(:"#/*'5(*3(:,-(1-;+,-%%-'F

=00.?2!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF![<F!<[S9;U

#]=4GF!aU!M[ZZ8F!B.R![NF!E&'(E&W&**(:"#/*'5(C-&?-<q!I.%*H*%!#$2*0'22!6'P2U!G')&*'1'-

i$?R!9F![ZZ:F!H&D>!PPPUE*oJD$&0.?2U%D>YO.%*H*%Y2)D&*'2Y[ZZ8YZsYZsY2)D&R[UL)>?U

a=4F!]U!=U!.0-!aWB#G46hF!\U!,U! M[ZZZNF!V&C&3-'-( 2-5&%-( :/&9-%-/'( 6(7(#3*Y#-("#:I"#3<

5&/?-:0!=2*.!I.%*H*%!iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!s!M7NF!7w"![ZU

ae=6jF! iU! .0-!ae/6F!eU!aU! M[ZZwNF!1-$5-3:*3$(75-/*+&3( &3<( V&C&3-'-( :"#/*':'( "3

3"9-%:;6'--?*3$(&:(3*$,:(5&/?-:'(*3(.&*W&3X!=2*.!I.%*H*%!iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF

77!M9NF!<:7"9ZwU

C#,C\U!M[ZZ<NF!79-/&$-(<&*%;('C-3<*3$(I;(V&C&3-'-(9*'*:"/'l(`[[Z(9'X(`[[`U!G')&*'1'-!i$?R

[F![ZZ:F!H&D>!PPPUL.P.**UKD1Y-E'-)Y0*"2).)2YUL)>?

C#,C\U!M[ZZwNF!1#55&/;("2(9*'*:"/(':&:*':*+'0!G')&*'1'-!=$K$2)!<F![ZZ:F!H&D>!PPPUL.P.**UKD1Y

-E'-)Y*0HDY1*2*)D&"2).)2Y1*2*)D&"&'2'.&%LU

C#,C\U!M[ZZ8NF!1#55&/;("2(j*'*:"/(1:&:*':*+'0!G')&*'1'-!B.R!<ZF![ZZ:F!H&D>!PPPUL.P.**UKD1Y

-E'-)Y*0HDY1*2*)D&"2).)2Y1*2*)D&"&'2'.&%LU

CW/j=6F!iUTU!M[ZZ;b0(73&%;'*'("2(V&C&3-'-(:"#/*':(<-5&3<(:"(B#&5U!=2*.!I.%*H*%!iD$&0.?!DH

\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!7[!M[NF!;:"88U

X],\ae,GF!iU,U!M7:8:NF!=3C#:6"#:C#:(&3&%;'*'(&3<(:"#/*'5(*5C&+:(':#<*-'F!=00.?2!DH!\D$&*2>

G'2'.&%LF!7wF!s79Ss[:U

iWe65W6F!GU]UF!W#,GB4]],GF!XU!.0-!G=C\h,F!eU!M7:8:NF!.,-(-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:("2(:"#/*'5

'&%-'U!iD$&0.?!DH!]'*2$&'!G'2'.&%LF![7F!79ZS7s9U

h,WT6F!aUXU!M7:8:b0(7()"<-%("2(:"#/*':'(C/"C-3'*:;(:"(I#;l(.,-(+&'-("2(V&C&3-'-(9*'*:"/'(:"

E&W&**0!iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF![;!M<NF!<7"<9U

h4BF!5U5UF!aeW6F!hUF!.0-!ae/6jF!hU!M[ZZ<NF!J"39-3:*"3(*3<#':/;(*3(1"#:,(F"/-&+!73(-+"3"5*+

*5C&+:(&3&%;'*'0!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F![9F!s<<"s97U

]=\ghWF!CU!M[ZZsNF!>+"3"5*+(+"3<*:*"3'(&3<(V&C&3-'-(:"#/*'5(:"(E&W&**0!=2*.!I.%*H*%!iD$&0.?

DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!7Z!M[NF!7s7"7swU

]4\A46F!5UTU!M7:::NF!."#/*'5(&3<(#3<-/':&3<*3$l(.,-(+&'-("2(V&C&3-'-(:"#/*':'(*3(1*3$&C"/-U

=2*.!I.%*H*%!iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!9!M7NF!7["[7U

B=G46F!jU!.0-!B=G46F!#U!M7::7NF!4-'-&/+,(W*:,(E*'C&3*+(C"C#%&:*"3'0!=OO?*'-!5D%*.?!G'2'.&%L

5'&*'2F![<U!#'1'&?R!e*??2F!a=+!5.K'!I$E?*%.)*D02U

BajWGG^F!5U!M[ZZZNF!)-&'#/-5-3:(*3(&(+/"''6+#%:#/&%(-39*/"35-3:l(1#/9-;(:/&3'%&:*"3(*''#-'0

~$.?*).)*1'!B.&Q')!G'2'.&%LF!<!M[NF!;9U

I==i=6,6F!BU!M7::<NF!.,-(>+"3"5*+(*5C&+:(&3&%;'*'("2(:"#/*'5l(7(J"5C&/&:*9-(':#<;("2(:,-

Q"/<*+()"<-%(&3<(:,-(."#/*':(>+"3"5*+()"<-%0!e'?2*0Q*+!5%LDD?!DH!,%D0D>*%2U

I==i=6,6F!BU!M7::9NF!.,-(>+"3"5*+(*3:-/&+:*"3(I-:W--3(:"#/*':'(&3<(:"#/*'5(-3:-/C/*'-'0

e'?2*0Q*+!5%LDD?!DH!,%D0D>*%2U

Page 28: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

"*

V"'-C,(S-5&0(V-/"5-(7$/#'&

I==i=6,6F!BU!M7:::NF!7''-''*3$(%"+&%(*3+"5-(&3<(-5C%";5-3:(-22-+:'("2(:"#/*'5l(>TC-/*-3+-

#'*3$(:,-(Q"/<*+()"<-%("2(:"#/*'50!,%D0D>*%!.0-!B.0.K'>'0)!B')LD-2!HD&!\D$&*2>

.0-!eD2O*).?*)R!G'2'.&%LF!7ZF!7[9"79<U

G,454j6,GF!^U!.0-!\/G6,GF!]UTU!M[ZZ[NF!.,-(!-:-/5*3&:*"3("2(',"CC*3$('&:*'2&+:*"3("2

V&C&3-'-(:"#/*':'(9*'*:*3$(E&W&**(&3<(:,-(B"%<(J"&':(+"5C&/-<0(iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?

G'2'.&%LF!97!M[NF!7w;";wU

GW5,6#=/BF!BU5U!.0-!5I,=G5F!CU]U!M[ZZsNF!],"(I#;'(:,&:q(],"(<"-'(:,&:q(73&%;'*'("2

+/"''6+#%:#/&%(+"3'#5C:*"3(I-,&9*"/'(&5"3$(:"#/*':'(*3(E&W&**U!iD$&0.?!DH!A.%.)*D0

B.&Q')*0KF!77!M<NF![<s"[9;U

5ae=,X,G5F!=U! M[ZZ9F!W%)DE'&!7;b0(E-;t(D*$('C-3<-/'l(Q-W(/-'-&/+,(',"W'( P#':(W,-/-

:"#/*':'(</"C(:,-*/(5"3-;(<#/*3$(':&;'(*3(E&W&**0!eD0D?$?$!5).&"#$??')*0U!G')&*'1'-

B.R![ZF![ZZ:F!H&D>!L))O+YY2).&E$??')*0U%D

\/G6,GF!]U!.0-!G,4546j,GF!̂ U!M7:::NF!=5C"/:&3+-(&3<(-TC-+:&:*"3'("2(<-':*3&:*"3(&::/*I#:-'

2"/(V&C&3-'-(:"#/*':'(:"(E&W&**(&3<(:,-(B"%<(J"&':(+"5C&/-<0(=2*.!I.%*H*%!iD$&0.?

DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!9!M[NF!7"78U

^=B=6W/ae4F!hU!M[ZZ<F!=$K$2)!7sb0!)"':(9*'*:"/'(:"(^&,#('C-3<*3$(5"/-F!\L'!eD0D?$?$

=-1'&)*2'&F!C7U

^=B=6W/ae4F!hU!M[ZZ9F!i.0$.&R!;NF!V&C&3-'-(:/&9-%(-TC-+:-<(:"(/*'-X!\L'!eD0D?$?$

=-1'&)*2'&U!G')&*'1'-!i$0'!<ZF![ZZ:F!H&D>!PPPULD0D?$?$.-1'&)*2'&U%D>

^WWF!iU!.0-!T,#,GF!hU!M[ZZsNF!U/"$/-''(*3(+"39-3:*"3(:"#/*'5(/-'-&/+,0!iD$&0.?!DH!eD2O*).?*)R

v!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF![:!M[NF!7:9"[[[U

Page 29: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

"+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

<(ACD</CHC!>( ?!@?4C(>BC(D;C<>(T<))(9=(-B?!<O

CZ0C-><>?9!@(<!4(09@@?R)C( ?A0<->@(9=( >BC(RC?8?!D

KLLQ(9)[A0?-(D<AC@\

J.A<$"*31H719}

9:);<(,;=".,-(̂ %;5C*+(B&5-'(&/-("3-("2(:,-(5"':(*5C"/:&3:(-9-3:'(*3(:,-(W"/%<(W*:,

/-+"$3*'-<( ,-&9;( -+"3"5*+0( '"+*&%( &3<( +#%:#/&%( *5C&+:'X( =55-<*&:-( *5C&+:'( "3

*3:-/3&:*"3&%(&//*9&%'(&3<("3(:"#/*'5(&/-(&''"+*&:-<(W*:,(%"3$(:-/5(-22-+:'("3(<-':*3&:*"3

*5&$-0(&:(:,-(+"3'#5-/(%-9-%(&3<(I;(&::/&+:*3$(*39-':5-3:(:"(:,-(+*:;("/(:,-(+"#3:/;X

.,-(-9-3:(*'('"(*5C"/:&3:(:,&:0(I;(*:'(5&$3*:#<-(&3<(*3:-/3&:*"3&%(3&:#/-0(,&'(I--3

+"3'*<-/-<(&(+&:&%;':("2(C"%*:*+&%(&3<(-+"3"5*+(<-9-%"C5-3:X(.,*'(&/:*+%-(W*%%(-TC%"/-

:,-( -TC-+:&:*"3'( I-2"/-( :,-(^%;5C*+(B&5-'( *3( &3( &CC/"&+,( :"( :,-( -+"3"5*+

<*5-3'*"3'(&3<(C"''*I%-(*5C&+:'("3('"+*-:;0(+#%:#/-0(*3:-/3&:*"3&%(*32%#-3+-(&3<(:,-

-39*/"35-3:X

>.?"@$<A)B(-9-3:0(-TC-+:&:*"3'0(*5C&+:'0(^%;5C*+(B&5-'0(D-*P*3$0(J,*3&X

?&#+%G16#$%&

_W0!6D1'>E'&![s)LF!78:[F!*0!)L'!>.*0!?'%)$&'!)L'.)&'!DH!)L'!5D&ED00'F

D0!)L'!D%%.2*D0!DH!)L'!H*H)*')L!.00*1'&2.&R!DH!)L'!=)L?')*%!5OD&)2!/0*D0F!#.&D0

I*'&&'!-'!aD$E'&)*0!O$)!HD&P.&-!.!O&DOD2*)*D0!PL*%L!%.>'!.2!.!2$&O&*2'!)D

'1'&RD0'+!)L'!&'1*1.?!DH!)L'!j&''Q!W?R>O*%!j.>'2U!\PD!R'.&2!?.)'&F!D0!i$0'

7w)LF!78:9F!.?2D!.)!)L'!5D&ED00'F!*)!P.2!DHH*%*.??R!-'%*-'-!)D!&'1*1'!)L'!W?R>O*%

j.>'2U!40!78:w!)L'!H*&2)!>D-'&0!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!P'&'!DO'0'-Uq!a.??'E.&)

M7::8+!sssN

\L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!.&'F!*0!-*>'02*D0F!'VOD2$&'!.0-!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!O.&)*%*O.)*D0F

D0'!DH!)L'!E*KK'2)!'1'0)2!*0!)L'!PD&?-!)D-.RU!4)!*2!)L'&'HD&'!$0-'&2).0-.E?'

)L.)!.!?D)!DH!'VO'%).)*D02!.&'!O?.%'-!D0!)L'!W?R>O*.-2!.0-!D0!*)2!?'K.%RF!2*0%'

)L'!j.>'2!.&'!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!O'.%'!.0-!O&DK&'22*1'!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!)L'

?*0Q2!E')P''0!%D$0)&*'2!.0-!*0-*1*-$.?2+!�W0'!TD&?-F!W0'!C&'.>rU

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 29-38

7!.,-( 2*/':! 9-/'*"3( "2( :,*'( &/:*+%-( W&'( C/-'-3:-<( &:( :,-( ^%;5C*+( S-$&+;( J"32-/-3+-0

"/$&3*'-<( I;( :,-( 83*9-/'*:;( "2( B/--3W*+,( D#'*3-''( 1+,""%0( S"3<"30( 83*:-<( F*3$<"50

[e6[a()&;(`[[e0(S"3<"3l(83*9-/'*:;("2(B/--3W*+,X(.,-(&/:*+%-(W&'( %&:-/( *3+%#<-<( *3(&3

-<*:*"3("/*$*3&:-<(2/"5(:,-(+"32-/-3+-(C/"+--<*3$'0(W*:,(:,-(2"%%"W*3$(/-2-/-3+-l()"/-*/&0

UX( _`[[abX( u7( 5-$&6-9-3:( *3'*<-( :,-( B/-&:( ]&%%( "2( J,*3&l( >TC-+:&:*"3'( &3<( C"''*I%-

*5C&+:'( "2( :,-(D-*P*3$( `[[e(^%;5C*+(B&5-'\X( =3( VX(F-33-%%0(JX(D%&<-30(>X(D"":,( _><'Xb

\L'!W?R>O*%!]'K.%R+!I'DO?'F!I?.%'F!,0)'&O&*2'0(S"3<"3l(83*9-/'*:;("2(B/--3W*+,0(dc6cdX

}!=3':*:#:-(L"/(."#/*'5(1:#<*-'0()&+&#(1740(U4(J,*3&

Page 30: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#,

U-</"()"/-*/&

\L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!L.1'!&'%DK0*2'-!'%D0D>*%F!2D%*.?!.0-!%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2F

*-'0)*%.?!)D!)L'!*>O.%)2!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!)D$&*2>!M]''F!A.&!v!#.?*0'F!7::wNU

\L'!W?R>O*%2! %.0!E'! %D02*-'&'-!.! %.).?R2)! DH! %L.0K'! MB.RF! 7::sN! .0-F

HD??DP*0K! )L'!PD&?-! .K'0-.! *0)'&0.)*D0.?! )&'0-2F! %?*>.)'! %L.0K'F! K?DE.?

P.&>*0KF!2$2).*0.E?'!2D$&%'2!DH!'0'&KRF!'01*&D0>'0).?!H&*'0-?R!O&D-$%)2!.0-

O&D-$%)*D0!O&D%'22'2F!&'%R%?*0K!.0-!OD??$)*D0!&'-$%)*D0!.&'!*22$'2!)L.)!0.)$&.??R

E$*?)!'VO'%).)*D02!D0!)L'!W?R>O*%!?'K.%R!DH!.!E'))'&!PD&?-U!eDP'1'&F!)L'!O.2)

'VO'&*'0%'!2LDP2!)L.)!)L'!*>O.%)2!DH!>'K."'1'0)2!.&'!0D)!.??!OD2*)*1'!.0-F

%D02*-'&*0K!)L.)!)L'!*>O.%)2r!HD&%'2!.&'!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!)L'!>.K0*)$-'!DH!)L'

'1'0)F!)L'!'HH'%)2!L.1'!.?2D!.!L*KL!0'K.)*1'!OD)'0)*.?U

\L*2!.&)*%?'!P*??!'VO?D&'!)L'!'VO'%).)*D02!.0-!OD22*E?'!*>O.%)2!DH!)L'!W?R>O*%

j.>'2!P*)L!.!HD%$2!D0!)L'!#'*J*0K![ZZ8!W?R>O*.-U!\L'!*0*)*.?!%D>O.&*2D0!DH

)L'!OD2*)*1'!.0-!0'K.)*1'! *>O.%)2!DH! )L'!'1'0)!P*??!E'! HD??DP'-!ER!2O'%*H*%

%D>>'0)2! D0! )L'! '%D0D>*%! *>O.%)2F! *0)'&0.)*D0.?! *0H?$'0%'! *>O.%)2! .0-

'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)2U

C]756#"#$%&2("&G(7%22$*'5($F7"6#2(%E(#35(R5$S$&.(KLLQ(9',F7$6(D"F52

_\L'!*>O.%)!DH!LD?-*0K!)L'!j.>'2!*2!H.&!K&'.)'&!)L.0

2*>O?R!)L'!7;!-.R2!DH!)L'!j.>'2!)L'>2'?1'2Uq

aD%L&.0'F!I'%QF!\*%Q'??!M7::w+7<[8N

W0!i$?R!7<)LF![ZZ7F!*0!BD2%DPF!H&D>!.!H*0.?!2')!DH!%.0-*-.)'!%*)*'2!*0%?$-*0K

42).0E$?F!W2.Q.F!I.&*2!.0-!\D&D0)DF!#'*J*0K!P.2!2'?'%)'-!ER!)L'!40)'&0.)*D0.?

W?R>O*%!aD>>*))''!)D!LD2)!)L'![ZZ8!W?R>O*%!j.>'2U

\L'!H*&2)!.0-!O'&L.O2!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!*>O.%)!DH!)L'![ZZ8!'-*)*D0!DH!)L'

W?R>O*%!j.>'2!P.2!)$&0*0K!)L'!'R'2!DH!)L'!PLD?'!PD&?-!)D!aL*0.U!aL*0.!*2

0DP!%L.0K*0K!H.2)F!.22$>*0K!.0!*>OD&).0)!OD2*)*D0!*0!)L'!PD&?-U!=?)LD$KL!_0D

D0'!&'.??R!-D'2!Q0DP!PL.)!P*??!L.OO'0!0'V)!*0!aL*0.q!MT.22'&2)&D>F![ZZ[+

7[8N!)L'!H.%)!*2!)L.)!)L'!PD&?-!*2!0DP!>D&'!*0)'&'2)'-!*0!aL*0.!)L.0!'1'&!E'HD&'F

.0-!)L'!#'*J*0K![ZZ8!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!.&'!.!>.JD&!H.%)D&!DH!)L.)!PD&?-!P*-'

*0)'&'2)U!40!)L'!PD&-2!DH!)L'!I&'2*-'0)!DH!)L'!40)'&0.)*D0.?!W?R>O*%!aD>>*))''+

_)L'!PD&?-!P*??!%D>'!)D!Q0DP!aL*0.!>D&'!*0)*>.)'?R!.H)'&!)L'!%D$0)&R!DO'02

*)2'?H!)D!P'?%D>'!)L'!K?DE.?!%D>>$0*)R!*0![ZZ8q!MGDKK'F![ZZ<+!78NU!eD2)*0K

)L'!W?R>O*.-!*>O?*'2!)L'!&'%DK0*)*D0!DH!.!%D$0)&Rr2!L*KL!?'1'?!DH!D&K.0*o*0K

%.O.%*)R!.0-!'%D0D>*%!&'2D$&%'2!.0-!)L'![ZZ8!#'*J*0K!W?R>O*%2!*2!.!%?'.&

2*K0!DH!)L'!*>OD&).0%'!DH!aL*0.!)D!)L'!PD&?-!'%D0D>R!MI&'$22F![ZZ9N!.0-!.

>.))'&!DH!0.)*D0.?!O&*-'!M5*0KL!v!e$F! *0!O&'22NU!\L'!#'*J*0K![ZZ8!W?R>O*%

j.>'2!%.0!E'!$0-'&2)DD-!.2!.!%.).?R2)!DH!)L'!%L.0K'!O&D%'22'2!$0-'&KD*0K

*0!aL*0.!M\L'D-D&.Q*F![ZZ9NF!E$)!*H!)L'!'1'0)!&'O&'2'0)2!.!$0*m$'!DOOD&)$0*)RF

*)! *2! .?2D!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!OD)'0)*.?! &*2Q2!.0-!0'K.)*1'!D$)%D>'2U!X*K$&'!7

Page 31: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

O&'2'0)2!.!2$>>.&R!DH!)L'!OD2*)*1'!.0-!0'K.)*1'!*>O.%)2!DH!)L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2

E.2'-!D0!.!?*)'&.)$&'!&'1*'PU

.&IX(gX(7('#55&/;("2(:,-(C"'*:*9-(&3<(3-$&:*9-(*5C&+:'("2(:,-(^%;5C*+(B&5-'

0%2$#$N5(?F7"6#2

\L'!W?R>O*%2!.2!.!%.).?R2)!DH!%L.0K' B.R!M7::sN

\L'D-D&.Q*!M[ZZ9N

B'-*.!'VOD2$&'!.0-!>.&Q')*0K!1.?$'F ].P!M7::<N

O&D>D)*D0!.0-!K?DE.?!1*2*E*?*)R!DH!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0 #&.>P'??!M7::;.F7::;EN

T'*&*%Q!M7:::N

=0-&.0D1*%LF!#$&E.0QF

e'R*0K!M[ZZ7N

#$&)D0!M[ZZ<N

5*0KLF!e$!M*0!O&'22N

6.)*D0.?!O&*-'!.0-!&'%DK0*)*D0!DH!K?DE.?!2).)$2 I&'$22!M[ZZ9N

5.0-2!M[ZZ8N

5*0KLF!e$!M*0!O&'22N

40%&'.2'!*0!)L'!.&&*1.?2!.0-!'VO'0-*)$&'!H*K$&'2 e.??!M7::[N

.0-!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!E$2*0'22!.&'.2!DH!)D$&*2> ,$%L0'&!M7:::N

.2!)L'!>'')*0K2F!%D01'0)*D02!.0-!'VL*E*)*D02 C$00F!B%j$*&%Q!M7:::N

*0-$2)&R ,*2*0K'&!M[ZZZN

I'&22D0!M[ZZ[N

WP'0!M[ZZsN

^$'0!M[ZZ8N

401'2)>'0)!.))&.%)*D0F!)&.-'!*0%&'.2'!.0-!?D0K!)'&> e.??!M7:8:N

-'1'?DO>'0) ]''F!A.&F!#?.*0'!M7::wN

T'*&*%Q!M7:::N

=0-&.0D1*%LF!#$&E.0QF

e'R*0K!M[ZZ7N

5*0KLF!e$!M*0!O&'22N

C'1'?DO>'0)!DH!2OD&)2F!)D$&*2>F!L'&*).K'F =0-&.0D1*%LF!#$&E.0QF

)&.02OD&).)*D0F!%D>>$0*%.)*D02F!%D02)&$%)*D0 e'R*0K!M[ZZ7N

DH!2OD&)2!.0-!%D01'0)*D0!1'0$'2!.0-!D)L'&!$&E.0 WP'0!M[ZZsN

*0H&.2)&$%)$&'2 6'22!M[ZZsN

iDE!%&'.)*D0!.0-!*0%&'.2'!*0!)L'!*0-*1*-$.?!*0%D>'!DH #$&)D0!M[ZZ<N

)L'!&'2*-'0)2

ID??$)*D0!%D0)&D?!.0-!'01*&D0>'0).?!O&D)'%)*D0 B.R!M[ZZ9N

6'22!M[ZZ[N

WP'0!M[ZZsN

5.0-2!M[ZZ8N

Page 32: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#"

U-</"()"/-*/&

!5."#$N5(?F7"6#2

\&.02*)D&R!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%) #..-'F!B.)L'2D0!M[ZZ[N

aD>O?'V!'HH'%)2!D0!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!&'?.)*D02n!$0%'&).*0)R 5.Q.>D)DF!B$&.).F

.ED$)!OD22*E?'!E'0'H*%*.?!D&!.-1'&2'!'HH'%)2 \.Q.Q*F!7:::

C'E)!&*2Q!HD&!)L'!LD2)!%*)R!.0-!*0%&'.2'-!).V.)*D0 B.&E.%LF!].>E'&)F

e$%Q!M7:87N

I&'$22!M[ZZZN

40H?.)*D0!.0-!O&*%'2!&*2'!)L.)!-D'2!0D)!-'%?*0'!.H)'&!)L' I&'$22!M[ZZZN

'1'0)!'0-2

\L'!JDE2!%&'.)'-!&'O&'2'0)!2LD&)")'&>!DOOD&)$0*)*'2 I&'$22!M[ZZZN

40H&.2)&$%)$&'!%D02)&$%)*D0F!)&.HH*%F!2'%$&*)R!.0-!D)L'& I&'$22!M[ZZZN

*0%D01'0*'0%'2

G*2Q2!DH!EDR%D))!D&!2%.0-.? =0-&.0D1*%LF!#$&E.0QF

e'R*0K!M[ZZ7N

B.JD&!%D0H?*%)2!D1'&!?.0-!$2' =0-&.0D1*%LF!#$&E.0QF

e'R*0K!M[ZZ7N

40!2D>'!%.2'2!)L'!W?R>O*%2!-*-!0D)!?'.-!)D!$&E.0 =0-&.0D1*%LF!#$&E.0QF

&'K'0'&.)*D0!D&!&'1*).?*o.)*D0!*0!)L'!OD2)!W?R>O*% e'R*0K!M[ZZ7N

O'&*D-

W0'!OD22*E?'!.0.?R2*2!DH!)L*2!2$>>.&R!%.0!*2D?.)'!)L&''!-*HH'&'0)!%.)'KD&*'2

DH!*>O.%)2+!M7N!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)2n!M[N!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!*0H?$'0%'!*>O.%)2n!.0-!M<N

'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)2U!\L'2'!)L&''!%.)'KD&*'2!DH!*>O.%)2!P*??!L.1'!.!OD2*)*1'

.0-!.!0'K.)*1'!OD)'0)*.?!&'O&'2'0)*0K!DOOD&)$0*)*'2!D&!&*2Q2!)D!)L'!D&K.0*o'&2

.0-!)L'!%*)*o'02!DH!)L'!%*)*'2!D&!%D$0)&R!LD2)*0K!)L'!j.>'2U!\L'!'%D0D>*%

*>O.%)2! .&'! &'?.)'-! )D! )L'! 'V%L.0K'! DH! KDD-2! .0-! 2'&1*%'2! .0-! )D! )L'

H?$%)$.)*D02! DH! O&*%'2! .0-! 1.?$'2! )L.)! %.0! E'! ?*0Q'-! )D! )L'! '1'0)U! \L'

*0)'&0.)*D0.?!*0H?$'0%'!*>O.%)2!.&'!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!)L'!'VOD2$&'!DH!)L'!LD2)

%*)R!D&!%D$0)&R!*0!)L'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!>'-*.!.2!.!%D02'm$'0%'!DH!)L'!D&K.0*o.)*D0

DH!)L'!'1'0)!.0-!P*)L!)L'!*0%&'.2'!DH!)L'!*0)'&'2)!K'0'&.)'-!PD&?-P*-'!H&D>

)L'! .00D$0%'>'0)! DH! )L'! P*00*0K! LD2)2! ER! )L'! 40)'&0.)*D0.?! W?R>O*%

aD>>*))''U!\L'!'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)2!.&'!?*0Q'-!)D!)L'!%L.0K'2!*0!)L'!?*1*0K

%D0-*)*D02!DH!)L'!ODO$?.)*D02!DH!)L'!LD2)!%D$0)&R!.0-!)L'!LD2)!%*)*'2F!OD??$)*D0

?'1'?2!.0-!)L'!O&D)'%)*D0!DH!)L'!0.)$&.?!'01*&D0>'0)U!\L'2'!)L&''!%.)'KD&*'2

DH!*>O.%)2!.&'!'VO?D&'-!*0!)L'!0'V)!2'%)*D02U

H,$E$C+,"+CD(,;)

B'K.!'1'0)2!.&'!.>D0K!)L'!-')'&>*0.0)2!DH!)D$&*2>!-'>.0-!M]''F!A.&F!#?.*0'F

7::wN!.0-!)L'&'!.&'!.?P.R2!L*KL!'VO'%).)*D02!.ED$)!)L'!0$>E'&2!DH!1*2*)D&2

Page 33: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

##

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

-$&*0K! )L'!j.>'2! M#&DP0F![ZZZNU!\L'!W?R>O*%2!.&'!'VO'%)'-!0D)!D0?R! )D

*0%&'.2'!)L'!.&&*1.?2!-$&*0K!)L'!K.>'2!E$)!)D!*0*)*.)'!.!)&'0-!DH!2$2).*0.E?'

K&DP)L!*0!)D$&*2)!.0-!E$2*0'22!)&.1'??'&2r!.&&*1.?2!M,$%L0'&F!7:::F!,*2*0K'&F

[ZZZn!^$'0F![ZZ;N!P*)L!.!O.&.??'?!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!)L'!>'')*0K2F!%D01'0)*D02

.0-!'VL*E*)*D02!*0-$2)&R!Me.??F!7::[n!C$00F!B%j$*&%QF!7:::n!I'&22D0F![ZZ[N

.0-!.!EDD2)!*0!)L'!D1'&.??!'VOD&)2!E.2'!MC.0*'?2F![ZZ;NU!\L'!*01'2)>'0)!H*K$&'2

*01D?1'-!*0!)L'!D&K.0*o.)*D0!DH!)L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!.&'!1'&R!L*KL!MI'&22D0F

[ZZ[N!.0-!)L'&'HD&'!)L'!O&D>D)*D0!DH!)L'!%*)R!.2!.!K?DE.?!%*)R!*2!.?2D!*0)'0-'-

)D!E'!.0!.))&.%)D&!DH!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!*01'2)>'0)!MT'*&*%QF!7:::NU!40!)L'!%.2'!DH

)L'!2$%%'22H$?!5'D$?!7::8!W?R>O*%2F!)L'!'1'0)!?'.-!)D!)L'!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH

)D$&*2>!-$'!)D!)L'!>'-*.!'VOD2$&'!.0-!)L'!O&D>D)*D0!DH!.!H.1D$&.E?'!*>.K'

DH!5D$)L!hD&'.!.0-!)L'!*0%&'.2'!*0!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!E$2*0'22F!)&.-'!.0-!)&.1'?

)&.HH*%!HD??DP*0K!)L'!%D0).%)2!>.-'!-$&*0K!)L'!W?R>O*%2!M]''F!A.&F!v!#?.*0'F

7::wNU!\L'!j.>'2!%.0!E'!.!O.&)!DH!)L'!2)&.)'KR!DH!%*)*'2!%D>O')*0K!*0!)L'

PD&?-!'%D0D>*%!.&'0.!HD&!JDE2!.0-!%.O*).?F!.!>'K."'1'0)!2)&.)'KR!*0!%D>O')*0K

HD&!'%D0D>*%!K&DP)L!MX&RF!7::sF!=0-&.0D1*%LF!#$&E.0QF!v!e'R*0KF![ZZ7N!.0-F

.2!OD2*)*1'!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)2F!)L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!.&'!'VO'%)'-!)D!O&D-$%'!.

2O*??D1'&!'HH'%)!D0!)D$&*2>!-'>.0-!.H)'&!)L'!'1'0)!'0-2!M]''F!A.&F!v!#?.*0'F

7::wN!'V)'0-*0K! )L'!%.O*).?*o.)*D0!&'2$?)2! *0! )L'! ?D0K! )'&>!M5*0KL!v!e$F! *0

O&'22NU!=2!OD)'0)*.?!0'K.)*1'!'%D0D>*%! *>O.%)2F! )L'!%*)R! &'2*-'0)2r!'VO'%)

'HH'%)2! 2$%L! .2! &*2*0K! O&*%'2! .0-! *0H?.)*D0! -$'! )D! -'>.0-! *0%&'.2'! .0-

2O'%$?.)*D0!MI&'$22F![ZZ9NU!\L'2'!O&*%'!*0%&'.2'2!P*??!E'!H'?)!E'HD&'F!-$&*0KF

.0-!.H)'&!)L'!'1'0)!2*0%'!2D>'!O&*%'2!P*??!0D)!%D&&'%)!.H)'&!)L'!'1'0)!*2!D1'&!D&

P*??!).Q'!.!?D0K!)*>'!)D!&'%'-'!)D!)L'!O&'"'1'0)!?'1'?2U!=??*'-!P*)L!)L'!O&*%'

$OP.&-!)&'0-F!)L'!O'&%'O)*D0!DH!.!-'%&'.2'!*0!)L'!m$.?*)R!DH! ?*H'!-$'!)D!)L'

D1'&?D.-!DH! K'0'&.?! 2'&1*%'2! 2LD$?-!O&D-$%'!.!-DP0P.&-!O&'22$&'! *0! )L'

O'&%'O)*D0!DH!1.?$'!HD&!>D0'R!.0-!>*KL)!?'.-!)D!0'K.)*1'!E'L.1*D&.?!&'.%)*D02

)DP.&-2!)L'!'1'0)!.0-!)L'!1*2*)D&2U

B.JD&!2OD&)!'1'0)2!P*)L!.!K?DE.?!*>O.%)!.&'!DH!2LD&)!-$&.)*D0!E$)!*01D?1'!?.&K'

0$>E'&2!DH!)D$&*2)2!.0-!>'-*.!'VOD2$&'!M^$'0F![ZZ8NF!.!H.%)!)L.)!-*2)*0K$*2L'2

)L'!K'0'&.?!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!DH!)D$&*2)!.))&.%)*D0!E.2'-!D0!.2O'%)2!DH!.!-'2)*0.)*D0

0D0">.)'&*.?!%$?)$&'!.2! H'2)*1.?2!D&!'1'0)2F!'*)L'&! *01D?1*0K!D&!0D)!.!2OD&)2

%D>OD0'0)!MBD&'*&.F![ZZwNU!B'K.!'1'0)2!%.0!%L.0K'!)L'!*>.K'!DH!-'2)*0.)*D02

.0-!'0L.0%'!*0%&'.2'-!.&&*1.?2!'1'0!.H)'&!)L'!'1'0)!*2!D1'&!Me.??F!7:8:N!*H!)L'

*>.K'!*2!P'??!>.*0).*0'-!.0-!-D'2!0D)!-'%.R!D1'&!)*>'!MG*)%L*'F!5>*)LF!7::7NU

/0-'&!)L'!&'2D$&%'!)L'D&R!M#.&0'RF!7::7N!)L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!.&'!%D>O.&.E?'

)D! .0! 'V%'O)*D0.?! &'2D$&%'! %.O.E?'! DH! O&D-$%*0K! 2$2).*0.E?'! %D>O')*)*1'

.-1.0).K'!HD&!.!-'2)*0.)*D0!M5*0KLF!e$F!*0!O&'22N!E$)!)L'!DOOD&)$0*)R!)L.)!)L'

j.>'2! &'O&'2'0)!0''-2! )D!E'! )&.02HD&>'-!ER! )L'!LD2)!%*)R! *0)D! ?D0K")'&>

?'K.%*'2!MWr#&*'0F![ZZwNU!=%%D&-*0K!)D!)L'!%'0)&.?!O?.%'!)L'D&RF!)L'!2$2).*0.E*?*)R

Page 34: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#&

U-</"()"/-*/&

DH!)L'!OD2)"'1'0)!.&&*1.?2!*2!H$0-.>'0).?!HD&!.!%*)R!)D!>.*0).*0!*)2!OD2*)*D0!.2!.

L*KL!D&-'&!O?.%'U!40!.!2$>>.&*o'-!HD&>F!_%'0)&.?!O?.%'!)L'D&R!2$KK'2)2!)L.)

)L'!?D%.)*D0!DH!'%D0D>*%!.%)*1*)*'2!*2!.!0D0"&.0-D>!D%%$&&'0%'!.0-!)L.)!)L'

L*KL'2)!D&-'&!O?.%'2F!)RO*%.??R!$&E.0!%'0)&'2F!DHH'&!)L'!K&'.)'2)!-*1'&2*)R! *0

KDD-2! .0-! 2'&1*%'2q! M#.&0'2F! ]'-'E$&F! 7::8! *0! C.0*'?2F! [ZZ;+<<sNF

)&.02HD&>*0K!)L'2'!%*)*'2!*0!L*KL!.))&.%)D&2!HD&!&'2*-'0)2F!)&.1'??'&2!.0-!1*2*)D&2U

\D$&*2>!*2!.!?'.-*0K!*0-$2)&R!*0!)D-.Rr2!PD&?-!MG'->.0F!7::7n!]''F!A.&F!v

#?.*0'F!7::wN!.0-!>'K.!'1'0)2!L.1'!>.JD&!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!LD2)!-'2)*0.)*D02

*>.K'!.0-!&'O&'2'0)!.!L*KL!1.?$'!HD&!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.&Q')*0K!M#&.>P'??F!7::;.F

7::;En!].PF!7::<n!5*0KL!v!e$F!*0!O&'22Nn!)L'2'!?.&K'!2%.?'!'1'0)2!.0-!)L'*&

OD)'0)*.?!>$2)!)L'&'HD&'!E'!%D02*-'&'-!*0!)L'!'%D0D>*%!-'1'?DO>'0)!2)&.)'KR

DH!)D$&*2>!-'2)*0.)*D02U!X*0.??RF!O'&L.O2!.)!)L'!2.>'!?'1'?!DH!)L'!H$)$&'!1.?$'

OD)'0)*.?F! )L'!#'*J*0K![ZZ8!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!2*K0*HR! )L'! %D0H*&>.)*D0!DH! )L'

'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!DH!aL*0.r2![ZZ7!TD&?-!\&.-'!W&K.0*2.)*D0!'0)&R!.0-!P'&'

%.&'H$??R!O&'2'0)'-!)D!)L'!PD&?-!.2!.!%D1'&!*>.K'!DH!)L'!0'P!aL*0.F!0D)!D0?R

.22D%*.)*0K!)L'!'1'0)!P*)L!)L'!H$)$&'!'%D0D>*%!)&*$>OL!'VO'%)'-!HD&!)L'!%D$0)&R

*0!)L'!K?DE.?!'%D0D>R!E$)!.?2D!.2!.!0.)*D0.?!%'?'E&.)*D0!DH!)L'!1*%)D&*'2!.?&'.-R

%D0m$'&'-U

7E;.<E(;+$E('"+E6'%.E,."+CD(,;)

\L'!E'0'H*)2!DH!2$%L!.!?.&K'!2%.?'!'1'0)!*0!)'&>2!DH!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!*>.K'!.&'

'V)&.D&-*0.&R+!.)!?'.2)!)L&''!E*??*D0!O'DO?'!PD&?-P*-'!.&'!'VO'%)'-!)D!HD??DP

)L'!DO'0*0K!%'&'>D0R!.0-!>D&'!)L.0!:Z!O'&!%'0)!DH!.??!.-$?)2!P*)L!.%%'22!)D

)'?'1*2*D0!P*??!P.)%L!)L'!K.>'2!MI&'$22F![ZZ9NU

\L'![ZZ8!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!P'&'!>'.0)!)D!O&DJ'%)!#'*J*0K!)D!)L'!?'1'?!DH!.!)&$?R

K?DE.?!%*)RU!I&'$22!M[ZZ9N!*-'0)*H*'-!.!2')!DH!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!DH!.!K?DE.?!%*)RF

%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!PL*%L!%.0!E'!*>O?'>'0)'-!D&!'0L.0%'-!ER!)L'!O&'O.&.)*D02!)D

D&K.0*o'!)L'!W?R>O*%2+!M7N!'.2R!.%%'22!ER!.*&F!&.*?!.0-!&D.-n!M[N!*0)'&0.)*D0.?

%*)*o'02!.0-!%$?)$&.?!%D>O?'V*)Rn!M<N!'V%'??'0)!)'?'%D>>$0*%.)*D0!2R2)'>2n!M9N

'%D0D>*%!*>OD&).0%'n!MsN!.!H*&2)"%?.22!)D$&*2)2!-'2)*0.)*D0n!MwN!L*KL!-'K&''!DH

Q0DP?'-K'!.0-!%$?)$&'!'V%L.0K'n!M;N!>*V'-!.&'.2!HD&!�?*1*0KrF!�PD&Q*0Kr!.0-

�?'*2$&'rn!M8N!0D!>.JD&!)&.HH*%!O&DE?'>2U!\L'2'!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!2$>>.&*o'!2D>'

DH!)L'!'VO'%).)*D02!.0-!OD22*E?'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!*0H?$'0%'!*>O.%)2!DH!)L'!'1'0)

'VO'%)'-!HD&!)L'!aL*0'2'!%.O*).?!%*)RU

\L'!W?R>O*%2! .&'! .?2D! .!>.))'&! DH! *0)'&0.)*D0.?! 2).)$2! .0-! L*KL'&! ?'1'?

-'1'?DO>'0)!2D!'1'0!%*)*'2!)L.)!.&'!.?&'.-R!'2).E?*2L'-!.2!)DO!PD&?-!%*)*'2!.2

]D0-D0F!I.&*2!.0-!6'P!^D&QF!%D>O')'-!)D!LD2)!)L'![Z7[!W?R>O*%!j.>'2

M^$'0F! [ZZ;+<7Nn!aL*%.KDF!B.-&*-F!G*D! -'! i.0'*&D! .0-! \DQRD!P'&'! )L'

%.0-*-.)'2!)D!)L'![Z7w!'-*)*D0U!aL*0.!*0%?$-'-!1.&*D$2!%*)*'2!*0!)L'![ZZ8!j.>'2

Page 35: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

M#'*J*0KF!eD0K!hD0KF!~*0K-.DF!5L.0-D0KF!~*0L$.0K-.DF!e'E'*F!5L.0KL.*F

5L'0R.0KF!]*.D0*0K!.0-!\*.0J*0N!LD2)*0K!)L'!'1'0)!.)!.! )&$?R!0.)*D0.?! ?'1'?

M5.0-2F![ZZ8NU

\L'!2)&$%)$&'2!E$*?)!HD&!)L'!W?R>O*%2!L.1'!.?2D!.!L*KL!1*2$.?!*>O.%)!.0-F!*0!)L'

%.2'!DH!)L'!#'*J*0K!j.>'2F!\L'!#*&-r2!6'2)!6.)*D0.?!5).-*$>!.0-!\L'!T.)'&

a$E'!>D2)! O&DE.E?R! 'V%''-'-! )L'! PD&?-r2! 'VO'%).)*D02! )D! E'%D>'

.&%L*)'%)D0*%!*%D02!.OO?.$-'-!ED)L!*02*-'!aL*0.!.0-!PD&?-P*-'U!X*0.??RF!.!K&'.)

2)'O!HD&P.&-!*0!O&D>D)*0K!)L'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!*>.K'!DH!)L'!%D$0)&R!%D>'2!H&D>

)L'!)&*$>OL!DH!>'')*0K!2$%%'22H$??R!)L'!'0D&>D$2!%L.??'0K'!DH!)L'!D&K.0*o.)*D0

DH!2$%L!.!>D0$>'0).?!'1'0)U!\L'!2$%%'22!DH!)L'!D&K.0*o.)*D0!.0-!DH!)L'!?.)'2)

'-*)*D0!DH!)L'!K.>'2!*2!.!&'%DK0*o'-!.%L*'1'>'0)!.0-!)L'!HD??DP*0K!-'2)*0.)*D02

)D!D&K.0*o'!)L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!P*??!2$&'?R!L.1'!)D!)&R!L.&-!)D!'V%'?!.0-!-D

E'))'&!*0!]D0-D0![Z7[!.0-!G*D!-'!i.0'*&D![Z7w!.H)'&!#'*J*0K![ZZ8U

HEK+<$EC.E;('"+CD(,;)

�j&''0!j.>'2r!P.2!.!Q'R!)L'>'!HD&!#'*J*0K![ZZ8!M#*--*0K!aD>>*))''!#'*J*0K

[ZZ8F![ZZ7!*0!I&'$22F![ZZ9N!.0-!'01*&D0>'0).?!%D0%'&02!P'&'!.!%D02).0)

)L&D$KLD$)! )L'!W?R>O*.-!P*)L! *00D1.)*1'!>'.2$&'2!.2! )L'!$2'!DH! &'%R%?'-

>.)'&*.?2!*0!)L'!%D02)&$%)*D0!DH!)L'!T.)'&!a$E'!.0-!)L'!&'2)&*%)*D0!)D!%*&%$?.)*D0

DH!L.?H!DH!)L'!%.&2!*0!)L'!%.O*).?!P*)L!)L'!D--!.0-!'1'0!O?.)'!0$>E'&2!2%L'>'U

W)L'&!2)&D0K!>'.2$&'2!P'&'!)L'!D&-'&2!K*1'0!)D!%D.?!ODP'&!O?.0)2!)D!&'-$%'

'>*22*D02F!)L'!%D>O$?2*1'!L.?)!DH!%D02)&$%)*D0!O&DJ'%)2F!)L'!&'?D%.)*D0!DH![ZZ

L'.1*?R!OD??$)*0K!H.%)D&*'2!D$)2*-'!DH!)L'!%*)RF!)L'!%D02)&$%)*D0!DH!0'P!P.2)'P.)'&

)&'.)>'0)!O?.0)2!.0-!2D?*-!P.2)'!O&D%'22*0K!H.%*?*)*'2F!)L'!%&'.)*D0!DH!K&''0

E'?)2!HD&!-$2)!2)D&>2!O&D)'%)*D0F!)L'!O&DK&'22*1'!$2'!DH!%?'.0!'0'&KR!2D$&%'2

.0-!)L'!'?*>*0.)*D0!DH!DoD0'"-'O?')*0K!2$E2).0%'2F!)L'!&'O?.%'>'0)!DH!9;ZZZ

).V*2!.0-!;ZZZ!E$2'2!ER!0'P!1'L*%?'2!>'')*0K!)L'!,$&DO'.0!/0*D0!'>*22*D0

2).0-.&-2F! .0-! )L'! %&'.)*D0! DH! [Z! 0.)$&.?! &'2'&1'2! M5.0-2F! [ZZ8NU! \L'

'01*&D0>'0).?!)L'>'!P.2!%D02*-'&'-!.)!)L'!L*KL'2)! *>OD&).0%'!?'1'?F!P*)L

aL*0.r2!I&'>*'&!T'0!i*.E.D!.22$>*0K! )L.)! )L'!%D$0)&R!PD$?-!LD0D$&! )L'

*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D>>*)>'0)!)D!LD2)*0K!)L'!_j&''0!j.>'2q!M5L*F![ZZ8NU!40!H.%)F!*0

)L'!>D0)L!DH!=$K$2)![ZZ8F!)L'!.*&!m$.?*)R!*0!)L'!aL*0'2'!%.O*).?!P.2!.)!�?'1'?

D0'r!HD&!79!-.R2F!.%%D&-*0K!P*)L!)L'!#'*J*0K!,01*&D0>'0).?!I&D)'%)*D0!#$&'.$

MB.%.$!C.*?R!\*>'2F!Z[!5'O)'>E'&![ZZ8NU

\L'!'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)2!DH!)D$&*2>!.0-!)D$&*2>!-'1'?DO>'0)!.&'!-*HH*%$?)

)D!.0)*%*O.)'!.?)LD$KL!)L'!O?.00*0K!O&D%'22!*0%?$-'2!%D02*-'&.)*D02!.ED$)!)LD2'

*>O.%)2!MB.RF!7::sNF!.0-!)L*2!O?.00*0K!*2!'2O'%*.??R!%D>O&'L'02*1'!*0!)L'

%.$2'!DH!)DO!'1'0)2U!\&.HH*%!.0-!P.)'&!m$.?*)R!*>O&D1'>'0)2F!.?D0K!P*)L!O?.0)*0K

0'P!)&''2!P'&'!*-'0)*H*'-!.2!OD2*)*1'!*>O.%)2!DH!)L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!HD&!)L'

LD2)!%*)R!MB.R!7::sNU!40!)L'!%.2'!DH!)L'!#'*J*0K!j.>'2!)L'&'!P'&'!H.1D$&.E?'

Page 36: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#(

U-</"()"/-*/&

DO*0*D02! )DP.&-2! )L'!>.*0)'0.0%'!DH! )L'!2O'%*.?!'01*&D0>'0).?!O&D)'%)*D0

>'.2$&'2!)L.)!P'&'!*0!HD&%'!-$&*0K!)L'!W?R>O*.-U!T*)L!2$%L!.!K?DE.?!*>OD&).0%'

)D-.R!*0!)L'!>.0$H.%)$&*0K!*0-$2)&RF!ED)L!*0!O&D-$%)*D0!.0-!*00D1.)*D0F!aL*0.

H.%'2!.!K&'.)!DOOD&)$0*)R!.0-!*2!0DP!D0!.!O&*1*?'K'-!OD2*)*D0!)D!'2).E?*2L!0'P

2).0-.&-2!*0!)L'!O&D-$%)2!.0-!O&D-$%)*D0!O&D%'22'2!.0-!*0!)L'!2D?$)*D02!HD$0-

)DP.&-2!E'))'&!.0-!>D&'!'HH*%*'0)!'0'&KR!2D$&%'2!.0-!)L'!*>O&D1'>'0)!DH!)L'

K'0'&.?!m$.?*)R!DH!?*H'!DH!)L'!aL*0'2'!%*)*o'02U

C&G(&%#52

_\L'!>'>D&R!DH!)L'!j.>'2F!PL*%L!)DDQ!O?.%'!.)!W?R>O*.!HD&

)'0! %'0)$&*'2! MH&D>!;;w!#UaU! )D!=UCU! <:9NF!P.2! Q'O)! .?*1'! *0! )L'

%D??'%)*1'!%D02%*D$20'22!ER!)L'!&'.-*0K!DH!j&''Q!OD')2!.0-!O&D2'

P&*)'&2F! '1'0! .H)'&! )L'! 1'&R! 2*)'! DH! )L'!j.>'2! L.-! -*2.OO'.&'-

OLR2*%.??RUq

a.??'E.&)!M7::8+sswN

\L'!W?R>O*%!1.?$'2!.&'!%D0-'02'-!*0!)L'!#'*J*0K![ZZ8!2?DK.0!_W0'!TD&?-F

W0'!C&'.>q!M5.0-2F![ZZ8NU!\L&D$KLD$)!)L'!'-*)*D02!DH!)L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!DH

)L'!>D-'&0!'&.F!*0!2O*)'!DH!)L'!'HHD&)2!)D!O&'2'&1'!)L'!L*KL'&!.0-!>D&'!0DE?'

1.?$'2!_MUUUN! *)!PD$?-!E'!L.&-!)D!H*0-!*0!)L'!j.>'2!DH!D$&!)*>'F!PL*%L!E&*0K

)DK')L'&! 2OD&)F! 2O'%).%?'F! .0-! %D>>'&%'F! )L'! '-$%.)*D0.?F! 2O*&*)$.?! .0-

OL*?D2DOL*%.?! -*>'02*D02! %?.*>'-! HD&! )L'>!ER! -'!aD$E'&)*0q! Ma.??'E.&)F

7::8+sssNU!=?)LD$KL!)L'!'1'0)!%.0!E'!%D02*-'&'-!.!_L*KL?R!%D>>'&%*.?!K?DE.?

2OD&)2!2O'%).%?'q!MeDE'&>.0F![ZZ8+![<NF!.0-!aD$E'&)*0!L*>2'?H!1*2$.?*o'-!)L'

j.>'2!.2!.!E*K!'1'0)F!.!$0*1'&2.?!H'2)*1.?!Ma.??'E.&)F!7::8NF!)L'!?'K.%R!DH!)L'

W?R>O*%!j.>'2!.2!.!?'K.%R!DH!1.?$'2F!.!?'K.%R!DH!LDO'!*0!.!E'))'&!PD&?-F

&'0'P'-!'.%L!HD$&!R'.&2F!&'>.*02!.?P.R2!D0'!DH!)L'!L*KL'2)!'VO'%).)*D02U!40

)L'! '0-! _M�N! )L'! W?R>O*%! 1.?$'2! .&'! .ED$)! &'2O'%)+! &'2O'%)! HD&

$0*1'&2.??R".%%'O)'-!&$?'2F!D0'2'?HF!.0-!D)L'&2U!40!)D-.Rr2!PD&?-F!)L'2'!1.?$'2

.&'!*0%&'.2*0K?R!&'?'1.0)q!MGDKK'F![ZZ<+!7;NU

W0!.!>D&'!>.)'&*.?!-*>'02*D0F!)L'!1'0$'2!.0-!)L'!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!-'1'?DO>'0)

.?2D! &'O&'2'0)! )L'! ?'K.%R! DH! )L'! #'*J*0K!j.>'2! M40)'&0.)*D0.?!W?R>O*%

aD>>*))''!G'OD&)F![ZZ7NU!\L'!2).-*$>2!?'K.%R!*2!O&*>.&*?R!.!?'K.%R!)D!)L'

-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!2OD&)2!.0-!.!L'.?)L*'&!P.R!DH!?*H'!HD&!)L'!0'P!K'0'&.)*D02F!E$)

)L'! *0H&.2)&$%)$&'2!K'0'&.)'-!D)L'&!OD2*)*1'!.0-! ?'22!'VO'%)'-!'HH'%)2!.0-

2D>'!DH!)L'!>D2)!*>O&'22*1'!1'0$'2F!)L'!#*&-r2!6'2)!5).-*$>!.0-!)L'!T.)'&

a$E'F!.&'!.?&'.-R!)D$&*2>!.))&.%)*D02!%D0)&*E$)*0K!HD&!.!?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH!1*2*)D&2

*>>'-*.)'?R!.H)'&!)L'!'0-!DH!)L'!K.>'2U!\L*2!%D$?-!E'K*0!)D!H$?H*??!)L'!2$2).*0.E?'

-'1'?DO>'0)!'VO'%).)*D02!)L.)!*H!)L'!j.>'2!P'&'!2$%%'22H$?!*0!O&DJ'%)*0K!.

OD2*)*1'!*>.K'!DH!aL*0.!PD&?-P*-'!)L'!.&'.2!DH!)D$&*2>!.0-!*01'2)>'0)!PD$?-

Page 37: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

&'%'*1'!)L'!>D2)!OD2*)*1'!*>O.%)2!>'.0*0K!_'0D&>D$2!'%D0D>*%!E'0'H*)2!)D

)L'!LD2)!%*)R!0D)!J$2)!-$&*0K!)L'!'1'0)F!E$)!HD&!R'.&2!.H)'&P.&-q!MWP'0F![ZZs+![NU

\L'!H$)$&'!DH!)L'!PD&?-!HD&!)L'!0'V)!R'.&2!*2!0DP!$0%'&).*0U!h0DP0!H.%)D&2!DH

)$&E$?'0%'!.0-!$0%'&).*0)RF!LD?-*0K!K&'.)!&*2Q2!E$)!.?2D!K&'.)!DOOD&)$0*)*'2F

.&'!)L'!K?DE.?!'%D0D>*%!%&*2*2F!)L'!O&D2O'%)2!DH!&'%'22*D0F!.0-!)L'!DO'0*0K

.0-!>D-'&0*o.)*D0!DH!aL*0.U!aL*0.!P.2!.!2$%%'22H$?! LD2)!DH! )L'!W?R>O*%

j.>'2U! \L.)! H*&2)! %L.??'0K'! *2! .?&'.-R! .%%D>O?*2L'-U!6DPF! )L'! K&'.)'&

%L.??'0K'!>.R!E'!)D!)&.02HD&>!.??!)L.)!P.2!*0*)*.)'-!*0!2D>')L*0K!2$2).*0.E?'

)L.)!P*??!L.1'!.0!*>O.%)!D0!.!E'))'&!H$)$&'U

;C=C;C!-C@

=6CG=6WA4aeF!jUF!#/G#=6hF!BUF!e,^46jF!aU! M[ZZ7NF!^%;5C*+(+*:*-'l(S-''"3'( %-&/3-<

2/"5(5-$&6-9-3:(C"%*:*+'F!iD$&0.?!DH!/&E.0!=HH.*&2F![<!M[NF!77<"7<7U

#==C,F!GUF!B=\e,5W6F!AU!M[ZZ[NU!D*<<*3$(2"/(:,-(^%;5C*+'l(L""%\'($"%<q!40!aU!#.&&D2F!BU

4E&.*>F!5U!5oR>.02QR!M,-2UN!./&3'&:%&3:*+(1C"/:F!]D0-D0+!,?K.&F!7[;"7s7ZU

#=G6,^F! iU! M7::7NU!L*/5( /-'"#/+-'( &3<( '#':&*3-<( +"5C-:*:*9-( &<9&3:&$-U! iD$&0.?! DH

B.0.K'>'0)F!7;!M7NF!::"7[ZU

#G=BT,]]F!#U!M7::;.NF!7('C"/:(5-$&6-9-3:(&'(&('#':&*3&I%-(<-9-%"C5-3:(':/&:-$;0(\D$&*2>

G'%&'.)*D0!G'2'.&%LF![[!M[NF!7<"7:U

#G=BT,]]F! #U! M7::;ENF!1:/&:-$*+( C%&33*3$( I-2"/-( &3<( &2:-/( &(5-$&6-9-3:X! \D$&*2>

B.0.K'>'0)F!78!M<NF!7w;"7;wU

#GWT6F!jU! M[ZZZNF!>5-/$*3$( *''#-'( *3( "%;5C*+( 'C"3'"/',*Cl( =5C%*+&:*"3'( 2"/( ,"':( +*:*-'U

5OD&)!B.0.K'>'0)!G'1*'PF!<F!;7":[U

#/G\W6F!GU!M[ZZ<NF!^%;5C*+(B&5-'(,"':(+*:;(5&/?-:*3$l(73(-TC%"/&:*"3("2(-TC-+:&:*"3'(&3<

"#:+"5-'U!5OD&)!B.&Q')*0K!~$.&)'&?RF!7[!M7NF!<;"9;U

a=]],#=G\F!]U!M7::8NF!.,-(5"<-/3(̂ %;5C*+(B&5-'(&3<(:,-*/(5"<-%(*3(&3:*Y#*:;U!40)'&0.)*D0.?

iD$&0.?!DH!)L'!a?.22*%!\&.-*)*D0F!9!M9NF!sss"sw;U

aWaeG=6,F!=UF!I'%QF! iUF!.0-!\*%Q'??F!=U! M7::wNF!)&3+,-':-/(C%&;'($&5-'l(>TC%"/*3$( :,-

%"+&%(C"%*:*+'("2($%"I&%*'&:*"3U!/&E.0!5)$-*'2F!<<!M8NF!7<7:"7<<wU

C=64,]5F!BU! M[ZZ;NF!J-3:/&%( C%&+-( :,-"/;( &3<( 'C"/:( :"#/*'5( *5C&+:'U!=00.?2! DH! \D$&*2>

G'2'.&%LF!<9!M[NF!<<["<9;U

C/66F!hUF!.0-!Baj/4GahF!IU!M7:::NF!E&%%5&/?(-9-3:'F!40!GU!a.2L>.0F!=U!e$KL'2!M,-2UN

1:&$*3$( :,-(^%;5C*+'l(.,-(>9-3:(&3<( *:'( =5C&+:! F!5R-0'R+!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!6'P!5D$)L

T.?'2!I&'22F!7:"<9U

,=C46j\W6F!TUF! .0-!G,CB=6F!BU! M7::7NF!>+"3"5*+'(&3<(."#/*'5U!=00.?2! DH!\D$&*2>

G'2'.&%LF!78F!97"swU

,4546j,GF!IU!M[ZZZNF!.,-(C"%*:*+'("2(I/-&<(&3<(+*/+#'-'l(D#*%<*3$(:,-(+*:;(2"/(:,-(9*'*:"/(+%&''U

/&E.0!=HH.*&2!G'1*'PF!<sF!<7w"<<<U

,/ae6,GF!aU!M7:::NF!."#/*'5(&3<('C"/:'l(.,-('-/*"#'(+"5C-:*:*"3(2"/(C%&;U!40!CU!i$--F!5U

X.*02)'*0!M,-2UN!.,-(:"#/*':(+*:;U!6'P!e.1'0+!^.?'!/0*1'&2*)R!I&'22U

XG^F!,U!M7::sNF!Q"/:,(75-/*+&3(5#3*+*C&%*:*-'(&3<(:,-*/(5"9-5-3:(*3(:,-($%"I&%(-+"3"5;X!40

IU!h&'2?!.0-!jU!j.OO'&)!M,-2UN!Q"/:,(75-/*+&3(+*:*-'(&3<(:,-($%"I&%(-+"3"5;U!\LD$2.0-

W.Q2+!5.K'F![7"99U

e=]]F!aU!M7:8:NF!E&%%5&/?(:"#/*'5(-9-3:'l(73&%;'*'0(<-2*3*:*"3'0(5-:,"<"%"$;(&3<(/-9*-WX!40

jU!5R>'F!#U!5L.PF!BU!X'0)D0!F!TU!B$'??'&!M,-2UN!U%&33*3$(&3<(-9&%#&:*"3("2(,&%%5&/?

-9-3:'U!=?-'&2LD)+!=1'&RU

Page 38: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#*

U-</"()"/-*/&

e=]]F!aU! M7::[NF!E&%%5&/?( :"#/*'5(-9-3:'l( =5C&+:'0(5&3&$-5-3:( &3<(C%&33*3$0! ]D0-D0+

#'?L.1'0U

eW#,GB=6F!iU!M[ZZ8NF!.,-(̂ %;5C*+'X(L"/-*$3(U"%*+;X(V#%;67#$#':l``6`eX(=3:-/3&:*"3&%(̂ %;5C*+

J"55*::--( _`[[gbX!G'OD&)! DH! )L'! 40)'&0.)*D0.?!W?R>O*%!aD>>*))''! M4WaN!,1.?$.)*D0

aD>*22*D0!HD&!)L'!j.>'2!DH!)L'!��4�!W?R>O*.-!*0![ZZ8U!PPPUD?R>O*%UD&KF!&')&*'1'-![s

5'O![ZZ8U

]=TF!aU!M7::<NF!8/I&3(:"#/*'5l(7::/&+:*3$(9*'*:"/'(:"(%&/$-(+*:*-'0!]D0-D0+!B.02'??U

],,F!aUF!A=GF!\UF!.0-!#]=46,F!\U!M7::wNF!!-:-/5*3&3:'("2(*3I"#3<(:"#/*':(-TC-3<*:#/-'0!=00.?2

DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF![<!M<NF!s[;"s9[U

B.%.$!C.*?R!\*>'2!M[ZZ8NF!D-*P*3$\'(I-':(&*/(*3(&(<-+&<-(<#-(:"(^%;5C*+(5-&'#/-'X!B.%.$

C.*?R!\*>'2F!\$'2-.RF!Z[!5'O)'>E'&![ZZ8F!:U

B=G#=aeF!TUF!]=BI,G\F!eUF!.0-!e/ahF!iU!M7:87NF!D*$6D#'*3-''(̂ %;5C*+'X!6'P2P''QF!wwU

B=^F!AU! M[ZZ9NF!>39*/"35-3:&%( *5C%*+&:*"3'("2( :,-(gaa`(]*3:-/(^%;5C*+(B&5-'0(\D$&*2>

B.0.K'>'0)F!7w!M9NF![w:"[;sU

BWG,4G=F!IU! M[ZZwNF!!/&$"3'( "3( :,-(W&:-/l( .,-( *32%#-3+-( "2( +#%:#/-( *3( :,-( +"5C-:*:*9-

&<9&3:&$-("2( :"#/*'5(<-':*3&:*"3'X! 40! iU!=?*"h0*KL)!.0-!CU!ae=B#,G5! M,-2UN!J&'-

1:#<*-'(*3(L-':*9&%(&3<(>9-3:()&/?-:*3$(&3<(J#%:#/&%(."#/*'5U!,.2)ED$&0'+!]5=F!;:":7

6,55F!=U!M[ZZ[NF!D%#-('?*-'(2"/(:,-(D-*P*3$(^%;5C*+'F!aL*0.!#$2*0'22!G'1*'PF!B.&%L"=O&*?F

98"s9U

Wr#G4,6F!CU!M[ZZwNF!>9-3:(I#'*3-''(%-9-/&$*3$l(.,-(1;<3-;(`[[[(^%;5C*+($&5-'0!=00.?2!DH

\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!<<!M7NF![9Z"[w7U

WT,6F!iU!M[ZZsNF!>':*5&:*3$(:,-(+"':(&3<(I-3-2*:("2(,"':*3$(̂ %;5C*+(B&5-'l(],&:(+&3(D-*P*3$

-TC-+:(2/"5(*:'(`[[e(B&5-'q!\L'!40-$2)&*.?!j'DK&.OL'&F!<!M7NF!7"78U

I,G55W6F!aU!M[ZZ[NF!.,-(^%;5C*+(B&5-'('*:-(<-+*'*"3X!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F![<F![;"<wU

IG,/55F!eU!M[ZZZNF!.,-(-+"3"5*+'("2(:,-(^%;5C*+(B&5-'(gam`6`[[[U!I')'&2L.>+!T.??.U

IG,/55F!=U!M[ZZ9NF!.,-(-+"3"5*+'("2(':&$*3$(:,-(^%;5C*+'l(7(+"5C&/*'"3("2( :,-(B&5-'

gam`6`[[eU!aL'?)'0L.>+!,?K.&U

GWjj,F!iU!M[ZZ<NF!^%;5C*&3(-22"/:'U!e.&1.&-!40)'&0.)*D0.?!G'1*'PF!5O&*0KF!7w"[ZU

G4\ae4,F!iU!M7:89NF!7''-''*3$(:,-(*5C&+:("2(,&%%5&/?(-9-3:'l(J"3+-C:#&%(&3<(/-'-&/+,(*''#-'0

iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF![<!M7NF!["77U

G4\ae4,F!iUF!.0-!5B4\eF!#U!M7::7NF!.,-(*5C&+:("2(&(5-$&(-9-3:("3(,"':(/-$*"3(&W&/-3-''l(&

%"3$*:#<*3&%(':#<;U!iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF!<Z!M7NF!<":U

5=h=BW\WF!=UF!B/G=\=F!hUF! .0-!\.Q.Q*F!,U! M7:::NF!.,-(D&/+-%"3&(^%;5C*+'( &3<( :,-

U-/+-C:*"3("2(L"/-*$3(Q&:*"3'l(7(C&3-%(1:#<;("2(V&C&3-'-(83*9-/'*:;(1:#<-3:'0!iD$&0.?

DH!5OD&)!#'L.1*D$&F![[!M[NF![wZ"[;8U

5=6C5F!]U!M[ZZ8NF!.,-(̀ [[e(̂ %;5C*+'(=5C&+:("3(J,*3&X(J,*3&(D#'*3-''(4-9*-WF!i$?R"=$K$2)F

9Z"9<U

546jeF!6UF!.0-!e/F!aU!M*0!O&'22NU!83<-/':&3<*3$(':/&:-$*+(&%*$35-3:(2"/(<-':*3&:*"3(5&/?-:*3$

&3<( :,-(`[[d(7:,-3'(^%;5C*+(B&5-'l( =5C%*+&:*"3'( 2/"5(-T:/&+:-<( :&+*:( ?3"W%-<$-0

\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)U

5e4F!iU!M[ZZ8NF!D%#-('?;($/--:'(&:,%-:-'(*3(D-*P*3$U!5D$)L!aL*0.!BD&0*0K!ID2)F!BD0-.RF!Z9

=$K$2)![ZZ8F!7U

\e,WCWG=h4F!,U!M[ZZ9NF!1C"/:(5&3&$-5-3:(/-2"/50(3&:*"3&%(+"5C-:*:*9-3-''(&3<(^%;5C*+

$%"/;(*3(:,-(U-"C%-\'(4-C#I%*+("2(J,*3&0!B.0.K*0K!]'*2$&'F!:F!7:<"[77U

T=55,G5\GWBF!iU!M[ZZ[NF!8'*3$(E*':"/;(:"(:,*3?(&I"#:(:,-(D-*P*3$(^%;5C*+'l(.,-(#'-(&3<

&I#'-("2(:,-(1-"#%(gaee(&3&%"$;U!e.&1.&-!40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!I&'22!.0-!ID?*)*%2F

;F!7[w"7[:U

T,4G4ahF!iU!M7:::NF!8/I&3(<-'*$3F!40!GU!a.2L>.0F!=U!e$KL'2!M,-2UN!5).K*0K!)L'!W?R>O*%2F

\L'!,1'0)!.0-!*)2!4>O.%)U!5R-0'R+!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!6'P!5D$)L!T.?'2!I&'22F!;Z"8[U

^/,6F!#U!M[ZZ8NF!1C"/:(&3<(#/I&3(<-9-%"C5-3:(*3(1*3$&C"/-F!a*)*'2F![sF![:"<wU

Page 39: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

#+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

<@@C@@?!D(>BC(@9-?9/-:)>:;<)( ?A0<->(9=(@0C-?<)

CHC!>@O( =;<ACT9;^@I(AC>B94@I(<!4(-B<))C!DC@

#(E%;("A."I135L3754

9:);<(,;="1C-+*&%(-9-3:'0( /&3$*3$( 2/"5('5&%%( '+&%-(+"55#3*:;6I&'-<( 2-':*9&%'( :"

,&%%5&/?(-9-3:'('#+,(&'(̂ %;5C*+(B&5-'0(&/-(W*<-%;(/-+"$3*@-<(:"($-3-/&:-(3#5-/"#'

*5C&+:'("3(:,-(,"':(+"55#3*:*-'(&3<(":,-/(':&?-,"%<-/'X(!-'C*:-(:,-(W-%%(<"+#5-3:-<

*3(:,-(%*:-/&:#/-(3--<(:"(&<</-''(:,-(<*9-/'-(*5C&+:'("2(-9-3:'0(:,-(/-'-&/+,(,&'0(#3:*%

/-+-3:%;0(2"+#'-<(5"':%;("3(:,-(-9&%#&:*"3("2(:,-*/(-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:'(&%"3-X(.,-($/"W*3$

/-+"$3*:*"3( "2( :,-( *5C"/:&3+-( "2( '"+*"6+#%:#/&%( *5C&+:'( &3<( :,-( '+&/+-( C/-9*"#'

/-'-&/+,(*3:"(:,*'(&/-&(,&9-(%-<(:"(&(3#5I-/("2(3-W(':#<*-'(C/"C"'*3$(2/&5-W"/?'

&3<('+&%-'(2"/(:,-*/(&''-''5-3:X(E"W-9-/0(<#-(:"(:,-(*3:&3$*I%-(&3<('#IP-+:*9-(3&:#/-

"2('"+*"6+#%:#/&%( *5C&+:'0(:,-(-T*':*3$(5-:,"<'(,&9-(&(3#5I-/("2(&''#5C:*"3(&3<

%*5*:&:*"3'(:,&:(&/-(,&/<(:"("9-/+"5-X(.,*'(&/:*+%-(/-9*-W'(-T*':*3$(2/&5-W"/?'(&3<

5-:,"<'(C/"C"'-<(:"(-9&%#&:-('"+*"6+#%:#/&%(*5C&+:'("2(-9-3:'(&'(W-%%(&'(-T&5*3-'

?-;(+"3'*<-/&:*"3'(&3<(*''#-'(:,&:(&22-+:(:,-*/(&CC%*+&:*"3X(=:(,*$,%*$,:'(:,-(+,&%%-3$-'

/-%&:-<( :"( <-2*3*3$( :,-( '+"C-( "2( '"+*"6+#%:#/&%( *5C&+:'0( '-%-+:*"3( "2( ':#<;( &/-&0

/-+"$3*:*"3("2(<*22-/-3:(':&?-,"%<-/'0(<&:&(+"%%-+:*"3(&3<(&3&%;'*'0(5-&'#/-5-3:('+&%-

<-'*$30(&3<0(2*3&%%;0(+"3'*<-/&:*"3("2(:*5-(2/&5-(&3<(-9-3:(&::-3<&3+-(W,*+,(,&9-

I--3(%&/$-%;(*$3"/-<X

>.?"@$<A)B"'"+*&%( *5C&+:(&''-''5-3:0('C-+*&%(-9-3:(5&3&$-5-3:0('"+*"6+#%:#/&%

"#:+"5-'("2(-9-3:'

?&#+%G16#$%&

,1'0)2!2$%L!.2!%D0%'&)2F!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2F!H'2)*1.?2F!%D01'0)*D02F!D&!)&.-'!2LDP2

.&'!P*-'?R!&'%DK0*o'-!.2!O?.R*0K!*>OD&).0)!&D?'!*0!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!-'2)*0.)*D02U

4)! *2! %D>>D0?R! .K&''-! )L.)! )L'R! L.1'!.! 2*K0*H*%.0)! OD)'0)*.?! )D! OD2*)*1'?R

%D0)&*E$)'!)D!%D>>$0*)*'2!)L.)!LD2)!)L'>U!=2!.!&'2$?)F!'1'0)2!L.1'!E'%D>'

D0'!DH!)L'!K&DP*0K!*0!ODO$?.&*)R!>')LD-2!DH!.))&.%)*0K!1*2*)D&2!)D!.0!.&'.U!40

&'%'0)!R'.&2F!2O'%*.?!'1'0)2!L.1'!E'%.>'!D0'!DH!)L'!H.2)'2)!K&DP*0K!2'%)D&2

DH!)L'!)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&RU!=)!)L'!2.>'!)*>'F!LDP'1'&F!)L'R!DH)'0!&'m$*&'!2*K0*H*%.0)

*01'2)>'0)!.0-!O$E?*%!2$OOD&)!*0!D&-'&!)D!-'1'?DO!)L'!0'%'22.&R!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'F

2$%L!.2!2).-*$>2F!%D01'0)*D0!%'0)'&2!.0-!D)L'&!1*2*)D&"D&*'0)'-!H.%*?*)*'2U!\D

J$2)*HR! )L'!O$E?*%! *01'2)>'0)! *0! 2$%L! H.%*?*)*'2F! ?D%.?! E'0'H*)2! DH! '1'0)2!.&'

H&'m$'0)?R!-*2%$22'-!.0-!O&D>D)'-!Ma&D>O)D0![ZZ9NU!,1.?$.)*D0!DH!*>O.%)2

DH!)L'!'1'0)2!L.2!E'%.>'!*>OD&).0)!HD&!2$OOD&)*0K!)L'!-'%*2*D02!&'K.&-*0K

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 39-52

}( !-C&/:5-3:( "2( ."#/*'5( &3<( >39*/"35-3:0( D/"+?( 83*9-/'*:;0( 1:X( J&:,&/*3-'0( ^3:&/*"0

J&3&<&

Page 40: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&,

!&3#:&(<-(B/"'I"*'

)L'!LD2)*0K!DH!'1'0)2!.2!P'??!.2!)D!$0-'&2).0-!)L'!%D0)&*E$)*D02!DH!)L'!'1'0)!)D

)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0U

6$>'&D$2!.$)LD&2!2)&'22!)L'!*>OD&).0%'!DH!.%Q0DP?'-K*0K!.0-!'1.?$.)*0K

*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2!D0!LD2)!%D>>$0*)*'2!HD&!>D0*)D&*0KF!%D0)&D?!.0-!'1.?$.)*D0

O$&OD2'2! Mj')o!7::;n!CPR'&!-:(&%X([ZZZn!iD0'2![ZZ7n!5>.??!-:(&%U! [ZZsNU

eDP'1'&F!.!&'1*'P!DH!&'%'0)!?*)'&.)$&'!*0-*%.)'2!2*K0*H*%.0)!-*HH'&'0%'2!.>D0K

O.O'&2!P*)L!&'K.&-!)D!)L'!.2O'%)2!DH!'1'0)!*>O.%)2!E'*0K!.22'22'-!.0-!)L'

>')LD-2!$2'-U!\&.-*)*D0.??RF!2$OOD&)!HD&!D&K.0*o*0K!.0-!LD2)*0K!2O'%*.?!'1'0)2

L.2!E''0!O&'-D>*0.0)?R!J$2)*H*'-!ER!KD1'&0>'0)!.0-!)D$&*2>!.K'0%*'2!*0!)'&>2

DH!)L'!0.&&DP!O'&2O'%)*1'!DH!)L'*&!'%D0D>*%!%D0)&*E$)*D0!)D!)L'!LD2)!'%D0D>R

Me'-'! -:( &%X! [ZZ<NU! \L*2! &'2$?)'-! *0! .0! 'V)'02*1'! &'2'.&%L! HD%$2'-

O&'-D>*0.0)?R! D0! *-'0)*HR*0K!.0-!'1.?$.)*0K!'%D0D>*%!E'0'H*)2! DH! '1'0)2U

C'2O*)'!)L'!P*-'2O&'.-!$2'!DH!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!.22'22>'0)2!HD&!'1'0)2F!)L'&'

.OO'.&2!)D!E'!.!-'K&''!DH!%&*)*%*2>!.ED$)!)L'!>')LD-2!.0-!&'2$?)2!DH!)L'2'

'1.?$.)*D02!Mj')o!7::7n!a&D>O)D0!7::sn!eD-$&!.0-!]'*2)&*)o![ZZwNU

5*0%'! )L'!7:8Zr2F! .0! *0%&'.2*0K!0$>E'&!DH! &'2'.&%L'&2!L.1'! %.??'-! HD&! .

E&D.-'&F!LD?*2)*%!.OO&D.%L!)D!'1.?$.)'!)L'!*>O.%)!DH!2O'%*.?!'1'0)2!MG*)%L*'

7:89n!#&.>P'??!7::;n!CPR'&!-:(&%U![ZZZn!a.&?2'0!-:(&%U![ZZ7n!j')o![ZZZn

e'-'!-:( &%U! [ZZ<n! 5L'&PDD-F! OL-! )L'2*2NU! \L'R! .&K$'-! )L.)! '%D0D>*%

>'.2$&'>'0)!*2!0D)!2$HH*%*'0)!)D!H$??R!'1.?$.)'!)L'!*>O.%)2!DH!.0!'1'0)F!2*0%'

)L'R!'0%D>O.22!0D)!D0?R!'%D0D>*%F!E$)!.?2D!'01*&D0>'0).?!.0-!2D%*.?!.2O'%)2

MCPR'&!-:(&%X([ZZZn!#DP-*0!-:(&%X([ZZ7NU!=>D0K!D)L'&2F!#&.>P'??!M7::;F!78N

'VO&'22'-!)L*2!DO*0*D0!2).)*0K!)L.)!�'1'0)2!2LD$?-!E'!.22'22'-!H&D>!)L'!D$)2')

*0!&'?.)*D0!)D!)L'!%D0%'O)!DH!2$2).*0.E?'!-'1'?DO>'0)F!P*)L!Q'R!*0-*%.)D&2!DH

2$2).*0.E*?*)R!E'*0K!*-'0)*H*'-!.0-!)L'0!>D0*)D&'-!D1'&!.!?D0K!O'&*D-rU!5D>'

.$)LD&2!2$KK'2)!)D!.-.O)!)L'!'V*2)*0K!&'2'.&%L!D0!2$2).*0.E*?*)R!)D!)L'!'1'0)2r

%D0)'V)!*0!D&-'&!)D!-'1'?DO!.!LD?*2)*%!H&.>'PD&Q!)L.)!PD$?-!.??DP!)D!*-'0)*HR

.0-!'1.?$.)'!'1'0)r2!*>O.%)2!.%&D22!.??!)L&''!-*>'02*D02!DH!'%D0D>*%F!2D%*.?

.0-!'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)!DH!L$>.0!.%)*1*)R!MX&'-?*0'!-:(&%X0![ZZ9n!e'-'!-:(&%UF

[ZZ8NU!=>D0K!D)L'&2F!e'-'!M[ZZ8N!.OO?*'-!)L'!\&*O?'!#D))D>!]*0'!.OO&D.%L

)D!'1'0)!'1.?$.)*D0!*0!D&-'&!)D!.--&'22!.??!*>O.%)2!DH!.0!'1'0)!)L.)!OD)'0)*.??R

.&'! &'?'1.0)! )D!.0R!DH! )L'! *01D?1'-!2).Q'LD?-'&2U!\L'!\#]F!ED&&DP'-! H&D>

.%%D$0)*0K!.0-!H*0.0%'F!.>.?K.>.)'2!)L'!2D%*.?F!'%D0D>*%F!.0-!'01*&D0>'0).?

.2O'%)2!DH!.%)*1*)*'2!*0)D!D0'!H&.>'PD&QU

\L'!2$2).*0.E?'!-'1'?DO>'0)!>D1'>'0)!.0-!&'?.)'-!)D!*)!K&DP*0K!&'%DK0*)*D0

DH!)L'!*>OD&).0%'!DH!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2!?'-!)D!*0%&'.2'-!&'2'.&%L

.))'0)*D0! HD%$2'-!D0! )L'>U!C*HH'&'0)!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?! *>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2!L.1'

E''0!*-'0)*H*'-F!*0%?$-*0K!OD2*)*1'!*>O.%)2!2$%L!.2!*0%&'.2'-!m$.?*)R!DH!?*H'F

Page 41: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

%$?)$&.?!'V%L.0K'F!D&!%D>>$0*)R!O&*-'F!.2!P'??!.2!0'K.)*1'!D0'2F!*0%?$-*0K

%&DP-*0KF!0D*2'!OD??$)*D0F!)&.HH*%!*22$'2F!%&*>'!.0-!1.0-.?*2>U!W1'&!)L'!?.2)!7Z

R'.&2! 2'1'&.?! H&.>'PD&Q2! .0-!>')LD-2! )D!>'.2$&'! )L'2'! 2D%*D"%$?)$&.?

*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2!L.1'!E''0!O&DOD2'-U!eDP'1'&F!)L'!&'2$?)2!)L'R!K'0'&.)'

%.0!E'!)D!.!?.&K'!'V)'0)!.HH'%)'-!ER!.!0$>E'&!DH!*22$'2!)L.)!.&*2'!-$&*0K!)L'

*>O?'>'0).)*D0!DH!)L'!'1.?$.)*D0!O&D%'-$&'2U!GDE'&)2D0!')!.?U!M[ZZ:N!O&D1*-'-

.0!'V)'02*1'!&'1*'P!DH!>')LD-D?DK*'2!HD&!'1.?$.)*0K!)L'!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!'HH'%)2

DH!H'2)*1.?2U!\L'R!*-'0)*H*'-!*22$'2!&'?.)'-!)D+!H'2)*1.?2!.0-!OD?*%RF!2).Q'LD?-'&2

.0-!%D0)'2)'-!>'.0*0KF!2D%*.?!*>O.%)!>'.2$&'>'0)!2%.?'2F!%D>>$0*)R!.0-

0')PD&Q2F!%D>>$0*)R!.0-!2D%*.?!%.O*).?F!.0-!H'2)*1.?!-*&'%)D&2U!\L'R!2)&'22'-

)L'!0''-!HD&!H$&)L'&!&'2'.&%L!*0!&'?.)*D0!)D!)L'!Q'R!)L'>'2!*-'0)*H*'-!*0!D&-'&!)D

E'!.E?'!)D!-'1'?DO!%D>O&'L'02*1'!'1.?$.)*D0!H&.>'PD&Q!HD&!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2!DH

'1'0)2U!\L'!?.%Q!DH!P'??"-'1'?DO'-!H&.>'PD&Q!.0-!>'.2$&'>'0)!2%.?'2!*2

&'%DK0*o'-!ER!.!0$>E'&!DH!.$)LD&2!PLD!2)&'22!)L'!0''-!HD&!.!>D&'!2).0-.&-*o'-

>')LD-D?DKR! HD&! '1.?$.)*0K! '1'0)2! .0-! )L'*&! *>O.%)2n!PL*%L!PD$?-! .OO?R

%D>O&'L'02*1'!>')LD-2!.0-!>D&'!&'?'1.0)!>'.2$&'2!MX.$?Q0'&!7::<n!CPR'&

-:(&%U![ZZZ.n!j')o![ZZZn!GDE'&)2D0!-:(&%U![ZZ:N

\D! &'2OD0-! )D! )L*2!0''-!.!0$>E'&!DH!2)$-*'2!P'&'!$0-'&).Q'0! *0!D&-'&! )D

-'1'?DO!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)!>'.2$&'>'0)!H&.>'PD&Q2U!eDP'1'&F!-$'!)D!)L'

*0).0K*E?'!.0-!2$EJ'%)*1'!0.)$&'!DH!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2F!)L'!'V*2)*0K!>')LD-2

L.1'!.!0$>E'&!DH!.22$>O)*D0!.0-!?*>*).)*D02!)L.)!.&'!L.&-!)D!D1'&%D>'U!\L*2

.&)*%?'! &'1*'P2! 'V*2)*0K! H&.>'PD&Q2! .0-!>')LD-2! O&DOD2'-! )D! '1.?$.)'

2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2!.2!P'??!.2!'V.>*0'2!Q'R!%D02*-'&.)*D02!.0-

*22$'2!)L.)!.HH'%)!)L'*&!.OO?*%.)*D0U!\L'!DEJ'%)*1'!DH!)L*2!O.O'&!*2!)D!O&D1*-'!.0

D1'&1*'P!DH!)L'!>.JD&!*22$'2!)L.)!*>O.%)!)L'!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!.22'22>'0)

.0-!)D!-*2%$22!)L'!%$&&'0)!>')LD-2!DH!-'.?*0K!P*)L!)L'>U!5O'%*H*%!'V.>O?'2

H&D>!)L'!'V*2)*0K!'>O*&*%.?!2)$-*'2!.&'!O&D1*-'-U

@%6$%/61'#1+"'($F7"6#2(%E(5N5&#2

5D%*D"%$?)$&.?! *>O.%)2! DH! '1'0)2! &'H'&! )D! )L'! OD2*)*1'! .2!P'??! .2! 0'K.)*1'

%D02'm$'0%'2! DH! '1'0)2! D0! %D>>$0*)R! .0-! %D02*-'&! *0)'&O'&2D0.?! .0-

*0)'&K&D$O!&'?.)*D02L*O2F!P'??"E'*0KF!)&.-*)*D02F!?*H'2)R?'2F!%D>>$0*)R!2'&1*%'2F

.0-!*-'0)*)R!MC'?.>'&'!-:(&%U![ZZ7NU!\L'R!%.0!.?2D!E'!-'H*0'-!.2!)L'!'V)'0)!)D

PL*%L! )L'!'1'0)! %D0)&*E$)'2! )D! )L'! 2D%*.?! .0-! %$?)$&.?! -'1'?DO>'0)! DH! )L'

2OD02D&*0K!D&!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!MG*)%L*'!7:89NU!40!)L'!%D0)'V)!DH!2$2).*0.E?'

-'1'?DO>'0)!)L'R!.&'!1*'P'-!.2!D0'!DH!)L'!)L&''!>.JD&!)RO'2!DH!*>O.%)2!DH

L$>.0!.%)*1*)RF!0.>'?R!)L'!'01*&D0>'0).?F!2D%*.?!.0-!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)2U

=?)LD$KL!)L'!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2!L.1'!E''0!0D)'-!*0!'1'0)!*>O.%)

.22'22>'0)!2)$-*'2!2*0%'!;Zr2F!)L'&'!P'&'!0D!.))'>O)2!.)!>'.2$&*0K!)L'>

$0)*?!>D&'!&'%'0)?RU!5O'%*.?!'1'0)2!'1.?$.)*D0!'>'&K'-!*0!)L'!;Zr2!.2!.!&'2$?)

Page 42: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&"

!&3#:&(<-(B/"'I"*'

DH!.-.O).)*D0!DH!>D&'!K'0'&.?!)D$&*2>!'1.?$.)*D0!>D-'?2U!\L'!'.&?R!2)$-*'2

HD%$2'-!>D2)?R!D0!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)2!.0-F!'1'0!*H!)L'R!-*-!.--&'22!2D>'

DH!)L'!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2F!)L'R!-*-!*)!)D!.!1'&R!?*>*)'-!'V)'0)U!5D%*.?!*>O.%)2!DH

'1'0)2!>'0)*D0'-!*0!2D>'!DH!)L'!'.&?R!2)$-*'2!D0!'1'0)!*>O.%)!.22'22>'0)

*0%?$-'+!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!&'%DK0*)*D0!DH!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0F!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!.))*)$-'2

.0-! ?*H'2)R?'2!DH! LD2)! ODO$?.)*D0F! OD)'0)*.?! .?*'0.)*D0!DH! LD2)! ODO$?.)*D0

.0-!&*2Q!DH!D1'&"%D>>'&%*.?*o.)*D0!DH!)L'!'1'0)!MG*)%L*'!v!#'?*1'.$7:;9NF

K&'.)'&!$0-'&2).0-*0K!.0-!KDD-P*??!.>D0K!O'DO?'!DH!-*HH'&'0)!0.)*D02!MC'??.

#*)).!-:(&%X!7:;8NF!O&D>D)*D0!DH!.!OD2*)*1'!2O*&*)! *0! )L'!%D>>$0*)R!MT.??!v

e$)%L*02D0!7:;8N

40!.!2'>*0.?!.&)*%?'!D0!'1'0)!'1.?$.)*D0!G*)%L*'!M7:89N!O&DOD2'-!.!%D0%'O)$.?

H&.>'PD&Q!HD&!)L'!'1.?$.)*D0!DH!*>O.%)2!DH!L.??>.&Q!'1'0)2U!e'!-*2)*0K$*2L'-

.>D0K!'%D0D>*%F!)D$&*2>Y%D>>'&%*.?n!OLR2*%.?n!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?n!O2R%LD?DK*%.?n

.0-!OD?*)*%.?!*>O.%)2!)L.)!P'&'!'*)L'&!OD2*)*1'!D&!0'K.)*1'U!ID2*)*1'!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?

*>O.%)2!*0%?$-'-!2)&'0K)L'0*0K!DH!&'K*D0.?!)&.-*)*D02!.0-!1.?$'2F! *>O&D1'-

m$.?*)R!DH!O'&2D0.?!&'?.)*D02L*O2!-'&*1'-!H&D>!)L'!'V)'02*1'!1D?$0)''&!'HHD&)2F

*0%&'.2'!*0!O'&>.0'0)!?'1'?!DH!?D%.?!*0)'&'2)!.0-!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!*0!)RO'!DH!.%)*1*)R

.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!)L'!'1'0)F!'UKU!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!*0!2OD&)2!.%)*1*)*'2n!.0-!DOOD&)$0*)*'2

HD&!%$?)$&.?!-'1'?DO>'0)U!G'?.)'-!OD2*)*1'!*>O.%)2F!%?.22*H*'-!ER!G*)%L*'!M7:89N

.2!O2R%LD?DK*%.?F!E$)!DH)'0!1*'P2!.2!2D%*.?!ER!D)L'&!.$)LD&2F!.?2D!*0%?$-'-

*0%&'.2'-! ?D%.?! O&*-'! .0-! %D>>$0*)R! 2O*&*)n! .0-! *0%&'.2'-!.P.&'0'22! DH

0D0"?D%.?! O'&%'O)*D02U! 6'K.)*1'! 2D%*D"%$?)$&.?! *>O.%)2! *0%?$-'-

%D>>'&%*.?*o.)*D0!DH!.%)*1*)*'2!PL*%L!>.R!E'!DH!.!O'&2D0.?!D&!O&*1.)'!0.)$&'n

.0-!>D-*H*%.)*D0!DH!0.)$&'!DH!'1'0)Y.%)*1*)R!)D!.%%D>>D-.)'!)D$&*2>U!6'K.)*1'

O2R%LD?DK*%.?!*>O.%)2!P'&'!)'0-'0%R!)DP.&-2!-'H'02*1'!.))*)$-'2!%D0%'&0*0K

LD2)! &'K*D02F!.0-!L*KL!OD22*E*?*)R!DH!>*2$0-'&2).0-*0K2! ?'.-*0K! )D! 1.&R*0K

-'K&''2!DH!LD2)Y1*2*)D&!LD2)*?*)RU

X&D>![ZZZ!D0P.&-2!.0!*0%&'.2*0K!0$>E'&!DH!2)$-*'2!HD%$2'-!D0!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2

DH!'1'0)2!.0-!>.-'!O&DK&'22!D0!)L'!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!>'.2$&'>'0)!2%.?'2!HD&

)L'2'!*>O.%)2U!CPR'&!-:(&%U!M[ZZZN!-'1'?DO'-!.!%D>O&'L'02*1'!?*2)!DH!2D%*.?

.0-!'%D0D>*%!E'0'H*)2!.0-!%D2)2!DH!'1'0)2U!5D%*.?!E'0'H*)2!*0%?$-'-!%D>>$0*)R

-'1'?DO>'0)!M2$%L!.2!'-$%.)*D0!.0-!O.&)*%*O.)*D0NF!%*1*%!O&*-'!MOD2*)*1'!.))*)$-'

)D!)L'!?D%.?*)RNF!.0-!'1'0)!O&D-$%)!'V)'02*D0!M2$%L!.2!O'&2D0.?!-'1'?DO>'0)F

*0%&'.2'-!'0)'&).*0>'0)! 1.?$'NF!PL*?'! 2D%*.?! %D2)2! *0%?$-'-! -*2&$O)*D0! )D

&'2*-'0)2r!?*H'2)R?'2F!)&.HH*%!%D0K'2)*D0F!0D*2'F!1.0-.?*2>F!%&DP-*0KF!%&*>'F!.0-

O&DO'&)R!-.>.K'U

5>.??!-:(&%X!M[ZZsN!.&K$'-!.K.*02)!.22$>*0K!)L.)!%'&).*0!*>O.%)2!.&'!OD2*)*1'

D&!0'K.)*1'F!E$)!O&DOD2'-!-'1'?DO*0K!.!?*2)!DH!)L'!*>O.%)2!.0-!)L'0!.2Q*0K

&'2OD0-'0)2!.ED$)!O'&%'*1'-!-*&'%)*D0!DH! )L'2'! *>O.%)2U!\L'R! *-'0)*H*'-!.

Page 43: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

0$>E'&!DH!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2!)L.)!*0%?$-'-!%D>>$0*)R!*>O.%)2!M%&DP-'-!HDD)O.)L2

.0-!2)&'')!?'.-*0K!)D!)&.HH*%!%D0K'2)*D0F!-*HH*%$?)R!H*0-*0K!%.&!O.&Q*0KF!%&DP-*0K

*0!?D%.?!2LDO2!.0-!H.%*?*)*'2F!0D*2'!OD??$)*D0!')%UNF!?'*2$&'Y&'%&'.)*D0!*>O.%)2

M*0%&'.2'-! '0)'&).*0>'0)! DOOD&)$0*)*'2F! *0%&'.2'-! H$)$&'! $2'! DH! 'V*2)*0K

&'%&'.)*D0.?!.0-!?'*2$&'!H.%*?*)*'2NF!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!*>O.%)2!M&'2)D&.)*D0!DH!'V*2)*0K

O$E?*%! E$*?-*0K2F! O$E?*%! H.%*?*)*'2!>.*0)'0.0%'NF! L'.?)L! .0-! 2.H')R! *>O.%)2

M*0%&'.2'-!OD?*%'!O&'2'0%'F! *0%&'.2'-! %&*>'!.0-! 1.0-.?*2>NF! .0-! %$?)$&.?

*>O.%)2!M*>O.%)2!D0!?D%.?!%L.&.%)'&!DH!)L'!%D>>$0*)RF!D0!)L'!%$?)$&.?!*-'0)*)RF

*0%&'.2'-!?D%.?!*0)'&'2)!*0!)L'!&'K*D0r2!%$?)$&'!.0-!L*2)D&RF!*0%&'.2'-!.P.&'0'22

DH!)L'!%$?)$&.?!.%)*1*)*'2!.1.*?.E?'F!*0)'&.%)*D0!P*)L!1*2*)D&2!DHH'&*0K!.0!'-$%.)*D0

'VO'&*'0%'NU!40!.!H$&)L'&!2)$-R!$2*0K!.!H.%)D&!.0.?R2*2!5>.??!M[ZZ8N!*-'0)*H*'-

2*V! $0-'&?R*0K! -*>'02*D02! DH! )L'! 2D%*.?! *>O.%)2! DH! %D>>$0*)R! H'2)*1.?2+

*0%D01'0*'0%'F! %D>>$0*)R! *-'0)*)R! .0-! %DL'2*D0F! O'&2D0.?! H&$2)&.)*D0F

'0)'&).*0>'0)! .0-! 2D%*.?*o.)*D0! DOOD&)$0*)*'2F! %D>>$0*)R! K&DP)L! .0-

-'1'?DO>'0)F!.0-!E'L.1*D&.?!%D02'm$'0%'2U

5O'%*.?!.))'0)*D0!L.2!E''0!-'1D)'-!)D!2D%*.?!E'0'H*)2!DH!'1'0)2!)L.)!.&'!%.O)$&'-

$0-'&!)L'!�2D%*.?!%.O*).?rF!�%*1*%!O&*-'rF!�%D>>$0*)R!2'?H!PD&)LrF!�m$.?*)R!DH!?*H'rF

�2D%*.?!E'?D0K*0KrF!�O?.%'!*-'0)*)Rr!%D02)&$%)2!MX&'-?*0'!v!X.$?Q0'&![ZZZn!iD0'2

[ZZ7n!C'!#&'2!v!C.1*2![ZZ7n!TDD-![ZZwn!B*2'0'&!v!B.2D0![ZZwNU!C'H*0*)*D02

DH!.??!)L'2'!%D02)&$%)2!.&'!D1'&?.OO*0K!.0-!*)!*2!0D)!.?P.R2!%?'.&!PL*%L!DH!)L'>

&'H'&!)D!.??!2D%*.?!E'0'H*)2!DH!'1'0)2!.0-!PL*%L!)D!D0?R!D0'!-*>'02*D02!DH!)L'2'

E'0'H*)2U!5D%*D"%$?)$&.?!%.O*).?!>D2)!DH)'0!L.2!E''0!-'H*0'-!.2!�)L'!0D&>2!.0-

2D%*.?! &'?.)*D02!'>E'--'-! *0! )L'!2D%*.?!2)&$%)$&'2!DH!2D%*')*'2! )L.)!'0.E?'

O'DO?'!)D!%D"D&-*0.)'!.%)*D0!)D!.%L*'1'!-'2*&'-!KD.?2r!M6.&.R.0!7:::NU!h'??R

.0-!h'??R!M[ZZZN!O&DOD2'-!)D!%.O)$&'!)L'!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!2D%*.?!%.O*).?!)L&D$KL

'1'0)2!P*)L! )L'!$2'!DH! )L'! HD??DP*0K!%D02)&$%)2+!%D>>$0*)R! *-'0)*)RF! 2D%*.?

%DL'2*D0F! &'%&'.)*D0.?! DOOD&)$0*)RF! )L'! -'1'?DO>'0)! DH! ?D%.?! '0)'&O&*2'F

*>O&D1'>'0)! DH! O$E?*%! H.%*?*)*'2! .0-! .>'0*)*'2! .0-! )L'! %D01'R.0%'! DH

Q0DP?'-K'!.ED$)!)L'!L*2)D&R!.0-!L'&*).K'!DH!.0!.&'.U!BD2%.&-D!M[ZZ;N!1*'P'-

2D%*.?!%.O*).?!.2! &'?.)'-! )D!%D>>$0*)R! *01D?1'>'0)!P*)L! )L'!'1'0)!.0-! )L'

E'0'H*)2!.&*2*0K!H&D>!*)!.0-!L*KL?*KL)'-!)L'!0''-!)D!.%%D$0)!HD&!�)L'!0$>E'&!DH

m$.?*)R!DH!2D%*.?!&'?.)*D02L*O2!-'1'?DO'-!)L&D$KL!)L'!'1'0)F!)L'!?'1'?!.0-!)RO'2

DH! ?'.&0*0K! H&D>!O.&)*%*O.)*D0! *0! )L'! '1'0)F! .0-! )L'! %D0)&*E$)*D0! DH! '1'0)

%DD&-*0.)*D0!O.&)0'&2L*O2!)D!D)L'&!&'K*D0.?!.%)*1*)*'2rU!B.%Q'??.&!M[ZZwN!*0!L'&

2)$-R!*01'2)*K.)'-!)L'!?*0Q2!HD&>'-!)L&D$KL!D0'"DHH!'1'0)2!.0-!LDP!)L'R!L'?O'-

)D!E$*?-!H$&)L'&!?*0Q2!HD&!&'K*D0.?!%D>>$0*)*'2!.0-!K.1'!DOOD&)$0*)R!HD&!O'DO?'

)D!PD&Q!)DK')L'&!.0-!2D?1'!.0-!-*2%$22!*22$'2!DH!%D>>D0!*0)'&'2)!D&!%D0%'&0U

5%L$?'0QD&H! M[ZZ:N!-*2)*0K$*2L'-!E')P''0!2D%*.?!%.O*).?!P*)L*0!.0-!.>D0K

K&D$O2U!5)$-R*0K!%&'.)*D0!DH!2D%*.?!%.O*).?!.2!.!&'2$?)!DH!*0)'&%D>>$0*)R!2OD&)*0K

'1'0)2F!L'!'2).E?*2L'-!)L.)!)L*2!Q*0-!DH!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!%.0!?'.-!)D!&'-$%)*D0

Page 44: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&&

!&3#:&(<-(B/"'I"*'

DH!*0)'&K&D$O!%D0H?*%)F!%&'.)*D0!DH!.!%D>>D0!2D%*.?!*-'0)*)RF!'2).E?*2L*0K!2D%*.?

%.O*).?!P*)L*0!.0-!.>D0K!K&D$O2!PL*%L!H$&)L'&!%D$?-!?'.-!)D!*>O&D1'>'0)!DH

)L'!m$.?*)R! DH! ?*H'! DH! LD2)! %D>>$0*)*'2U!TDD-! M[ZZwN! H$&)L'&! -*2)*0K$*2L'-

E')P''0!2D%*.?!%.O*).?!.0-!%*1*%!O&*-'F!'VO?.*0*0K!)L.)!�2D%*.?!%.O*).?!>'.2$&'2

HD%$2!>D&'!D0!E'L.1*D$&!.0-!E'L.1*D$&.?!*0)'0)!*0!)'&>2!DH!)&$2)F!0')PD&Q2F

&'%*O&D%*)R!.0-!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!PL'&'.2!%*1*%!O&*-'!*2!>D&'!DH!.0!'HH'%)*1'!>'.2$&'F

*0! )L.)! *)! &'?.)'2! )D! H''?*0K!.0-!.))*)$-'!.0-!-D'2!0D)!0'%'22.&*?R!.%)!.2!.

O&'%$&2D&!)D!E'L.1*D$&.?!%L.0K'r!MTDD-![ZZwNU!eDP'1'&F!L'!.&K$'-!)L.)!ED)L

2D%*.?!%.O*).?!.0-!%*1*%!O&*-'!>.R!?'.-!)D!E'L.1*D$&.?!D$)%D>'2!2$%L!.2!&'-$%'-

%&*>'F!%D>>$0*)R!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!?'1'?2!.0-!%D02'm$'0)?R!'%D0D>*%!E'0'H*)2U

\L*2!%D0%'O)$.?*o.)*D0!DH!%*1*%!O&*-'!.0-!*)2!D$)%D>'2!?'.-!)D!%L.??'0K'2!P*)L

-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!>'.2$&'>'0)!2%.?'!)D!%.O)$&'!'1'0)r2!%D0)&*E$)*D0!)D!%*1*%

O&*-'!.2! *)! *2! �*>OD&).0)! )D!'02$&'!)L.)!'.%L! *)'>!&'O&'2'0)2!.!-')'&>*0*0K

H.%)D&!DH!%*1*%!O&*-'!&.)L'&!)L.0!.0!D$)%D>'!DH!*)rU

\L'!H&.>'PD&Q2!O&DOD2'-!)D!>D-'?!.0-!'1.?$.)'!2D%*.?! *>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2

2$KK'2)!)D!K'0'&.)'!)L'!?*2)!DH!.??!)L'!OD)'0)*.?!*>O.%)2!&'?'1.0)!*0!)L'!%D0)'V)

DH! )L'!K*1'0!'1'0)!DH! *0)'&'2)! )L&D$KL!.!%D>E*0.)*D0!DH!>')LD-2! *0%?$-*0K

E&.*02)D&>*0K!ER!.!O.0'?!DH!'VO'&)2F!C'?OL*!>')LD-F!*0)'&1*'P2!P*)L!*0-$2)&RF

.0-!%D>>$0*)R!&'O&'2'0).)*1'2!.0-!&'2'.&%L!DH!'V*2)*0K!*>O.%)!?*)'&.)$&'U!\L'

%L.??'0K'!*0!)L*2!&'2O'%)!*2!)D!-')'&>*0'!)L'!2%DO'!DH!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2

)L.)!2LD$?-!E'!*0%?$-'-!*0!)L'!.22'22>'0)!.0-!)L'*&!-'H*0*)*D02U!XD&!'V.>O?'F

2D>'!H&.>'PD&Q2!O'&%'*1'!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!-'1'?DO>'0)!.2!D0'!DH!)L'!2D%*.?

*>O.%)2F!PL*?'! D)L'&! H&.>'PD&Q2!-D!0D)U!=OO?R*0K!-*HH'&'0)! H&.>'PD&Q2! )D

-*HH'&'0)!'1'0)2!.0-!&'K'0'&.)*0K!?*2)!DH!OD)'0)*.?!*>O.%)2!'.%L!)*>'!E'HD&'

'1.?$.)*D0!DH!.0!'1'0)!>.R!1'&R!?*Q'?R!-'%&'.2'!)L'!%D>O.&.E*?*)R!DH!'1.?$.)*D02

DH!-*HH'&'0)!'1'0)2!.0-!?'.-!)D!%D0)*0$'-!H&.K>'0)'-!&'2'.&%L!*0!)L*2!.&'.U

?22152($&(5N"'1"#$%&(%E(2%6$%/61'#1+"'($F7"6#2

=O.&)!DH!)L'!%L.??'0K'!DH!-'H*0*0K!)L'!2%DO'!DH!&'?'1.0)!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2F

)L'&'!*2!.!0$>E'&!DH!D)L'&!*22$'2!)L.)!.HH'%)!)L'!'V*2)*0K!H&.>'PD&Q2!HD&!'1'0)

.22'22>'0)2!.0-!>.Q'!%D>O.&*2D02!DH!H*0-*0K2!H&D>!-*HH'&'0)!2)$-*'2!>D&'

-*HH*%$?)! )D! %D>O.&'U! \L'R! *0%?$-'+! 2'?'%)*D0! DH! 2).Q'LD?-'&2F! 2)$-R! .&'.F

>'.2$&'>'0)! 2%.?'2F! '1'0)! .))'0-.0%'F! )*>'! H&.>'! .0-!>.0.K'&*.?

'HH'%)*1'0'22U

5.'.,;+$E"$6");(M.-$'A.<)"(EA");%A?"(<.(

=2!*)!P.2!-*2%$22'-!'.&?*'&!*0!)L*2!O.O'&F!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2!.&'

$2$.??R!-'H*0'-!.2!�)L'!'V)'0)!)D!PL*%L!)L'!'1'0)!%D0)&*E$)'2!)D!)L'!2D%*.?!.0-

%$?)$&.?!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH! )L'!2OD02D&*0K!D&!LD2)!%D>>$0*)Rr! MG*)%L*'!7:89NU

eDP'1'&F!)L*2!-'H*0*)*D0!?*>*)2!)L'!2%DO'!DH!)L'!.0.?R2*2!)D!D0?R!D0'!K&D$O!DH

Page 45: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

2).Q'LD?-'&2! *0! .0! '1'0)+! )L'! LD2)! %D>>$0*)RF! *K0D&*0K! .??! )L'! D)L'&

2).Q'LD?-'&2F!>D2)!0D).E?RF!)L'!1*2*)D&2U!4)!*2!$0-'&2).0-.E?'!)L.)!)L'!'V*2)*0K

&'2'.&%L!HD%$2'2!'V)'02*1'?R!D0!LD2)!%D>>$0*)RF!K*1'0!)L'!H.%)!)L.)!'1'0)

D&K.0*o'&2!0''-!)D!-'>D02)&.)'!)L'!'%D0D>*%!.0-!2D%*.?!E'0'H*)2!DH!'1'0)2!)D

K.*0!2$OOD&)!.0-!*01D?1'>'0)!DH!?D%.?!&'2*-'0)2!*0!)L'!$0-'&).Q*0KU!eDP'1'&F

H&D>! )L'! 2$2).*0.E?'! -'1'?DO>'0)! O'&2O'%)*1'F!PL'&'! 1*2*)D&! H$?H*??>'0)! *2

1*'P'-!.2!.0!*0)'K&.?!-*>'02*D0!DH!2$2).*0.E?'!)D$&*2>F!)L*2!.OO&D.%L!2''>2

)DD!0.&&DPU!5'1'&.?!.))'>O)2!.)!.OO?R*0K!)L'!)&*O?'!ED))D>!?*0'!.OO&D.%L!)D

'1.?$.)*D02! DH! '1'0)! *>O.%)2! L.1'!L*KL?*KL)'-! )L'! *>OD&).0%'!DH!>$?)*O?'

2).Q'LD?-'&2F!E$)!L.1'!0D)!O&D1*-'-!.!)DD?!)D!'1.?$.)'!)L'!*>O.%)2!P*)L!&'2O'%)

)D!.??!)LD2'!-*HH'&'0)!K&D$O2U!\L'!%L.??'0K'!L'&'!*2!)L'&'HD&'!)D!*-'0)*HR!.??!)L'

&'?'1.0)! 2).Q'LD?-'&!K&D$O2!.0-!O&DOD2'!>'.2$&'>'0)!2%.?'2! )L.)!PD$?-

.22'22!LDP!)L'R!.&'!*>O.%)'-!ER!)L'!'1'0)U

A'&R!&'%'0)?RF!e'-'!M[ZZ8N!-'1'?DO'-!.!2O'%*.?!'1'0)!2).Q'LD?-'&!>.OF!E.2'-

D0!2).Q'LD?-'&!)L'D&RU!5L'!O&DOD2'-!)L.)!)L'!2).Q'LD?-'&2!DH!.0!'1'0)!*0%?$-'

�E$2*0'22'2F!%D>>$0*)R!K&D$O2F!'01*&D0>'0).?*2)2F!'>'&K'0%R!2'&1*%'2F!'1'0)

.22D%*.)*D02F! KD1'&0>'0)2F! &'2*-'0)2! M.))'0-''2! .0-! 0D0".))'0-''2NF

2L.&'LD?-'&2F! 2OD02D&2F! )D$&*2)2! M.))'0-''2NF! '>O?DR''2! M'1'0)! .0-

0D0"'1'0)NF!1D?$0)''&2F!>'-*.F!.0-!%D>O')*)D&2!DH!)L'!2O'%*.?!'1'0)rU!C'2O*)'

*)2!1.?$'!.2!D0'!DH!)L'!1'&R!H*&2)!2)$-*'2!)D!&'%DK0*o'!)L'!*>OD&).0%'!DH!*>O.%)2

D0!)L'!>$?)*O?'!2).Q'LD?-'&2F!0D)!D0?R!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)RF!)L*2!?*2)!-D'2!0D)

-*2)*0K$*2L!E')P''0!'1'0)!O.&)*%*O.0)2!MO'&HD&>'&2N!.0-!.))'0-''2F!PLD!%.0

E'!2''0!.2!)PD!-*HH'&'0)!K&D$O2!DH!2).Q'LD?-'&2U!C*2)*0%)*D0!E')P''0!O'&HD&>'&2

*0! )L'!'1'0)!.0-!.))'0-''2!.)! )L'!'1'0)!E'%D>'2!'2O'%*.??R!1*2*E?'! *0! )L'

%D0)'V)!DH!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2U

\L'!0''-! )D!2)$-R!.)! ?'.2)! )L'! *>O.%)2!D0! ?D%.?!%D>>$0*)R!.2!P'??!.2!D0

1*2*)D&2!*2!.?2D!1*2*E?'!*0!)L'!&'2'.&%L!%D0-$%)'-!ER!5%L$?'0QDH!M[ZZ:NU!e'

?DDQ'-!.)!2D%*.?!$)*?*)R!DH!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!.0-!2)&'22'-!)L'*&!OD)'0)*.?!)D!*>O&D1'

*0)'&K&D$O!&'?.)*D02!.0-!E&*-K'!2D%*.?!K.O2!E')P''0!K&D$O2F!ER!HD&!'V.>O?'

'0%D$&.K*0K!)'.>!2O*&*)F!*0)'&K&D$O!?'.&0*0KF!.0-!&'%*O&D%.?!2Q*??!-'1'?DO>'0)U

e'!.?2D! ).?Q'-!.ED$)! )L'!OD22*E?'!0'K.)*1'! &'2$?)2! *0! HD&>!DH! ?D22!DH! )&$2)F

PD&2'0'-!*0)'&K&D$O!)D?'&.0%'!D&!.0)*"2D%*.?!E'L.1*D$&U!e*2!2)$-R!*0-*%.)'2

)L'!&'%*O&D%.?!.2O'%)2!DH!'1'0)2!.0-!*??$2)&.)'2!)L'!&'?'1.0%'!DH!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2

DH!.!'1'0)!P*)L!&'2O'%)!)D!ED)L!&'2*-'0)2!.0-!1*2*)D&2U!\L'!0''-!)D!%D02*-'&!)L'

1*'P2!DH!.!P*-'&!0$>E'&!DH!2).Q'LD?-'&!O'&%'O)*D02!P.2!.?2D!2$OOD&)'-!ER

GDE'&2D0!-:( &%U! M[ZZ:N!PLD!.?2D!OD*0)'-!D$)! )L'!0'%'22*)R! )D! -'1'?DO!.0

'V)'0-'-!2')!DH!*0-*%.)D&2!)D!%.O)$&'!.??!)L'!'V)'0-'-!*>O.%)2!DH!.0!'1'0)U

\L'!%D0%'O)$.?! H&.>'PD&Q! HD&!'1'0)! *>O.%)!'1.?$.)*D0!PD$?-!E'0'H*)! H&D>

*0%?$2*D0!DH!.??! )L'!&'?'1.0)!2).Q'LD?-'&!K&D$O2!.0-! *0-*%.)D&2!-'2*K0'-!)D

Page 46: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&(

!&3#:&(<-(B/"'I"*'

>'.2$&'!LDP!)L'R!L.1'!E''0!.HH'%)'-!ER!)L'!'1'0)U!\L'!'1'0)!P*??!O?.R!-*HH'&'0)

&D?'!HD&!?D%.?!&'2*-'0)2!.0-!HD&!1*2*)D&2U!\L'!OD)'0)*.?!2D%*.?!*>O.%)!D0!1*2*)D&2

>.R!*0%?$-'!*>O&D1'-!*>.K'!DH!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0F!L*KL'&!O&DE.E*?*)R!DH!&')$&0*0K

)D!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0F!E'))'&!Q0DP?'-K'!DH!?D%.?!%$?)$&'F!2)&D0K'&!2'?H!*-'0)*)R!')%U

40! D&-'&! )D! .22'22! )L'! 2D%*D"%$?)$&.?! *>O.%)! DH! .0! '1'0)F! )L'! *>O.%)! D0

2).Q'LD?-'&2!D)L'&!)L.0!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!2LD$?-!0D)!E'!*K0D&'-!.2!*)!*2!*0!)L'

'V*2)*0K!H&.>'PD&Q2U!40!)L*2!.2O'%)F!)L'!&'2'.&%L!D0!'1'0)!*>O.%)!.22'22>'0)

%.0! E'0'H*)! .0-! ED&&DP! H&D>! )L'! ?.&K'! 0$>E'&! DH! H&.>'PD&Q2! .0-! )DD?2

-'1'?DO'-!)D!.22'22!)L'!?'.&0*0K!'VO'&*'0%'!.0-!D)L'&!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2!DH!)&.1'?

D0!)D$&*2)2U!\L'2'!H&.>'PD&Q2!%.0!E'!.-.O)'-!)D!%.O)$&'!)L'!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?

'VO'&*'0%'!DH!'1'0)!1*2*)D&2U!=!&'?.)'-!.2O'%)!)L.)!L.2!0D)!E''0!.--&'22'-!*0

)L'!'V*2)*0K!&'2'.&%L!D0!'1'0)!*>O.%)!.22'22>'0)!*2!)L'!&D?'!DH!)&.1'?!)D!.0-

H&D>!)L'!'1'0)U!TL'0!'1.?$.)*0K!)L'!*>O.%)2!DH!.0!'1'0)!D0!1*2*)D&2!.0-!LD2)

%D>>$0*)R! *)!2LD$?-!E'!0D)'-!)L.)! )&.1'?! *2! *01D?1'-! *0!D&-'&! HD&!1*2*)D&2! )D

.))'0-!)L'!'1'0)U!4)!*2!%$&&'0)?R!P*-'?R!&'%DK0*o'-!)L.)!)&.1'?!)D!.0-!H&D>!.0

'1'0)! L.2! 2*K0*H*%.0)! '01*&D0>'0).?! *>O.%)2! MPL*%L! .&'! '1.?$.)'-!PL'0

%.&ED0"H&''! %D0H'&'0%'2! .&'! D&K.0*o'-! .0-! )L'! )&.1'?! )D! .0-! H&D>! )L'

%D0H'&'0%'!0''-2!)D!E'!DHH2')NF!E$)!0D!'1.?$.)*D0!DH!*)2!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)

L.2!E''0!-D0'!2D!H.&U!\L'!.--'-!%L.??'0K'!*2!)L.)!)L'!)&.1'?!)D!.0-!H&D>!)L'

'1'0)!%.0!E'!2''0!.2!L.1*0K!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!1*2*)D&2!.2!P'??!.2

)L'!0$>E'&!DH!%D>>$0*)*'2!D)L'&!)L.0!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)RU!A*2*)D&2!>.R!E'

2).R*0K!*0!0'*KLED&*0K!%D>>$0*)*'2!D)L'&!)L.0!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!-$'!)D!)L'

2$OO?R!DH!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!')%U!\L'!m$'2)*D0!.&*2'2!PL')L'&!)L'!*>O.%)2!D0

)L'2'! %D>>*0$)'2! 2LD$?-! E'!.?2D! %D02*-'&'-! *0! )L'!'1.?$.)*D02!DH! '1'0)

*>O.%)2U! \L'&'HD&'F! )L'! &'2'.&%L'&! L.2! )D! -'H*0'! 0D)! D0?R! )L'! &'?'1.0)

2).Q'LD?-'&2F!E$)!.?2D!)L'!2)$-R!.&'.!)L.)!P*??!E'!%D02*-'&'-!*0!)L'!2)$-RU

*.()%<.C.E;"),('.)

5D%*.?! .0-! %$?)$&.?! *>O.%)2! DH! '1'0)2! .&'!>D2)?R! .OO&D.%L'-! )LD$KL

>'.2$&'>'0)! DH! %D>>$0*)R! H''?*0K2! .0-! O'&%'O)*D02U! \L*2! .OO&D.%L! *2

1.?$.E?'! )D! )L'!'V)'0)! )L.)! *)! *??$2)&.)'2! *>OD&).0)! %D>>$0*)R!DO*0*D02!.0-

)L'&'HD&'!-'O*%)2!)L'!D1'&.??!2$%%'22!D&!H.*?$&'!DH!)L'!'1'0)U!5'1'&.?!&'2'.&%L'&2

L.1'!O&DOD2'-!2%.?'2!HD&!>'.2$&*0K!)L'!2D%*.?!*>O.%)!DH!'1'0)2!MC'?.>'&'

7::;F![ZZ7n!C'?.>'&'!-:(&%U![ZZ7n!X&'-?*0'!-:(&%X![ZZ<n!5>.??!v!,-P.&-2

[ZZ<NU!6D).E?RF!.??!)L'2'!2%.?'2!>'.2$&'!&'2*-'0)2r!O'&%'O)*D02!DH!2D%*.?!.0-

%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2U!C'?.>'&'F!T.0Q'?F!.0-!e*0%L!M[ZZ7NF!$2*0K!K'0'&*%

)D$&*2>!*>O.%)!2%.?'2F!-'1'?DO'-!D0'!DH!)L'!H*&2)!2%.?'2!).*?D&'-!)D!)L'!0''-2

DH!'1'0)2U!\L'*&!2%.?'F!%.??'-!L'!X'2)*1.?!5D%*.?!4>O.%)!=))*)$-'!5%.?'!MX54=5NF

>'.2$&'2!&'2*-'0)2!O'&%'O)*D02!DH!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2!DH!%D>>$0*)R"E.2'-!H'2)*1.?2

ER!.2Q*0K!)L'>!)D!&.)'!PL')L'&!D&!0D)!)L'R!E'?*'1'!)L'!2O'%*H*'-!*>O.%)2!PD$?-

D%%$&!MO&DJ'%)*D0NF!.0-!PL.)! *>OD&).0%'!)L'R!O?.%'!D0! )L'2'! *>O.%)2U!\L'

X54=5!%D02*2)2!DH!9;!*)'>2!*0!)PD!%.)'KD&*'2!DH!2D%*.?!%D2)2!.0-!2D%*.?!E'0'H*)2U

Page 47: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

X54=5!*2!D0?R!O&'"'1'0)!.22'22>'0)U!=0!.?)'&0.)*1'!*02)&$>'0)!)D!.22'22!)L'

2D%*.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2!P.2!-'1'?DO'-!ER!X&'-?*0'!-:(&%U!M[ZZ<NU!\L'*&!2%.?'

%D02*2)2!DH!9s!*>O.%)!2).)'>'0)2!-*1*-'0-!*0)D!)L&''!K&D$O2+!)L'!D1'&.??!*>O.%)2

DH!)L'!'1'0)F!)L'!2O'%*H*%!*>O.%)2!DH!)L'!'1'0)F!.0-!)L'!*0-'O'0-'0)!1.&*.E?'2

M*0%?$-*0K!%D0).%)!P*)L!)D$&*2)2F!O.&)*%*O.)*D0F!*-'0)*H*%.)*D0!P*)L!)L'!)L'>'!')%UNU

\L'!&'2OD0-'0)2!P'&'!H*&2)!.2Q'-!)D!.22'22!PL')L'&!)L'R!E'?*'1'!)L'!*)'>!L.2

%L.0K'-!E'%.$2'!DH! )L'!'1'0)!.0-! )D! *-'0)*HR! )L'!-*&'%)*D0!DH! )L'!%L.0K'U

5'%D0-?RF!*H!)L'!&'2OD0-'0)2!O'&%'*1'-!%L.0K'F!)L'R!P'&'!)L'0!.2Q'-!)D!.22'22

LDP!*)!L.2!.HH'%)'-!ED)L!)L'*&!O'&2D0.?!m$.?*)R!DH!?*H'!.0-!)L'*&!%D>>$0*)R!.2!.

PLD?'U!\L'!*02)&$>'0)!-'1'?DO'-!ER!X&'-?*0'!-:(&%U!M[ZZ<N!.??DP2!HD&!OD2)"'1'0)

'1.?$.)*D0!D0?RU

W0'!DH! )L'!>D2)! &'%'0)! 2%.?'2! )D!>'.2$&'! 2D%*.?! *>O.%)2! DH! '1'0)2!P.2

O&DOD2'-!ER!5>.??!.0-!,-P.&-2!M[ZZ<N!.0-!*2!Q0DP0!.2!)L'!5D%*.?!4>O.%)

I'&%'O)*D0!M54IN!2%.?'U!4)!.2Q2!&'2OD0-'0)2!)D!2).)'!PL')L'&!)L'R!O'&%'*1'-

)L'!*>O.%)!)D!L.1'!D%%$&&'-U!5'%D0-?R!)L'R!.&'!.2Q'-!)D!%.)'KD&*o'!)L'!*>O.%)2

.2!E'*0K!OD2*)*1'!D&!E'*0K!0'K.)*1'!*0!0.)$&'U!\L*&-?R!)L'R!.&'!K*1'0!.!2%.?'

H&D>!"s!)D!s!D0!PL*%L!)L'R!%D$?-!&'O&'2'0)!)L'!?'1'?!DH!*>O.%)U!54I!2%.?'!%.0

E'!$2'-!HD&!ED)L!O&'!.0-!OD2)!'1'0)!'1.?$.)*D0U!=!2?*KL)?R!-*HH'&'0)!.OO&D.%L

P.2!-'1'?DO'-!ER!TDD-!M[ZZwN!PLD!*02)'.-!DH!>'.2$&*0K!&'2*-'0)2r!.))*)$-'2

)D!)L'!'1'0)!.0-!*)2!*>O.%)2F!O&DOD2'-!)D!>'.2$&'!)L'!&'2*-'0)2r!.))*)$-'2!)D

)L'!?D%.?!.&'.!E'HD&'!.0-!.H)'&!)L'!'1'0)U!\L*2!.OO&D.%L!.??DP'-!L*>!)D!>'.2$&'

)L'!%L.0K'2!*0!)LD2'!.))*)$-'2!)L.)!>.R!E'!.))&*E$).E?'!)D!)L'!LD2)*0K!DH!)L'

'1'0)U!]*0-E'&K!.0-!iDL02D0!M7::;NF!D0!)L'!D)L'&!L.0-F!.OO?*'-!)L'!%D0)*0K'0)

1.?$.)*D0!>')LD-2!)D!)L'!>'.2$&'>'0)!DH!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2!DH!)D$&*2>F!PL*%L

*0*)*.??R!P.2!O&DOD2'-!)D!>'.2$&'!%D02$>'&2r!P*??*0K0'22!)D!O.R!HD&!KDD-2U

\L'!&'2'.&%L'&2!.2Q'-!&'2*-'0)2!DH!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!)D!.22*K0!.!>D0').&R

1.?$'2!)D!-*HH'&'0)!)D$&*2>!*>O.%)2U

\L'!-*HH*%$?)*'2!*0!>'.2$&*0K!)L'!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!.&'!&'?.)'-!)D!)L'!H.%)

)L.)!)L'!2$%%'22!*0!)L'!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!2'02'!*2!L'.1*?R!-')'&>*0'-!ER!*0-*1*-$.?

.0-! %D>>$0*)R! 1.?$'! 2R2)'>U!=! %D>>$0*)R!>*KL)! L.1'! -*HH'&'0)! 1*'P2

&'K.&-*0K!)L'!-'2*&.E*?*)R!DH!-*HH'&'0)!D$)%D>'2!DH!'1'0)2U!=?2DF!)L'!%D>>$0*)R

>'>E'&2!>.R!-*HH'&'0)?R!'1.?$.)'!)L'!O&'2'0%'!DH!'1'0)!*>O.%)2U!,1'0!PL'0

)L'&'!*2!%D02'02$2!&'K.&-*0K!)L'!DEJ'%)*1'2F!.0D)L'&!%L.??'0K'!*2!?.%Q!DH!L.&-

>'.2$&'2U!\L'&'!.&'!1'&R!H'P!K$*-'?*0'2!.0-!'V*2)*0K!>'.2$&'2!)L.)!%.0!E'

.OO?*'-!)D!>'.2$&'!%D>>$0*)R!2O*&*)F!2D%*.?!*0)'&.%)*D0F!%$?)$&.?!&*%L0'22!D&

2D%*.?!%.O*).?U

\L'&'!)PD!>D&'!>.JD&!%L.??'0K'2!P*)L!)L'!'V*2)*0K!>'.2$&'>'0)!2%.?'2!.0-

)L'*&!.OO?*%.E*?*)RU!X*&2)!DH!.??!)L'!&'2$?)2!P*??!-*HH'&!2*K0*H*%.0)?R!-'O'0-*0K!D0

PL.)!2.>O?*0K!>')LD-2!.&'!KD*0K!)D!E'!$2'-!.0-!.2!.!&'2$?)F!PLD!H&D>!)L'

Page 48: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&*

!&3#:&(<-(B/"'I"*'

LD2)!%D>>$0*)R!P*??!E'!*0%?$-'-!*0!)L'!2.>O?'U!5>.??!-:(&%U!M[ZZsN!*0!.!O*?D)

2)$-R! DH! )L'*&! 2%.?'! 2$&1'R'-!<[! 2).Q'LD?-'&2! H&D>! )L'!P*-'&! %D>>$0*)R

M*0%?$-*0K!)D$&*2>F!KD1'&0>'0)!.0-!E$2*0'22N!.%%D&-*0K!)D!)L'!?DK*%!DH!C'?OL*

)'%L0*m$'!PL*%L!*2!.!)DD?!-'2*K0'-!)D!-&.P!D$)!P*-'&!%D>>$0*)R!O'&%'O)*D02

ER!2$&1'R*0K!.!2>.??'&!O.0'?!DH!'VO'&)!>'>E'&2!DH!)L'!%D>>$0*)RU!eDP'1'&F

*)!*2!m$'2)*D0.E?'!PL')L'&!)L*2!.OO&D.%L!K*1'2!.!&'O&'2'0).)*1'!O*%)$&'!DH!)L'

PLD?'!%D>>$0*)Rr2!.))*)$-'2!)DP.&-2!)L'!'1'0)U!\L'!2'%D0-!O&DE?'>!*2!&'?.)'-

)D!DE).*0*0K!.0!.KK&'K.)'!2%D&'!DH!)L'!%D>>$0*)Rr2!.))*)$-'!)DP.&-2!.0R!K*1'0

*>O.%)U!=?)LD$KL!.1'&.K'!&'2OD02'2!%.0!E'!%.?%$?.)'-F!*)!?'.-2!)D!.!?D22!DH

1.?$.E?'!*0HD&>.)*D0U!\L'&'!%.0!E'!OD)'0)*.?!2*)$.)*D02!PL'0!)L'!&'2OD0-'0)2

-*2.K&''!*0!)L'*&!'1.?$.)*D0!DH!-*HH'&'0)!*>O.%)2!DH!.0!'1'0)U!eDP!.0!.KK&'K.)'

2%D&'!2LD$?-!E'!DE).*0'-! *0! )L*2!2*)$.)*D0u!=2!G*)%L*'!.&K$'-! *0!7:89F! )L'

.)).*0>'0)!DH!O.&)*%$?.&!D$)%D>'2!%.0!E'!%.?%$?.)'-!)D!)L'!'V)'0)!)L.)!)L'&'!*2

.!&'.2D0.E?'!%D02'02$2!.>D0K!%D>>$0*)R!>'>E'&2!.2!)D!)L'!-'2*&.E*?*)R!DH

2$%L!D$)%D>'!.0-!O'&%'O)*D0!DH!*)2!2%.?'U!eDP'1'&F!PL'0!.!%D>>$0*)R!LD?-2

2)&D0K?R!-*1'&2'!1*'P2!D0!2D%*.?!.0-!%$?)$&.?!KD.?2F!.0-!O'&%'*1'2!)L'*&!?'1'?2

-*HH'&'0)?RF!>'.2$&'2!.&'!>$%L!L.&-'&!)D!-'H*0'U

HK.E;"(;;.EA(E,.

W0'! 1.&*.E?'! )L.)! L.2! E''0! ?.&K'?R! *K0D&'-! *0! )L'! 'V*2)*0K! 2)$-*'2! DH

2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2!*2!)L'!'1'0)!.))'0-.0%'F!-'2O*)'!)L'!H.%)!)L.)

*)! *2!2''0!.2!.!L*KL?R!&'?'1.0)! H.%)D&! HD&! )L'!'%D0D>*%! *>O.%)!.22'22>'0)U

].&K'&!.>D$0)!DH!O'DO?'!.))'0-*0K!)L'!'1'0)!>.R!O$)!>D&'!-'>.0-2!D0!'V*2)*0K

*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!.0-!?'.-!)D!>D&'!2'&*D$2!D1'&%&DP-*0K!*0!)L'!.&'.U!=)!)L'!2.>'

)*>'!L*KL'&!.))'0-.0%'!>.R!%&'.)'!>D&'!DOOD&)$0*)*'2!HD&! *0)'&.%)*D02!.0-

%$?)$&.?!*0)'&%L.0K'!%&'.)*0K!?.2)*0K!?'K.%R!*0!HD&>!DH!*0%&'.2'-!$0-'&2).0-*0K

.0-!Q0DP?'-K'!DH!-*HH'&'0)!%$?)$&'2F!2D%*.?!%DL'2*D0!.0-!m$.?*)R!DH!?*H'U!\L'

Q0DP?'-K'!.ED$)!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!'1'0)!O.&)*%*O.0)2!%D$?-!E'!)L'&'HD&'!$2'-!)D

'2)*>.)'!)L'!-*HH'&'0)!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2F!2$%L!.2!%&DP-*0K!DH!HDD)O.)L2!.0-!2)&'')2F

O&D1*-*0K!.0!DEJ'%)*1'!.22'22>'0)!DH!)L*2!*>O.%)F!.2!DOOD2'-!)D!)&.-*)*D0.?

2$EJ'%)*1'!>'.2$&'2!DH!&'2*-'0)2r!O'&%'O)*D02!DH!%&DP-*0KU

5*>*?.&?RF! )L'! O.&)*%*O.)*D0! D&! .))'0-.0%'! .)! )L'! '1'0)! .>D0K! )L'! ?D%.?

ODO$?.)*D0F!ED)L!*0!)'&>2!DH!.E2D?$)'!)'&>2!.2!P'??!.2!&'?.)*1'!)D!)L'!0$>E'&!DH

1*2*)D&2!*2!0D)!&'.??R!%D02*-'&'-!*0!)L'!2D%*.?!*>O.%)!.22'22>'0)!H&.>'PD&Q2

HD&!'1'0)2U!=K.*0F!K&'.)'&!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!DH!?D%.?!&'2*-'0)2!*0!)L'!'1'0)F!PL')L'&

*0!)L'!&D?'!DH!O'&HD&>'&2!D&!.))'0-''2!%D$?-!OD)'0)*.??R!?'.-!)D!.!K&'.)'&!.>D$0)

DH!*0)'&.%)*D02!.0-!*0)'&%$?)$&.?!'V%L.0K'U!40!'V*2)*0K!H&.>'PD&Q2!)L'!E'0'H*)2

H&D>!*0)'&.%)*D0!P*)L!1*2*)D&2!.&'!%.O)$&'-!>D2)?R!.2!.!D0'!*)'>!D0!.!2%.?'

PL*%L!*2!'1.?$.)'-!ER!%D>>$0*)R!>'>E'&2!.?D0'!M&'2$?)*0K!*0!.!O'&%'*1'-

*>O.%)!2%D&'NU!eDP'1'&F!*)!%D$?-!E'!E'0'H*%*.?!)D!.%)$.??R!.?2D!?DDQ!.)!)L'!0$>E'&

DH!1*2*)D&2!PLD!.))'0-'-!)L'!'1'0)!.0-!$2'!)L*2!*0HD&>.)*D0!)D!%&'.)'!>D&'

Page 49: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

&+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

&'?*.E?'!'2)*>.)'2!DH!)L'!?'1'?!DH!*0)'&.%)*D0F!'2O'%*.??R!*H!)L'!-.).!%D??'%)'-

H&D>!.!%D>>$0*)R!>'>E'&2!2$&1'R!2LDP2!-*HH'&*0K!&'2OD02'2U

C'2O*)'! *)2! &.)L'&! *0).0K*E?'! .0-! m$.?*).)*1'! 0.)$&'F! 2D%*D"%$?)$&.?! *>O.%)

.22'22>'0)!%D$?-!E'0'H*)!H&D>!*0%?$-*0K!)L'!'2)*>.)'2!DH!'1'0)!.))'0-.0%'!*0

D&-'&!)D!1'&*HR!D&!%D>O?'>'0)!)L'!2$EJ'%)*1'!>'.2$&'2!DH!&'2*-'0)2r!O'&%'O)*D02

DH! *>O.%)2U! =!P*-'! &.0K'! DH!>')LD-2! HD&! '2)*>.)*0K! '1'0)! .))'0-.0%'

*2!.1.*?.E?'U

\L'R!P'&'!-'1'?DO'-!*0!D&-'&!)D!O&D1*-'!'1'0)!.))'0-.0%'!'2)*>.)'2!HD&!)L'

O$&OD2'!DH!'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)!.22'22>'0)!DH!'1'0)2U!XD&!'1'0)2!PL'&'!)*%Q')2

.&'!2D?-!D&!*0!2D>'!P.R!)L'!.%%'22!*2!%D0)&D??'-F!)L'!).2Q!DH!%.?%$?.)*0K!)L'

'1'0)! .))'0-.0%'! *2! 2)&.*KL)HD&P.&-U! eDP'1'&F! PL'0! )L'! .%%'22! *2! 0D)

%D0)&D??'-F!)L'!).2Q!E'%D>'2!>$%L!>D&'!%D>O?*%.)'-!.0-!%.??2!HD&!D0'!DH!)L'

>.0R!>')LD-2F! *0%?$-*0K! O.&)*%*O.0)! 2$&1'R2! Mh.R?'0!-:( &%U! 7::8NF! LD)'?

>.0.K'&2!2$&1'R!.0-!%.O.%*)R!$)*?*o.)*D0!>D-'?!M#D00!v!C.*![ZZ9n!\R&&'??!v

42>.*?![ZZsNU

3;-.<",$E)+A.<(;+$E)

\L'!'V*2)*0K!H&.>'PD&Q2!.?2D!-D!0D)!.--&'22!'VO?*%*)?R!)L'!)*>'!-*>'02*D0!DH

)L'!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2U!5D>'!*>O.%)2!.&'!2LD&)!)'&>!*0!*)2!0.)$&'F

2$%L!.2!%&DP-*0K!DH!2*-'P.?Q2!PL*%L!L*2!O&'2'0)!.)!>D2)!HD&!)L'!-$&.)*D0!DH

)L'!'1'0)F!E$)!%'.2'2!)D!'V*2)!D0%'!1*2*)D&2!?'.1'!)L'!LD2)!-'2)*0.)*D0!HD&!)L'

'1'0)U!W0!)L'!D)L'&!L.0-F!2D>'!DH!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2F!ED)L!OD2*)*1'!2$%L!.2!2D%*.?

%.O*).?!D&!0'K.)*1'!.2!H''?*0K2!DH!LD2)*?*)R!%.0!L.1'!>$%L!?D0K'&!)*>'!H&.>'U

\L'! )*>'! -*>'02*D0! DH! 2D%*D"%$?)$&.?! *>O.%)2! L.2! 0D)! E''0! .--&'22'-

2.)*2H.%)D&R!*0!)L'!'V*2)*0K!&'2'.&%L!D0!)L*2!)DO*%U!\DD?2!0''-!)D!E'!-'1'?DO'-

)D!E'))'&!.--&'22!)L'!&'?.)*1'!-$&.)*D0!DH!-*HH'&'0)!*>O.%)2!PL*%L!PD$?-!.HH'%)

)L'*&!*>OD&).0%'U

=0D)L'&!.2O'%)!)L.)!*2!0D)!'V)'02*1'?R!.--&'22'-!E$)!.K.*0!%.0!2*K0*H*%.0)?R

*0H?$'0%'!)L'!&'2$?)2!DH!.22'22>'0)!DH!*>O.%)2!DH!.0!'1'0)!*2!)L'!>.0.K'&*.?

O'&2O'%)*1'U!,1'0)!*>O.%)2!%.0!E'!>.0.K'-+!O&D%'22'2!%.0!E'!O$)!*0!O?.%'

)D!'0L.0%'!)L'!OD2*)*1'!*>O.%)2!.0-!&'-$%'!)L'!0'K.)*1'!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2U

\L'&'!*2!.!0''-!)D!-'1'?DO!.!H&.>'PD&Q!)L.)!0D)!D0?R!.22'22'2!)L'!*>O.%)2

E$)!.?2D!.??DP2!)D!'1.?$.)'!)L'!'HH'%)*1'0'22!DH!)L'!>.0.K'>'0)!H$0%)*D0!HD&

)L'!'1'0)U!\L'!D$)O$)!?'1'?2!.&'!D0?R!D0'!-*>'02*D0!DH!O'&HD&>.0%'!DH!)L'

'1'0)U!\PD!'1'0)2!P*)L!)L'!2.>'!?'1'?!DH!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2!2)*??!-*HH'&!*0!)'&>2!DH

)L'!'HHD&)!*01'2)'-!*0!DE).*0*0K!D&!O&'1'0)*0K!)L'2'!*0O$)2U!40!D&-'&!)D!L.1'!.

>D&'!%D>O&'L'02*1'!O*%)$&'!*)!PD$?-!E'!1.?$.E?'!)D!?DDQ!.)!)L'!*0O$)2!*01'2)'-

)D!DE).*0!)L'!-'2*&'-!2D%*.?!D$)O$)2!MD&!&'-$%'!)L'!$0-'2*&'-!2D%*.?!D$)O$)2N

.0-! )L'! .%)$.?! D$)O$)2! )DK')L'&F! ER! -'1'?DO*0K! .!>'.2$&'! DH! 2D%*.?

'HH'%)*1'0'22!DH!'1'0)!D&K.0*o*0K!.0-!>.0.K*0K!'HHD&)2U

Page 50: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

',

!&3#:&(<-(B/"'I"*'

-%&6'12$%&2("&G($F7'$6"#$%&2

\DK')L'&!P*)L!)L'!K&DP)L!DH!'1'0)!)D$&*2>!.)!>.0R!-'2)*0.)*D02!.&D$0-!)L'

PD&?-F! )L'! *>OD&).0%'! DH! $0-'&2).0-*0K! *)2! 2D%*D"%$?)$&.?! *>O.%)! D0! LD2)

%D>>$0*)*'2!.0-!D)L'&! 2).Q'LD?-'&2!L.2!E'%D>'!P*-'?R! &'%DK0*o'-U!\L'

&'%'0)!R'.&2!L.1'!P*)0'22'-!.!0D).E?'!K&DP)L!*0!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!2)$-*'2!-'1D)'-

)D!)L*2!)DO*%F!O&DOD2*0K!-*HH'&'0)!H&.>'PD&Q2!.0-!>'.2$&'>'0)!2%.?'2U!C'2O*)'

)L'*&!?*>*).)*D02!.0-!.22$>O)*D02F!)L'2'!2)$-*'2!>.&Q!2*K0*H*%.0)!O&DK&'22!*0

$0-'&2).0-*0K!.0-!>'.2$&*0K!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2U

=2!)L*2!O.O'&!*??$2)&.)'-!)L'&'!.&'!.!0$>E'&!DH!*22$'2!.0-!%L.??'0K'2!&'?.)'-

)D!'1.?$.)*D0!DH!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2F!*0%?$-*0K!)L'!0''-!)D!-'H*0'

)L'!2%DO'!DH!*>O.%)2!$0-'&!%D02*-'&.)*D0F!2)$-R!.&'.F!&'?'1.0)!2).Q'LD?-'&2F

>'.2$&'>'0)!2%.?')F!.0-!)*>'!H&.>'U!aD02*-'&.)*D0!DH!)L'2'!H'P!H$0-.>'0).?

*22$'2!&'?.)'-!)D!2D%*D"%$?)$&.?!*>O.%)!.22'22>'0)!%.0!?'.-!)D!-'1'?DO>'0)

DH!>D&'!&'?*.E?'F!%D>O&'L'02*1'!.0-!&'?'1.0)!'1.?$.)*D02U!\L'2'!*0!)$&0!>.R

O&D1*-'!1.?$.E?'!*0HD&>.)*D0!HD&!'1'0)!D&K.0*o'&2F!2OD02D&2F!>.0.K'&2F!OD?*%R

>.Q'&2F!.0-!D)L'&!2).Q'LD?-'&2U

;C=C;C!-C@

#W66F!BU=UF!.0-!C=4F!BU!M[ZZ9NF!8'*3$(,":-%(+&C&+*:;(:"(-':*5&:-(<*/-+:(-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:l(7

':#<;("2(:,-(`[[Z(1"#:,W-':(7*/%*3-'(B&'C&/*%%&(U*/&:-(L-':0(.&5C&0(L%"/*<&0(iD$&0.?!DH

aD01'0)*D0!.0-!,1'0)!\D$&*2>F!w!M<NF!s"[ZU

#WTC46!jUF!BaCW66,]]!4UF!=]],6F!iUF!.0-!Wr\WW],F!TU!M[ZZ7NF!>9-3:'()&3&$-5-3:0

#$))'&PD&)L"e'*0'>.00+!WVHD&-U

#G=BT,]]F!#U!M7::;NF!7('C"/:(5-$&6-9-3:(&'(&('#':&*3&I%-(:"#/*'5(<-9-%"C5-3:(':/&:-$;X

\D$&*2>!G'%&'.)*D0!G'2'.&%LF![[!M[NF!7<":U

a=G]5,6F! iUF!j,\gF!CUF! .0-! 5W/\=GF!jU! M[ZZ7NF!>9-3:( -9&%#&:*"3( /-'-&/+,X(,1'0)

B.0.K'>'0)+!=0!40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?F!w!M<NF![9;"s;U

aGWBI\W6F!iU]U!M7::sNF!>+"3"5*+(*5C&+:(&3&%;'*'("2('C"/:'(2&+*%*:*-'(&3<(-9-3:'l(>%-9-3

'"#/+-'("2(5*'&CC%*+&:*"30!iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)2!B.0.K'>'0)F!:F!79"<sU

aGWBI\W6F!iU]U! M[ZZ9b0(D-;"3<(-+"3"5*+( *5C&+:l(73(&%:-/3&:*9-( /&:*"3&%-( 2"/( :,-(C#I%*+

'#I'*<;("2(5&P"/(%-&$#-('C"/:'(2&+*%*:*-'X(iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)!B.0.K'>'0)F!78F!9Z"s8U

C,!#G,5F!hUF!.0-!C=A45F!iU!M[ZZ7NF!J-%-I/&:*3$($/"#C(&3<(C%&+-(*<-3:*:;l(&(+&'-(':#<;("2(&

3-W(/-$*"3&%(2-':*9&%0(\D$&*2>!j'DK&.OL*'2F!<!M<NF!<[w"<<;U

C,]=B,G,F! \U=U! M7::;NF!!-9-%"C5-3:( "2( '+&%-( *:-5'( :"(5-&'#/-( :,-( '"+*&%( *5C&+:( "2

+"55#3*:;(2-':*9&%'0(iD$&0.?!DH!=OO?*'-!G'%&'.)*D0!G'2'.&%LF![[!M9NF![:<"<7sU

C,]=B,G,F!\U=U!M[ZZ7NF!!-9-%"C5-3:("2(&('+&%-(:"(5-&'#/-(/-'*<-3:(&::*:#<-'(:"W&/<(:,-

'"+*&%( *5C&+:'( "2( +"55#3*:;( 2-':*9&%'F! I.&)! 44+! A'&*H*%.)*D0! DH! )L'! 2%.?'U! ,1'0)

B.0.K'>'0)F!;!M7NF![s"<8U

C,]=B,G,F!\U=UF!T=6h,]F!]UBUF!.0-!e46aeF!\UCU!M[ZZ7b0!!-9-%"C5-3:("2(&('+&%-(:"(5-&'#/-

/-'*<-3:( &::*:#<-'( :"W&/<'( :,-( '"+*&%( *5C&+:'( "2( +"55#3*:;! 2-':*9&%'0!U&/:( =l( =:-5

$-3-/&:*"3(&3<(C#/*2*+&:*"3("2(:,-(5-&'#/-X!,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)F!;F!77S[9U

C,]]=!#4\\=F!=UF!]W/CW6F!CUF!#WW\eF!jUF!.0-!T,,h5F!GU!M7:;8NF!>':*5&:*3$(:,-(-+"3"5*+

*5C&+:("2(&(',"/:6:-/5(:"#/*':(-9-3:0(iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF!7w!M[NF!7Z"sU

Page 51: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

'!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

C,GG,\\F!GU!M[ZZ<NF!)&?*3$('-3'-("2(,"W(2-':*9&%'(<-5"3':/&:-(&(+"55#3*:;\'('-3'-("2

C%&+-0!,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)F!8F!9:Ss8U

CT^,GF!]UF!B,]]WGF!GUF!B45\4]45F!6UF!.0-!B/],5F!\U!M[ZZZNF!7(2/&5-W"/?(2"/(&''-''*3$

u:&3$*I%-\(&3<( u*3:&3$*I%-\( *5C&+:'("2(-9-3:'(&3<(+"39-3:*"3'0!,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)F!wF

7;s"78:U

X=/]h6,GF!#U!M7::<NF!>9&%#&:*3$(:,-(:"#/*'5(*5C&+:'("2(,&%%5&/?(-9-3:'U!W%%.2*D0.?!O.O'&

0DU!7wU!#$&'.$!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!a.0E'&&.U

XG,C]46,F!,UF!.0-!X=/]h6,GF!#U! M[ZZZNF!E"':(+"55#3*:;( /-&+:*"3'l(7(+%#':-/(&3&%;'*'0

=00.?2!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF![;!M<NF!;w<";89U

XG,C]46,F!,UF!i=jWF!]UF!.0-!C,,G^F!BU! M[ZZ<NF!.,-(<-9-%"C5-3:("2(&($-3-/*+('+&%-( :"

5-&'#/-(:,-('"+*&%(*5C&+:'("2(-9-3:'0(,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)F!8F![<"[;U

XG,C]46,F!,UF!G=^#W/]CF!BUF! i=jWF! ]UF! .0-!C,,G^! FBU! M[ZZ9NF!./*C%-(D"::"5(S*3-

>9&%#&:*"3l(U/"$/-''(:"W&/<(&(.-+,3*Y#-(:"(7''*':(*3(U%&33*3$(&3<()&3&$*3$(&3(>9-3:

*3(&(1#':&*3&I%-()&33-/X!40+!GU!B.%?'00.0!M'-UN!."#/*'5l(1:&:-("2(:,-(7/:(==(=3:-/3&:*"3&%

1+*-3:*2*+(J"32-/-3+-U!j?.2KDP+!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!5)&.)L%?R-'U

j,\gF!CU!M7::7NF!7''-''*3$(:,-(-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:'("2(2-':*9&%'(&3<(-9-3:'l(4-'-&/+,(*''#-'0

iD$&0.?!DH!=OO?*'-!G'%&'.)*D0!G'2'.&%LF!7w!M7NF!w7";;U

j,\gF!CU! M7::;NF!>9-3:(5&3&$-5-3:(&3<(-9-3:( :"#/*'5X!/5=+!aDK0*o.0)!aD>>$0*%.)*D0

aD&OD&.)*D0U

j,\gF!CU!M[ZZZNF!!-9-%"C*3$(&(/-'-&/+,(&$-3<&(2"/(:,-(-9-3:(5&3&$-5-3:(2*-%<F!iU!=??'0F!GU

e.&&*2F!]UhU!i.KD!.0-!=U!A'.?!M'-2NF!O.O'&!O&'2'0)'-!)D!>9-3:'(D-;"3<(`[[[l(1-::*3$

:,-(7$-3<&F!5R-0'RU

e,C,F!=U"BU!M[ZZ8NF!)&3&$*3$('C-+*&%(-9-3:'(*3(:,-(3-W(-/&("2(:,-(./*C%-(D"::"5(S*3-0!,1'0)

B.0.K'>'0)F!77!M7"[NF!7<"[[U

e,C,F!=U"BUF!i=jWF!]UF!.0-!C,,G^F!BU!M[ZZ<NF!73(7$-3<&(2"/('C-+*&%(-9-3:(/-'-&/+,l(%-''"3'

2/"5( :,-( C&':( &3<( <*/-+:*"3'( 2"/( :,-( 2#:#/-0! iD$&0.?! DH! eD2O*).?*)R! .0-! \D$&*2>

B.0.K'>'0)F!7ZF!5$OO?'>'0)F!7"79U

eWC/GF!6UF!.0-!],45\G4\gF!XU]U!M[ZZwNF!>':*5&:*3$(:,-(-+"3"5*+(*5C&+:("2(-9-3:(:"#/*'5l(7

/-9*-W("2(*''#-'(&3<(5-:,"<'F(iD$&0.?!DH!aD01'0)*D0!.0-!,1'0)!\D$&*2>F!8!M9NF!w<";:U

iW6,5F!aU!M[ZZ7b0!)-$&6-9-3:'(&3<(,"':6/-$*"3(*5C&+:'l(<-:-/5*3*3$(:,-(:/#-(W"/:,("2(:,-

gaaa(W"/%<(+#C0!40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!<F![97"[s7U

h=^],6F!BU! 5UF!T=5e46j\W6F! =UF! .0-!W5#/G6F!CU! CU! M7::8b0( >':*5&:*3$( :"#/*'5

-TC-3<*:#/-'(2"/("C-36&++-''(&5&:-#/('C"/:'(:"#/3&5-3:'F!iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF

<wF!;8";:U

h,]]^F!=UF! .0-!h,]]^F!hU! M[ZZZNF! 45C&+:'( &3<( 9&%#-'0( &''-''*3$( :,-( &/:'( &3<( +/-&:*9-

*3<#':/*-'(*3(:,-(1"#:,(]-':X!#&*2)D?+!#&*2)D?!a$?)$&.?!C'1'?DO>'0)!aD02D&)*$>U

]46C#,GjF!hUF!.0-!iWe65W6F!GU!M7::;NF!.,-(-+"3"5*+(9&%#-'("2(:"#/*'5\'('"+*&%(*5C&+:'0

733&%'("2(."#/*'5(4-'-&/+,F([9F!:Z"77wU

B=ah,]]=GF!iU!M[ZZwNF!J"39-3:*"3'0(2-':*9&%'0(&3<(:"#/*'5l(>TC%"/*3$(:,-(3-:W"/?(:,&:(I*3<'X

iD$&0.?!DH!aD01'0)*D0!v!,1'0)!\D$&*2>F!8!M[NF!9sSswU

B45,6,GF!]UF!.0-!B=5W6F!CU!5U!M[ZZwb0(J/-&:*3$(+"55#3*:;(3-:W"/?'l(J&3('C"/:*3$(-9-3:'

"22-/(5-&3*3$2#%('"#/+-'("2('"+*&%(+&C*:&%q!B.0.K*0K!]'*2$&'F!77F!<:SswU

BW5a=GCWF!jU!M[ZZ;NF!73&%;@*3$(:,-(/"%-("2(2-':*9&%'(&3<(-9-3:'(*3(/-$*"3&%(<-9-%"C5-3:0

,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)F!77!M7Y[NF![<S<[U

6=G=^=6F!CU!M7:::NF!D"3<'(&3<(I/*<$-'l(1"+*&%(+&C*:&%(&3<(C"9-/:;0(U"9-/:;(B/"#C0(U4>)X

.,-(]"/%<(D&3?X!G')&*'1'-!6D1'>E'&![ZF![ZZ8F!H&D>!L))O+YYPPPUPD&?-E.0QUD&KYL)>??Y

-'%YI$E?*%.)*D02YTD&QO.O'&2YLD>'UL)>?

G4\ae4,F!#UF!.0-!#,]4A,=/F!CU!M7:;9b0(E&%%5&/?(>9-3:'l(&3(-9&%#&:*"3("2(&(':/&:-$*+(/-'C"3'-

:"('-&'"3&%*:;(*3(:,-(:/&9-%(5&/?-:U!iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF!79F!79"[ZU

G4\ae4,F!iU!M7:89NF!7''-''*3$(:,-(*5C&+:("2(,&%%5&/?(-9-3:'l(J"3+-C:#&%(&3<(/-'-&/+,(*''#-'0

iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF![[!M7NF![S77U

Page 52: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

'"

!&3#:&(<-(B/"'I"*'

GW#,G\5W6F!BUF!GWj,G5F!IUF!.0-!],=5hF!=U!M[ZZ:NF!U/"$/-''*3$('"+*"6+#%:#/&%(=5C&+:

>9&%#&:*"3(2"/(L-':*9&%'0(iD$&0.?!DH!ID?*%R!G'2'.&%L!*0!\D$&*2>F!]'*2$&'!.0-!,1'0)2F!7

M[NF!7sw"7w:U

5ae/],6hWGXF!6U!M[ZZ:NF!73(-T(&3:-(2/&5-W"/?(2"/(:,-(':/&:-$*+(':#<;("2('"+*&%(#:*%*:;("2

'C"/:(-9-3:'0!\D$&*2>!.0-!eD2O*).?*)R!G'2'.&%LF!:!M[NF!7[Z"7<7U

5e,GTWWCF!IU!M[ZZ;NF!7(:/*C%-(I"::"5(%*3-(-9&%#&:*"3("2(:,-(*5C&+:("2('C-+*&%(-9-3:'l(:,-

<-9-%"C5-3:("2(*3<*+&:"/'U!ILUCU!)L'2*2U!a'0)&'!HD&!eD2O*).?*)R!.0-!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF

A*%)D&*.!/0*1'&2*)RU

5B=]]F!hU!M[ZZ8NF!5D%*.?!-*>'02*D02!DH!%D>>$0*)R!H'2)*1.?2+!.0!.OO?*%.)*D0!DH!H.%)D&!.0.?R2*2

*0!)L'!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!)L'!5D%*.?!4>O.%)!I'&%'O)*D0!M54IN!2%.?'U!>9-3:()&3&$-5-3:F!77

M7"[NF!9s"ssU

5B=]]F!hUF!.0-!,CT=GC5F!CU!M[ZZ<NF!>9&%#&:*3$(:,-('"+*"6+#%:#/&%(*5C&+:'("2(&(2-':*9&%("3(&

,"':(+"55#3*:;l(&(+&'-(':#<;("2(:,-(7#':/&%*&3(L-':*9&%("2(:,-(D""?X!40!\U!j&*HH*0F!v!GU

e.&&*2!M,-2UNF!U/"+--<*3$'("2(:,-(a:,(733#&%(J"32-/-3+-("2(:,-(7'*&(U&+*2*+(."#/*'5

7''"+*&:*"3U!5R-0'R+!5%LDD?!DH!]'*2$&'F!5OD&)!.0-!\D$&*2>F!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!\'%L0D?DKR

5R-0'RF!s8Z"s:<U

5B=]]F!hUF!,CT=GC5F!CUF!.0-!5e,G4C=6F!]U!M[ZZsb0(7(2%-T*I%-(2/&5-W"/?(2"/(-9&%#&:*3$

:,-('"+*"6+#%:#/&%(*5C&+:'("2(&(_'5&%%b(2-':*9&%0(40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)

G'2'.&%LF!7!M7NF!ww";wU

\^GG,]]F!\UiUF!.0-!iWe65\W6F!GU!iU!M[ZZ7b0(7(2/&5-W"/?(2"/(&''-''*3$(<*/-+:(-+"3"5*+

*5C&+:'("2(:"#/*':(-9-3:'l(!*':*3$#*',*3$("/*$*3'0(<-':*3&:*"3'0(&3<(+&#'-'("2(-TC-3<*:#/-'0

iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF!9ZF!:9"7ZZU

T=]]F!jUF!.0-!e/\ae465W6F!iU!M7:;8NF!J"55#3*:;(2-':*9&%'(*3(J&3&<&(&3<(:,-(&3&:"5;("2

"3-("2(:,-(5"':(C"C#%&/XX^?:"I-/2-':t!G'%&'.)*D0!a.0.-.F![7"[9U

TWWCF!,U!M[ZZwNF!)-&'#/*3$(:,-('"+*&%(*5C&+:'("2(%"+&%(&#:,"/*:;(-9-3:'l(&(C*%":(':#<;(2"/(&

+*9*+( C/*<-( '+&%-0! 40)'&0.)*D0.?! iD$&0.?! DH!6D0O&DH*)!AD?$0).&R!5'%)D&!B.&Q')*0KF! 77F

7ws"7;:U

Page 53: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

'#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

-B<;<->C;?@>?-@(9=(-9!=C;C!-C(>9:;?@A(<>( )<;DC

)<^C@( ?!( C:;90C(<!4(@:DDC@>?9!@( =9;

4CHC)90AC!>(<>( )<^C(R<)<>9!(;CD?9!I(B:!D<;[

N$<KO;-"P3G/Q8

9:);<(,;l(=3(:,-('-+"3<(C&/:("2(:,-(:W-3:*-:,(+-3:#/;0(&(/&C*<%;(<-9-%"C*3$(:"#/*':*+

2*-%<(+&5-(:"( %*2-(&'(&( /-'#%:("2( :,-(5"/-(&3<(5"/-( *5C"/:&3:( *3:-/3&:*"3&%( /"%-("2

-+"3"5;(&3<(C"%*:*+'( &'(W-%%( &'( :,-(<-9-%"C*3$( :-+,3"%"$;l( +"32-/-3+-( :"#/*'5X

J"32-/-3+-(:"#/*'5(*'("3-("2(:,-(2&':-':(<-9-%"C*3$(&3<(5"':(C/"2*:&I%-(2*-%<'("2(:"#/*'5X

D-+&#'-("2( *:0( &(5"/-( &3<(5"/-( '*$3*2*+&3:( 3#5I-/( "2( <-':*3&:*"3'( +"3'*<-/( :,-

<-9-%"C*3$("2(+"32-/-3+-(:"#/*'5(&'(&(,*$,%;(*5C"/:&3:(2*-%<(W,-3(:,-;(-%&I"/&:-(:,-*/

:"#/*'5(C"%*+;X

.&?*3$(&($%&3+-(&:(:,-($/-&:(%&?-'("2(>#/"C-0("3-(5#':('--(:,&:(+"32-/-3+-(:"#/*'5(*'

C&/:*+#%&/%;( :;C*+&%( &:( S&?-( "2(B-3-9&0( S&?-( S#$&3"0( S&?-(J"3':&3+-( &3<( :,-

]K/:,-/'--X(.,*'(C#I%*+&:*"3(&*5'(&:("22-/*3$(&(I/*-2("9-/9*-W("2(:,-(%&?-'(:,&:(C%&;(&

+/#+*&%(/"%-(*3(>#/"C-&3(:"#/*'5X(=(&5(&I"#:(:"(-T&5*3-(:,-(W"/?*3$(5-+,&3*'5(&3<

C&/:*+*C&3:'("2(+"32-/-3+-(:"#/*'5(&:(%&/$-(>#/"C-&3(%&?-(<-':*3&:*"3'(&3<(&%'"(:,-

W&;(:,-*/(+,&/&+:-/*':*+'(+&3(I-(#'-<(&:(S&?-(D&%&:"3(*3("/<-/(:"(2"':-/(:,-(<-9-%"C5-3:

"2(:,-(/-$*"3X

>.?"@$<A)B"+"32-/-3+-(:"#/*'50(>#/"C-&3(%&?-(<-':*3&:*"3'0(%&?-(D&%&:"3(/-$*"30

<-9-%"C5-3:

\J ?&#+%G16#$%&

T.)'&! *2! )L'!>D2)! *>OD&).0)! )D$&*2)*%! &'2D$&%'F! *0-'O'0-'0)! H&D>! )L'! H.%)

PL')L'&!*)!*2!.0!D%'.0F!.!?.Q'!D&!.!&*1'&U!\L'!.))'0)*D0!DH!)D$&*2)*%!'VO'&)2!L.2

E''0!)$&0*0K!)D!)D$&*2)*%!$)*?*o.)*D0!DH!2>.??'&!?.Q'2U!\L'!H.%)!)L.)!.!0$>E'&!DH

*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'2!L.1'!&'%'0)?R!E''0!L'?-!D0!)L'!)DO*%!.?2D!.22'&)2

)L*2!2).)'>'0)!M*0!5.1D0?*00.F!X*0?.0-F![ZZ<F!*0!e.0K!aLD$F!aL*0.F![ZZsF!D&

*0!jR�0KR�2F!e$0K.&RF! [ZZ;NU!W0! )L'!D)L'&! L.0-F! ]*1*0K!].Q'2F! .! K?DE.?

0')PD&Q!&$0!ER!'01*&D0>'0)!O&D)'%)*D0*2)2!L.2!.?2D!%D>'!)D!?*H'F!)L'!DO'&.)*D0

DH!PL*%L!*2!%D"D&-*0.)'-!ER!j?DE.?!6.)$&'!X$0-F!.0!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!0D0"O&DH*)

D&K.0*o.)*D0U

\L*2!O$E?*%.)*D0!.*>2!.)!DHH'&*0K!.!E&*'H!D1'&1*'P!DH!)L'!?.Q'2!)L.)!O?.R!.!%&$%*.?

&D?'!*0!,$&DO'.0!)D$&*2>U!4!.>!.ED$)!)D!'V.>*0'!)L'!PD&Q*0K!>'%L.0*2>!.0-

O.&)*%*O.0)2!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!)D$&*2>!.)!?.&K'!,$&DO'.0!?.Q'!-'2)*0.)*D02!.0-

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 53-70

}!%-./012.345 675 89:2;5 <0=>130?0-35 675 $:6-6?.:5 >-@5 A0B.6->C5 [email protected];5 FE-B>14;5 *("!;

G>[email protected] IJ5 K35 !'L

Page 54: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

'&

E"/9G:,(h"%:G3

.?2D! )L'!P.R! )L'*&!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!%.0!E'!$2'-!.)!].Q'!#.?.)D0! *0!D&-'&! )D

HD2)'&!)L'!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!)L'!&'K*D0U

KJ -%&E5+5&65(#%1+$2F(*5$&.(%&5(%E(#35(E"2#52#(G5N5'%7$&.(256#%+2(%E

#%1+$2F

40!)L'!2'%D0-!O.&)!DH!)L'!)P'0)*')L!%'0)$&RF!.!&.O*-?R!-'1'?DO*0K!)D$&*2)*%!H*'?-

%.>'!)D!?*H'!.2!.!&'2$?)!DH!)L'!>D&'!.0-!>D&'!*>OD&).0)!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!&D?'!DH

'%D0D>R!.0-!OD?*)*%2!.2!P'??!.2!)L'!-'1'?DO*0K!)'%L0D?DKR+!%D0H'&'0%'!)D$&*2>U

#'2*-'2!%?.22*%!.-1'&)*2*0KF!%D0H'&'0%'2!L.1'!E'%D>'!)L'!>D2)! *>OD&).0)

>'.02!DH!'%D0D>*%!%D>>$0*%.)*D0F!)L'&'HD&'F!)L'!*>OD&).0%'!DH!)L'*&!2$%%'22

Q''O2!D0!K'))*0K!K&'.)'&U!MA.&K.F!iF![ZZ9N

aD0K&'22! )D$&*2>! *0%?$-'2! .??! Q*0-! DH! O&DK&.>2! M%D0K&'22F! %D0H'&'0%'F

2R>OD2*$>F!&D$0-").E?'!).?Q2F!'VL*E*)*D0F!H.*&!D&!PD&Q2LDO2N!PL'&'!O.&)*%*O.0)2

-*2%$22!>.))'&2!$0-'&!P'??"D&K.0*o'-!%D0-*)*D02!D&!K.*0!'%D0D>*%!D&!.%.-'>*%

'VO'&*'0%'U!MB*%L.?QbF!jF!7::8N

=!L.&2L!'VO.02*D0!DH!E$2*0'22!)D$&*2>!L.2!E''0!0D)*%'.E?'!-$&*0K!)L'!?.2)![s

R'.&2U!\L*2!*2!0D)!D0?R!)&$'!HD&!HD&'*K0!E$)!.?2D!HD&!-D>'2)*%!)D$&*2>U!#'%.$2'

DH!)L*2F!)D$&*2)*%!'VO'&)2!.K&''!*0!)L'!*>OD&).0%'!DH!).Q*0K!)L'!>.))'&!$0-'&

H$&)L'&!'V.>*0.)*D0!MC.1*-2D0F!GF![ZZ8!n!#&.-?'R!')!.?UF![ZZ[NU!=%%D&-*0K!)D

)D$&*2)*%!'VO'&)2F!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!'?'>'0)2!DH!E$2*0'22!)D$&*2>!.&'!>'')*0K2F

%D0H'&'0%'2!.0-!D&K.0*o*0K!'VL*E*)*D02!M].PF!aU!BU!F!7::<n!WOO'&>.00F!BF

.0-!aLD0F!hU"5UF!7::;NU

aD0H'&'0%'!)D$&*2>!*2!D0'!DH!)L'!H.2)'2)!-'1'?DO*0K!.0-!>D2)!O&DH*).E?'!H*'?-2

DH!)D$&*2>U!#'%.$2'!DH!*)F!.!>D&'!.0-!>D&'!2*K0*H*%.0)!0$>E'&!DH!-'2)*0.)*D02

%D02*-'&!)L'!-'1'?DO*0K!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!)D$&*2>!.2!.!L*KL?R!*>OD&).0)!H*'?-!PL'0

)L'R!'?.ED&.)'! )L'*&! )D$&*2>!OD?*%RU! 4)!.?2D!%D0)&*E$)'2! )D! &*2*0K!P.K'2!.0-

'>O?DR>'0)!-.).F!*>O&D1'>'0)!DH!)L'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!E.?.0%'!DH!O.R>'0)2!.2

P'??!.2!K'0'&.)'2!*01'2)>'0)2!*0!)D$&*2)*%!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!D&!.22*2)2!*0!2O&'.-*0K

0'P!)'%L0D?DK*'2!.0-!)L'D&*'2U!MCPR'&F!]U!.0-!B*2)*?2F!6UF!7::;NU

_J C1+%75"&('"Y5(G52#$&"#$%&2

,1'&R-.R!?.0K$.K'!-'H*0'2!?.Q'2!.2!?.&K'&!2).K0.0)!P.)'&2!D0!-&R!?.0-U!=

-'H*0*)*D0!PL*%L!)'0-2!)D!E'!%?.22*%.?F!P.2!P&*))'0!*0!7:Z7!ER!XU!=U!XD&'?!-D'2

0D)!2''>!)D!)'??!>$%L!>D&'!.ED$)!*)U!=%%D&-*0K!)D!XD&'?F!_U!U!U!.!?.Q'!*2!2).K0.0)

P.)'&!PL*%L!H*??2!.!O*)!DH!)L'!2$&H.%'F!*2!2$&&D$0-'-!H&D>!.??!-*&'%)*D02!.0-!-D'2

0D)!L.1'!.!-*&'%)!OLR2*%.?!%D00'%)*D0!P*)L!2'.2Uq

Page 55: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

''

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

].Q'2!%.0!'1D?1'!*0!%D02'm$'0%'!DH!'0-DK'0!ODP'&2!M%&$2).?!>D1'>'0)2F

1D?%.0*%!O&D%'22'2NF!'VDK'0D$2!ODP'&2!M'UKU!*%'!%D1'&*0KF!&*1'&!'&D2*D0F!Q.&2)

HD&>.)*D0NF!%D2>*%!'HH'%)2F!D&!.0)L&DODK'0*%!'HH'%)2!M5o.EbF!iUF!7::[NU

\L'!0$>E'&!DH!?.Q'2!D0!O?.0')!,.&)L!-'H*0*)'?R!&'.%L'2!.!0$>E'&!DH!D0'!>*??*D0U

\L'*&!'V)'0)!*2F!LDP'1'&F!D0?R![Fs!>*??*D0!2m$.&'!Q*?D>')&'2F!PL*%L!*2!>'&'?R

ZFs!O'&!%'0)!DH!)L'!2$&H.%'!DH!D$&!O?.0')U!\L'!.&'.2!P*)L!)L'!L*KL'2)!0$>E'&!DH

?.Q'2!.&'!0D)!O.&)*%$?.&?R!2$*).E?'!HD&!.!%D.2).?!LD?*-.R!.2!)L'2'!.&'.2!.&'!*0

a.0.-.F!X*0?.0-!D&!*0!5P'-'0U!\L'!D)L'&!.&'.!PL*%L!*2!&*%L!*0!?.Q'2!%.0!E'

HD$0-!*0!2'>*"-'2'&)F!2'>*.&*-!.&'.2!PL'&'!?.Q'2!.&'!>D2)?R!)'>OD&.&R!D0'2

S!)L'R!&'K$?.&?R!%L.0K'!)L'*&!O?.%'!.0-!HD&>F!.&'!2.?)R!.0-!.&'!P*)LD$)!.0

D$)?')!MCc1*-F!]UF![ZZ;NU

,.%L!-'2)*0.)*D0!%.0!'.2*?R!E'!%L.&.%)'&*2'-!P*)L!)L'!L'?O!DH!)L'*&!$0*m$'F

-*2)*0%)!)D$&*2)*%!&'2D$&%'2U!W0!)L'!E.2*2!DH!*)2!H$0%)*D0*0KF!.!-'2)*0.)*D0!%.0

E'!-'H*0'-!.2!.!$0*)!DH!D&K.0*o'-!)D$&*2)*%!2'&1*%'2U!=!%D>O')*)*1'!.-1.0%'

%.0!E'!&'.%L'-!ER!.!%D>O&'L'02*1'!2)&.)'KR!D&!%D"D&-*0.)*0K! )L'!O&D-$%)

-'1'?DO>'0)!MhDQQD0'0F!IUF![ZZ<NU

=!?.Q'!E'%D>'2!.!)D$&*2)*%!-'2)*0.)*D0! *H! )D$&*2)2!2).&)!1*2*)*0K! *)U!T*)LD$)! *)F

'1'&R!?.Q'!*2!>'&'?R!.0!$0Q0DP0!E?$'!2OD)!D0!)L'!>.OF!PL*%L!*2!D0?R!*>OD&).0)

.2! )L'! O.&)! DH! )L'! '01*&D0>'0)! .0-! HD&! )L'! 2D%*D%$?)$&.?! )&.-*)*D02! DH! )L'

?D%.?!2D%*')RU

XD&!?.Q'2!.!&'?.)*1'!%?D2'!K'DK&.OL*%!OD2*)*D0!)D!.0!'%D0D>*%.??R!.-1.0%'-

.&'.!.?P.R2!>'.02!.!>.JD&!.))&.%)*D0U!\L'!>D2)!ODO$?.&!?.Q'2!.&'!$2$.??R

0'.&!-'02'?R!ODO$?.)'-!%*)*'2!S!].Q'!aD02).0%'!D0!)L'!ED&-'&2!DH!j'&>.0RF

=$2)&*.!.0-!5P*)o'&?.0-F!)L'!j&'.)!]D>E.&-!?.Q'2!*0!4).?R!M'UKU!].Q'!j.&-.F

].Q'!aD>DF!].Q'!B.KK*D&'NF! D&! ?.Q'2!DH!5P*)o'&?.0-! M]$o'&0!].Q'F! ].Q'

]$K.0DF!?.Q'!6'$%L.)'?NU

\L'!ODO$?.&*)R!.0-!H.>'!DH!.!?.Q'!*2!0D)!-')'&>*0'-!ER!*)2!K'DK&.OL*%!'V)'0)F

E$)! *)2! H$0%)*D0.?! H.%)D&2+! *2! )L'&'! .0D)L'&!P'??"Q0DP0! -'2)*0.)*D0! *0! )L'

0'*KLED$&LDD-u!M'UKU! )L'!=?O2!BD$0).*02!.0-!)L'! ?.Q'2N!eDP!'.2R! *2! *)! )D

&'.%Lu! MI'&*OL'&R! OD2*)*D0! .0-! )L'! 2LD&)! -*2).0%'! )D! E*K! %*)*'2!>'.0! .0

.-1.0).K'UN!TL.)!.&'!)L'!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!.0-!)L'!m$.?*)R!DH!2'&1*%'2!?*Q'u!eDP

2$%%'22H$?! *2! )L'! -'1'?DO>'0)! .0-!>.&Q')*0K! 2)&.)'KRu! MeDP! -D'2! )L'

-'1'?DO>'0)!D&K.0*o.)*D0!PD&Qu!eDP!2)&D0K!*2!)L'!*>.K'!DH!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0uN

XD&!*02).0%'F!X*0?.0-!L.2!E''0!.-1'&)*2*0K!*)2'?H!.2!)L'!�.!?.0-!DH!.!)LD$2.0-

?.Q'2r!2*0%'!)L'!?.&K'2)!?.Q'!%D>O?'V!%.0!E'!HD$0-!)L'&'!S!E$)!*0!2O*)'!DH!*)F!)L'

Page 56: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

'(

E"/9G:,(h"%:G3

?.Q'2!DH!5P*)o'&?.0-F!4).?R!D&!j'&>.0R!.&'!>D&'!P'??"Q0DP0!.0-!>D&'!ODO$?.&

)L.0!)L'!X*00*2L!D0'2U

\L'! &'K*D0.?! .0-! ?D%.?! %$?)$&.?! '01*&D0>'0)F! )L'! '22'0)*.?! %D0-*)*D0! DH

*0L.E*).0)2!.0-!)L'!)&.-*)*D02!.??!O?.R!.!%&$%*.?!&D?'!PL'0!'V.>*0*0K!&'2D$&%'2

DH!.!?.Q'!-'2)*0.)*D0U!C$'!)D!)L'!'V.>*0.)*D0!*)!%.0!E'!2).)'-!)L.)!,$&DO'.0

?.Q'2!.&'!%$?)$&.?!-'2)*0.)*D02F!)DDU!a$?)$&.?!.))&.%)*D02!.OO'.&!*0!)L'!>.&Q')*0K

.%)*1*)R!DH!)L'2'!?.Q'2U!5D>'!'V.>O?'2!%D$?-!E'!50DP-D0*.!6.)*D0.?!I.&Q!*0

T.?'2!PL'&'!.!?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH!HD&)2F!%L$&%L'2!.0-!%.2)?'2!%.0!E'!HD$0-!.0-

.-1'&)*2'2!*)2'?H!P*)L!a'?)*%!>R)L2!.0-!?'K'0-2F!].Q'!B.KK*D&'!*0!6D&)L'&0

4).?R!P*)L!*)2!>'-*'1.?!)&.-*)*D02!.0-!HD&)&'22'2F!D&!B.2$&*.0!].Q'!C*2)&*%)!*0

ID?.0-!P*)L!*)2!j'&>.0!%.2)?'2F!H.E$?D$2!%L$&%L'2!.0-!e*)?'&r2!m$.&)'&2U

\L'!.))&.%)*D0!DH!.!)D$&*2)*%!-'2)*0.)*D0!%.0!E'!*)2!OLR2*%.?!H'.)$&'2!M0.)$&.?

H.%*?*)*'2NF!)L'!)RO'2!DH!.%)*1*)*'2!.1.*?.E?'!)L'&'!M)D$&*2)*%!.%)*1*)*'2NF!)L'!ODO$?.&

*>.K'!.ED$)!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0F!.0-!.??!)L'2'!.?)DK')L'&!MCc1*-!]U!S!#.&D2!gUF

[ZZ;NU!\L'!>D-'&0!)&.1'??'&!*2!$2$.??R!.))&.%)'-!ER!)L'!2'&1*%'2!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0

%.0!DHH'&!"!%?'.&!P.)'&F!2*?'0%'!.0-!O'.%'!.&'!0D!>D&'!'0D$KLU!\L'!2'&1*%'2

2$OO?*'-!ER!LD)'?2F! &'2).$&.0)2!.0-! H$&)L'&!2'&1*%'!%D>O.0*'2!O?.R!.!1'&R

*>OD&).0)!&D?'!*H!)L'!)&.1'??'&!%D>O.&'2!?.Q'!&'K*D02U

aD0)&.2)'-!P*)L!B'-*)'&&.0'.0!.0-!2Q*!-'2)*0.)*D02F!)D$&*2)2!.)!?.Q'!-'2)*0.)*D02

$2$.??R!)&.1'?!H&D>!2LD&)'&!-*2).0%'2!.0-!)L'R!0D&>.??R!O&'H'&!$2*0K!)L'*&!%.&2

)D!.*&O?.0'2U!W0! )L'! 2OD)! DH!>.22! )D$&*2>! )L'! 2'&1*%'2!DHH'&'-!.&'!'.2*?R

%D>O.&.E?'!P*)L!)D$&*2)2r!0''-2U!40!D&-'&!)D!>.Q'!?.Q'2!%D>O')*)*1'!.?2D!HD&

*0)'&0.)*D0.?!)D$&*2>F!$2'&"H&*'0-?R!.0-!.))&.%)*0K!O.%Q.K'2!>$2)!E'!%D>O?')'-U

=!$0*m$'!)D$&*2)*%!DHH'&!>$2)!E'!O$)!*0)D!2L.O'F!ER!>'?)*0K!)L'!D&*K*0.?F!.$)L'0)*%

)&.-*)*D02!DH!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!*0!*)!MhDQQD0'0F!IUF![ZZ<NU

`J(-3"+"6#5+$2#$62(%E(6%&E5+5&65(#%1+$2F("#('"+.5(C1+%75"&('"Y52

\.Q*0K!.!K?.0%'!.)!)L'!K&'.)!?.Q'2!DH!,$&DO'F!D0'!>$2)!2''!)L.)!%D0H'&'0%'

)D$&*2>!*2!O.&)*%$?.&?R!)RO*%.?!.)!].Q'!DH!j'0'1.F!].Q'!]$K.0DF!].Q'!aD02).0%'

.0-!)L'!T�&)L'&2''U

R=S="G(M."$6"I.E.K(

5P*)o'&?.0-!*2!&'0DP0'-!.??!D1'&!)L'!PD&?-!.2!.!H*&2)!%?.22!%D$0)&R!HD&!LD2)*0K

%D01'0)*D02! .0-! *0%'0)*1'2U! 4)! DHH'&2! '1'&R)L*0K! 0'%'22.&R! )D! D&K.0*o'! .

2$%%'22H$?!'1'0)+!'.2R!.%%'22F!.>D0K!)L'!>D2)!>D-'&0!H.%*?*)*'2!.0-!%$?)$&.?

O&DK&.>2!.0-!>.0R!.))&.%)*D02!HD&!2O'0-*0K!2D>'!?'*2$&'!)*>'U!\L'!].Q'!DH

j'0'1.!M*0!X&'0%L+!].%!]d>.0N!*2!)L'!2'%D0-!?.&K'2)!H&'2LP.)'&!?.Q'!DH!,$&DO'

Page 57: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

')

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

.H)'&!?.Q'!#.?.)D0F!e$0K.&RU!wZ!O'&!%'0)!DH!)L'!?.Q'!E'?D0K2!)D!5P*)o'&?.0-F!9Z

O'&!%'0)!E'?D0K2!)D!X&.0%'U!\L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!%*)*'2!D0!)L'!5P*22!2LD&'!.&'

j'0'1.F!].$2.00'F!A'1'R!.0-!BD0)&'$VF!PL*?'! )L'!X&'0%L!2LD&'!L.2!KD)

�1*.0"?'2"#.*02!.0-!\LD0D0"?'2"#.*02U!W0!)L'!0D&)L'&0!L*??!.&'.!P'!%.0!H*0-

)L'!K&.O'"K&DP*0K!&'K*D0!DH!].1.$VF!PL*%L!*2!.!/6,5aW!TD&?-!e'&*).K'!5*)'U

\L'!j'0'1.!aD01'0)*D0!#$&'.$!DHH'&2!77!&'K*D02!D$)!DH!)L'!%D$0)&Rr2!7<!HD&

)L'!O$&OD2'!DH!%D0K&'22!)D$&*2>U!\PD!&'K*D02!DH!)L*2!Q*0-!.&'!>'0)*D0'-!D0

)L'!5P*22!LD>'O.K'!DH!)L'!].Q'!DH!j'0'1.+!\L'!j'0'1.!G'K*D0!.0-!)L'

].Q'!DH!j'0'1.!G'K*D0U!aD0H'&'0%'!)D$&*2>!HD%$2'2!D0!)PD!%*)*'2!*0!)L'!].Q'

DH!j'0'1.!G'K*D0U!W0'!DH!)L'>!*2!].$2.00'F!)L'!D)L'&!D0'!*2!D0'!DH!)L'!>D2)

2O'%).%$?.&!O?.%'2!DH!)L'!5P*22!G*1*'&.+!BD0)&'$V"A'1'RU

].$2.00'!*2!.!PD0-'&H$?!%*)RF!E$*?)!D0!)L&''!L*??2!.0-!L.2!.0!D1'&?DDQ!D0!].Q'

DH!j'0'1.U!\L'!%*)R!*2!)L'!LD>'!DH!)L'!40)'&0.)*D0.?!W?R>O*%!aD>>*))''!.0-

)L'!W?R>O*%!B$2'$>U!\L'!>'-*'1.?!O'-'2)&*.0!O&'%*0%)2!DH!)L'!-DP0)DP0F

)L'!>.&1'??D$2!2LDO2F!)L'!?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH!>$2'$>2F!K.??'&*'2F!&'2).$&.0)2

.0-!%.Hd2!.??!.))&.%)!)D$&*2)2!L'&'U

].$2.00'!.P.*)2!*)2!E$2*0'22!K$'2)2!P*)L!'V%'??'0)!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'F!O&DH'22*D0.??R

D&K.0*o'-!%D0H'&'0%'!2'&1*%'2F!.0-!.!?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH!)D$&*2)*%!.0-!%$?)$&.?

.))&.%)*D02U!].$2.00'!*2!.!%*)R!PL*%L!OD22'22'2!2O'%*.?!5P*22!1.?$'2+!&'?*.E*?*)RF

2).E*?*)R!.0-!2'%$&*)RU!\L'!j'0'1."aD*0)&*0!.*&OD&)!*2!D0?R!wZ!Q*?D>')&'2!.P.R

E$)!)L'!%*)R!*2!'.2R!)D!&'.%L!ER!&.*?P.R!.0-!D0!&D.-2F!)DDU!C*2).0%'2!E')P''0

%D0H'&'0%'!%'0)&'2!.0-!)L'!LD)'?2!D&!)L'!%*)R!%'0)&'!.&'!&'?.)*1'?R!2>.??!.0-F

)L.0Q2!)D!)L'!.-1.0%'-!?D%.?!)&.HH*%!2R2)'>F!'1'&R)L*0K!*2!P*)L*0!'.2R!&'.%LU

\L'!E*KK'2)!%D0H'&'0%'!%'0)&'2!*0!)L'!%*)R!.&'!)L'!].$2.00'!aD0K&'22!a'0)&'

MHD&!9sZZ!O'DO?'NF!5.??'!B')&DOD?'!M[ZZZ!O'DO?'NF!].$2.00'!/0*1'&2*)�)!M<ZZZ

O'DO?'N!a.2*0D! -'!BD$0)E'0D0! M9:Z! O'DO?'NF!TD&?-! \&.-'!a'0)&'! M[8Z

O'DO?'NF!.0-!)L'!.22'>E?R!L.??!DH!)L'!O'-.KDK*%.?!%D??'K'!MsZZ!O'DO?'N!.0-

)L'&'! .&'! H$&)L'&! <"! 9"! D&! s"2).&! LD)'?2!PL'&'! %D0H'&'0%'2! .0-!>'')*0K2

.&'!L'?-U

\L'!2$%%'22!DH!.!%D0H'&'0%'!-D'2!0D)!D0?R!-'O'0-!D0!)L'!2).0-.&-!DH!*)!D&!D0

)L'!2%'0'!DH! )L'!2'22*D0F!E$)!.?2D!)L'!m$.?*)R!DH! )L'! ?'*2$&'!)*>'!.%)*1*)*'2U

\L'>'!'1'0*0K2F!1*2*)*0K!%.2)?'2F!>.02*D02!.0-!P*0'&*'2F!K.??'&*'2F!>$2'$>2F

%.2*0D2F!%D0%'&)2F!K.2)&D0D>*%!O&DK&.>2!.&'!.??!DHH'&'-!)D!)D$&*2)2U

=!aD>O$)'&*2'-!,1'0)!5R2)'>!L.2!E''0!*0)&D-$%'-!*0!)L'!%*)R!PL*%L!O&D1*-'2

.! $0*m$'! .0-! 'HH*%*'0)! *0)'&H.%'! E')P''0! '1'0)! D&K.0*2'&2! .0-! '1'0)

O.&)*%*O.0)2U!4)!*2!.0!D0?*0'!&'K*2)&.)*D0!.0-!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!2R2)'>!PL*%L!*2

2$*).E?'!HD&!'1'&R!)RO'!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!.0-!*2!'V)&'>'?R!$2'&"H&*'0-?RU!T*)L!)L'

Page 58: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

'*

E"/9G:,(h"%:G3

L'?O!DH!.!%D>O$)'&F!&'K*2)&.)*D0F!EDDQ*0K!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!.0-!E*??*0K!O&D%'22

.&'!&'.??R!'.2R!)D!%D0-$%)U

\L'!K&'.)'2)!.-1.0).K'!*2!)L.)!$2*0K!)L*2!2R2)'>F!'1'0)!D&K.0*2'&2!%.0!'.2*?R

H*0-!'1'&R!O*'%'!DH!*0HD&>.)*D0!MO&DK&.>2F!.1.*?.E?'!&DD>2F!O.R>'0)!>D-.?*)*'2F

')%NU!\L'!2R2)'>!L'?O2!O&D%'22*0K!.OO?*%.)*D02F!.2!P'??!.2!2'))*0K!$O!.0-

>.*0).*0*0K!.!O.&)*%*O.0)!-.).E.0QU

5'&1*%'2!DH!)L'!].$2.00'!aD0K&'22!WHH*%'+

gX U/-C&/&:*"3(I-2"/-(:,-(+"39-3:*"3l

" -'2*K0!DH!.0!*0)'&0')!2*)'!HD&!&'K*2)&.)*D0!.)!)L'!%D01'0)*D0

" .->*0*2)&.)*D0! DH! %D01'0)*D0! &'K*2)&.)*D02F! .%%D>>D-.)*D0! .0-! 2D%*.?

.%)*1*)*'2

" %L'%Q*0K!DH!O.R>'0)2

" %D0H*&>.)*D02!)D!'.%L!O.&)*%*O.0)!.ED$)!&'K*2)&.)*D0F!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!.0-

O.R>'0)

" >.0$H.%)$&'!DH!E.-K'2

" O&'O.&.)*D0!DH!O'&2D0.?!-D%$>'0)2

`X 4-+-C:*"3(&3<(%"$*':*+'('-/9*+-(<#/*3$(:,-(+"39-3:*"3l

" P'?%D>'!DH!-'?'K.)'2!.)!)L'!&'K*2)&.)*D0!-'2Q

" -'?*1'&R!DH!O'&2D0.?!-D%$>'0)2!.0-!E.-K'2

" ?.2)">*0$)'!&'K*2)&.)*D02!.0-!D0")L'"2OD)!O.R>'0)2

" K'0'&.?!.0-!)D$&*2)!*0HD&>.)*D0

" .%%&'-*).)*D0!DH!O.&)*%*O.0)2!.)!)L'!%D01'0)*D0!1'0$'

ZX J%"'*3$("2(:,-(+"39-3:*"3l

" .$-*)*0K!.0-!E.?.0%*0K!DH!.%%D$0)2

" 2$>>.&R!2).)'>'0)2!.0-!E&'.Q-DP02!DH!.%%D$0)2

\L'!%D2)!DH!)L*2!2'&1*%'!*2!aeX!;sUZZ!HD&!'.%L!O.&)*%*O.0)U

\L'!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!DH!BD0)&'$V!S!A'1'R!.&'!)L'!L'.&)"2)DOO*0K!1*'P!DH!)L'

2%'0'&RF!O.?>!)&''2F!1*0'R.&-2F!)L'!=?O2!P*)L!*)2!K?.%*'&2!.0-!5.1*D&"A*1&'U

\L'!P*-'!&.0K'!DH!.%%D>>D-.)*D0F!'V)&.D&-*0.&R!2'))*0K2!DH!%D01'0)*D02F!.

?D)!DH!%$?)$&.?!O&DK&.>2!.0-!H'2)*1.?2!>.Q'!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!*-'.?!HD&!LD?-*0K

%D0H'&'0%'2F!>'')*0K2!.0-!*0%'0)*1'!)D$&*2>U!\L'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D01'0)*D02

DH! )L'! &'K*D0!.&'! )L'!i.oo!X'2)*1.?! *0!i$?RF! )L'!aL&*2)>.2!B.&Q')F!.0-! )L'

_X'2)*1.?!-$!&*&'q!*0!C'%'>E'&U!\L'!1*0'R.&-2!?R*0K!D0!H.E$?D$2!L*??2*-'2!K*1'

.0!*0%&'-*E?'!2*KL)U!\L'!&'K*D0!E'%.>'!.0!/6,5aWr2!TD&?-!e'&*).K'!5*)'U

BD0)&'$V"A'1'R!?*'2!.)!)L'!>'')*0K!DH!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!,$&DO'.0!L*KLP.R2U

4)!*2!.?2D!0'.&!)L'!j'0'1.!40)'&0.)*D0.?!=*&OD&)U!\L'2'!)PD!H.%)D&2!>.Q'!)L'

Page 59: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

'+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

)DP0!)L'!2OD)!DH!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'2F!%D0K&'22'2!.0-!*0%'0)*1'!)&.1'?2U

\L'&'!*2!.!P*-'!1.&*')R!DH!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!L'&'+!1*2*)D&2!%.0!%LDD2'!H&D>!%?.22*%

O.?.%'2F! &'0D1.)'-!LD$2'2!DH!#'??'",ODm$'F!>D-'&0!E$2*0'22!LD)'?2! .0-

&D>.0)*%!>D$0).*0!%L.?')2U

5*)$.)'-!*0!)L'!L'.&)!DH!BD0)&'$VF!)L'!aD0K&'22!a'0)&'!*2!.%%'22*E?'!D0!HDD)

H&D>!)L'!)DP0r2!LD)'?2F!'V)'0-2!D1'&!78ZZZ!2m$.&'!>')&'2!DHzH?'V*E?'!2O.%'Uz40

.--*)*D0!)Dz*)2!>D-'&0zH.%*?*)*'2F!)L'!%'0)&'!DHH'&2!.!%D>O&'L'02*1'!&.0K'!DH

)'%L0*%.?F!?DK*2)*%.?F!IaW!.0-!D&K.0*o.)*D0.?!2'&1*%'2U

\L'&'!.&'!)PD!H$&)L'&!E$*?-*0K2!2$*).E?'!HD&!.!%D0K&'22!HD&!.!?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH

O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0!)L'!)DP0+!a.2*0D!1D0!BD0)&'$V!*2!%.O.E?'!DH!&'%'*1*0K!7sZZ

O'DO?'!.0-!]'!I')*)!I.?.*2!M:ZZ!O'DO?'NU!X$&)L'&>D&'F!D0'!%.0!H*0-![7F!<"F

9"!D&!s"!2).&!LD)'?2!*0!)L'!)DP0!)L.)!>.R!LD?-!%D01'0)*D02U

\L'!>D2)!ODO$?.&!O&DK&.>!HD&!O.&)*%*O.0)2!DH!.!%D01'0)*D0!*2!1*2*)*0K!)L'!7<)L

%'0)$&R!5%L?D22!aL*?)D0F!G*1*'&.!X$0!G.??R!MK'))*0K!Q0DP!)L'!.&'.!ER!D?-")*>'&

%.&2NF!.!ED.)")&*O!D0!].Q'!DH!j'0'1.F!.!)&*O!)D!C*.E?'&')2!K?.%*'&F!E.??DD0*0K

D1'&!)L'!=?O2!D&!&.H)*0KU

\L'!L'.&)!DH! )L'!j'0'1.!G'K*D0! *2F!DH!%D$&2'F!j'0'1.U!\L'!%*)R! *2!P*-'?R

Q0DP0!.0-!*)2!0.>'!*2!*0!)L'!0'P2!-.R!ER!-.R!.2!)L'!/6!.0-!)L'!40)'&0.)*D0.?

G'-!a&D22!L.1'! )L'*&! L'.-m$.&)'&2!L'&'U!\L'2'! )PD!D&K.0*o.)*D02!.))&.%)

)LD$2.0-2!DH!O'DO?'!HD&!%D0H'&'0%'2F!>'')*0K2!D&!'VL*E*)*D02U!4)!*2!.0!*-'.?

LD?*-.R!&'2D&)F!)DD!2*0%'!*)!*2!*0!)L'!>*--?'!DH!,$&DO'F!OD22'22'2!.0!*0)'&0.)*D0.?

.*&OD&)F!>D-'&0!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'F!2'&1*%'2!DH!L*KL!m$.?*)R!.0-!.0!'V%'??'0)!*>.K'U

\L'!j'0'1.!aD01'0)*D0!#$&'.$!DHH'&2!)L'!HD??DP*0K!2'&1*%'2!.)!0D!%D2)2+

" &'2'&1.)*D02!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!2O.%'2!.0-!&DD>!.??D)>'0)2

" 2*)'!*02O'%)*D0!.&&.0K'>'0)2

" 1'0$'!2'.&%L

" %DD&-*0.)*D0!DH!DHH"2*)'!E.0m$')2!D&!2O'%*.?!'1'0)2

" H&''!O$E?*2L*0K!DH!'1'0)2!D0!)L'*&!P'E2*)'!.0-!%.?'0-.&

" O&D1*-*0K!O.&)*%*O.0)2!P*)L!%D>O&'L'02*1'!-D%$>'0).)*D0

XD&!H''F!)L'R!DHH'&!H$&)L'&!2'&1*%'2!?*Q'+

" D&K.0*2.)*D0!DH!)&.02H'&2!.0-!'V%$&2*D02

" >$?)*?*0K$.?!K$*-'!.22*2).0%'

" L.0-?*0K!DH!&'2'&1.)*D02!HD&!%D0K&'22!O.&)*%*O.0)2

" 2$E>*22*D0!DH!m$D).)*D0

Page 60: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

(,

E"/9G:,(h"%:G3

\L'!%*)R!*2!.!2$O'&E!2*)'!HD&!%D01'0)*D02!DH!.0R!Q*0-!E'%.$2'+

" )L'!'VL*E*)*D0!.&'.!DH!I.?,VOD!*2!7Z[UZZZ!2m$.&'!>')&'2n!)L'&'!*2!.0!=&'0.

&DD>! HD&!wsZZ!O'DO?'n! )L'!a4aj!M40)'&0.)*D0.?!aD0H'&'0%'!a'0)'&N!%.0

2'.)![[ZZ!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!\L'2'!*02)*)$)*D02!.&'!*-'.?!O?.%'2!HD&!D&K.0*o*0K!.

%D01'0)*D0!.0-!D0'!%.0!H*0-!7s!>D&'!%D0H'&'0%'!%'0)&'2

" \L'&'!.&'!7[;!LD)'?2!P*)L!.!)D).?!0$>E'&!DH!8;s:!&DD>2!*0!)L'!%*)R

" =OO&DV*>.)'?R!wZ!LD)'?2!D&K.0*o'!%D0H'&'0%'2

" W0'! %.0!'0JDR!.??! )L'!.-1.0).K'2!DH! .! )DP0!S! )L'&'!.&'!D0?R! 78ZUZZZ

*0L.E*).0)2

" 4)!L.2!KD)!.0!DP0!.*&OD&)!.0-!*)!*2!'.2R!)D!&'.%L!H&D>!.??!.&D$0-!,$&DO'

" \&.HH*%!E')P''0!)L'!.*&OD&)F!LD)'?2!.0-!%D0H'&'0%'!%'0)&'2!*2!'V%'O)*D0.?

" \L'&'! *2!.! 1.2)!0$>E'&!DH!OD22*E*?*)*'2! HD&! ).Q*0K!O.&)! *0! 2D%*.?F! %$?)$&.?

O&DK&.>2!.0-!'V%$&2*D02

" \L'!2$&&D$0-*0K2!DH!j'0'1.!*2!H.E$?D$2+!*)!%.0!E'!HD$0-!*0!D0'!DH!,$&DO'r2

>D2)!E'.$)*H$?!?.Q'!.0-!>D$0).*0!&'K*D02

R=T= G(M."$6"G%&(E$

].Q'!DH!]$K.0D!*2!2*)$.)'-!*0!)L'!2D$)L'&0!.&'.!DH!%.0)D0!\'22*0!DH!5P*)o'&?.0-

.0-!*0!6D&)L'&0!4).?RU!\L'!?.Q'!KD)!*)2!0.>'!.H)'&!)L'!%*)R!DH!]$K.0DU!\L'!?.Q'

D%%$O*'2!.!)'&&*)D&R!DH!98F;!2m$.&'!Q*?D>')&'2F!<ZF;!2m$.&'!Q*?D>')&'2!DH!PL*%L

E'?D0K2!)D!5P*)o'&?.0-!.0-!78!2m$.&'!Q*?D>')&'2!)D!4).?RU

=!%&D22"&D.-!E')P''0!6D&)L'&0!.0-!5D$)L'&0!,$&DO'F!]$K.0D!*2!)L'!O?.%'

PL'&'!5P*22!%*1*?*o.)*D0!>'')2!)L'!4).?*.0U!]$K.0D!ED.2)2!)L'!)L*&-!H*0.0%*.?

%'0)&'! DH! 5P*)o'&?.0-! .0-! O?.R2! LD2)! )D! %D0H'&'0%'! %'0)&'2F! E.0Q2! .0-

E$2*0'22'2U!4)!*2!.?2D!)L'!%*)R!DH!H?DP'&2!.0-!O.&Q2F!1*??.2!.0-!%L$&%L'2!PL*%L

'0%L.0)2!*)2!1*2*)D&2!P*)L!B'-*)'&&.0'.0!>.K*%U

\L'!]$K.0D!aD0K&'22!a'0)&'!*2!2*)$.)'-!*0!)L'!%*)R!%'0)&'F!1'&R!%?D2'!)D!)L'

H*0.0%*.?!.0-!&'%&'.)*D0.?! *0H&.2)&$%)$&'2F! )L'!a*1*%!I.&Q!.0-! )L'! ?.Q'U!\L'

%D0K&'22! L.??! *2! )L'! *-'.?! O?.%'! )D! LD?-! %D0K&'22'2! .0-! 0.)*D0.?! .0-

*0)'&0.)*D0.?!'1'0)2U!W0!)L'!K&D$0-!H?DD&!)L'&'!*2!.!?.&K'!.>OL*)L'.)&'!%.O.E?'

DH!2'.)*0K!77<Z!O'DO?'U

XD&)R"2*V!LD)'?2!DH!)L'!%*)R!LD2)!%D0H'&'0%'2!.0-!%D0K&'22'2U!\L'!>D2)!P*-'?R

Q0DP0!D0'2!.&'!44U!a*.0*F!.!L*2)D&*%.?!E$*?-*0K!*0!.!9ZZZ!2m$.&'!>')&'"?.&K'

O.&QF!j&.0-!eD)'?!,-'0F!eD)'?!5O?'0-*-!GDR.?F!j&.0-!eD)'?!A*??.!a.2).K0D?.

.0!].%F!5P*22!C*.>D0-!eD)'?!W?*1'??.F!A*??.!I&*0%*O'!]'DOD?-D!eD)'?!=0-!5O.F

.0-!eD)'?!-'!].%U

Page 61: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

(!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

5'1'0)''0!)D$&!DO'&.)D&2!).Q'!%.&'!DH!)D$&*2)2!.0-!)L'*&!>D2)!%D01'0*'0)!O?.%'

HD&!%D0K&'22'2U!,V.>O?'2!.&'!=%%'0)&*VF!PL*%L!*2!.0!*0)'K&.)'-!>.&Q')*0KF

%D>>$0*%.)*D02!.0-!-'2*K0!.K'0%RF!=>*%D0*!aD02$?)*0KF!PL*%L!%D0%'0)&.)'2

>.*0?R!D0!%D>O.0*'2F!=)?.0)*2!GDR.?!PL*%L!DHH'&2!.-1.0%'-!2)R?'"%D02$?)*0KF

,X!,1'0)2F! .! 2).HH! P*)L! <Z! R'.&2! DH! 'VO'&*'0%'! *0! )DO"%?.22! '1'0)2! HD&

>$?)*0.)*D0.?! %D>O.0*'2F!BI!=%)*D0F!PL*%L! *2! .! 2O'%*.?*2)! HD&! 2OD&)! .0-

2D%*.?!.%)*1*)*'2!.0-!)'.>!E$*?-*0K!D&!\'.>!6DPF!.0!.K'0%R!2O'%*.?*2'-!*0

D$)-DD&!)&.*0*0K2U

WO'&.)D&2! DHH'&! ED.)! )&*O2F! %R%?*0K! )D$&2F! K$*-'-! 2*KL)2''*0K! )D$&2F!6D&-*%

P.?Q*0KF!1*2*)*0K!5.0!j&.)D!ED).0*%!O.&Q!.0-!jD?H!a?$E!]$K.0D!.0-!1.&*D$2

'1'0*0K!O&DK&.>2!HD&!%D0H'&'0%'!O.&)*%*O.0)2U

R=U= G(M."2$E);(E,.

].Q'!aD02).0%'!*2!.!H&'2LP.)'&!?.Q'!.0-!*2!2*)$.)'-!*0!j'&>.0RF!5P*)o'&?.0-

.0-!=$2)&*.!0'.&!)L'!6D&)L'&0!=?O2U!4)!*2!)L'!)L*&-!?.&K'2)!?.Q'!*0!a'0)&.?!,$&DO'F

.H)'&!].Q'!#.?.)D0!.0-!].Q'!DH!j'0'1.U!4)2!2LD&'?*0'2!?*'!*0!)L'!j'&>.0!H'-'&.?"

2).)'2! DH! #.1.&*.! .0-!#.-'0"T�&))'>E'&KF! )L'!=$2)&*.0! H'-'&.?"2).)'! DH

AD&.&?E'&K!.0-!)L'!5P*22!%.0)D02!DH!5)U!j.??'0F!\L$&K.$!.0-!5%L.HHL.$2'0U

\L'!.&'.!DH!)L'!?.Q'!*2!.!1'&R!*>OD&).0)!0.)$&.?!2%'0'F!.0!*>OD&).0)!'%D0D>*%

.0-!LD?*-.R!.&'.U!7Uw!>*??*D0!*0L.E*).0)2!?*1'!.&D$0-!)L'!?.Q'F!*)2!)D$&*2>!*2

2*K0*H*%.0)!S!.OO&DV*>.)'?R!w!>*??*D0!K$'2)!0*KL)2!.!R'.&!.&'!2O'0)!)L'&'U

#&'K'0o'&!X'2)2O*'?!$0-!hD0K&'22L.$2!])-!M*0!#&'K'0oF!=$2)&*.N!L'?O2!%?*'0)2

PLD!PD$?-!?*Q'!)D!D&K.0*o'!%D0H'&'0%'2!D&!>'')*0K2!.&D$0-!].Q'!aD02).0%'U

77!D&K.0*o.)*D02!$0*)'-! *0)D!.!0')PD&Q!.&D$0-!)L'! ?.Q'!PL*%L!D&K.0*o.)*D0

DHH'&2!%?*'0)2!2'&1*%'2!DH!L*KL!m$.?*)RU!\L'!.02P'&!)D!>.&Q')!%L.??'0K'2!*2F

.%%D&-*0K! )D! )L'>F! *2! %DDO'&.)*D0U! \L*2! 0')PD&Q!>'.02!>D&'! O*'%'2! DH

*0HD&>.)*D0F!>D&'! Q0DP?'-K'F!>D&'! %D0H*-'0%'! HD&! O.&)*%*O.0)2! .0-!>D&'

2D$&%'2F!.!E'))'&!O'&HD&>.0%'F!.0-!>D&'!%L.0%'!)D!.!2$%%'22H$?!%D01'0)*D0

HD&!%?*'0)2U

\L'!0')PD&Q!#D-'02''!B'')*0K!*2!$0*m$'!*0!,$&DO'F!%D00'%)'-!)D!%D0H'&'0%'

H.%*?*)*'2!.0-!%D0H'&'0%'!D&K.0*o.)*D02!H&D>!)L&''!%D$0)&*'2U!T*)L!)L'*&!L'?OF

%D0K&'22!D&K.0*o'&2!>.R!L.1'!'1'&R)L*0K!D0!D0'!O?.))'&+!H&D>!)L'!'1'0)!L.??

.0-!%D0H'&'0%'!%'0)&'2!)L&D$KL!%.2)?'2F!&DO'P.R2!.0-!TD&?-!e'&*).K'!2*)'2F

&*KL)!$O!)D!%D0H'&'0%'!LD)'?2!P*)L!)L'!E'2)!DH! *0H&.2)&$%)$&'U!\L'*&!&.0K'!DH

2'&1*%'2! *0%?$-'2!'V)'02*1'! *0HD&>.)*D0!.ED$)! )L'! %D0H'&'0%'!DO)*D02!.0-

*0%'0)*1'2! .1.*?.E?'! *0! )L'! '0)*&'! ].Q'!aD02).0%'! &'K*D0F! O&DH'22*D0.?

%D02$?)*0K!-$&*0K!)L'!O?.00*0K!OL.2'!DH!RD$&!'1'0)F!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!.0-

Page 62: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

("

E"/9G:,(h"%:G3

'V'%$)*D0!D&!D&K.0*o.)*D0!DH!.%%D>O.0R*0K!O&DK&.>2!.&D$0-!].Q'!aD02).0%'U

W0!'.%L!DH!)L'!2*)'2!O.&)*%*O.)*0K!*0!)L'!O&DK&.>>'F!.0!*0HD&>.)*D0!DHH*%'!L.2

E''0!DO'0'-!.0-!O&DK&.>!D&K.0*o'&2!.&'!'>O?DR'-U!\L'!HD??DP*0K!77!)DP02

.0-!&'K*D02!L.1'!E''0!%D"DO'&.)*0K!.&D$0-!)L'!?.Q'+

" #&'K'0o+!X'2)2O*'?L.$2!#&'K'0o!OD22'22'2!7;!L.??2F!)L'!?.&K'2)!DH!PL*%L

L.2!.!%.O.%*)R!DH!7;ZZ!O'DO?'U!\L'&'!*2!.0!'VL*E*)*D0!.&'.!DH!<sZZ!2m$.&'

>')&'2U!\L'&'!*2!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!H.%*?*)R!*0!)L'!)DP0!HD&!w;9!O'DO?'!*0!9"2).&

LD)'?2!.0-!HD&![:8!O'DO?'!*0!<"2).&!LD)'?2U

" X&*'-&*%L2L.H'0+! 40! )L'!j&.H"g'OO'?*0"e.$2!77!1.&*.E?'! &DD>2!.0-!L.??2

.P.*)! %D0K&'22!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!\L'&'! *2! %D0H'&'0%'! H.%*?*)R! HD&! $O! )D!7sZZ

O'&2D02n!*)2!'VL*E*)*D0!.&'.!*2!<;ZZ!2mU>U!=?)DK')L'&!)L'&'!.&'![9ZZ!E'-2!*0

-*HH'&'0)!LD)'?2!DH!)L'!)DP0U

" aD02).0%'+! W0'! %.0! H*0-! 7Z! %D0H'&'0%'! H.%*?*)*'2! *0! )L'! )DP0! HD&

.OO&DV*>.)'?R!8ZZ!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!\L'!?.&K'2)!'VL*E*)*D0!.&'.!*2!7sZZ!2mU>U

?.&K'n!LD)'?2!%.0!O&D1*-'!E'-2!HD&!7;ZZ!K$'2)2U

" ]*0-.$+!40!402'?L.??'!]*0-.$!O.&)*%*O.0)2!>.R!H*0-!)L&''!1.&*.E?'!L.??2!P*)L!.

%.O.%*)R!HD&!777Z!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!,VL*E*)D&2!>.R!$2'!7ZZZ!2mU>U!eD)'?2!%.0

O&D1*-'!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!HD&!.?)DK')L'&![ZZZ!O'DO?'U

" B''&2E$&K+!\L'!E.&Dm$'!%.2)?'!DH!)L'!)DP0!LD2)2!2*V!%D0H'&'0%'!&DD>2!*0

;ZZ!2mU>U!\L'!%.O.%*)R!DH!*)2!?.&K'2)!L.??!*2![ZZ!2mU>U!\L'&'!.&'!7sZZ!E'-2

*0!)L'!)DP0r2!LD)'?2U

" a.0)D0!\L*&K.$+!7w!5'>*0.&!LD)'?2!P.*)!HD&!*)2!K$'2)2!*0!)L*2!%.0)D0U!GDD>

%.O.%*)*'2+!$O!)D!wZ!&DD>2!*0!.!9"2).&!LD)'?!.0-!$O!)D!88!&DD>2!*0!.!<"2).&

LD)'?U

" G.-D?Ho'??+!)L'!HD&>'&!H.%)D&R!E$*?-*0K!.)!B*?%LP'&Q!D0'!%.0!H*0-!8!L.??2!DH

-*HH'&'0)!2*o'F!)L'!?.&K'2)!DH!PL*%L!L.2!.!%.O.%*)R!DH!7Z[9!O'DO?'U!eD)'?2!DH

)L'!)DP0!%.0!O&D1*-'!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!HD&!;8Z!K$'2)2U

" 5�0)*2F!PL'&'!RD$!>.R!L.1'!�.!%D0H'&'0%'!.ED1'!)L'!%?D$-2r+!D&K.0*o*0K

%D01'0)*D02!*2!OD22*E?'!HD&!$O!)D!7ZZZ!O.&)*%*O.0)2n!HD&!'VL*E*)*D02!9ZZ!2mU!>U

*2!.1.*?.E?'U

" 5*0K'0F!�)L'!)DP0!PL'&'!RD$!>.R!LD?-!.!%D0H'&'0%'!E'0'.)L!.!1D?%.0Dr+!40

5).-)L.??'!5*0K'0!D0'!%.0!H*0-!8!&DD>2!D0!78ZZ!2mU>UF!P*)L!.!0$>E'&!DH

7ZZZ!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0!)L'!?.&K'2)!D0'U

" 5)U!j.??'0!*2!.!O.&)!DH!)L'!/6,5aW"TD&?-!a$?)$&.?!e'&*).K'!.0-!.!$0*1'&2*)R

)DP0!P*)L!2'1'&.?!-Do'02!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!H.%*?*)*'2U!4)2!%D0H'&'0%'!H.%*?*)*'2+

$O!)D!<F:ZZ!O'&2D02!*0!)L'!aD0K&'22!a'0)&'U!,VL*E*)*D0!.&'.+!9<UZZZ!2mU!>U

" �E'&?*0K'0+!=!2O.!&'2D&)!P*)L!.!E'-!%.O.%*)R!HD&!7;sZ!K$'2)2U!40!h$&2..?

<<Z!O.&)*%*O.0)2!>.R!L.1'!.!>'')*0KF!*)2!'VL*E*)*D0!.&'.!*2!;;s!2mU>U

Page 63: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

(#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

=2!.!%D0%?$2*D0!*)!%.0!E'!2).)'-!)L.)!?.&K'&!L.??2!HD&!?.&K'&!%D0H'&'0%'2!.2!P'??

.2! 2>.??'&! &DD>2! HD&! 2>.??'&!>'')*0K2! .&'! .1.*?.E?'! D0! '.%L! DH! )L'2'

%D0H'&'0%'!2*)'2U!\L'&'!.&'!?.&K'!'0D$KL!'VL*E*)*D0!.&'.2!*0!'.%L!)DP0!)L.)

>.R!E'!$2'-! )DK')L'&!P*)L! )L'!%D0H'&'0%'2U!W&K.0*o'&2!>.R! H*0-!'0D$KL

.%%D>>D-.)*D0! H.%*?*)*'2! *0! )L'2'! )DP02! HD&! .??! O.&)*%*O.0)2! ).Q*0K! O.&)! *0

)L'!'1'0)2U

R=R= /-."VW<;-.<)..

\L'!T�&)L'&2''!*2!D0'!DH!)L'!K&'.)!?.Q'2!DH!=$2)&*.F!)L'!?.&K'2)!?.Q'!DH!a.&*0)L*.U

4)! *2!2*)$.)'-!*0!)L'!#.2*0!DH!h?.K'0H$&)U!\L'!?.Q'r2!0.>'!D&*K*0.)'2!H&D>!.

2>.??!%L$&%L!D0!D0'!DH!*)2!*2?.0-2!%.??'-!B.&*.!T�&)L!42?.0-U!\L'!B'-*)'&&.0'.0

%?*>.)'!.0-!%?'.0F!P.&>!P.)'&!>.Q'!)L'!?.Q'!.!ODO$?.&!)D$&*2)!-'2)*0.)*D0

*0!2$>>'&U

\L'!&'K*D0!DH!)L'!?.Q'!*2!D0'!DH!=$2)&*.r2!>D2)!E'.$)*H$?!.0-!>D2)!P*-'?R!Q0DP0

LD?*-.R! &'2D&)2!PL*%L! DHH'&2! .0! .))&.%)*1'! .)>D2OL'&'F! %&'.)*1'! 2%'0'2F

O&DH'22*D0.?!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'F!.2!P'??!.2!0$>'&D$2!2OD&)!.0-!%$?)$&.?!O&DK&.>>'2U

\L'R!.&'!%D0%'&0'-!)L.)!)L'!O?.%'!PL'&'!D0'!%.0!2O'0-!L*2!H&''!)*>'!*0!.

O?'.2.0)!P.R!*2!.0!'V%'??'0)!O?.%'!HD&!.!%D01'0)*D0U!\L'*&!2?DK.0!*2+!_B'')!*0

)L'!0.)$&'Uq

#D)L!)L'!aD0K&'22!a'0)&'!T�&)L'&2''!*0!I�&)2%L.%L!.0-!)L'!0'P!%D01'0)*D0

%'0)&'!a.2*0'$>!A'?-'0! .&'! )DO! %D01'0)*D0! %'0)&'2!PL*%L! .&'! .E?'! )D

.%%D>>D-.)'!%D01'0)*D02!DH!.0R!2*o'!-$'!)D!>D2)!>D-'&0!'m$*O>'0)!.0-

O&'2'0).)*D0!>'-*.!.2!P'??!.2!H?'V*E?'!>'')*0K!2O.%'U!=!?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH!LD)'?2

DH!)L'!&'K*D0!OD22'22!>D-'&0!%D01'0)*D0!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!M)L'!LD>'O.K'!DH!)L'

?.Q'!&'%D>>'0-2!7[!LD)'?2NU!,V.>O?'2!.&'!5''LD)'?!e.HH0'&2''!*0!h'0)2%L.%L

D&!T'o'&r2!eD)'?!G'2D&)!.0-!I.&Q!eD)'?!*0!I�&)2%L.%LU

aD01'0)*D0!O.&)*%*O.0)2!%.0!%LDD2'!H&D>!.!?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH!%$?)$&.?!.0-!2OD&)

O&DK&.>>'2U!\L'&'!.&'!7<!KD?H!%D$&2'2!*0!)L'!&'K*D0n!O'&HD&>.0%'2!D0!)L'

].Q'!5).K'!.0-!)L'!?D%.?!)L'.)&'2!.&'!$0*m$'U!X$&)L'&>D&'F!)L'&'!*2!.!OD22*E*?*)R

)D!1*2*)!)L'!%.2*0D!D&!).Q'!O.&)!*0!ED.)!)&*O2!.2!P'??!.2!).Q*0K!.!)&*O!)D!].$&*2)%L

H&$*)!H.&>U!]'.-'&!DH!)L'!*0HD&>.)*D0!DHH*%'!=0-&'.2!4&02)D&H'&!L'?O2!D&K.0*o'

)L'2'!O&DK&.>2U

aJ -3"+"6#5+$2#$62(%E(6%&E5+5&65(#%1+$2F($&(#35()"Y5(R"'"#%&(;5.$%&

40!)L*2!2)$-R!4!.>!.ED$)!)D!.0.?Ro'!)L'!7w9!2'))?'>'0)2!2*)$.)'-!0'V)!)D!].Q'

#.?.)D0! .0-! .&'! %.??'-! ].Q'!#.?.)D0!G'K*D0U! \L*2! &'K*D0! %D02*2)2! DH! s[

2'))?'>'0)2!-*&'%)?R!D0!)L'!2LD&'!.0-!D)L'&!77[!)L.)!.&'!H$&)L'&!H&D>!*)!E$)!2)*??

*0!)L'!&'K*D0!M#$-.R!S!5c0)L.!=U![ZZ;NU

Page 64: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

(&

E"/9G:,(h"%:G3

7;U7!O'&!%'0)!DH!.??!)L'!K$'2)2!.&&*1*0K!)D!e$0K.&R!%LD2'!?.Q'!#.?.)D0!&'K*D0

*0![ZZ;U!\L'!0$>E'&!DH!K$'2)2!*0%&'.2'-!ER!8U;!O'&%'0)!%D>O.&'-!)D![ZZwU

j$'2)!0*KL)2!2O'0)!.)!)L'!?.Q'!.?2D!KD)!L*KL'&!*0![ZZ;F!ER!<U;!O'&!%'0)!.0-

[[U;!O'&!%'0)!DH!.??!K$'2)!0*KL)2!P'&'!2O'0)!*0!)L*2!&'K*D0!M6.)*D0.?!5).)*2)*%

#$&'.$!DH!e$0K.&RF![ZZ8NU

\L'!1.2)!>.JD&*)R!DH!%D0H'&'0%'2!.&'!D&K.0*o'-!ER!LD)'?2!*0!)L*2!&'K*D0U!=2!DH

[ZZ;F![sU8!O'&!%'0)!DH!)L'!D1'&.??!LD)'?!%.O.%*)R!.0-![[U[!O'&!%'0)!DH!K$'2)

0*KL)2!DH!e$0K.&R!P.2!.)!].Q'!#.?.)D0U!7wU;!O'&!%'0)!DH!K&D22!LD)'?!*0%D>'

%.>'!H&D>!)L*2!&'K*D0!M5).)*2o)*Q.*!\�Q�&F![ZZ8NU!5).)*2)*%!-.).!.?2D!2LDP!)L.)

LD)'?2!.)!].Q'!#.?.)D0!.&'!2*K0*H*%.0)?R!%L'.O'&!)L.0!)L'!D0'2!DH!#$-.O'2)U

\L*2!H.%)!>.Q'2!].Q'!#.?.)D0!.!>D&'!%D>O')*)*1'!&'K*D0!HD&!%D0H'&'0%'!)D$&*2>U

=H)'&!)L'!%.O*).?!%*)RF!].Q'!#.?.)D0!G'K*D0!P'?%D>'-!)L'!L*KL'2)!0$>E'&!DH

%D0H'&'0%'!K$'2)2!*0![ZZ;U!aL.&)!7!O&D1*-'2!'1*-'0%'!HD&!)L*2!2).)'>'0)+

J,&/:(gX(.,-(3#5I-/("2(+"32-/-3+-($#-':'(*3(:,-(5"':(*5C"/:&3:(,"%*<&;(/-'"/:'(*3

E#3$&/;0(*3(`[[m

((((>35(F%2#($F7%+#"&#(3%'$G",(+52%+#2 >35(&1F*5+(%E >35(&1F*5+(%E

(((((((((((((((((((((((($&(B1&."+, #35(.152#2($&(#35 (#35(6%&E5+5&65

b1"+#5+2c05+2 .152#2c05+2

#$-.O'2) [!s9<!877 <[w!;9Z

#.?.)D0!�-�?�Q�&o')!O.&)Q�o'?*!)'?'O�?d2'Q 7!7[7![ww 7<w!<w7

#.?.)D0!�-�?�Q�&o')!)D1cEE*!)'?'O�?d2'Q 7ss!w7s 7s!7[Z

#.?.)D0!�-�?�Q�&o')!'KR�)) 7![;w!887 7s7!98Z

C$0.Q.0R.& 7;7!8ww [Z!<7w

Bc)&."#�QQ 9;s!<9[ <<!787

B'%2'Q!d2!A*??c0R [<7!9w; [9!w;;

5DO&D0"!h�2o'KL'KR.?J. <:8!w8w 77!;[Z

\*2o.")b [8!:;w 8sZ

A'?'0%'*!)b"!Ad&)'2 w<!Z;9 s!s:[

,KRdEF!�-�?�Q�&o')E'!0'>!2D&D?)!)'?'O�?d2'Q [![89![[w 7;:!;s7

=??!*0!e$0K.&R ;!9;9!<[: ;s9!<Z8

1"#/+-l(^22*+-("2(+"#3:;(j-'@C/v50(Q&:*"3&%(1:&:*':*+(D#/-&#("2(E#3$&/;0(`[[a

40![ZZ;F!].Q'!#.?.)D0!LD?*-.R!&'K*D0!P'?%D>'-!7s798Z!%D0H'&'0%'!K$'2)2

PL*%L!.&'![ZUZ8!O'&!%'0)!DH!.??!%D0H'&'0%'!K$'2)2!*0!e$0K.&RU!:Z!O'&!%'0)!DH

)L'>!O&'H'&&'-!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!*0!LD)'?2!-*&'%)?R!D0!)L'!2LD&'!DH!)L'!?.Q'U!\L'

0$>E'&!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!K$'2)2!E'%.>'!:U[sx!>D&'!)L.0!)L.)!*0![ZZw!E$)![;Us

O'&!%'0)!>D&'!)L.0!*0![ZZ[U!\L.)!>'.02!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!K&DP)L!.)!)L'!?.Q'F!P*)L

.0!.OO&DV*>.)'?R!$0%L.0K'-!0$>E'&!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!K$'2)2!*0!)L'!PLD?'!%D$0)&R

Page 65: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

('

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

=%%D&-*0K!)D!)L*2!-*.K&.>F!*)!*2!%?'.&?R!2''0!)L.)!5*bHDQF!#.?.)D0H�&'-!.0-!\*L.0R

P'&'!)L'!)L&''!>D2)!ODO$?.&!2'))?'>'0)2!*0!)L'!&'K*D0!.>D0K!%D0H'&'0%'!K$'2)2

*0![ZZ;U!#.?.)D0.?>c-*!.0-!#.?.)D0Q'0'2'!.?2D!P'?%D>'-!>D&'!)L.0!7ZUZZZ

%D01'0)*D0! K$'2)2U! \L'! &'.2D0! HD&! )L*2! D&-'&!>.R! E'! )L'! &'?.)*1'! '.2R

.OO&D.%L.E*?*)RF!)L'!%?D2'!-*2).0%'!)D!#$-.O'2)!.0-!)L'!0$>E'&!.0-!m$.?*)R!DH

)L'!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!H.%*?*)*'2!.2!P'??!.2!%D01'0)*D0!2%'0'2!*0!)L'!>'0)*D0'-

2'))?'>'0)2U

dJ @1..52#$%&2(E%+(G5N5'%7$&.(6%&E5+5&65(#%1+$2F($&(#35()"Y5(R"'"#%&

;5.$%&I(%&(#35(*"2$2(%E(#35(+521'#2(E%1&G("E#5+("&"',e$&.(2%F5(C1+%75"&

'"Y5(G52#$&"#$%&2

].Q'2! .&'! )D$&*2)*%! .&'.2!P*)L! 'V)&.D&-*0.&*?R! %D>O?'V! .))&.%)*D02U! ].Q'

-'2)*0.)*D02!>$2)! E'! L.0-?'-! .2! .! $0*m$'! 2R2)'>U! \L'! &'K*D0!>$2)! E'

-'1'?DO'-!ER!O&'2'&1*0K!0.)$&'!.0-!)L'!2%'0'&R!.0-!P*)L!%D"DO'&.)*D0!DH!)L'

D&K.0*o.)*D02F!*0!.!2$2).*0.E?'!P.RU

!

"!!!

#!!!!

#"!!!

$!!!!

$"!!!

%!!!!

%"!!!

&!!!!

&"!!!

"!!!!

'()*+,

-./.0+1*234

5

6(7.18

-./.0+1./9

:5(

-./.0+1,414;4

6.<+/=.

-./.0+1;>:3;>)

?./.,.3+

;

-./.0+1;>49

4;

-./.0+1*@/5A:3

-./.0+1A( /:B+;

CDAE>

F4;>074/8

-./.0+1G+B/:3

H/;)<:7+,

-./.0+1@;>@5

!" ##$"% "&#'

()"*&+%

,"-*./*0.&/"-"&0"*1+"'#'

!*&$/&5(gX!1-::%-5-3:'0(W,*+,(/-+*-9-<(:,-(5"':(+"32-/-3+-(Y#-':'(*3(`[[m0(*3(:,-

S&?-(D&%&:"3(4-$*"3

1"#/+-l(^22*+-("2(+"#3:;(j-'@C/v50(Q&:*"3&%(1:&:*':*+(D#/-&#("2(E#3$&/;0(`[[a

M;w8Zw7!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0![ZZ[F!;s9<Z8!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0![ZZ;NU!MWHH*%'!DH!%D$0)R

A'2oO&d>F!6.)*D0.?!5).)*2)*%!#$&'.$!DH!e$0K.&RF![ZZ:NU

\L'!HD??DP*0K!-*.K&.>!*??$2)&.)'2!2'))?'>'0)2!*0!].Q'!#.?.)D0!&'K*D0!PL*%L

&'%'*1'-!)L'!?.&K'2)!0$>E'&!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!K$'2)2!*0![ZZ;U

Page 66: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

((

E"/9G:,(h"%:G3

5D>'!DH!)L'!?.Q'2!>.R!P'?%D>'!*)2!K$'2)2!*0!)L'!2'.2D0U!=)!?.Q'2!?*Q'!)L'2'F

)L'! .*>! *2!>.Q*0K! )L'! )D$&*2)*%! 2'.2D0! ?D0K'&! *0! 2O.%'!.0-! )*>'U!B.&Q')

2'K>'0)2!>.R!E'!O'02*D0'&2!.0-!%D0H'&'0%'!K$'2)2!.&&*1*0K!)D!%D01'0)*D02F

>'')*0K2U!C'1'?DO*0K! )D$&*2)*%! O&D-$%)2! )L.)! .))&.%)! 1*2*)D&2! .??! R'.&! ?D0KF

*0-'O'0-'0)?R!H&D>!).Q*0K!.!E.)L!*0!)L'!?.Q'!>$2)!E'!O&'H'&&'-U!5$%L!O&D-$%)2

.&'! H$0H.*&2F! )L'>'!O.&Q2F!2OD&)!'1'0)2! *0!%.2'!DH!'0)'&).*0>'0)n! )&'QQ*0KF

%R%?*0KF! LD&2'"&*-*0KF! L$0)*0KF! H*2L*0K! *H!P'! )L*0Q!.ED$)! .%)*1'!LD?*-.R2n! D&

E$*?-*0K!D$)-DD&!1*??.K'!>$2'$>2F!*0)'&.%)*1'!>$2'$>2F!D&K.0*o*0K!%$?)$&.?

'1'0)2!.0-!H'2)*1.?2U

C'1'?DO*0K!%D01'0)*D0!)D$&*2>!.)!].Q'!#.?.)D0!G'K*D0!*2!O.&)*%$?.&?R!*>OD&).0)

E'%.$2'! *)! .))&.%)2! )D$&*2)2!P*)L! L*KL! 2D?1'0%RU! X$&)L'&>D&'F! *)! *2! .E?'! )D

%D>O?'>'0)!LD?*-.R!)D$&*2>!2*0%'!)L'!O&'H'&&'-!)*>'!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!)D$&*2>!*2

*0!)L'!.$)$>0!.0-!2O&*0K!>D0)L2U!B4a,!>.&Q')!*2!DE2'&1'-!.0-!.0.?R2'-!ER

e$0K.&*.0!aD01'0)*D0!#$&'.$F!PL*%L!*2!.!-'O.&)>'0)!DH!e$0K.&*.0!6.)*D0.?

\D$&*2)! WHH*%'U! 4)2! .*>! *2! )D! .22*2)! >'')*0K2! .0-! %D01'0)*D0! *0-$2)&R

O&DH'22*D0.?2!O?.00*0K!'1'0)2! *0! )L'!%D$0)&R!ER!O&D1*-*0K! H&''! *0HD&>.)*D0F

O&D>D)*D0.?!>.)'&*.?2!.0-!1.?$.E?'!%D0).%)2!)L&D$KL!*)2!0')PD&Q!DH!)L'!E'2)

%D0H'&'0%'!LD)'?2!.0-!%D01'0)*D0F!'VL*E*)*D0!.0-!2O'%*.?!'1'0)2r!1'0$'2U!40

D&-'&!)D!H$&)L'&!-'1'?DO!%D01'0)*D0!)D$&*2>!.)!].Q'!#.?.)D0F!)L'!&'K*D0!0''-2

.0!DP0!%D01'0)*D0!E$&'.$!D&!E$&'.$2U

WO'0*0K!.!%D01'0)*D0!E$&'.$! *0!5*bHDQF! )L'!2'%D0-!>D2)!ODO$?.&! )DP0! *0

%D0H'&'0%'! )D$&*2>!PD$?-!E'!'22'0)*.?U!].)'&!D0F!.0D)L'&!DHH*%'!2LD$?-!E'

DO'0'-!*0!#.?.)D0H�&'-!.0-!D0'!>D&'!*0!)L'!&'K*D0!DH!ed1�o!.0-!h'2o)L'?RU!40

D$&!-.R2!\D$&*0HD&>!DHH*%'2!O&D1*-'!*0HD&>.)*D0F!)L'!*>OD&).0%'!DH!PL*%L!*2

0D)!>'&'?R!*0!*0HD&>*0K!)D$&*2)2!E$)!.?2D!*0!&'m$*&*0K!*0HD&>.)*D0!SPD&Q'&2!DH

\D$&*0HD&>!DHH*%'2!.&'!)L'!D0'2!PLD!Q0DP!)L'!?D%.?!2$OO?R!.0-!)L'!0''-2!DH

)D$&*2)2!1*2*)*0K!)L'!)DP0!)L'!E'2)U

XD$0-*0K!%D01'0)*D0!E$&'.$2F!E'*0K!O.&)!DH!?D%.?!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.0.K'>'0)F!*2

0''-'-U!\D$&*2>!.%)*1*)*'2!DH!.!2'))?'>'0)!D&!DH!.!2>.??!&'K*D0!.&'!%D0-$%)'-

ER! ?D%.?! -'2)*0.)*D0!>.0.K'>'0)! D&K.0*o.)*D02! Me$0K.&*.0! .EE&'1*.)*D0+

eCB5gNU! =! eCB5g!PD&Q2! .2! .! %D"DO'&.)*D0! DH! ?D%.?! %*)*o'02F! ?D%.?

KD1'&0>'0)2!.0-!)D$&*2)*%!'0)&'O&'0'$&2U!eDP'1'&F!2'))*0K!$O!.!eCB5g!*2

J$2)*H*'-!D0?R!*0!2'))?'>'0)2!)L.)!L.1'!.!ODP'&H$?!)D$&*2)*%!.))&.%)*D0U!\L'R!%.0

PD&Q! D0?R! *0! %.2'!DH! *0*)*.)*1'2! %D>*0K! H&D>!E'?DP! MD&K.0*o.)*D0! E$*?-*0K

.0-!H*0.0%*0KNU

\L'!).2Q!DH!)L'!DHH*%'2!P*??!E'!&'O&'2'0)!.!%D01'0)*D0!-'2)*0.)*D0!ER!2L.O*0K

O.&)0'&2L*O!.>D0K!)D$&*2)*%!'0)&'O&'0'$&2F!?DEER!.%)*1*)*'2F!*22$*0K!E&D%L$&'2

Page 67: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

()

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

DH! L*KL! m$.?*)RF! &'2'&1.)*D0! DH! %D0H'&'0%'! 2O.%'2! .0-! &DD>!.??D)>'0)2F

*02O'%)*0K!2*)'2F!O$E?*2L*0K!DH!'1'0)2!D0!)L'*&!P'E2*)'2F!.-1'&)*2*0KF!D&K.0*o*0K

)&.02H'&!.0-!'V%$&2*D02!HD&!O.&)*%*O.0)2F!O&D1*-*0K!>$?)*?*0K$.?!K$*-'!.22*2).0%'U

\L'!LD>'O.K'!DH!)L'2'!DHH*%'2!*2!KD*0K!)D!O&D1*-'!.!E&*'H!*0)&D-$%)*D0!DH!)L'

&'K*D0F!.!?*2)!DH!%D0H'&'0%'!2O.%'2!S!ED)L!%D01'0)*D0!%'0)&'2!.0-!LD)'?2!S

DHH'&2!DH!-*HH'&'0)!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!)RO'2F!OLD0'!0$>E'&2!.0-!'">.*?!.--&'22'2

DH!%D0H'&'0%'!E$&'.$2F!H.%$?).)*1'!O&DK&.>!DHH'&2!.0-!.!?*2)!DH!2*KL)2!DH!)L'

&'K*D0U!T'E!O.K'2!.&'!O?.00'-!)D!E'!>$?)*?*0K$.?F!.??!)L'!*0HD&>.)*D0!P*??!E'

.1.*?.E?'!.)!?'.2)!*0!e$0K.&*.0F!j'&>.0F!,0K?*2L!.0-!G$22*.0!?.0K$.K'2U

=0!'?'%)&D0*%!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!2R2)'>!>$2)!E'!2')!$O!PL*%L!'2).E?*2L'2

.0-!>.*0).*02!)L'!'HH'%)*1'!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!E')P''0!)L'!%D01'0)*D0!E$&'.$

.0-!D&K.0*o'&2!.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2!DH!%D01'0)*D02U!T*)L!)L'!L'?O!DH!)L'!E$&'.$

&'K*2)&.)*D0F!EDDQ*0K2!DH!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!.2!P'??!.2!)L'!2$>>.&R!2).)'>'0)2

DH!.%%D$0)2!P*??!E'!1'&R!'.2RU!4)2!E*KK'2)!.-1.0).K'!*2!)L.)!.??!)L'!&'m$*&'-

*0HD&>.)*D0!*2!.1.*?.E?'!D0!)L'!2.>'!O?.%'!MO&DK&.>!DH!)L'!%D01'0)*D0F!L.??2F

?'*2$&'!)*>'!.%)*1*)*'2F!O.R>'0)!>D-.?*)*'2F!')%NU!\L*2!2R2)'>!P*??!L'?O!O&D%'22*0K

.OO?*%.)*D02!.2!P'??!.2!2'))*0K!$O!.0-!>.*0).*0*0K!.!-.).E.0Q!DH!O.&)*%*O.0)2U

,2).E?*2L*0K!.)!?'.2)!)PD!0'P!%D0H'&'0%'!%'0)&'2!PD$?-!E'!0'%'22.&R!*0!)L'

&'K*D0! H&D>!H*0.0%*.?!2$OOD&)!DH!O&*1.)'! *01'2)D&2U!\L'2'!%'0)&'2!PD$?-!E'

.E?'!)D!LD2)!%D01'0)*D02!DH! ?.&K'&!0$>E'&2!M7sZZ"[ZZZ!O.&)*%*O.0)2NU!\L'R

PD$?-!E'!E$*?)!-*&'%)?R!0'V)!)D!L*KL!m$.?*)R!LD)'?2!P*)L!)L'!0'%'22.&R!2O.%'!HD&

.! ?.&K'&!0$>E'&!DH!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!W0'!DH! )L'>!PD$?-!E'!E$*?)! *0!)L'!)DP0!DH

5*bHDQF!HD&! *02).0%'F!ER!)L'!&'%D02)&$%)*D0!DH!hc?>c0!4>&'!a$?)$&.?!a'0)&'U

\L'!D)L'&!D0'!PD$?-!E'!E$*?)!*0!)L'!h'2o)L'?R"ed1�o!&'K*D0U!=?.2F!)D-.R!D0?R

)PD!%D01'0)*D0!%'0)&'2!'V*2)!*0!)L'!&'K*D0+!)L'!D0'!*0!h'2o)L'?R!L.2!.!%.O.%*)R

HD&!sZs!O.&)*%*O.0)2F!)L'!D)L'&!D0'F!2*)$.)'-!*0!)L'!)DP0!DH!#.?.)D0H�&'-!%.0

LD2)!7[ZZ!O'DO?'U

40!D&-'&!)D!*0%&'.2'!)L'!$)*?*o.)*D0!DH!LD)'?!&DD>2F!>D-'&0*o*0K!)L'!%D0H'&'0%'

.0-!'-$%.)*D0.?!2'&1*%'!DH!)L'2'F!.?&'.-R!'V*2)*0K!LD)'?2!*2!DH!1*).?!*>OD&).0%'U

W0! )L'!D)L'&!L.0-F!0'P?R!E$*?)!LD)'?2!>$2)!E'!-'2*K0'-!P*)L!%D0H'&'0%'

L.??2! 2$*).E?'! HD&! %D01'0)*D02! .0-!>'')*0K2U! X$&)L'&>D&'F!P'??0'22! .0-

H*)0'22!2'&1*%'!DH!LD)'?2!>$2)!E'!*>O&D1'-F!2D!)L.)!O.&)*%*O.0)2!%D$?-!H*0-

O&DK&.>2! *0! %.2'! DH! &.*0R! P'.)L'&U! e$0K.&*.0! aD01'0)*D0! #$&'.$

&'%D>>'0-2!<Z!LD)'?2!.&D$0-!)L'!?.Q'!P*)L!<F!9!D&!s"2).&!&.)*0K!.0-!)L'*&

L.??2!%.0!&'%'*1'!ws"7[ZZ!O'DO?'U

C'1'?DO*0K!)L'!m$.?*)R!DH!)L'!O&DK&.>!DHH'&!DH!)L'!&'K*D0!*2!.?2D!*0'1*).E?'U

WE1*D$2?RF!)L*2!PD$?-!.?2D!.))&.%)!>D&'!%D0H'&'0%'!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!W0!)L'!P'E2*)'

Page 68: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

(*

E"/9G:,(h"%:G3

DH!)L'!e$0K.&*.0!aD01'0)*D0!#$&'.$!)L'!HD??DP*0K!O&DK&.>2!%.0!E'!HD$0-+

ED.)!)&*O2F!P*0'").2)*0K!*0!)L'!X'2)')*%2!a.2)?'!*0!h'2o)L'?RF!%D0%'&)2F!LD&2'

O&DK&.>2F!1*2*)*0K!)L'!LD?*-.R!&'2D&)!aD$0)R!5D>DKRr2!j.&-'0U!#'2*-'!)L'2'F

H$&)L'&!O&DK&.>2!2LD$?-!.?2D!E'!*0)&D-$%'-!?*Q'!1*2*)*0K!].Q'!#.?.)D0!/O?.0-2

6.)*D0.?!I.&QF!E.)L*0K!*0!)L'!2O.!DH!ed1�oF!)&'QQ*0KF!2.*?*0KF!P.)'&"2Q**0KF!&DP*0KF

&*-*0K!KD"Q.&)2F!\&.E.0)!&.??RF!E.??DD0*0K!D&!O?'.2$&'!H?*KL)2!.ED1'!)L'!?.Q'U

B.0R!'VO'&)2!E'?*'1'!)L.)!>D-'&0*2*0K!)L'!.OO&D.%L.E*?*)R!DH!)L'!&'K*D0!PD$?-

E'!)L'!'.2*'2)!P.R!DH!-'1'?DO>'0)U!\L'!&'K*D0!%D$?-!.?2D!&'%'*1'!O.&)*%*O.0)2

.&&*1*0K!ER!.*&O?.0'2!*H!.*&OD&)2F!HD&!*02).0%'F!)L'!D0'2!DH!5*bHDQ"#.?.)D0Q*?*)*!D&

5o'0)Q*&c?R2o.E.-J.!%D$?-!.?2D!P'?%D>'!%D01'0)*D0!K$'2)2U!\L*2!%D$?-!E'!.

&'.?!.-1.0).K'!*0!)L'!H*'?-!DH!P'?%D>*0K!K$'2)2!H&D>!.E&D.-U!4>O&D1*0K!)L'

%D0-*)*D02!DH!O$E?*%!&D.-!)&.HH*%!D0!)L'!0D&)L'&0!2LD&'!DH!)L'!?.Q'F!E$*?-*0K!.

L*KLP.R!P*)L!>D&'!?.0'2!PD$?-!E'!O.&)*%$?.&?R!*>OD&).0)U!G'K.&-*0K!&.*?&D.-

)&.HH*%F!P.*)*0K!?D0K!LD$&2!E')P''0!)&.*02!>'.02!)L'!>D2)!2'&*D$2!O&DE?'>2U

e.&>D0*o*0K! )*>'").E?'2! DH! )&.HH*%! %D>O.0*'2! PD$?-! E'! .! 2D?$)*D0! )D

)L*2!O&DE?'>U

fJ -%&6'12$%&

=!?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH! ?.Q'!-'2)*0.)*D02!'V*2)!.??!D1'&!,$&DO'!P*)L!)&.-*)*D02!DH

%'0)$&*'2U!\L'R!.P.*)!)L'*&!K$'2)2!P*)L!.!P*-'!1.&*')R!DH!O&DK&.>2U!aD01'0)*D0

)D$&*2>!*2!)RO*%.?!.)!].Q'!DH!j'0'1.F!].Q'!]$K.0DF!].Q'!aD02).0%'!.0-!)L'

T�&)L'&2''U! 4! L.1'!'V.>*0'-! )L'!.%)*1*)R! DH! %D01'0)*D0! E$&'.$2F! 2'&1*%'

%D>O.0*'2!).Q*0K!O.&)!*0!%D01'0)*D0!)D$&*2>F!?'*2$&'!)*>'!.%)*1*)*'2!DHH'&'-!HD&

O.&)*%*O.0)2!.0-! )L'!.OO&D.%L.E*?*)R!DH!2'))?'>'0)2! *0!D&-'&! )D! H*0-!D$)! )L'

-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!PL*%L!H.%)D&2!*2!'22'0)*.?!)D!*>O&D1'!%D0H'&'0%'!)D$&*2>!.)

?.Q'!#.?.)D0U

40!D&-'&!)D!-'1'?DO!%D01'0)*D0!)D$&*2>!*0!)L'!].Q'!#.?.)D0!G'K*D0F!)L'!H*&2)

2)'O!*2!2'))*0K!$O!.!%D01'0)*D0!E$&'.$!MD&!>D&'!E$&'.$2N!PL*%L!&'O&'2'0)2

M&'O&'2'0)N!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0U!]D%.?!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.0.K'>'0)!2R2)'>2!>$2)!E'

HD$0-'-!.)!)L'!2.>'!)*>'U!=0!D0?*0'!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!2R2)'>!>$2)!.?2D!E'

'2).E?*2L'-!PL*%L!HD&>2!.0-!>.*0).*02!)L'!'HH'%)*1'!%DDO'&.)*D0!E')P''0!)L'

%D01'0)*D0!E$&'.$!.0-!D&K.0*o'&2!.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2!DH!%D0H'&'0%'2U

=)!?'.2)!)PD!0'P!%D0H'&'0%'!%'0)&'2F!'.%L!2$*).E?'!HD&!7sZZ"[ZZZ!O.&)*%*O.0)2

>$2)!E'!E$*?)!*0!)L'!&'K*D0U!W0'!DH!)L'>!>$2)!E'!E$*?)!*0!5*bHDQF!PL*?'!)L'!D)L'&

D0'!*0!h'2o)L'?R!D&!ed1�oF!P*)L!.!%.O.%*)R!2$*).E?'!'1'0!HD&!?.&K'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?

%D01'0)*D02U! \L'R!>$2)! E'! OD2*)*D0'-! *0! )L'! -DP0)DP0! DH! )L'2'! )DP02U

4>O&D1*0K!)L'!%D0H'&'0%'!.0-!'-$%.)*D0.?!2'&1*%'2!DH!LD)'?2! *2!O.&)*%$?.&?R

*>OD&).0)!E$)F!0'P!LD)'?2!>$2)!.?2D!E'!-'2*K0'-F!P*)L!%D0H'&'0%'!L.??2!2$*).E?'

HD&!%D01'0)*D02U

Page 69: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

(+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

C'1'?DO*0K!)L'!.OO&D.%L.E*?*)R!DH!)L'!&'K*D0!*2!.?2D!DH!1*).?!*>OD&).0%'U!=*&OD&)2

.0-! O$E?*%! &D.-2!>$2)! E'!>D-'&0*2'-F! )*>'").E?'2! DH! )L'! &'K*D0r2! )&.HH*%

%D>O.0*'2!>$2)!E'!L.&>D0*o'-U

;C=C;C!-C@

#l6X=]A4!iUFM7::8NF!)&$;&/"/'@G$(*<-$-32"/$&%5*(2K%</&P@&X!h4\!hdOo�>�1d2o')*!h*.-b!d2

6RD>-.F!!#$-.O'2)U

#G=C],^F!=UF!e.??F!\U! .0-!e.&&*2D0F!BUF! M[ZZ[NF!1-%%*3$( +*:*-'l( C/"5":*3$(3-W( *5&$-'( 2"/

5--:*3$'(:"#/*'5X!!a*)*'2F!7:F!OOU!wZ";ZU

ClA4C!]U!#.&D2!gUF[ZZ;NF!7(:&9&?(:#/*'@:*?&*(+v%w(,&'@3"'x:G'&(&@(v$,&P%&:9G%:"@G'(:y?/vI-3X

X�?-&.Jo*!!h�o?'>d0R'Q!a���4UY]AY!Q�)')F![ZZ;U<U2oc>F!OOU+7;7"78wU

C=A4C5W6F!GU!M[ZZ8NF!>=D.)(:#/*'@:*?&*(:/-3<-?(v'(C*&+(2-%"'@:G'*(:#<H'x:G'X!,4#\BF!#.&%'?D0.F

5O.0RD?D&2ocKU!OOU[8"<7U

CT^,GF!]U!.0-!B*2)*?2F!6UFM7::;NF!J,&%%&3$-'(:"()=J>(:"#/*'5(*3(:,-(7'*&6U&+*2*+(/-$*"3F!*0

BUWOO'&>.00!!M'-UN!I.%*H*%!G*>!\D$&*2>F!a=#!40)'&0.)*D0.?F!T.??*0KHD&-F!OOU![7:"[[:U

X/\k!iUF7:88NF!F"3:*3-3'-?(LK%</&P@&(=X(.&3?K3;9?*&<HF!#$-.O'2)U

j]W#=]!6.)$&'!X$0-!M[ZZ<NF!7$-3<&(`g(&3<(1#':&*3&I%-(!-9-%"C5-3:X(J&'-(':#<*-'(2/"5

:,-(S*9*3$((S&?-'(Q-:W"/?U!j?DE.?!6.)$&'!X$0-F!G.-D?Ho'??F!j'&>.0RU

j]W#=]!6.)$&'!X$0-!M[ZZ8NF!F-%-:(6(>#/HC&*(z%{(.&9&?(EG%H@&:&X(hG/H(.&3#%5G3;U!j?DE.?

6.)$&'!X$0-F!!G.-D?Ho'??F!j'&>.0RU

hWhhW6,6!IUF! M[ZZ<NF!-S&?-q(1C-+*&%(<-':*3&:*"3'( *3:(,-(3-:W"/?-<(-+"3"5;X(5.1D?*0.

402)*)$)'!HD&!!G'K*D0.?!C'1'?DO>'0)!.0-!G'2'.&%LU!X*0?.0-U!OOU!7"79U

hW]]=G4h!=UM7::[NF!7(:#/*@5#'(3-5@-:?K@*(2K%</&P@&X!h4\!0RD>-.F!#$-.O'2)U

]=TF!aUBUFM7::<NF!8/I&3(."#/*'5l(7::/&+:*3$(j*'*:"/'(:"(S&/$-(J*:*-'0(B.02'??F!]D0-D0

B=GW54!5c0-D&"5c&H.?1*!#d?.!M7:;sNF!>#/HC&X(B"3<"%&:0(#$-.O'2)U

B4ae=]hk!jUFM7::8NF!7(?"32-/-3+*&:#/*@5#'(D#<&C-':-3X(=3l(B%&:@(LX_'@-/?bl()&$;&/"/'@G$

&@(-@/-<2"/<#%H3X(#$-.O'2)U!OOU!7[s"7<:U

B4ae=]hk!jUFM[ZZ9NF!7(:#/*@5#'-%5v%-:(&%&CP&*X(hD-D?c0R*!ic0D2!X�*2QD?.F!5odQ'2H'Ld&1c&U

6�B,\e"!j.?Kb%o*!=UF!M[ZZ;NF!S&?-'(&'(3&:#/&%(&3<(&/:*2*+&%(+"3<*:*"3'(*3(Q"/:,6(E#3$&/;U!40+

e.0-EDDQ!DH!!].Q'2!.0-!G'2'&1D*&2+!,-U+!lK0'2!6d>')L!.0-!]b&c0)!Cc1*-U!jR�0KR�2F

e$0K.&RU

WII,GB=66F!BU!.0-!aLD0F!hU"5U!M7::;NF!J"39-3:*"3(C&/:*+*C&:*"3(<-+*'*"3(5&?*3$(C/"+-''U

=00.?2!DH!!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF![9!M7NF!OOU!7;8"7:7U

I/aghk!]U"!Gc)o!\UF!M[ZZ[NF!7(:#/*@5#'(,&:G'&*X!=$?.!h*.-bF!#$-.O'2)

Gl\g! \UF! M[ZZwNF!7@( v$,&P%&:*( v'( *<{PG/G'*( :v3;-@{?( '@-/-C-( &@( #:&@G'*( 5&$&:&/:G'

I-2"%;G'"%G'GI&3X((\$&*o>$2!#$??')*0F!7ZU!h�?�02oc>F!OOU9["s<U

5g=#k!iUF! M7::[NF!7(9x@( 2K%</&P@&X( =3l(D"/';(h"%:G3( _'@-/?Xbl!i%:&%G3"'(.-/5v'@-:2K%</&P@X

6'>o')*!\.0Q�0R1Q*.-bF!#$-.O'2)

\W/G45B!aD0%'&0!M7::[NF!D-;"3<(:,-(B/--3(E"/*@"3U!I&*0%*O?'2!HD&!5$2).*0.E?'!\D$&*2>U

TTXF!jD-.?>*0KF!/h

A.&K.!iUF!M[ZZ8NF!U*&+*(:/-3<-?(`[[eU!MHD&-�)c2N!40U+!,1'0)2!B.K.o*0'![ZZ8F!J�0*$2!8U

L))O+YYPPPU21.J%"$).o.2U?.OUL$

L))O+YYPPPUK'0'1'")D$&*2>'U%LYu&$E&*m$'|ZZZZZZZZZ;

L))O+YYPPPU?$K.0D")D$&*2>U%LY-'Y<9YQD0K&'22'"*0%'0)*1'2U.2OVU

L))O+YYPPPUED-'02''>'')*0KU%D>YLD>'UOLO

L))O+YYPPPUPD'&)L'&2''U%D>Y-'Y)L'>'Y>*%'Y

L))O+YY.$2o)&*."$).o.2U?.OUL$Y�E7w:w7:;7

Page 70: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

),

!"#$%&'()*+,-%-(.#/+" 0()*,&-%&(1"2*&(!*3#

Page 71: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

)!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

-9AA9!TC<)>B(D<AC@( KL\L(<!4(4C@>?!<>?9!

R;<!4?!D

X="L('(Y+"XH8>9/92N9G9*4

9:);<(,;=(1C"/:(-9-3:'(&/-(I-*3$(*3+/-&'*3$%;(#'-<(I;(<-':*3&:*"3'(:"(-3,&3+-(:,-*/

*5&$-(&3<(C/"5":-(:"#/*'5X(.,-(`[g[(-<*:*"3("2(:,-(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'(W*%%(I-

"/$&3*'-<(*3(=3<*&X(.,*'(*'(:,-(2*/':(5&P"/('C"/:'(-9-3:(:"(I-(,"':-<(I;(Q-W(!-%,*('*3+-

:,-(gae`(7'*&3(B&5-'X(=3<*&3(:"#/*'5(*3<#':/;(*'(:,-("3-(W,*+,(W*%%(I-3-2*:(:,-(5"':

2/"5(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'(̀ [g[X(D#:(&'(:,-($%"I&%(/-+-''*"3(3*II%-0(5"':(+"#3:/*-'0

*3+%#<*3$(=3<*&(*'(C/"5C:-<(:"(&'?(:,-(Y#-':*"30(uE"W(W-(+&3(#'-('C"/:'(-9-3:('#+,

&'(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'`[g[(:"(C/"5":-(:"#/*'5(&3<(I/&3<(<-':*3&:*"3q\(.,*'(C&C-/

W*%%(<-'+/*I-0(W,&:(I-3-2*:('C"/:'(-9-3:'(I/*3$'(:"(:"#/*'50(,"W('C"/:(-9-3:'(+&3(I-

C&/:("2(<-':*3&:*"3(I/&3<*3$(-T-/+*'-(&3<(W,&:(':-C'(&/-(3--<-<(:"(<"(*:(-22-+:*9-%;

W*:,('C-+*2*+(/-2-/-3+-(:"(=3<*&\'(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'(`[g[X

>.?"@$<A)l(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'(`[g[0(."#/*'50(=3<*&0(D/&3<*3$

?&#+%G16#$%&

5OD&)2!'1'0)!)D$&*2>!L.2!m$*%Q?R!-'1'?DO'-!*0)D!D0'!DH!)L'!)&'0-*'2)!H.%')2!DH

)L'![72)!a'0)$&RU!5OD&)2!)D$&*2>!*2!.!%D>E*0.)*D0!DH!2OD&)2!.%)*1*)*'2!.0-!)&.1'?U

X&D>!.!>.&Q')*0K!.0-!>.0.K'>'0)!O'&2O'%)*1'F!*)!%D02*2)2!DH!)PD!E&D.-!K&D$O2

DH!O&D-$%)2+!M.N!2OD&)2!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!)&.1'?!M)&.1'?!HD&!)L'!O$&OD2'!DH!O.&)*%*O.)*0K

*0!.!2OD&)2F! &'%&'.)*D0F! ?'*2$&'!D&! H*)0'22!.%)*1*)RNn!.0-! MEN!2OD&)2!2O'%).)D&

)&.1'?!M)&.1'?!HD&!)L'!O$&OD2'!DH!P.)%L*0K!2OD&)2F!&'%&'.)*D0F!?'*2$&'!D&!H*)0'22

.%)*1*)*'2!D&!'1'0)2N!MI*))2!7:::F!<7NU

=2!.!&'2$?)F!2).K*0K!L*KL!O&DH*?'!2OD&)2!'1'0)!*2!*0%&'.2*0K?R!E'*0K!2''0!.2!.0

*>OD&).0)!>')LD-!DH! 2$OOD&)*0K!.!-'2)*0.)*D0r2!-D>'2)*%!.0-! *0)'&0.)*D0.?

)D$&*2>! *>.K'U! \L'! 2$2).*0'-! *0%&'.2'! *0! )D$&*2>"&'?.)'-! .%)*1*)R! E'*0K

O&D-$%'-!ER!%D0-$%)*0K!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!L.2!2$%%'22H$??R!%'>'0)'-!2OD&)!'1'0)

)D$&*2>r2!>.)'&*.?*o.)*D0!.2!D0'!DH!)L'!H.2)'2)!K&DP*0K!0*%L'!>.&Q')!HD&!)&.1'?

.0-! )D$&*2>! *0-$2)&R! *0! )L'! [72)! %'0)$&R! MaL.?*O!v!B%j$*&)R! [ZZ9NU! \L'

'%D0D>*%!E'0'H*)2!.0-!2D%*.?!DOOD&)$0*)*'2!?*0Q'-!P*)L!2O'%).)D&"-&*1'0!2OD&)*0K

'1'0)2! %D0)*0$'! )D! E'!P'??! -D%$>'0)'-! *0! .%.-'>*%! ?*)'&.)$&'! MG*)%L*'!v

=-.*&![ZZ9NU

}! B/&<#&:-( 1+,""%( "2( E":-%( 7<5*3*':/&:*"3( _]B1E7b0( )&3*C&%( 83*9-/'*:;0( F&/3&:&?&0

=3<*&

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 71-90

Page 72: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

)"

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

j')o!M7::7F!w;N!OD2*)2!_'1'0)2!%.0!E'%D>'!)L'!>D2)!%D>>D0!%L.00'?!)L&D$KL

PL*%L!1*2*)D&2!2.)*2HR!)L'*&!-'2*&'!)D!2.>O?'!?D%.?!HDD-2!.0-!)&.-*)*D02F!O.&)*%*O.)'

*0!K.>'2F!D&!.&'!'0)'&).*0'-U!]D%.?!.0-!&'K*D0.?!'1'0)2!%.0!L.1'!)L'!.--'-

.-1.0).K'!DH!Q''O*0K!)L'!-D>'2)*%!)D$&*2>!>.&Q')!.%)*1'qU!,HH'%)!DH!2OD&)2

'1'0)!2$%L!.2!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!D0!-'2)*0.)*D0!)D$&*2>!*2!$2$.?F!E$)!*)!*2

>$?)*O?*'-!*0!'>'&K*0K!%D$0)&*'2F!2$%L!.2!40-*.!PL'&'!)D$&*2>!L.2!2).&)'-!)D

O?.R!.0!*>OD&).0)!&D?'U

\L'!TD&?-!\D$&*2>!W&K.0*o.)*D0!M/6T\WN!L.2!&.)'-!=2*.!.0-!)L'!I.%*H*%!.2

)L'!PD&?-r2!2'%D0-!E'2)!O'&HD&>*0K!&'K*D0!*0!)'&>2!DH!.&&*1.?2!*0![ZZ;!.H)'&!)L'

B*--?'!,.2)F!&'%D&-*0K!.0!*0%&'.2'!ER!7Zx!)D!789!>*??*D0!.&&*1.?2U!5D$)L!=2*.

&'%D&-'-!.0!8x!K&DP)L!*0!.&&*1.?2!*0![ZZ;F!P*)L!40-*.!2$2).*0*0K!.ED1'!.1'&.K'

K&DP)L!DH!7[!xU!=%%D&-*0K!)D!T\\a!M[ZZ:N!)L'!%D0)&*E$)*D0!DH!\&.1'?!v!\D$&*2>

)D!40-*.r2!j&D22!CD>'2)*%!I&D-$%)!*2!'VO'%)'-!)D!E'!.)!wUZx!M/5{w;U<!E0N!*0

[ZZ:U!\L'!)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&R!*0!40-*.!*2!2*K0*H*%.0)!.0-!'HH'&1'2%'0)F!.0-!)L'

%D$0)&R!*2!H.2)!E'%D>*0K!.!>.JD&!K?DE.?!-'2)*0.)*D0U!40-*.r2!)&.1'?!.0-!)D$&*2>

*0-$2)&R! *2! D0'! DH! )L'!>D2)! ?$%&.)*1'! 2'%)D&2! *0! )L'! %D$0)&RF! .0-! .?2D! *2

&'%DK0*o'-!P*)L! %D0)&*E$)*0K!.! %D02*-'&.E?'! .>D$0)! DH! HD&'*K0!'V%L.0K'U

=%%D&-*0K!)D!B*0*2)&R!DH!\D$&*2>F!40-*.!M=00$.?!G'OD&)![ZZ8NF!)L'!2L.&'!DH

40-*.!*0!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!)D$&*2)!.&&*1.?!L.2!O&DK&'22*1'?R!*0%&'.2'-!H&D>!ZU9:x!*0

[ZZs!)D!ZUssx!*0![ZZ;U!\D$&*2>!>.Q'2!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!%D0)&*E$)*D0!)D!40-*.r2

HD&'*K0!'V%L.0K'!'.&0*0K2F!PL*%L!K&'P!H&D>!/5{!wU7;!E*??*D0!*0![ZZ9!)D!.0

'2)*>.)'-!/5{! 77U:w! E*??*D0! *0! [ZZ;U! CD>'2)*%! )D$&*2>! )DD! L.2! K&DP0

OL'0D>'0.??R!D1'&!)L*2!O'&*D-U!\L'!0$>E'&!DH!-D>'2)*%!)D$&*2)2!*0!40-*.!L.2

&*2'0!H&D>!<w[U<<!>*??*D0!*0![ZZ9!)D!.0!'2)*>.)'-!9w[!>*??*D0!*0![ZZwU!\L'

TD&?-!\&.1'?!.0-!\D$&*2>!G'OD&)!HD&![ZZ:!HD&!78Z!%D$0)&*'2!PD&?-P*-'!.?2D

&.0Q2!)L'!40-*.0!\&.1'?!.0-!\D$&*2>!'%D0D>R!79)L!*0!.E2D?$)'!2*o'!PD&?-P*-'

.0-!s)L!*0!?D0K")'&>!M7Z"R'.&N!K&DP)LU!aD0)&*E$)*D0!DH!)&.1'?!.0-!)D$&*2>!)D

K&D22!-D>'2)*%!O&D-$%)!MjCIN!*2!'VO'%)'-!)D!E'!.)!wUZ!O'&!%'0)!M/5{!w;U<

E*??*D0N!*0![ZZ:!&*2*0K!)D!/5{!78;U<!E*??*D0!ER![Z7:U

.&I%-(gl(./&9-%(&3<(."#/*'5(1-+:"/

>(g(>($&G12#+,I(KLLQ(52#$F"#52

05+65&# KLLM/KL\Q

%E(>%#"' <&&1"'(D+%h#3

(ij(E%+56"2#k

jCI!M/5!{!>*??*D02N [8F79< [U< wU;

,>O?DR>'0)!M7FZZZ!JDE2N 7<F7[; [U8 [U<

\v!\!'%D0D>RF![ZZ8!'2)*>.)'2

jCI!M/5!{!>*??*D02N ;<Fss8 wU7 ;Uw

,>O?DR>'0)!M7FZZZ!JDE2N <ZF9:7 wU9 [U;

1"#/+-l(]>L(_`[[ab

Page 73: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

)#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

G'%'0)?RF! *0! )L'!P.Q'!DH! )L'! ?.2)!R'.&![ZZ8!B$>E.*! M[wY77N! )'&&D&!.)).%Q2

>.0R!HD&'*K0!%D$0)&*'2!L.1'!*22$'-!)&.1'?!.-1*2D&*'2!.K.*02)!)&.1'??*0K!)D!40-*.U

40-*.r2!B*0*2)&R!DH!\D$&*2>!MBW\N!&'?'.2'-!0$>E'&2!2LDP*0K!.!7[!x!-&DO!*0

)D$&*2)2!PL'0!%D>O.&*0K!B.&%L![ZZ:!)D!B.&%L![ZZ8U!\L'!.)).%Q2!.&'!'VO'%)'-

)D!.HH'%)! )L'! *>.K'!DH! �40%&'-*E?'! 40-*.r!.0-!>.Q'! *)!L.&-! HD&! )L'! �E&.0-r! )D

.%L*'1'!*)2!DEJ'%)*1'!DH!-D$E?*0K!)D$&*2)!.&&*1.?2!H&D>!?.2)!R'.&r2!H*1'!>*??*D0!)D

)'0!>*??*D0!ER![Z7ZU!\D!>.*0).*0!)L*2!K&DP)LF!40-*.!0''-2!)D!O&D.%)*1'?R!&'"E&.0-

*)2'?H!.0-!2OD&)2!'1'0)!2$%L!.2!�C'?L*!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZrF!DHH'&2!)L'

DOOD&)$0*)RU!,1'0)2!.&'!E'%D>*0K!'2).E?*2L'-!.2!.0!*0)'K&.?!.0-!>.JD&!O.&)!DH

40-*.r2!)D$&*2>!-'1'?DO>'0)!.0-!>.&Q')*0K!2)&.)'K*'2!.0-!2OD&)2!'1'0)!2$%L

.2!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!K*1'2!)L'!O&D2O'%)U

\L$2F!>.0.K'>'0)!DH!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!*0!40-*.!L.2!'>'&K'-!.2

D0'!DH! )L'!>.JD&!%D0)'>OD&.&R!OD?*%RF! 2)&.)'KR!.0-!DO'&.)*D0.?! *22$'2! HD&

KD1'&0>'0)2F!%*1*?!2D%*')R!D&K.0*o.)*D02!Ma5W2N!.0-!)L'!O$E?*%!.)! ?.&K'F! *0

K'0'&.?U!40!)L*2!E.%QK&D$0-F!)L*2!O.O'&!.))'>O)2!)D!%D0%'O)$.??R!2''Q!.02P'&2

)D!)L'!HD??DP*0K!m$'2)*D02+

.N eDP!2O'%*.?!'1'0)2F!O.&)*%$?.&?R!2OD&)!'1'0)2!2$%L!.2!aD>>D0P'.?)L

j.>'2![Z7ZF!%.0!E'!$2'-!ER!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.&Q')'&2!*0!40-*.!)D!'0L.0%'

-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-U

EN \D!O&'2'0)!E.%Q-&DO!)D!)L*2!2)$-RF!)L'!.22D%*.)'-!?*)'&.)$&'!&'1*'P!P*??

-'H*0'! )L'! )L'D&R!DH!2OD&)2! )D$&*2>!.0-!P*??!%D02'm$'0)?R!2)$-R! )L'

*>O.%)!'1'0)2!2$%L!.2!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!L.1'!D0!)D$&*2>U

>35(6%&#5]#1"'(25##$&.

5D$<;)"HK.E;"(EA"+;)"7CD(,;"$E"/$%<+)C

,1'0)2!.&'!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!>D)*1.)*0K!H.%)D&!DH!)D$&*2>F!.0-!H*K$&'!0D).E?R!*0!)L'

K&DP)L!.0-!O&D>D)*D0!O?.02!DH!>D2)!-'2)*0.)*D02U!\L'!H$0%)*D0!.0-!*>O.%)!DH

'1'0)2!P*)L*0!)D$&*2>!L.1'!E''0!P'??!-D%$>'0)'-F!.0-!.&'!DH!&*2*0K!2*K0*H*%.0%'

HD&!-'2)*0.)*D0!%D>O')*)*1'0'22!Mj')o![ZZ8NU

=2!j')o! M[ZZ8F! OU9Z<N! 2).)'2! *0! L*2! 2'>*0.?!PD&Q! D0!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)

_�UUD0?R!.!H'P!-'%.-'2!.KD!)L.)!�'1'0)!)D$&*2>r!E'%.>'!'2).E?*2L'-!*0!ED)L

)L'!)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&R!.0-!*0!)L'!&'2'.&%L!%D>>$0*)RF!2D!)L.)!2$E2'm$'0)!K&DP)L

DH! )L*2! 2'%)D&! %.0! D0?R! E'! -'2%&*E'-! .2! 2O'%).%$?.&U! ,m$.??RF! �'1'0)

>.0.K'>'0)r!*2!.!H.2)!K&DP*0K!O&DH'22*D0.?!H*'?-!*0!PL*%L!)D$&*2)2!%D02)*)$)'!.

OD)'0)*.?!>.&Q')!HD&!O?.00'-!'1'0)2!.0-!)L'!)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&R!L.2!E'%D>'!.

1*).?!2).Q'LD?-'&!*0!)L'*&!2$%%'22!.0-!.))&.%)*1'0'22U!#$)!0D)!.??!'1'0)2!0''-

)D!E'!)D$&*2>!D&*'0)'-F!.0-!2D>'!H'.&!)L'!OD)'0)*.?!0'K.)*1'!*>O.%)2!.22D%*.)'-

P*)L!.-DO)*0K!>.&Q')*0K!D&*'0).)*D0U!=2!P'??F!'1'0)2!L.1'!D)L'&!*>OD&).0)!&D?'2

Page 74: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

)&

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

)D!O?.RF!H&D>!%D>>$0*)R"E$*?-*0K!)D!$&E.0!&'0'P.?F!%$?)$&.?!-'1'?DO>'0)!)D

HD2)'&*0K!0.)*D0.?!*-'0)*)*'2!S!)D$&*2>!*2!0D)!)L'!D0?R!O.&)0'&!D&!O&DOD0'0)qU

,1'0)2!%.0!E'!%?.22*H*'-!*0)D!H*1'!P.R2F!%$?)$&.?!%'?'E&.)*D0F!OD?*)*%.?!.0-!2).)'F

.&)2!.0-!'0)'&).*0>'0)F!E$2*0'22!.0-!)&.-'F!'-$%.)*D0.?!.0-!2%*'0)*H*%F!2OD&)2

.0-!&'%&'.)*D0.?!.%)*1*)*'2!.0-!O&*1.)'!Mj')o![ZZ8N!U!=?2DF!j')o!L.1'!'VO?*%*)?R

.&K$'-! '1'0)! 2)$-*'2! .0-! '1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)! %.00D)! E'! -*2%$22'-! .2

-*2%*O?*0'2!D&!H*'?-2!Mj')o!-:(&%X!7::8NU

,1'0)!)D$&*2>F!.2!D)L'&!2)&$%)$&'!DH!O.&)*%$?.&!S!*0)'&'2)!)&.1'?!>$2)!E'!DE2'&1'-

ED)L!H&D>!2$OO?R!.0-!-'>.0-!2*-'U!\D$&*2)!1*'POD*0)2!*01D?1'!-')'&>*0*0K

PLD!)&.1'?2!HD&!'1'0)2!.0-!PLRF!.0-!.?2D!PLD!P*??!E'!O&'2'0)!.)!'1'0)2!PL*?'

)&.1'??*0KU!G'2'.&%L'&!.0-!-'%*2*D0!>.Q'&!.?2D!P.0)!)D!*-'0)*HR!PL.)!�'1'0)

)D$&*2)2r!-D!.0-!LDP!>$%L!)L'R!2O'0-!PL*?'!.))'0-*0K!)L'!'1'0)U!40%D&OD&.)'-

*0!)L*2!-'>.0-"2*-'!.OO&D.%L!*2!'1.?$.)*D0!DH!)L'!PD&)L!DH!'1'0)2!*0!'0-D&2*0K

.!%D02)&$%)*1'!-'2)*0.)*D0!*>.K'!.0-!%D"!E&.0-*0K!P*)L!-'2)*0.)*D02U!W0!)L'

2$OO?R!2*-'F!-'2)*0.)*D02!-'1'?DOF!.22*2)!.0-!'0-D&2'!'1'0)2!DH!.??!Q*0-2!)D

>'')!>$?)*O?'!KD.?2F!*0%?$-*0K!.))&.%)*0K!)D$&*2)2F!-'1'?DO*0K!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!.0-

-'1'?DO*0K!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-U

W0'!DH! )L'!'.&?R! ?*)'&.)$&'2!D0! )L'! *>O.%)!DH!'1'0)! )D$&*2>!P.2!ER!G*)%L*'

M7:89N!D0!)L'!0.)$&'!DH!*>O.%)2!H&D>!L.??>.&Q!'1'0)2U!=%%D&-*0K!a.&?2'0!.0-

\.R?D&! M[ZZ<NF! 2OD&)2!'1'0)2!L.-!E'%D>'! )L'!>.*0!O?.)HD&>! HD&!'%D0D>*%

&'0'P.?!DH!>.0R!%*)*'2U!\L'R!DE2'&1'-!.)!)L'!P.R2!*0!PL*%L!B.0%L'2)'&F!/h

$2'-!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!)D!.>O?*HR!)L'!%*)Rr2!O&DH*?'F!K*1'!>D>'0)$>

)D!$&E.0!-'1'?DO>'0)!)L&D$KL!2OD&)!.0-!%D>>'&%*.?!'VO.02*D0F!.0-!%&'.)'

%L.0K'!*0!2D%*D!S!OD?*)*%.?!'01*&D0>'0)!DH!)L'!%*)RU

h$&)o>.0!M[ZZ7N!'2)*>.)'2! )L'!0')!PD&)L!DH!.))'0-*0K!2OD&)2!'1'0)2! )D!E'

.OO&DV*>.)'?R!<Zx!DH!.??!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!)D$&*2>"K'0'&.)'-!&'1'0$'U!=%%D&-*0K

)D!j')o!M[ZZ8N!2OD&)2!)D$&*2>!E'%.>'!H*&>?R!'2).E?*2L'-!.2!.!&'2'.&%L!)DO*%

*0!)L'!7::Z2!.0-!L.2!E''0!'VO.0-*0K!'VO?D2*1'?R!2*0%'![ZZZU!j*E2D0!M7::8N

.0-!T''-!M[ZZwN!O&D1*-'-!)L'!H*&2)!.OO&.*2.?!DH!2OD&)2!)D$&*2>!&'2'.&%LU!40

.--*)*D0!)D!.0!D0KD*0K!-'E.)'!D0!PL.)!'V.%)?R!.&'!2OD&)2!)D$&*2>!.0-!*)2!OD2*)*D0

*0!.%.-'>*.F! )&.-*)*D0.?!'%D0D>*%! *>O.%)!.22'22>'0)2F!.!0$>E'&!DH!D)L'&

*>OD&).0)!.&'.2!%.0!E'!HD$0-!*0!2OD&)2!)D$&*2>!?*)'&.)$&'U!=!K&DP*0K!0$>E'&

DH!?*)'&.)$&'!.&'!.1.*?.E?'!D0!)L'!)DO*%!DH!2OD&)2!)D$&*2>F!ED)L!)L'D&')*%.?!.0-

.OO?*'-!*0!0.)$&'F!.0-!2OD&)2!'1'0)!H*K$&'!O&D>*0'0)?R!*0!.??!DH!)L'>!M2''+!5)DQ'2

[ZZ9n!j*E2D0![ZZwn!T''-!v!#$??![ZZ9NU

T*)L!)L'*&!$0&*1.??'-!.E*?*)R!)D!K'0'&.)'!K?DE.?!*0)'&'2)!.0-!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!>'-*.

%D1'&.K'F! O'&*D-*%.??R! L'?-! 2OD&)2! '1'0)2! .&'! D0'!DH! )L'!>D2)! H&'m$'0)?R

Page 75: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

)'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

'VO?D&'-!'V.>O?'2! DH! )D$&*2>"K'0'&.)*0K! �>'K.r! '1'0)2! MB.--'0![ZZ[NU

=%%D&-*0K!)D!j')o!)L'!?*)'&.)$&'!DH!D0!2OD&)2!>.0.K'>'0)!.0-!2OD&)2!2)$-*'2

P*)L!)D$&*2>!-'.?2!P*)L!)PD!>.*0!)DO*%!M[ZZ8F!97[NF!_)L'!*0)'&2'%)*D0!DH!2OD&)

>.0.K'>'0)!.0-!2OD&)!2)$-*'2!P*)L! )D$&*2>!-'.?2!P*)L! )PD!>.JD&! )L'>'2+

2OD&)!'1'0)2!.2!.))&.%)*D02!MHD&!O.&)*%*O.0)2!.0-!H.02NF!.0-!>D&'!.%)*1'!HD&>2

DH!2OD&)!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!)L.)!&'m$*&'!)&.1'?!2$%L!.2!2Q**0KU!i$2)!.ED$)!'1'&R!HD&>

DH!D&K.0*o'-!2OD&)!P*??!K'0'&.)'!O?.00'-!'1'0)2F!.0-!)L'R!)'0-!)D!'1D?1'!H&D>

?D%.?!)D!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!*0!.))&.%)*1'0'22U!\L*2!K*1'2!&*2'!)D!'1'0)!)&.1'?!%.&''&2

)L.)!'1D?1'!.0-!%.0!?.2)!.!?*H')*>'qU

BD2)!DH! )L'!2)$-*'2!D0!2OD&)2! )D$&*2>!L.1'! HD%$22'-!D0!W?R>O*%2"&'?.)'-

.%)*1*)*'2U!h.2*>.)*!M[ZZ<N!2)$-*'-!)L'!'%D0D>*%!%D2)2!.0-!*>O.%)2!DH!W?R>O*%2

K.>'2U!IRD!-:(&%U!M7:88N!'VO?D&'-!)L'!)D$&*2>!>.&Q')2!HD&!W?R>O*%2U!X.$?Q0'&

-:(&%X!M[ZZZN!2)$-*'-!)L'!)D$&*2>!*>O.%)2!DH!)L'!W?R>O*%2U!I&'$22!')!.?U!M[ZZ;N

2)$-*'-!2O'%).)D&2!DH!)L'![ZZ[!B.0%L'2)'&!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!.0-!)L'*&

'%D0D>*%!*>O.%)U!a.&?2'0!v!B*??.0!M[ZZ:N!2)$-*'-!)L'!?*0Q!E')P''0!B.0%L'2)'&

[ZZ[!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!.0-!$&E.0!&'0'P.?

e'-'! M[ZZsN! HD$0-! )L.)! )L'!=$2)&.?*.0!.))*)$-'! )DP.&-2!j&''%'!.2! )D$&*2)

-'2)*0.)*D0!%L.0K'-!.2!.!&'2$?)!DH!)L'*&!1*'P*0K!DH!)L'!)'?'%.2)!DH!=)L'02![ZZ9U

aD02*-'&*0K!)L.)!)L'!=$2)&.?*.0!.))*)$-'2!)DP.&-2!j&''%'!*>O&D1'-F!0D)!.2!.

&'2$?)! DH! H*&2)"L.0-!'VO'&*'0%'2!.)! )L'!-'2)*0.)*D0F! E$)! .2!.! &'2$?)! DH! )L'*&

1*%.&*D$2!'VO'&*'0%'2!DH!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!)L&D$KL!1*'P*0K!DH!.!>'-*.!)'?'%.2)

DH!.!2O'%*.?!'1'0)U!G'%'0)?RF!]D%Q2)D0'!v!#.$>!M[ZZ8N!.0.?R2'-!)L'!*>O.%)

DH!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!.0-!*)2!*>O.%)!D0!)D$&*2>!U!=2!P'!%.0!*0H'&F!>$%L!*2

P&*))'0!D0!)L'!'%D0D>*%!.0-!2D%*.?!*>O.%)2!DH!%'&).*0!)RO'2!DH!>.JD&!2OD&)2

)D$&*2>!'1'0)!2$%L!.2!W?R>O*%2!.0-!aD>>D0P'.?)L!K.>'2!')%F!E$)!H'P!2)$-*'2

L.1'!HD%$22'-!D0!*>O.%)!DH!aD>>D0P'.?)L!K.>'2!D0!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-*0KU

#.6+E+E&"#.);+E(;+$E"L<(EA+E&

\L'!O$&OD2'!DH!)L*2!2'%)*D0!*2!)D!E&*'H?R!&'1*'P!)L'!?*)'&.)$&'!D0!-'2)*0.)*D0

E&.0-*0KU! \L'! *0%&'.2'-! HD%$2! D0! -'2)*0.)*D0! E&.0-*0K! *2! E.2'-! D0! .

P*-'2O&'.-!.%Q0DP?'-K'>'0)!DH!)L'!O&DHD$0-!.HH'%)!)L.)!E&.0-*0K!-'2)*0.)*D0

O?.R2!D0!)D$&*2)!O'&%'O)*D0!DH!-'2)*0.)*D0!.0-!*)2!*>O?*%.)*D0!D0!)D$&*2)!E'L.1*D$&

M,%L)0'&!v!G*)%L*'!7::7n!5).E?'&! 7:88NU\L'! )D$&*2>!-'2)*0.)*D0! *>.K'9! *2

9!aL.?*O!.0-!aD2).!M[ZZsF!OU![:7N!2).)'2!_!.?)LD$KL!)L'!PD&-2!�E&.0-r!.0-!�E&.0-*0Kr!.&'

DH)'0! HD$0-! *0! )D$&*2>! &'2'.&%LF! -'2)*0.)*D0! *>.K'! M&.)L'&! )L.0! -'2)*0.)*D0! E&.0-N! L.2

%D>>D0?R!E''0! )L'! HD%$2!DH! )D$&*2>! &'2'.&%L'&2U! 40! H.%)F! �E&.0-r!.0-! �*>.K'r!.&'! &.&'?R

-*HH'&'0)*.)'-!*0!)D$&*2>!&'2'.&%LF!.0-!.&'!DH)'0!$2'-!*0)'&%L.0K'.E?RU!aD01'&2'?RF!*0!)L'

>.&Q')*0K! ?*)'&.)$&'F! )L'! )'&>! �*>.K'r! *2!DH)'0!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L! �E&.0-r!.0-! �E&.0-*0KrF!E$)

*>.K'!.0-!E&.0-!.&'!0D)! )&'.)'-!.2!2R0D0R>D$2U!G.)L'&F!.!E&.0-r2! *>.K'! *2! )LD$KL)! )D

E'!.!%D>OD0'0)!DH!*)2!D1'&.??!'m$*)RF!.0-!*>.K'!E$*?-*0K!*2!D0'!).2Q!*0!E$*?-*0K!.!E&.0-qU

Page 76: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

)(

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

%D>O&*2'-!DH!.!>$?)*O?*%*)R!DH! H.%)D&2!D&!.))&*E$)'2U!=L>'-!M7::7N!.-DO)2!.

>$?)*!.))&*E$)'!.))*)$-'!)D!)L'!.OO&D.%L!HD&!>'.2$&'>'0)!DH!-'2)*0.)*D0!*>.K'U

=0D)L'&!.OO&D.%L!*2!E.2'-!D0!)L'!0D)*D0!)L.)!)D$&*2)!>.R!K'0'&.)'!-'2)*0.)*D0

*>.K'!D0!)L'!E.2*2!DH!LD?*2)*%!.OO&D.%L'2!U\L'!LD?*2)*%!.OO&D.%L!.%Q0DP?'-K'2

)L.)!)D$&*2)!P*??!K'0'&.)'!-'2)*0.)*D0!*>.K'!*0!.!P*-'!1.&*')R!DH!P.R2F!'UKU!)L'R

>*KL)!K'0'&.)'!2$%L!*>.K'2!D0!)L'!E.2*2!DH!D0'!$0H.1D$&.E?'!0'P2!)L.)!)L'R

>*KL)!L'.&!H&D>!>'-*.!D&!H&*'0-U

I?.%'2!.&'!O&D-$%)2!E$)!'V*2)*0K!E&.0-*0K!H&.>'PD&Q2!%.00D)!E'!-*&'%)?R!.OO?*'-

)D!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!%D0)'V)!MeD2.0R!-:(&%X![ZZ;n!e.0Q*02D0![ZZsNU!\L'&'!.&'

>.0R! &'.2D02F! *0%?$-*0K! O.2)! L*2)D&RF! K'DK&.OL*%.?! %D02)&.*0)2! M?D%.)*D0F

P'.)L'&F!&'2D$&%'2F!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!.0-!O'DO?'NF!*0L'&*)'-!0.>'2F!2).Q'LD?-'&2

S!-'2)*0.)*D02!.&'!&$0!ER!KD1'&0*0K!ED-*'2!PL*%L!DH)'0!&'OD&)!)D!)L'*&!%*)*o'02

.0-!.&'!*0H?$'0%'-!ER!D)L'&!2).Q'LD?-'&2!?*>*)*0K!)L'!-'%*2*D02!)L'R!%.0!).Q'

M5)DQ'2! [ZZwn! e.0Q*02D0F! [ZZsNF! O'&2D0.?F! %D02$>'&F! E$2*0'22! .0-

KD1'&0>'0)!2'&1*%'!-'O'0-'0%R!MB%CD$K.??!v!]'1'2m$'![ZZZNU

B.0R!%D$0)&*'2!L.1'!)&*'-!)D!E&.0-!)L'>2'?H2!.2!)L'!E'2)!)D$&*2>!-'2)*0.)*D0U

5D>'!L.1'!E''0!1'&R!2$%%'22H$?!2$%L!.2!�./#%;()&%&;'*&\U!\L'!#&.0-!=$2)&.?*.

*0*)*.)*1'!*2!7Z!R'.&!D?-!'HHD&)F!)L'!%.>O.*K0!P.2!?.$0%L'-!*0!)L'!>*-"7::Z2!ER

)L'!=$2)&.?*.0!jD1'&0>'0)r2! )D$&*2>!.K'0%RF!\D$&*2>!=$2)&.?*.! MHD&>'&?R

Q0DP0!.2!)L'!=$2)&.?*.0!\D$&*2>!aD>>*22*D0NU!40![ZZ9F!#&.0-!=$2)&.?*.!P.2

&'*01'0)'-!.0-!&'"?.$0%L'-!.2!�]*H'!*0!.!C*HH'&'0)!]*KL)rU!4)!L.2!E''0!.!L$K'

2$%%'22F!P*)L!sUw!>*??*D0!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!)D$&*2)2!1*2*)*0K!=$2)&.?*.!*0![ZZ;!MCX\

[ZZ:NU

5*>*?.&?RF!#&*).*0!L.2!O&D.%)*1'?R!%LD2'0!)D!%D>>$0*%.)'!.!2D%*.?!E'0'H*)!.2

)L'!E.2*2!DH!)L'*&!E&.0-!OD2*)*D0*0K!S!)L.)!O'DO?'!?D%.)'-!*0!#&*).*0!P*??!E'!2''0

.2!%DD?!.0-!%D0)'>OD&.&RU!X&.0%'r2!?D0K!L'?-!'>D)*D0.?!Y!2D%*.?!OD2*)*D0*0K!)D

E'!.??!.ED$)!�).2)'H$?!?*1*0Kr!2)*??!PD&Q2U!C'2)*0.)*D0!?*Q'!#&.-HD&-F!/h!M\&$'>.0

-:(&%X![ZZ9NF!5%D)?.0-!MCD00'??R![ZZ9NF!5*0K.OD&'!MTD0K!-:(&%U![ZZwNF!5R-0'R

W?R>O*%2F!=$2)&.?*.!MTDD-2*-'!-:(&%X![ZZ[N!.0-!6'P!̂ D&Q!MG.0K.0!-:(&%X![ZZwN

L.1'!E''0!2$%%'22H$?!*0!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-*0K!H&D>!)L'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!O'&2O'%)*1'U

=!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-!%.0!E'!-'1'?DO'-!.!1.&*')R!DH!P.R2F!>D2)!DE1*D$2?R!*0

.-1'&)*2*0KF! )L&D$KL!-*&'%)!>.&Q')*0KF!O'&2D00'?!2'??*0KF!D0!P'E2*)'!.0-! *0

E&D%L$&'2!E$)!.?2D!)L&D$KL!O$E?*%!.0-!>'-*.!&'?.)*D02!.0-!)L&D$KL!%DDO'&.)*D0

-'2)*0.)*D0!>.&Q')*0K!D&K.0*o.)*D02U!jD?-!v!T.&-!M7::9F!OU[N!-'H*0'2!O?.%'

O&D>D)*D0!.2F!_)L'!%D02%*D$2!$2'!DH!O$E?*%*)R!.0-!>.&Q')*0K!)D!%D>>$0*%.)'

2'?'%)*1'!*>.K'!DH!2O'%*H*%!K'DK&.OL*%!?D%.?*)*'2!D&!.&'.2!)D!.!).&K')!.$-*'0%'NqU

4)!0D)!D0?R!*01D?1'2!.-1'&)*2*0K!.0-!O$E?*%*)RF!E$)!.?2D!'0%D>O.22'2!H?.K2L*O

-'1'?DO>'0)!.0-!2OD)?*KL)F!'1'0)2!*0!)L'!.&)2F!>'-*.F!?'*2$&'F!L'&*).K'F!&').*?*0K

Page 77: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

))

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

D&!2OD&)2!*0-$2)&*'2!MT.&-F!7::8NU!\L'&'!*2!0DP!.!2*o'.E?'!*0-$2)&R!HD%$2'-

?*)'&.)$&'!%D1'&*0K!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.&Q')*0K!*22$'2!H&D>!2).Q'!LD?-'&!*01'2)>'0)2

MBD&K.0!')!.?UF![ZZ<N!)D!>.&Q')*0K!>.0.K'>'0)!M'UKU!hD)?'&!-:(&%X!7::<F![ZZ[n

G*)%L*'!v!a&D$%L![ZZZN!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-*0K!MBD&K.0!-:(&%X![ZZ[NU!4)!*2

P'??!'2).E?*2L'-!)L.)!.!-'2)*0.)*D0!*2!0D)!.!O&D-$%)!M2''!#$L.?*2![ZZZF!BD&K.0

v!I&*)%L.&-![ZZZNU

#&.0-*0K! *2! O'&L.O2! )L'!>D2)! ODP'&H$?!>.&Q')*0K!P'.OD02! .1.*?.E?'! )D

>.&Q')'&!DH!-'2)*0.)*D0U!,1'&R!%D$0)&R!%?.*>2!.!$0*m$'!%$?)$&'F! ?.0-2%.O'

.0-!L'&*).K'F!'.%L!O?.%'!-'2%&*E'2!*)2'?H!.2!L.1*0K!)L'!H&*'0-?*'2)!O'DO?'!.0-

L*KL!2).0-.&-!DH!%$2)D>'&!2'&1*%'2!.0-!H.%*?*)*'2U!=2!.!&'2$?)F! )L'!0''-!HD&

-'2)*0.)*D0!)D!%&'.)'!.!$0*m$'!*-'0)*)R!HD&!-*HH'&'0)*.)*0K!H&D>!%D>O')*)D&2!L.2

E'%D>'!1'&R!*>OD&).0)U!4)!L.2!E'%D>'!)L'!E.2*2!HD&!2$&1*1.?!P*)L*0!.!K?DE.??R

%D>O')*)*1'!2'%)D&F!P*)L!.!L.0-H$?!DH!?'.-*0K!-'2)*0.)*D0!.))&.%)*0K!D1'&![Y<!DH

)L'!PD&?-P*-'!>.&Q')U

6D!>.))'&!PL'&'!-'2)*0.)*D02!.&'!*0!)L'!?*H'!%R%?'F!ER!%D>O.&*2D0!)D!E&.0-'-

O&D-$%)2! .0-! 2'&1*%'2F!>.&Q')*0K!>.0.K'&2! *0! -'2)*0.)*D0! H.%'! O'%$?*.&

E&.0-*0K!%L.??'0K'2U!40!O.&)*%$?.&F!)L'R!.&'!1$?0'&.E?'!)D!ED)L!'V)'&0.?!.0-

*0)'&0.?!O&'22$&'F!P*)L!>.0R!2).Q'LD?-'&2!)D!%D02*-'&U!C'2)*0.)*D02!.&'!.HH'%)'-

ER! 1'&R! 1D?.)*?'! 'V)'&0.?! '01*&D0>'0)U!TL*?'! '1'&R!O&D-$%)! .0-! 2'&1*%'! *2

.HH'%)'-!ER!'V)'&0.?!%L.0K'F!)D$&*2>!*2!O.&)*%$?.&?R!1$?0'&.E?'!)D!OD?*)*%.?!2)&*H'F

'%D0D>*%!-DP02P*0KF!)'&&D&*2>!.0-!'01*&D0>'0).?!-*2.2)'&2U

5$%L!'V)'&0.?!O&'22$&'!D0!E&.0-*0K!'V'&%*2'!DH!)D$&*2)!-'2)*0.)*D0!0D)!D0?R

L*KL?*KL)2!)D$&*2>!1$?0'&.E*?*)R!)D!LD2)*?'!'01*&D0>'0)F!E$)!.?2D!&'>*0-!$2!)L'

-'2)*0.)*D0! .&'! .! %D>OD2*)'! E$0-?'! DH! -*HH'&'0)! %D>OD0'0)2F! *0%?$-*0K

.%%D>>D-.)*D0! H.%*?*)RF! )D$&*2)! .))&.%)*D0F! .&)2F! '0)'&).*0>'0)! .0-! %$?)$&.?

1'0$'2!.0-!)L'!0.)$&.?!'01*&D0>'0)!M#$L.?*2![ZZZF!G*)%L*'!v!a&D$%L![ZZZNU

=?2D! *0! -'2)*0.)*D0! E&.0-*0KF! -*HH'&'0)! .K'0%*'2! .0-! %D>O.0*'2! .&'

2).Q'LD?-'&2!*0!)L'!>.&Q')*0K!DH!)L'!O?.%'U!C'%*2*D0!>.Q'&!L.1'!)D!&'%D0%*?'

.0!.&&.R!DH!?D%.?!.0-!&'K*D0.?!*0)'&'2)2F!.0-!%&.H)!O&D>D)*D0.?!.OO'.?2!)D!.

&.0K'!DH!%D02)*)$'0)2U!\L'2'!1.&R!H&D>!?D%.?!.0-!0.)*D0.?!KD1'&0>'0)!.K'0%*'2

)L&D$KL!'01*&D0>'0).?!K&D$O2!.0-!)&.-'!ED-*'2F!)D!)D$&!DO'&.)D&2!.0-!.*&?*0'2

M2''!BD&K.0!-:(&%X![ZZ<NU

X&D>!)L'!?*)'&.)$&'!*)!%.0!E'!*0H'&&'-!)L.)!)D$&*2)!-'2)*0.)*D0!%.0!E'!-'2%&*E'-

.2! .! %D>E*0.)*D0! DH! 2'&1*%'2F! &'2D$&%'2! .0-! 'VO'&*'0%'2U!=?2D! )D$&*2)2r

O'&%'O)*D02!-*HH'&2!.0-!%L.0K'2!E.2'-!D0!)L'*&!O.2)!)&.1'?!'VO'&*'0%'F!O'&2D0.?

E.%QK&D$0-!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2F!O2R%LD?DK*%.?!0''-2F!.2!P'??!.2!H&D>!)L'!'VOD2$&'

DH!*0HD&>.)*D0!2D$&%'2!.0-!)L'*&!%$?)$&.?!1.?$'2U

Page 78: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

)*

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

45'3$(KL\L(-9AA9!TC<)>B(D<AC@

L(,M&<$%EA";$";-.");%A?

A.0!C'&!T'2)L$*o'0!M[ZZ9N!2$KK'2)2!)L.)! )L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!.&'

O?.%'-!D0?R!E'L*0-!)L'!W?R>O*%2!.0-!TD&?-!a$O!*0!)'&>2!DH!2*o'!.0-!O&DH*?'U

\.?Q*0K!.ED$)!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!L*2)D&RF!]D%Q2)D0'!.0-!#.$>!M[ZZ8F

OUsZ7N!2).)'2!_�!�)L'!K.>'2�!H&'m$'0)?R!E.?.0%'!%D>O')*)*1'!'?'>'0)2!P*)L

%$?)$&.?!.0-!H&*'0-2L*O!-*>'02*D02!ME')P''0!O.&)*%*O.)*0K!%D$0)&*'2F!%D>O')*)D&2

.0-! 2O'%).)D&2N! )L.)! .&'F! O'&L.O2F! ?'22!'>OL.2*o'-!ER!D)L'&!>'K.!'1'0)

D&K.0*o'&2U!\L'!D&*K*02!DH!)L'!j.>'2!E'K*0!*0!e.>*?)D0F!a.0.-.F!PL'&'!*0

7:<ZF!77!%D$0)&*'2!2'0)!9ZZ!.)L?')'2!)D!).Q'!O.&)!*0!2*V!2OD&)2!.0-!s:!'1'0)2

MaD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!.0-!X'-'&.)*D0F![ZZ;NU!=Q*0!)D!*)2!W?R>O*%!%D$0)'&O.&)F

'V%?$-*0K!)*>'2!DH!P.&!M7:9[!.0-!7:9wNF!)L'!j.>'2!L.1'!&$0!D0!.!%D0)*0$D$2

9"R'.&!%R%?'!2*0%'!*0%'O)*D0U!X&D>!*)2!'.&?R!E'K*00*0K2F!)L'!'1'0)!L.2!2''0

>.0R!%L.0K'2F!0D)!)L'!?'.2)!E'*0K!2'1'&.?!-*HH'&'0)!0.>'2!*0%?$-*0K!)L'!#&*)*2L

,>O*&'!j.>'2!M7:<ZS7:sZNF!)L'!#&*)*2L!,>O*&'!.0-!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2

M7:s9! S! 7:wwN! .0-! )L'! #&*)*2L! aD>>D0P'.?)L! j.>'2! M7:;ZS7:;9N

MaD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!.0-!X'-'&.)*D0F![ZZ;NU!4)!P.2!)L'!7:;8!j.>'2!*0

,->D0)D0F!a.0.-.!)L.)!)L'!0.>'!DH!)L'!'1'0)!P.2!-').%L'-!H&D>!*)2!%D?D0*.?

)&.OO*0K2!.0-!&'2)R?'-!.2!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2qU

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!.&'!$0*m$'!*0!)L'!2'02'!)L.)F!)*??!7::9!*)!P.2!D0?R!HD&

2*0K?'!%D>O')*)*D0!2OD&)2F!E$)!*0!7::8!K.>'2!.)!h$.?.!]$>O$&!>$?)*!2OD&)2

'1'0)2!P'&'!*0)&D-$%'-F!KD*0K!D0'!2)'O!H$&)L'&![ZZ[!j.>'2!*0!B.0%L'2)'&

2.P!H$&)L'&! *>O&D1'>'0)!P*)L!)L'!.--*)*D0!DH!'?*)'!.)L?')'2!P*)L!.!-*2.E*?*)R

M]D%Q2)D0'!v!#.$>![ZZ8NU

\L'![Z7Z!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!.&'!O?.00'-! )D!E'!L'?-! *0! )L'!>D0)L!DH

W%)DE'&!*0!6'P!C'?L*F!)L'!a.O*).?!a*)R!DH!40-*.U!4)!*2!0D&>.?!)L.)!)L*2!'1'0)!P*??

E'!EDD0!)D!40-*.0!)D$&*2>U!�5''!̂ D$!*0!C'?L*rF!P.2!)L'!>'22.K'!)L.)!)L'!40-*.0

%D0)*0K'0)! L.-! HD&! )L'!PD&?-F! -$&*0K! )L'! %?D2*0K! %'&'>D0R! DH! )L'! [ZZw

B'?ED$&0'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2U! 40![Z7ZF! 40-*.! *2!KD*0K! )D!E'%D>'! )L'

2'%D0-!-'1'?DO*0K!0.)*D0!'1'&F!)D!LD2)!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2F!)L'!)L*&-

?.&K'2)!>$?)*!2OD&)!'1'0)!*0!)L'!PD&?-U!jD1'&0>'0)!DH!40-*.!*2!PD&Q*0K!L.&-!)D

O&'O.&'!*-'.?!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!)D!LD2)![Z7Z!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2U

\L'!-*1'&2*)R!DH!O&D-$%)2!.0-!'VO'&*'0%'2!0DP!DHH'&'-!ER!aD>>D0P'.?)L

j.>'2![Z7Z!'1'0)!)D!)D$&*2>!L.2!$0-D$E)'-?R!H.%*?*).)'-!*)2!'>'&K'0%'!.2!.

>.JD&!HD&%'!P*)L*0!)L'!40-*.0!)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&RU!4)!*2!&'K.&-'-!.2!.!?.&K'?R!$0*m$'

DOOD&)$0*)R! HD&! 40-*.! )D! K'0'&.)'! 2$E2).0)*.?! K?DE.?!>'-*.!.))'0)*D0F!PL*?'

Page 79: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

)+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

.))&.%)*0K!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!.>D$0)!DH!2LD&)")'&>F!E$)!L*KL"R*'?-*0KF!1*2*)D&2!.)!)L'

2.>'!)*>'U

\L'!K.>'!%D$?-!E'!$2'-!HD&!2R2)'>.)*%!-'1'?DO>'0)F!O?.00*0KF!>.&Q')*0K!DH

)L'!HD&!)D$&*2)!.))&.%)*D02r!*0!40-*.U!\L'!KD.?2!DH!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z

%D$?-!E'+!M.N!%&'.)'!.!H.1D$&.E?'!*>.K'!HD&!40-*.!M-'2)*0.)*D0NF!MEN!'VO.0-!)L'

)&.-*)*D0.?!)D$&*2)!2'.2D0F!M%N2O&'.-!)D$&*2)!-'>.0-!>D&'!'1'0?R!)L&D$KL!40-*.F

M-N!.))&.%)!HD&'*K0!.0-!-D>'2)*%!1*2*)D&2U!,VO'&)2!H&D>!)D$&*2>F!LD2O*).?*)R!.0-

.*&?*0'!*0-$2)&*'2!.&'!'VO'%)*0K!)L.)!)L'!'1'0)!P*??!%'&).*0?R!>.Q'!.!2O'%).%$?.&

%L.0K'!.0-!EDD0!*0!)D$&*2>!DH!40-*.U!\L'R!'VO'%)!)L.)!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L

j.>'2![Z7Z!P*??!*0%&'.2'!)D$&*2>!*0!0'.&ER!H.>D$2!O?.%'2!?*Q'!=K&.F!i.*O$&F

/-.*O$&F! iD-LO$&F! X.)'LO$&! 5*Q&*F! #L.&.)O$&F! G.0)L.>ELD&'F! ')%U! \L'

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!*0![Z7Z!P*??!O$2L!$O!40-*.r2!2L.&'!*0!HD&'*K0!)D$&*2)

.&&*1.?2!)D!.ED$)!7Us!O'&!%'0)!*0![Z7Z!H&D>!>'&'!ZUs[!O'&!%'0)!*0![ZZw!D$)!DH

89[!>*??*D0!)D$&*2)!.&&*1.?2!K?DE.??Rr!M\L'!e*0-$!#$2*0'22!]*0'![ZZ;NU

\L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2! [Z7Z! K*1'2! .0! DOOD&)$0*)R! )D! *>O&D1'! )L'

*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!.0-!.OO'.&.0%'!DH!C'?L*F!.0-!.?2D!K*1'2!K?DE.?!>'-*.!'VOD2$&'

>'.0*0K!)L.)!)L'!*>.K'!DH!.!%*)R!%.0!E'!)&.02HD&>'-!*0!)L'!'R'2!DH!1*'P'&2U

\L*2!P.2!%'&).*0?R!)&$'!DH!#.&%'?D0.F!PL*%L!2$%%'22H$??R!&*-!*)2'?H!DH!*)2!)&.-*)*D0.?

>.0$H.%)$&*0K!%*)R!*>.K'!PL'0!LD2)*0K!)L'!7::[!W?R>O*%2U!B.0%L'2)'&!$2'-

)L'![ZZ[!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!.2!.! )DD?! )D! &'1*1'! )L'!%*)R! Ma.&?2'0!.0-

\.R?D&![ZZ<NU

\L'!O&D1*0%*.?!KD1'&0>'0)!*2!2O'0-*0K!>D&'!)L.0!/5{!<!E*??*D0s!HD&!2).K*0K

)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!D0!%D02)&$%)*D0!.0-!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH+! M.N

0'P!2).-*$>2!.0-! &'0D1.)*D0!DH! 'V*2)*0K! 2).-*$>2F! MEN! K.>'2! 1*??.K'F! M%N

)&.02OD&)!2'%)D&!.0-F!M-N!$&E.0!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!?*Q'!P.)'&!.0-!'?'%)&*%*)R!U

\L'!LD2O*).?*)R!2'%)D&!*2!.0D)L'&!.&'.!)L.)!*2!'2)*>.)'-!)D!K&DP!2P*H)?R!*0!)L'

%D>*0K!R'.&2F!P*)L!)L'!L'?O!DH!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2U!\L'!K.>'2!.&'

'2)*>.)'-!)D!&'2$?)!*0!.!?.&K'!*0%&'.2'!*0!-'>.0-!HD&!LD)'?!&DD>2F!P*)L!D0'

'2)*>.)'! O$))*0K! )L'! &'m$*&'>'0)! .)! <ZFZZZ! &DD>2! HD&! [Z7ZU! I&D1*0%*.?

KD1'&0>'0)!*2!O?.00*0K!D0!.$%)*D0*0K!D1'&![Z!2*)'2!HD&!LD)'?2F!>.0R!*0!)L'

1*%*0*)R!DH!)L'!K.>'2!1*??.K'U!\L*2!PD$?-!0D)!D0?R!.--!.ED$)!;sZZ!&DD>2F!E$)

s!\L'!%D2)2!DH!)L'2'!>'K."'1'0)2!.?>D2)!.?P.R2!&$0!*0!)D!E*??*D02!DH!-D??.&2U!i.O.0!2O'0)

D1'&! {9! E*??*D0! .0-! 5D$)L! hD&'.! {[! E*??*D0F! D0! 0'P! 2).-*$>2! .0-! *0H&.2)&$%)$&'! HD&! )L'

[ZZ[!TD&?-!a$OU!aL*0.!L.2!2O'0)!.!&'OD&)'-!{[Z!E*??*D0!D0! *0H&.2)&$%)$&'! *>O&D1'>'0)2

.L'.-!HD&![ZZ8!W?R>O*%2U!=)L'02!2O'0)!D1'&!{7!E*??*D0!D0?R!D0!2'%$&*)R!'VO'02'2!-$&*0K

)L'! [ZZ9!W?R>O*%2! M#..-'! v!B.)L'2D0! [ZZ<NU

Page 80: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

*,

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

.?2D!&.*2'!>*??*D02!)D!)L'!KD1'&0>'0)U!=2!DH!0DP!)L'&'!.&'!D0?R!wFsZZ!&DD>2

.1.*?.E?'! *0! )L'! 2).&! %.)'KD&R! LD)'?2! .0-! .ED$)! ;FZZZ! &DD>2! *0! )L'

E$-K')!%.)'KD&RU

/0?*Q'!'VL*E*)*D02!D&!'1'0)2!)L.)!.&'!D&K.0*2'-!*0!40-*.F!2OD&)2!'1'0)!2$%L!.2

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2! [Z7Z! .&'! O&*>.&*?R! �D0'"DHHr! D%%.2*D02! DH! ?*>*)'-

-$&.)*D0F!%&'.)'-!)D!K'0'&.)'!2LD&)!)'&>!1*2*)!.0-!)D!*0%&'.2'!O$E?*%!.))'0)*D0

)DP.&-!40-*.U!,22'0)*.??RF!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!*2!E.2'-!2O'%*H*%.??R

.&D$0-!PL.)!*2!L.OO'0*0KF!.2!DOOD2'-!)D!PL.)!*2!.?P.R2!.1.*?.E?'U

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!*2!.!�2O'%).)D&"-&*1'0r!2OD&)2!'1'0)!*0!PL*%L!)L'!0$>E'&

DH!O.22*1'!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*0!.))'0-.0%'!M*U'U!2O'%).)D&2Y!2$OOD&)'&2N!2*K0*H*%.0)?R

D$)P'*KL2!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!O.&)*%*O.0)2!).Q*0K!O.&)!D&!*01D?1'-!*0!)L'!OLR2*%.?

2OD&)*0K!.%)*1*)R!M*U'U!%D>O')*)*1'!.)L?')'2N!U!/0?*Q'!D)L'&!'1'0)2F!*0!PL*%L!)L'

0$>E'&! DH! .%)*1'! O.&)*%*O.0)2! *2! ?.&K'&! )L.0! )L'! 0$>E'&! DH! 2O'%).)D&2F

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!*2!.!)RO*%.??R!L*KL"O&DH*?'!D%%.2*D0F!PL*%L!%.0

O&D1'!'V)&'>'?R!%L.??'0K*0K! )D!O?.0!D&!O&D>D)'F!'2O'%*.??R! H&D>!.0! 40-*.0

)D$&*2>!-'1'?DO>'0)!O'&2O'%)*1'U

=&K$.E?RF!)L'!E*KK'2)!-*HH*%$?)R!H.%*0K!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!O?.00'&2

*2!*0!)L'!O&'"'1'0)!2).K'2!.0-!*01D?1'2!)L'!0''-!)D!HD&'%.2)!1*2*)D&!0$>E'&2

.0-!%.?%$?.)'!)L'!OD)'0)*.?!'%D0D>*%!.%)*1*)R! ?*Q'?R! )D!'>'&K'!H&D>!LD2)*0K

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZU

TL*?'!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!O&'"&'K*2)'&'-!O.&)*%*O.0)2!M*U'U!%D>O')*)D&2!.0-!DHH*%*.?2N

*0!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!*2!?*Q'?R!)D!E'!Q0DP0F!*)!*2!0D)!2D!2)&.*KL)HD&P.&-

)D!O&'-*%)!)L'!'V.%)!0$>E'&!DH!2O'%).)D&2!K$.&.0)''-!)D!.))'0-wU!6$>E'&!DH

H.%)D&2! )L.)! %.0! *0H?$'0%'! )L'! 0$>E'&! DH! O'DO?'!PLD!.%)$.??R!P*??! .))'0-

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZF!*0%?$-*0K!)L'!1'0$'M2N!%LD2'0F!)L'!)*>*0K!DH

)L'!'1'0)F!)L'!%D2)!DH!.))'0-*0KF!)L'!2)&'0K)L!DH!>'-*.!&'O&'2'0).)*D0!M?D%.?F

0.)*D0.?! .0-! *0)'&0.)*D0.?N! .0-! )L'! 2$%%'22! DH! O&D>D)*D0.?! D&! )*%Q')*0K

%.>O.*K02!DH!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZU! ]*Q'P*2'F! $0%D0)&D??.E?'! .0-

'm$.??R! $0O&'-*%).E?'!'V)'&0.?! H.%)D&2! 2$%L!.2! )L'!P'.)L'&F! 2D%*D!OD?*)*%.?

'01*&D0>'0)!%.0!.?2D!L.1'!.!0D)*%'.E?'F!OD)'0)*.??R!%&*)*%.?F!'HH'%)!D0!.))'0-.0%'

?'1'?2!*0!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZU

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!P*??!)'0-!)D!).Q'!O?.%'!*0F!D&!.)!?'.2)!.&D$0-F!D0'

%D&'! M$&E.0N! ?D%.)*D0!C'?L*F!%D>O.&'-! )L*2! )D! )L'!'m$.??R!L*KL"O&DH*?'F!'?*)'

w! ,1'0F! j&.))D0! ')! .?U! M[ZZsN! %D>>'0)! D0! )L'! K&DP*0K! )'0-'0%R! )D! D1'&'2)*>.)'! )L'

OD)'0)*.?! H*0.0%*.?! E'0'H*)2! K.*0'-! )L&D$KL! LD2)*0K! 2O'%).)D&! -&*1'0! 2OD&)2! '1'0)2U

Page 81: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

*!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!2$%L!.2!a&*%Q')!TD&?-!a$O!aD>O')*)*D02![Z77!)D!E'!%D"LD2)'-

ER!40-*.F!)L.)!P*??!0D)!D0?R!?.2)!>$%L!?D0K'&!*0!-$&.)*D0F!E$)!.?2D!P*??!).Q'!O?.%'

D1'&!.!>$%L!P*-'&!K'DK&.OL*%.?!.&'.!DH!5D$)L!=2*.U

\L'! ?'1'&.K*0K! .0-! E$0-?*0K! DH! %D>>'&%*.?! O&D-$%)2! .0-! .--*)*D0.?

'1'0)"&'?.)'-!.%)*1*)*'2! *0!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z! %.0!.?2D! E'%D>'

?$%&.)*1'!>')LD-2!DH!*0%&'.2*0K!)L'!'1'0)2r!.OO'.?!)D!.!P*-'&!2'K>'0)U!T*)L

)L'!*0%&'.2'!*0!2OD&)!)D$&*2>!.%)*1*)R!.??!D1'&!)L'!PD&?-F!2)&.)'K*%!O?.00*0K!>$2)

E'!&'K.&-'-!.2!.!H$0-.>'0).?F!R')!O.&)*%$?.&?R!%D>O?'V!H'.)$&'!HD&!)L'!%D0)*0$'-

-'1'?DO>'0)! DH!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZU! ]*Q'P*2'F! .2! )L'! OD)'0)*.?

OD2*)*1'! *>O?*%.)*D02! HD&! )D$&*2>! E'%D>'!>D&'! .OO.&'0)F! D&K.0*o'&! DH

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!?DK*2)*%.?!.E*?*)R!)D!O?.0!.0-!2$%%'22H$??R!LD2)

'?*)'! 2OD&)*0K! '1'0)2! E'%D>'2! .! ODP'&H$?! .1'0$'! HD&! E&.0-! �40-*.r! .2! .

-'2)*0.)*D0U! \L'!.%%'22*E*?*)R! DH! )L'! ?D%.)*D0F! )L'! 0.)$&'! DH! )L'! &'2D$&%'2

.1.*?.E?'!.0-! )L'!-'>DK&.OL*%!>.Q'"$O!DH! )LD2'!PLD!&'2*-'! *0!D&!.&D$0-

6'P!C'?L*!>$2)!E'!%D02*-'&'-!.2!L*KL?R!*0H?$'0)*.?!H.%)D&2!PL'0!.22'22*0K

)L'!H'.2*E*?*)R!DH!O?.00*0K!.0-!>.&Q')*0K!DH!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZU

e.1*0K!O&D1*-'-!.!E&*'H!D1'&1*'P!D0!O?.00*0K!)D$&*2>!&'?.)'-!)D!aD>>D0P'.?)L

j.>'2![Z7ZF!)L'!HD%$2!0DP!2L*H)2!)DP.&-2!%D"E&.0-*0K!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2

[Z7Z!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-*0K! H&D>!.0! 40-*.!O'&2O'%)*1'U! 40! )L'! HD??DP*0K

2'%)*D0F! P'! P*??! %D02*-'&! LDP! 40-*.! .2! .! -'2)*0.)*D0! >*KL)! $2'! )L'

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!)D!'0L.0%'!D&!%L.0K'!*)2!*>.K'!.>D0K!)L'!)D$&*2)

-'2)*0.)*D0U!\L'!2'%)*D0!P*??!-'2%&*E'!LDP!)D!$)*?*o'!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2

[Z7Z!)D!DE).*0!)L'!-'2*&'-!'HH'%)!D0!.!-'2)*0.)*D0r2!E&.0-U

-%FF%&h5"'#3(D"F52(KL\L("&G(452#$&"#$%&(R+"&G$&.

TL'0! ?DDQ*0K! )D! $2'! )L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z! )D! L'?O! E&.0-! )L'

-'2)*0.)*D0!�40-*.rF!)L'!H*&2)!%L.??'0K'!HD&!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.&Q')'&!*2!)D!-')'&>*0'

PL.)!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!%.0!%D0)&*E$)'!)D!)L'!E&.0-!�40-*.rU!,1'0)2

?*Q'!TD&?-!a$O!5D%%'&!.0-!)L'!W?R>O*%!j.>'2!L.1'!2)&D0K!E&.0-!*>.K'2!*0

)L'*&!LD2)!-'2)*0.)*D02r!2D$&%'!>.&Q')2U!TL'0!.0!'1'0)!L.2!.!P'??"'2).E?*2L'-

E&.0-! DH! *)2! DP0F! )L'0! )L'! '1'0)! 0.>'F! ?DKD! D&! 2?DK.0!P*??! .%)*1.)'! .0

'1'0)"2O'%*H*%!0')PD&Q!DH!0D-'2!.0-!.22D%*.)*D027U

;!=%%D&-*0K!)D!aL.?*O!.0-!aD2).!M[ZZsF![[[N!UUU!_-'2)*0.)*D0r2!E&.0-!*2!0D)!*)2!0.>'F!?DKDF

2?DK.0! D&! .0R! D)L'&! >.&Q')*0K! -'1*%'U! G.)L'&F! )L'2'! &'O&'2'0)! )L'! E&.0-U! \L'R! .&'

*0)'0-'-!)D!*01DQ'!.!E&.0-!*>.K'F!PL*%L!*2!.!2%L'>.!*0!)L'!2'02'!)L.)!*)!*2!.!L*'&.&%L*%.??R

&'?.)'-!2')!DH!.22D%*.)*D02!*0!>'>D&RU!\L'!2%L'>.!%D02*2)2!DH!0D-'2!)L.)!.&'!%D00'%)'-

)L&D$KL!.!0')PD&Q!DH!.22D%*.)*D02U!,.%L!0D-'!*2!.!O*'%'!DH!*0HD&>.)*D0!2)D&'-!*0!>'>D&RF

.0-! )L'! 0$>E'&! .0-! 2)&'0K)L! DH! .22D%*.)*D02! .>D0K! 0D-'2! -')'&>*0'2! )L'! 2%L'>.r2

2)&$%)$&'U!5*0%'!2D>'!0D-'2!>.R!E'!O&'2'0)!*0!>D&'!)L.0!D0'!2%L'>.F!*)!*2!OD22*E?'!HD&

Page 82: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

*"

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

#R!O.*&*0K!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!E&.0-!P*)L!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-!M40-*.NF

)L'! 'VO'%).)*D0! *2! )L.)! '?'>'0)2! DH! )L'! '1'0)! E&.0-!P*??! )&.02H'&! )D! )L'

-'2)*0.)*D0r2!E&.0-F!.0-!1*%'!1'&2.U!\L*2!*2!.!HD&>!DH!%D"E&.0-*0K!M#&DP0!-:(&%X

[ZZ9NU!aD"E&.0-*0K! L.2! E'0'H*)'-! H&D>!'V)'02*1'! K&DP)L! *0! &'%'0)! R'.&2

E'%.$2'!*)!%.0!E'!.0!'HH'%)*1'!P.R!)D!L*KL?*KL)!D&!%L.0K'!.!E&.0-!*>.K'U

\L'!%D"E&.0-*0K!'HH'%)!-'O'0-2!D0!.22D%*.)*0K!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2

[Z7Z!E&.0-!P*)L!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-!�40-*.rU!aD"E&.0-*0K!*2!.0!'HH'%)*1'!P.R

)D!&'*0HD&%'!D&!%L.0K'!.!E&.0-!*>.K'!M5*>D0*0!v!G$)L!7::8NU!aD>>D0P'.?)L

j.>'2![Z7ZF!DEJ'%)*1'!2LD$?-!E'!)D!)&.02H'&!)L'!-'2*&'-!OD&)*D0!DH!)L'!D)L'&

E&.0-F!*U'UF!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!)D!-'2)*0.)*D0!H'.)$&'2!M40-*.NU!\L'

O.*&*0K!DH!)PD!E&.0-2F!*U'U!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!.0-!40-*.!D$KL)!)D!E'

*0!.!%D>OD2*)'!E&.0-U!=?2D!*)!>$2)!>.)%L!.0-!*2!O.*&'-!*0!2$%L!.!P.R!)L.)!'.%L

D0'!DH!*)!*2!O'&%'*1'-!PL'0!)L'R!.&'!O.*&'-U!\RO*%.??RF!)L.)!&'m$*&'2!)L'!)PD

E&.0-2!)D!E'!H'.)$&'-!JD*0)?R!*0!.-1'&)*2*0K!.0-YD&!>'-*.!.ED$)!)L'!'1'0)!D&

)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0U!\L*2!*01D?1'2!%D>>$0*)R!2$OOD&)F!%D"DO'&.)*1'!O?.00*0K!.0-

>'-*.! 2$OOD&)! )D!>.Q'!>D2)! DH! D&K.0*o*0K!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z

.)!40-*.U

40!D&-'&! HD&! )L'&'!)D!E'!.0!'HH'%)F!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.&Q')'&2! *0! 40-*.!>$2)!O?.0

2)&.)'K*%.??R!)D!%&'.)'!)L'!)&.02H'&!DH!E&.0-!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!*>.K'U

\L*2!&'m$*&'2!)L.)!)L'R!E$*?-!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!'1'0)!*0)D!)L'

-'2)*0.)*D0r2! >.&Q')*0K! %D>>$0*%.)*D02F! .0-! )L.)! )L'R! PD&Q! P*)L

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!'1'0)!D&K.0*o'&2!)D!E$*?-!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!*0)D

'1'0)!.-1'&)*2*0K!.0-!O$E?*%*)RU! 40!D&-'&!)D!DE).*0!.-'m$.)'!O.*&*0K2!DH! )L'

-'2)*0.)*D0!P*)L!)L'!'1'0)F!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0r2!0.>'!.0-YD&! *%D02!0''-!)D!E'

E$*?)! *0)D! )L'! '1'0)! ?DKDF! .0-! -'2)*0.)*D0! 1*2$.?2! 0''-! )D! E'! E$*?)! *0)D

'1'0)!>'-*.U

/2*0K!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!HD&!O&D>D)*0K!)D$&*2>!*0!40-*.!*01D?1'2

)L'!2)$-R!DH!E&.0-!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!O&*0)2F!$0-'&2).0-*0K!PL.)! )L'

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!2).0-2!HD&n!*)r2!OD2*)*D0*0K!.0-!1.?$'2F!*-'0)*HR*0K!)L'

2%L'>.2! )D! E'%D>'! .22D%*.)'-! P*)L! D0'! .0D)L'&F! .0-! '1'0! HD&! D0'! 2%L'>.! )D! *01DQ'

.0D)L'&U! \L'! O&D%'22! ER! PL*%L! 0D-'2! .&'! .%)*1.)'-! PL'0! .! 2%L'>.! *2! E&D$KL)! *0)D

PD&Q*0K! >'>D&R! *2! %.??'-! �2O&'.-*0K! .%)*1.)*D0rU! \L'! .%)*1.)*D0! DH! .! 0D-'! 2)*>$?.)'2

.%)*1.)*D0!DH!.22D%*.)'-!0D-'2U!5O&'.-*0K!.%)*1.)*D0!H.1D$&2!0D-'2!)L.)!.&'!>D2)!%?D2'?R

.22D%*.)'-! P*)L! )L'! 2D$&%'! DH! .%)*1.)*D0U! C'2)*0.)*D0! E&.0-*0K! %D02*2)2! DH! HD2)'&*0K

2O&'.-*0K!.%)*1.)*D0!)D!0D-'2!)L.)!)L'!>.&Q')'&!>D2)!P.0)2!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0

E&.0-U!\D!-D!2DF!)L'!>.&Q')'&!H*&2)! *-'0)*H*'2!)L'!>D2)!-'2*&.E?'!.0-!&'?'1.0)!0D-'2F!.0-

)L'0! PD&Q2! )D! %&'.)'! .0-! 2)&'0K)L'0! )L'! .22D%*.)*D02! .>D0K! )L'>U! \L'! -'2*&.E*?*)R! DH

O.&)*%$?.&!0D-'2!-'O'0-2!D0+!M7N!)L'!.))&*E$)'2!)L.)!).&K')!>.&Q')!2'K>'0)2!1.?$'!ME'%.$2'

DH! )L'! E'0'H*)2! ).&K')!>.&Q')! 2'K>'0)2! 'VO'%)! )LD2'! .))&*E$)'2! )D! E'2)DPNF! .0-! M[N! )L'

-'K&''!)D!PL*%L!)LD2'!0D-'2!P*??! H.1D$&.E?R!-*HH'&'0)*.)'! )L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!H&D>!%D>O')*0K

-'2)*0.)*D02qU

Page 83: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

*#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

).&K')!.$-*'0%'!.0-!?*.*2D02!P*)L!)L'!%&'.)*1'!%D0%'O)$.?*o.)*D0!)D!%&'.)'!.0

'1'0)!HD&!.!O'&H'%)!H*)!P*)L!-'2)*0.)*D0!M40-*.N!O'&2D0.?*)RY*>.K'U!4)!*2!*>OD&).0)

)D!*-'0)*HR!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!'1'0)!OD&)HD?*DF!PL*%L!2L.??!L'?O!*0!)L'

O&D%'22!DH!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-*0KU

aD"E&.0-*0K!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!P*)L!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!*01D?1'2!s!%r2

0.>'?R! %D0%'O)$.?*o.)*D0! DH! %&'.)*1'! *-'.! .0-! .>E*'0%'F! %D2)*0K!PL*%L

%.?%$?.)'2!)L'!>.&K*02F!%.01.22*0K!HD&!2OD02D&2F!%$2)D>'&2Y2O'%).)D&2Y!)D$&*2)

.0-! 0')PD&Q*0K! %D>OD0'0)2F! %$2)D>*o.)*D0! DH! )L'! K.>'2! .%%D&-*0K! )D

-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-!*>.K'U

W0'!DH!)L'!)'%L0*m$'!*0!%D"E&.0-*0K!40-*.!.0-!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z

*2!)D!*-'0)*HR!)L'!.22D%*.)*0K!0')PD&Q!DH!O.2)!-'2)*0.)*D02!MB'?ED$&0'F!=$2)&.?*.n

B.0%L'2)'&F!,0K?.0-n!h$.?.!]$>O$&F!B.?.R2*.N!P*)L!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2

[Z7Z!C'?L*F!.0-!)L'0!)D!&'*0HD&%'F!%L.0K'!D&!.--!-'2*&.E?'!.22D%*.)*D02U

\L'!'HH'%)! DH!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!D0!E&.0-! �40-*.r!P*??! -'O'0-2

2$E2).0)*.??R!D0!)L'!&'.%L!.0-!H&'m$'0%R!DH!2OD&)2!'1'0)!>'0)*D02!.0-!1*2$.?2U

XD&!.!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!E&.0-!)D!.HH'%)!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-!�40-*.rF

.$-*'0%'!*0!HD&'*K0!%D$0)&*'2!>$2)!O.R!2$HH*%*'0)!.))'0)*D0!)D!E'!'VOD2'-!)D

)L'!.22D%*.)*D02! )L.)! .&'! E'*0K!O&*>'-U!5*0%'!'.%L! 2OD&)2! '1'0)! .OO'.?2

O&*>.&*?R! )D! )LD2'! .$-*'0%'2! PLD! L.1'! .0! *0)'&'2)! *0! )L'! 2OD&)2! .0-

'0)'&).*0>'0)!D&!.%)*1*)R!)L.)!)L'!2OD&)2!'1'0)!DHH'&2F!D0?R!)LD2'!.$-*'0%'2

P*)L! )L.)! *0)'&'2)! .&'! ?*Q'?R! )D! E'! 'VOD2'-! )D! .22D%*.)*D02! E')P''0! )L'

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-!�40-*.rU!\L$2!)L'!&'.%L!DH

)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!-'O'0-2!D0!)L'!-*1'&2*)R!DH!>.&Q')!2'K>'0)2

)L.)!P*??!E'!&'.%L'-!1*.!)L'!OD&)HD?*DU!aD>>D0P'.?)L!%D$0)&*'2!H&D>!PL'&'

HD&'*K0!)D$&*2)2!PD$?-!'VO?D&'!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!P*??!*0%?$-'

=$2)&.?*.F!)L'!/0*)'-!h*0K-D>F!a.0.-.F!B.?.R2*.F!5*0K.OD&'F!5D$)L!=H&*%.F

6'P!g'.?.0-F!g*>E.EP'!.0-!5&*!].0Q.U!\L'!>D&'!1.&*'-!)L'!.&&.R!DH!2OD&)

.0-!%$?)$&.?!'1'0)2!*0!)L'!OD&)HD?*DF!)L'!K&'.)'&!)L'!)D).?!&'.%LU

\L'!%D"E&.0-*0K!DH!)PD!E&.0-2!0.>'?R!-'2)*0.)*D0!.0-!2OD&)2!'1'0)2!*2!1'&R

2'02*)*1'!*0!0.)$&'U!\L'&'!%.0!E'!OD2*)*1'!*>.K'!)&.02H'&!D&!0'K.)*1'!*>.K'

)&.02H'&U!\L'!>'&'!O.*&*0K!DH!'1'0)2!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0!*2!0D)!*>OD&).0)!&.)L'&!*)

*2!*>OD&).0)!)L.)!PL*%L!-'2)*0.)*D0!*2!O.*&'-!P*)L!PL*%L!'1'0)U!4)!*2!'22'0)*.?!)D

'VO?D&'!)L'!'1'0)2!E&.0-!&'?.)*D0!P*)L!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!E&.0-!)D!.%m$*&'!-'2*&'-

&'2$?)2!Mh*>!v!=??'0!7::wNU!\L'!*>.K'!DH!ED)L!E&.0-!PL*?2)!'1'0)!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0

O?.R!*>OD&).0)!&D?'!PL*?'!)L'R!.&'!O.*&'-!)DK')L'&!M\*??!v!#$2?'&![ZZZN!U\L'

ODD&!>.)%L!DH!'1'0)2!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.R!?'.-!)D!0'K.)*1'!E&.0-!E$*?-*0K!.0-

>.R!%.$2'!)&.02H'&!DH!0'K.)*1'!*>.K'U!4)!%.0!E'!.--'-!H$&)L'&!)D!)L*2!&'2'.&%L

)L.)! )L'! %D"E&.0-*0K! DH!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2! [Z7Z!P*)L!C'?L*Y40-*.! D&

Page 84: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

*&

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

1*%'"1'&2.!%.0!E'!OD2*)*1'!D&!0'K.)*1'U!=!L$K'!'1'0)!2$%L!.2!aD>>D0P'.?)L

j.>'2![Z7Z!>.R!L.>O'&!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0r2!*>.K'!.2!)L'!)D$&*2)!P*??!E'!>D&'

*01D?1'-!P*)L!)L'!2OD&)!'1'0)!)L.0!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!PL*%L!P*??!0D)!L.1'!.!?D0K

?.2)*0K!'HH'%)!PL*?2)!.!L$K'!'1'0)!>.R!0D)!L.1'!KDD-!&'2OD02'!*H!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0

*2!0D)!P'??!Q0DP0Y!2D>'!*22$'U

40!)L'!PD&-2!DH!aL.?*O!.0-!aD2).!M[ZZsNF!_)L'!>.&Q')r2!.))'0)*D0!0''-2!)D!E'

HD%$2'-!D0!)L'!-'2*&'-!.22D%*.)*D02!M.0-!.P.R!H&D>!$0-'2*&'-!.22D%*.)*D02NU

5D>')*>'F!)D$&*2)!>.R!0D)!&'2OD0-!H.1D$&.E?R!)D!)L'!O.*&*0K!DH!.0!'1'0)!.0-

)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0U!\L'!?'1'?!DH!O'&%'*1'-!>.)%L!E')P''0!)PD!E&.0-2!O?.R2!.

*>OD&).0)!O.&)!*0!)L'!P.R2!)L.)!'.%L!*2!O'&%'*1'-!PL'0!)L'R!.&'!O.*&'-U!\L'

O.*&*0K!.0-F!%D02'm$'0)?RF!'.%L!E&.0-!.&'!.OO&.*2'-!>D&'!OD2*)*1'?R!PL'0

)L'!)PD!E&.0-2!.&'!O'&%'*1'-!)D!E'!P'??!>.)%L'-!)L.0!PL'0!)L'R!.&'!O'&%'*1'-

)D!E'!ODD&?R!>.)%L'-!S!'1'0!*H!ED)L!E&.0-2!.&'!*0-*1*-$.??R!?*Q'-U!=!>.)%L"$O

2''>2!)D!'.2'!O&D%'22*0K!DH!)L'!.22D%*.)*D0!E')P''0!)L'!)PD!E&.0-2qU!4H!.

)D$&*2)r2!2%L'>.!HD&!40-*.!.2!.!-'2)*0.)*D0!P'&'!*0%D02*2)'0)!P*)L!)L'*&!2%L'>.

HD&!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!LD2)'-!.)!C'?L*F!)L'0!)L'!.22D%*.)*D0!P*??!0D)

E'!&'O&'2'0)'-!*0!>'>D&RU

\L'!>D&'!%D>O?'V!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!'1'0)r2!E&.0-F!)L'!>D&'

0D-'2!%.0!E'!)&.02H'&&'-!)D!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0U!\L$2F!*)!*2!)L'D&')*%.??R!OD22*E?'

)D!HD&>$?.)'!.!0$>E'&!DH!-*HH'&'0)!E&.0-!DEJ'%)*1'2!PL'0!LD2)*0K!.0!'1'0)

2$%L!.2!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!P*)L!.!-*2)*0%)!E&.0-!*>.K'U!W0%'!)L'

-'2*&'-!'?'>'0)2!DH!E&.0-!)&.02H'&!.&'!*-'0)*H*'-F!)L'0!).%)*%2!HD&!L*KL?*KL)*0K

)L'!-'2*&'-!.22D%*.)*D02!ED)L! 1'&E.??R! .0-! 1*2$.??R! %.0!E'! HD&>$?.)'-! HD&

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!'1'0)!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0!�40-*.rU

\L'!>.&Q')*0K!%D>>$0*%.)*D02!%L.??'0K'!*2!-*HH'&'0)F!P*)L!aD>>D0P'.?)L

j.>'2U!TL'&'.2!%D"E&.0-*0K!&'m$*&'2!)L.)!)PD!*0-'O'0-'0)!E&.0-2!E'!?*0Q'-F

E&.0-!'V)'02*D0! *0!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z! &'m$*&'2! )L.)! )L'!'1'0)r2

*0%?$2*D0!*0!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0r2!O&D-$%)!.0-!2'&1*%'!>*V!2LD$?-!.OO'.&!&.)*D0.?U

40!D)L'&!PD&-2F!*)!0''-2!)D!E'!2LDP0!)L.)!)L'!'1'0)!H*)2!P*)L!D)L'&!.))&.%)*D02

.0-! .%)*1*)*'2! DHH'&'-! .)! )L'! 40-*.U! \L*2! %.0! E'! .)).*0'-! *H! >.&Q')*0K

%D>>$0*%.)*D02! L*KL?*KL)! )L'! '1'0)r2! %D02*2)'0%R!P*)L! %D&'! E'0'H*)2! *0

-'2)*0.)*D0!�40-*.r!.2!P'??!.2!H'.)$&'2!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!2L.&'2

P*)L!D)L'&!.))&.%)*D02!D&!.%)*1*)*'2!*0!.&D$0-!C'?L*U

=0D)L'&!*22$'!*2F!)L'!40-*.0!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.&Q')'&2!PLD!2''Q!)D!>.Q'!.KK&'22*1'

$2'!DH!'1'0)2!)D!E$*?-!-'2)*0.)*D0r2!E&.0-U!\L'!>.JD&*)R!DH!'1'0)2!-D!0D)!DE).*0

2$HH*%*'0)!'VOD2$&'!*0!)D$&*2)!>.&Q')2!)D!%$?)*1.)'!.!-*2)*0%)!E&.0-!*>.K'F!.0-

)LD2'!)L.)!-D!.&'!)RO*%.??R!%D2)?RU!eDP'1'&F!'V.>*0.)*D0!DH!)L'!?*)'&.)$&'!D0

E&.0-*0K!2$KK'2)2!)L.)!*)!*2!0D)!'22'0)*.?!HD&!.0!'1'0)!)D!L.1'!.!-*2)*0%)!E&.0-

*>.K'!*0!D&-'&!)D!%D0)&*E$)'!)D!*)2!LD2)!-'2)*0.)*D0r2!E&.0-U

Page 85: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

85

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

Sport events such as Commonwealth Games 2010 vary in the role they canplay in destination branding �‘India�’. There are numerous events, competitionsand tournaments, that serve as attractions for tourist, but that have littlerelevance to the India as a destination�’s brand. The Indian destination marketermust decide what role Commonwealth Games 2010 should play, and mustthen construct a marketing strategy that will use Commonwealth Games 2010in a manner that is appropriate to its role. Figure 1 shows a flow chart to serveas a guide for deciding the appropriate role for Commonwealth Games 2010in branding the destination.

In a nut shell Commonwealth Games 2010 shall deliver India�’s culture andattractions; lengthen the life cycle of India as a destination and the long termimpact on tourism will be, when participants and spectators visit India again toexplore it more.

Fig. 2. Flow Chart for Identifying the Role for Commonwealth Games 2010 inDestination Branding.

Source: Adapted from Chalip and Costa (2005, 230).

Page 86: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

*(

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

-%&6'12$%&2

5OD&)2!)D$&*2>!'1'0)2!2$%L!.2!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!L.1'!.!>$?)*O?'

'HH'%)!S!)L'!-*&'%)!'HH'%)!DH!)L'!.))'0-.0%'!DH!)L'!%D>O')*)D&2!.0-YD&!2O'%).)D&2

.0-!.%%D>O.0R*0K!O'&2D02F!.0-!)L'!*0-*&'%)!'HH'%)!DH!)L'!>.&Q')*0K!DH!)L'

40-*.!PL*%L!P*??!?'.-!)D!2$E2'm$'0)!)D$&*2>!H?DP2U!4)!*2!%?'.&!)L.)!>.JD&!2OD&)2

'1'0)2!2$%L!.2!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!%.0!O?.R!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!&D?'!*0!K'0'&.)*0K

)D$&*2>!.%)*1*)R!D0!.!0.)*D0.?!.0-!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!2%.?'U!5$%L!'1'0)2!%.0!L.1'

OD2*)*1'! '%D0D>*%! .0-! 2D%*.?! E'0'H*)2F! .0-! L.1'! *0! &'%'0)! R'.&2! E''0

*0%&'.2*0K?R! &'%DK0*2'-!ER!ED)L! H'-'&.?! .0-!O&D1*0%*.?! KD1'&0>'0)2! .2!.

?'K*)*>.)'!HD%$2!HD&!)D$&*2>!.0-!K'0'&.?!'%D0D>*%!-'1'?DO>'0)!2)&.)'K*'2U

\L'!.*>!DH! )L'!2)&.)'KR!2LD$?-!E'! )D! H.%*?*).)'!.!1*.E?'!.0-! *0)'&0.)*D0.??R

%D>O')*)*1'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!.0-!)D!'02$&'!)L.)!)L'!E'0'H*)2!DH

)L*2!0*%L'!>.&Q')!.&'!>.V*>*2'-!.0-!2O&'.-!P*-'?R!)L&D$KLD$)!40-*.r2!)D$&*2>

2'%)D&U!\L*2!DEJ'%)*1'!L.2!E''0!*-'0)*H*'-!E'%.$2'!DH!)L'!O'&%'O)*D0!.>D0K

40-*.0!O$E?*%! )L.)! )L'! )D$&*2>!E'0'H*)2!PL*%L!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z

%.0!O&D1*-'!.&'!0D)!%$&&'0)?R!E'*0K!>.V*>*o'-U!\L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2

[Z7Z!%.0! *0-$%'! )L'!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH! )L'!2OD&)2! )D$&*2>!2'%)D&!.2!P'??!.2

*-'0)*HR*0K!.0-!.--&'22*0K!*>O'-*>'0)2!)D!)L'!K&DP)L!DH!)L'!*0-$2)&RU

\L'!Q'R!'?'>'0)2!DH!)L'!2)&.)'KR!HD&!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!.&'!.

&.0K'!DH!OD22*E?'!.%)*D02!PL*%L!%.0!L'?O!)D+!M.N!*>O&D1'!)L'!%DD&-*0.)*D0!.0-

%D>O')*)*1'0'22! DH! )L'! 2OD&)2! )D$&*2>! *0-$2)&Rn! MEN! *-'0)*HR! .0-! .--&'22

'-$%.)*D0! .0-! )&.*0*0K! *22$'2! HD&! )L'! *0-$2)&RnM%N!B*0*>*o'! )L'! *>O.%)! DH

&'K$?.)D&R!*22$'2!M'UKU!1*2.2F!%$2)D>2N!D0!)L'!*0-$2)&R!n!M-N!*-'0)*HR!.0-!.--&'22

)L'! *0H&.2)&$%)$&'! &'m$*&'>'0)2!DH! )L'! *0-$2)&Rn! M'N*-'0)*HR!.0-!.--&'22! )L'

&'2'.&%L!.0-!-.).!%D??'%)*D0!&'m$*&'>'0)2!DH! )L'! *0-$2)&Rn! M'N! *>O&D1'! )L'

>'.02!DH! '1.?$.)*D0! DH! )L'! '%D0D>*%! E'0'H*)2! DH! 2OD&)2! )D$&*2>! n! .0-! MHN

%DD&-*0.)'!)L'!*>O?'>'0).)*D0!DH!)L'!2)&.)'KRU

\L*2!O.O'&F!.ED$)!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0!E.0-*0KF

L*KL?*KL)2!)L'!&D?'!)L.)!>'K.!2OD&)2!)D$&*2>!%.0!O?.R!*0!2)*>$?.)*0K!)L'!?D%.?

.0-!0.)*D0.?!)D$&*2>!'%D0D>R!.0-F!O'&L.O2F!O&D1*-*0K!.!-*HH'&'0)!-*>'02*D0

)D!)D$&*2>!1*2*).)*D0!)L.0!)L.)!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!>.*02)&'.>!?'*2$&'!.0-!E$2*0'22

)&.1'?U!X*0.??RF!P'!0''-!)D!O$)!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!*0)D!)L'*&!E&D.-'&

%D0)'V)U!=2!aL.?*O!.0-!aD2).!M[ZZsN!2.R2!_)L'!'HH'%)!DH!*0-*1*-$.?!'1'0)2!0''-2

)D!E'!%D02*-'&'-!P*)L!&'H'&'0%'!)D!)L'!D1'&.??!'1'0)!OD&)HD?*D!.0-!P*)L!&'H'&'0%'

)D! )L'! -'2)*0.)*D0r2!>*V! DH! O&D-$%)2! .0-! 2'&1*%'2F! O.&)*%$?.&?R! D)L'&! 2OD&)

O&D-$%)2!.0-!2'&1*%'2U!\L'!*>O.%)!DH!.0R!D0'!'1'0)!-'O'0-2!D0!)L'!P.R2!*)!*2

?'1'&.K'-U!\L'!-'2)*0.)*D0r2!'1'0)2!OD&)HD?*D!.0-!*)2!O&D-$%)!.0-!2'&1*%'!>*V

O&D1*-'!)L'!&.P!>.)'&*.?!HD&!'1'0)!?'1'&.K'U!\L'!E&.0-*0K!%L.??'0K'!*2!)D!%&.H)

)L'!).%)*%2!HD&!'HH'%)*1'!?'1'&.K'qU

Page 87: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

*)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

\L*2!O.O'&!.?2D!.))'>O)2!)D!&'1*'P!)L'!O'&)*0'0)!O&'1*D$2!?*)'&.)$&'2!D0!2OD&)2

'1'0)!)D$&*2>F!E&.0-*0K!.0-!-'2)*0.)*D0!*>.K'!.0-!)L'!2O'%*H*%!1.&*.E?'2!)L.)

L.1'!E''0!'V.>*0'-!*0!)LD2'!?*)'&.)$&'2

=2!a?*H)D0!2.R2!M[ZZ[F!7w7N!�40!)L'!'0-F!DH!%D$&2'F!)L'!H$)$&'!DH!E&.0-!*2!$O!)D

)L'!E&.0-2!)L'>2'?1'2F!.0-!)D!)L'!O'DO?'!PLD!>.0.K'!)L'>U!G'O$).)*D0!*2F

.H)'&!.??F!.!&'.?*)R!P*)L!.!?.K!'HH'%)rU!aD02'm$'0)?RF!PL.)!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2

[Z7Z!E&.0-!%.0!-D!HD&!-'2)*0.)*D0!2$%L!.2!40-*.!*2!)L.)!%D"E&.0-*0K!.2!.!)DD?

P*??!'0.E?'!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!>.&Q')''&!)D!*01'2)*K.)'F!$0-'&2).0-F!.0-!&'2OD0-

)D!)D$&*2)!.0-!)L'*&!O'&%'O)*D0!.ED$)!40-*.U

;C=C;C!-C@

=eB,CF!gU! M7::7NF!.,-( *32%#-3+-("2( :,-( +"5C"3-3:( "2( &(1:&:-(."#/*':( =5&$-("3(U/"<#+:

U"'*:*"3*3$(1:/&:-$;F!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F!7[F!<<7"<9ZU

#/e=]45F!CU!M[ZZZNF!)&/?-:*3$(:,-(+"5C-:*:*9-(<-':*3&:*"3("2(:,-(2#:#/-F!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F

[7F!:;"77wU

a=G]5,6F!iU!.0-!\=^]WGF!=U! M[ZZ<NF!)-$&6-9-3:'(&3<(#/I&3( /-3-W&%l(.,-(+&'-("2( :,-

)&3+,-':-/(`[[`(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'F!,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)F!8!M7NF!7sS[[U

ae=]4IF!]U!.0-!Baj/4G\^F!iU!M[ZZ9NF!D#3<%*3$('C"/:(-9-3:'(W*:,(:,-(,"':(<-':*3&:*"3F!iD$&0.?

DH!5OD&)!\D$&*2>F!:!M<NF![w;S[8[U

ae=]4IF!]U!.0-!aW5\=F!aU=U!M[ZZsNF!1C"/:(>9-3:(."#/*'5(&3<(:,-(!-':*3&:*"3(D/&3<l(."W&/<'

&(B-3-/&%(.,-"/;F!5OD&)!*0!5D%*')R0(8!M[NF![78S[<;U

a]4X\W6F!GU!M[ZZ[NF!><*:"/*&%("3(I/&3<'(&3<(^#/(.*5-'F!#&.0-!B.0.K'>'0)F!:!M<NF!7s7"7w7U

C,I=G\B,6\!WX!XWG,4j6!=XX=4G5!=6C!\G=C,!M[ZZ:NF!CX\!"!j*'*:*3$(7#':/&%*&l(7(U"C#%&/

!-':*3&:*"3F!a.0E'&&.F!1*'P'-!7!i$0'F![ZZ:F!PPPU-H.)UKD1U.$Y.*EY!)D$&*2>UL)>?

CW66,]]^F!BU!M[ZZ9NF!J#'C(3":(+/*'*'l(u+,&3$*3$(:"(<-%*9-/\(1+"::*',($"9-/35-3:rF!40)'&0.)*D0.?

iD$&0.?!DH!I&D-$%)*1*)R!.0-!I'&HD&>.0%'!B.0.K'>'0)F!s<!MwNF!s98"s;U

,ae\6,GF!aUBU!.0-!G4\ae4,F!#UiUGU!M7::7NF!.,-()-&3*3$(&3<()-&'#/-5-3:("2(!-':*3&:*"3

=5&$-F!\L'!iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!5)$-*'2F![!M[NF!["7[U

j,\gF! CU! M7::7NF! �1C-+*&%( -9-3:'\0! *0! 5! B'-'?*Q! M'-UNF( =3( )&3&$*3$( ."#/*'5F

#$))'&PD&)L"e'*0'>.00F!WVHD&-F!w;"7[<U

j,\gF!CUn!=6C,G5W6F!CU!.0-!5L''L.0F!]U!M7::8NF!4"%-'0(*''#-'(&3<(':/&:-$*-'(2"/(+"39-3:*"3

&3<( 9*'*:"/'( I#/-&#T( *3( <-':*3&:*"3(C%&33*3$(&3<(C/"<#+:( <-9-%"C5-3:l(7( '#/9-;("2

J&3&<*&3(I#/-&#TF(\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F!7:!M9NF!<<7"<9ZU

j,\gF!CU!M[ZZ8NF!>9-3:(:"#/*'5l(!-2*3*:*"30(-9"%#:*"30(&3<(/-'-&/+,F!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F

[:!M<NF!9Z<"9[8

j4#5W6F!eU!M7::8NF!1C"/:(:"#/*'5l(7(+/*:*+&%(&3&%;'*'("2(/-'-&/+,F!5OD&)!B.0.K'>'0)!G'1*'PF

7F!9sS;wU

j4#5W6F!eU!M'-UN!M[ZZwNF!5C"/:(:"#/*'5l(J"3+-C:'(&3<(:,-"/*-'F!GD$)?'-K'F!]D0-D0U

jW]CF!GU!.0-!T=GC!5UAU!M'-2N!M7::9NF!U%&+-(U/"5":*"3l(.,-(8'-("2(U#I%*+*:;(&3<()&/?-:*3$

:"(1-%%(."W3'(&3<(4-$*"3'0(T*??'RF!,0K?.0-!MaL*%L'2)'&NU

jG=\\W6F!aUF!5e4#]4F!5U!.0-!aD?'>.0F!GU!M[ZZsNF!�\L'!'%D0D>*%2!DH!2OD&)!)D$&*2>!.)!>.JD&

2OD&)2!'1'0)2rF!*0!e*KL.>!i!M'-N!1C"/:(."#/*'5(!-':*3&:*"3'l(=''#-'0(^CC"/:#3*:*-'(&3<

73&%;'*'F!,?2'1*'&F!WVHD&-F![<<S[s:U

e=6h465W6F!jU!M[ZZsNF!!-':*3&:*"3(I/&3<(*5&$-'l(&(I#'*3-''(:"#/*'5(C-/'C-+:*9-F!iD$&0.?

DH!5'&1*%'2!B.&Q')*0KF!7:!M7NF![9"<[U

Page 88: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

**

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

e,C,F!=UBU!M[ZZsNF!1C"/:'6-9-3:'0(:"#/*'5(&3<(<-':*3&:*"3(5&/?-:*3$(':/&:-$*-'l(&3(7#':/&%*&3

+&'-(':#<;("2(7:,-3'(`[[d(&3<(*:'(5-<*&(:-%-+&':F!iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)!v!\D$&*2>F(7Z!M<NF

78;"[ZZU

eW5=6^F!5Un!,h46a4F!̂ U!.0-!/^5=]F!BU!M[ZZ;NF!!-':*3&:*"3(*5&$-(&3<(<-':*3&:*"3(C-/'"3&%*:;\0

=3:-/3&:*"3&%(V"#/3&%("2(J#%:#/-F!\D$&*2>!.0-!eD2O*).?*)R!G'2'.&%LF!7!M7NF!w["87U

h=54B=\4F!,U! M[ZZ<NF!>+"3"5*+( &'C-+:'( &3<( :,-(1#55-/(^%;5C*+'l(7( /-9*-W("2( /-%&:-<

/-'-&/+,U!40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!s!MwNF!9<<S999U

hW\],GF!IUn!e=4C,GF!CUeU!.0-!G,46F! 4U! M7::<N0()&/?-:*3$(U%&+-'0!\L'!X&''!I&'22F!6'P

^D&Q

hW\],GF!IU! .0-!j,G\6,GF!CU! M[ZZ[NF!J"#3:/;( &'( I/&3<0( C/"<#+:( &3<(I-;"3<l(7(C%&+-

5&/?-:*3$(&3<(I/&3<(5&3&$-5-3:(C-/'C-+:*9-F!iD$&0.?!DH!#&.0-!B.0.K'>'0)0(:!M9"sNF

[9:!"[w7U

]Wah5\W6,F!]U!.0-!#=/BF!\U!M[ZZ8NF!L#3(*3(:,-(2&5*%;l(:"#/*'5(&3<(:,-(J"55"3W-&%:,

B&5-'F!40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%L0(gZ!MwNF!9:;"sZ:U

B=CC,6F! iUGU! M[ZZ[NF!.,-(-+"3"5*+( +"3'-Y#-3+-'("2( :,-(1;<3-;(^%;5C*+'l( :,-(J4>7p

7/:,#/(73<-/'"3(1:#<;F!a$&&'0)!422$'2!*0!\D$&*2>0(s!M7NF!;S[7U

B%CW/j=]]F!jUeUjU!.0-!],A,5~/,F!\U!M[ZZZNF!J#':"5-/('&:*'2&+:*"3(W*:,('-/9*+-l(C#::*3$

C-/+-*9-<(9&%#-(*3:"(:,-(-Y#&:*"3F!iD$&0.?!DH!5'&1*%'!B.&Q')*0KF!79!MsNF!<:["97ZU

BWGj=6!6UiU!.0-!I&*)%L.&-F!=F!M[ZZZNF!7<9-/:*'*3$(*3(."#/*'5(&3<(S-*'#/-F!WVHD&-+!#$))'&PD&)L

e'*0'>.00U

BWGj=6F!6UiUn!I&*)%L.&-F!=U!.0-!I*KKD))F!GU! M[ZZ<NF!!-':*3&:*"3(D/&3<*3$(&3<( :,-( /"%-("2

':&?-,"%<-/l(:,-(+&'-("2(Q-W(h-&%&3<F!iD$&0.?!DH!A.%.)*D0!B.&Q')*0K0(:F![8s!"[::U

I4\\5F!#UjU! M7:::NF!1C"/:'(."#/*'5(&3<(Q*+,-()&/?-:'l( =<-3:*2*+&:*"3(&3<(73&%;'*'("2( :,-

B/"W*3$(S-'I*&3(&3<(B&;(1C"/:'(."#/*'5(=3<#':/;F!iD$&0.?!DH!A.%.)*D0!B.&Q')*0KF!s

M7NF!<7"sZU

I^WF!5Un!aWWhF!GUF!.0-!eWT,]]F!GU!M7:88NF!1#55-/(^%;5C*+(:"#/*':(5&/?-:(6%-&/3*3$(2/"5

:,-(U&':F!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F!:!M[NF!7<;S799U

IG,/55F!eUn!5,j/46F!#U!.0-!WrG,4]]^F!6U!M[ZZ;NF!U/"2*%*3$()&P"/(1C"/:(>9-3:(j*'*:"/'l(.,-

`[[`(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'F!iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)!v!\D$&*2>F!7[!M7NF!s"[<U

B*0*2)&R!DH!\D$&*2>!M[ZZ:NF!)^.(733#&%(4-C"/:(`[[eF!6'P!C'?L*U

G=6j=6F!AUhUn!,]#,G5,F!=U!.0-!#,]]F!BU!M[ZZwNF!)&/?-:*3$(Q-W(k"/?(J*:;F!e.&1.&-!#$2*0'22

a.2'!5)$-*'20(e.&1.&-!#$2*0'22!5%LDD?!DH!I$E?*2L*0KF!#D2)D0F!=O&*?![;F

G4\ae4,F!#UiUGU!M7:89NF!7''-''*3$(:,-(*5C&+:'("2(,&%%5&/?(-9-3:'l(J"3+-C:#&%(&3<(/-'-&/+,

*''#-'F!iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF![<!M7NF![S77U

G4\ae4,F!#UiUGU! .0-!aGW/aeF!j4U! M[ZZZNF!.,-( +"5C-:*:*9-( <-':*3&:*"3( O( &( '#':&*3&I%-

C-/'C-+:*9-F!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F![7F!7";U

G4\ae4,F!#U!.0-!=C=4GF!CU! M[ZZ9NF!1C"/:( :"#/*'5l( =3:-//-%&:*"3',*C'0( *5C&+:'(&3<( *''#-'U

a?'1'-D0+!aL.00'?!A*'PU

5\=#],GF!BUiU!M7:88NF!.,-(=5&$-("2(!-':*3&:*"3(4-$*"3'l(.,-"/-:*+&%(&3<(>5C*/*+&%(7'C-+:'F

*0!#!jD-.??!.0-!j!=2LPD&)L!M'-2NF()&/?-:*3$(*3(:,-(."#/*'5(=3<#':/;l(.,-(C/"5":*"3("2

!-':*3&:*"3(4-$*"3'F!a&DD>!e'?>F!]D0-D0F!7<<"7w7U

54BW646F!#U]U!.0-!G/\eF!iU=U! M7::8NF! ='(&(J"5C&3;(F3"W3(I;( :,-(J"5C&3;( =:(F--C'q

7''-''*3$( :,-(1C*%%( "9-/(>22-+:'( "2(D/&3<(7%%*&3+-'( "3(D/&3<(7::*:#<-'0( iD$&0.?! DH

B.&Q')*0K!G'2'.&%LF!<s!M7NF!<ZS9[U

5\Wh,5F!GU!M[ZZwNF!Q-:W"/?6I&'-<(':/&:-$;(5&?*3$(2"/(-9-3:'(:"#/*'5F!,$&DO'.0!iD$&0.?!DH

B.&Q')*0K0(9Z!MsYwNF!w8[":sU

\4]]F!#UCU! .0-!#/5],GF!BU! M[ZZZNF!.,-()&:+,6#C(E;C":,-'*'l( U,;'*+&%( 7::/&+:*9-3-''0

>TC-/:*'-0(&3<(:,-(4"%-("2(L*:("3(D/&3<(7::*:#<-0(U#/+,&'-(=3:-3:(&3<(D/&3<(D-%*-2'F

iD$&0.?!DH!=-1'&)*2*0KF![:!M<NF!7S7<U

Page 89: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

*+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

\e,!e46C/!#/546,55!]46,!M[ZZ;NF!J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'(W*%%(C#',(#C(',&/-(*3(:"#/*':

&//*9&%'F!1*'P'-![9!i$0'F![ZZ:F!PPPU)L'L*0-$E$2*0'22?*0'U%D>Y[ZZ;YZ<Y[wY2)D&*'2Y

[ZZ;Z<[wZ[<7Z<ZZUL)>

\G/,B=6F!BUn!h],BBF!BU!.0-!j4GW/CF!=U!M[ZZ9NF!J&3(&(+*:;(+"55#3*+&:-q(D/&<2"/<(&'(&

+"/C"/&:-(I/&3<F!aD&OD&.)'!aD>>$0*%.)*D02+!.0!40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?F!:!M9NF!<7;"<ZU

T,5\e/4g,6F!A.0!C'&!iU!M[ZZ9N!)&/?-:*3$()&%&;'*&(&'(&(5"<-%(5"<-/3()#'%*5(':&:-l(:,-

'*$3*2*+&3+-("2(:,-(gs:,(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'F!\L*&-!TD&?-!~$.&)'&?R0([s!M;NF!7[;;S

7[:7U

T=GCF!5UAU! M7::8NF!1-%%*3$(U%&+-'l( .,-()&/?-:*3$( &3<(U/"5":*"3( "2( ."W3'( &3<(J*:*-'

gec[6`[[[0!,UvXU6U!5OD0F!]D0-D0U

T,,CF!BU!.0-!#/]]F!aU!M7::;NF!=3:-$/&:*3$('C"/:(&3<(:"#/*'5o(&(/-9*-W("2(/-$*"3&%(C"%*+*-'(*3

>3$%&3<F!I&DK&'22!*0!\D$&*2>!.0-!eD2O*).?*)R!G'2'.&%L0(<!M[NF!7[:S798U

T,,CF!BU!.0-!#/]]F!aU!M[ZZ9NF!1C"/:'(:"#/*'5l(U&/:*+*C&3:'0(C"%*+;(&3<(U/"9*<-/'F!,?2'1*'&F

WVHD&-U

T,,CF!BU!M[ZZwNF!1C"/:'( :"#/*'5(/-'-&/+,(`[[[O`[[dl(7(';':-5&:*+(/-9*-W("2(?3"W%-<$-

&3<(&(5-:&6-9&%#&:*"3("2(5-:,"<'F!iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)!.0-!\D$&*2>F!77!M7NF!sS<ZU

TW6jF!aU^U]Un!B4]],GF!aUaUBUiU! .0-!aeW4F!aUiU! M[ZZwNF!1*3$&C"/-( *3( :/&3'*:*"3l( 2/"5

:-+,3"%"$;(:"(+#%:#/-(,#IF!iD$&0.?!DH!h0DP?'-K'!B.0.K'>'0)F!7Z!MsNF!;:":7U

TWWC54C,F!jU=Un!5I/GF!GUn!B=GaeF!GU!.0-!a]=GhF!eU!M[ZZ[NF!.,-(<;3&5*+'("2(:/&9-%%-/

<-':*3&:*"3(&W&/-3-''(&3<('-&/+,(2"/(*32"/5&:*"3(&''"+*&:-<(W*:,(,"':*3$(:,-(^%;5C*+

$&5-'F!40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)2!B.&Q')*0K!v!5OD02D&2L*OF!9!M[NF!7[;"sZU

TD&?-!,%D0D>*%!XD&$>! M[ZZ:NF!./&9-%(R(."#/*'5(J"5C-:*:*9-3-''(4-C"/:( `[[aF!j'0'1.F

1*'P'-![9!B.RF![ZZ:F!PPPUP'HD&$>UD&KY-D%$>'0)2Y\\aGZ:Y!*0-'VUL)>?

TWG]C!\W/G45B!WGj=64g=\4W6! M[ZZ8NF(8Q].^(."#/*'5(E*$,%*$,:'( 6( `[[e(><*:*"30

B.-&*-X

TWG]C!\G=A,]!=6C!\W/G45B!aW/6a4]!M[ZZ:NF!=3<*&(F-;(L&+:'(&:(&(B%&3+-F!]D0-D0F

1*'P'-!79!B.RF![ZZ:F!PPPUP))%UD&KY'0KY\D$&*2>�G'2'.&%LY

\D$&*2>�,%D0D>*%�G'2'.&%LYaD$0)&R�G'OD&)2Y40-*.

Page 90: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+,

jX(D&%&P*(j-3?&:&+,&%&5

Page 91: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

?!=;<@>;:->:;<)(4CHC)90AC!>(R<@?@( =9;(@09;>@

CHC!>( /( -9AA9!TC<)>B(D<AC@( KL\L( /( !CT(4C)B?

9D(<(Y+;("#0//9"13Z4!"9'M("*9NH5NV917

44

9:);<(,;B(=3<*&(*'(/-+"$3*@-<(&'("3-("2(:,-(-5-/$*3$(+"#3:/*-'(&3<(,"%<'(&(+"32*<-3:

C"'*:*"3(*3(:,-(W"/%<(-+"3"5;X(.,-(+"#3:/;\'(-+"3"5*+(':&I*%*:;(&3<('#':&*3-<($/"W:,

,&9-(5&<-(=3<*&(&3(&::/&+:*9-(<-':*3&:*"3(2"/(,"':*3$(:,-(J"55"3(]-&%:,(B&5-'

`[g[X(=3(:,*'(/-$&/<(*:(*'(*5C"/:&3:(:"(&3&%;@-(:,-(*32/&':/#+:#/&%('#CC"/:("2(:,-(!-%,*

4-$*"3X(.,-(+"3+-C:("2(*32/&':/#+:#/&%(<-9-%"C5-3:(-''-3:*&%%;(W*%%(2"+#'("3(:,-($/"W:,

"2(:,-(3-+-''&/;(/-Y#*/-5-3:'(:"(5--:(:,-(':&3<&/<(3"/5'(/-Y#*/-<(:"(,"':(&('C"/:'

-9-3:("2('#+,(5&$3*:#<-X(.,*'(/-'-&/+,(C&C-/(&::-5C:'(:"(#3<-/':&3<(:,-(<-9-%"C5-3:

"2(*32/&':/#+:#/-(&'(&(+/#+*&%(-%-5-3:(/-Y#*/-<(2"/(:,-($/"W:,("2(1C"/:'X(7'(W-%%(*:(W*%%

I-(+/#+*&%(:"(&3&%;@-(:,-(9&/*"#'(C"'*:*9-(';3-/$*-'(:,&:(*'(:&?*3$(C%&+-(*3(&3<(&/"#3<

!-%,*(:"($*9-(:,-(+*:;(&(3-W(<*5-3'*"3(&'(W-%%(&3&%;@-(:,-(-+"3"5*+(I-3-2*:'(:,&:(W*%%

I-(<-/*9-<( '#+,( *3*:*&:*9-'X(.,*'( /-'-&/+,(C&C-/( *'( C/*5&/*%;( I&'-<("3( '-+"3<&/;

'"#/+-'("2(*32"/5&:*"3(&3<(:"(<-/*9-(&(,"%*':*+(+"3+%#'*"3X

>.?"@$<A)B"=32/&':/#+:#/&%(!-9-%"C5-3:0(J"5C"3-3:'0(>+"3"5*+(!-9-%"C5-3:

?&#+%G16#$%&

5OD&)!'1'0)2!ER!)L'*&!1'&R!0.)$&'!.&'!.!0D0"!&D$)*0'!.HH.*&!.0-!LD?-!.!1'&R

?.&K'!%D00D).)*D0U!a*)*'2!PL*%L!LD2)!>.JD&!2OD&)2!'1'0)2!L.1'!)D!-'>D02)&.)'

)L'*&!%.O.%*)R!)D!LD2)!2$%L!'1'0)2U!].&K'!2%.?'!*0H&.2)&$%)$&.?!%.O.%*)*'2!.&'

'22'0)*.?!)D!-'&*1'!.!%D>O')*)*1'!.-1.0).K'U!=!>$?)*!2OD&)2!'1'0)!*2!O&*>.&*?R

L'?-!D1'&!.!0$>E'&!DH!-.R2!.0-!*2!'O*%'0)'&'-!.&D$0-!.!O.&)*%$?.&!%*)RU!=

P*-'! 1.&*')R! DH! .%)*1*)*'2! ).Q'! O?.%'! E')P''0! 1.&*D$2! )'.>2! H&D>! )L'

O.&)*%*O.)*0K!%D$0)&*'2U

\L'!R'.&![Z7Z!>.&Q2!%&$%*.?!OL.2'! HD&!2OD&)2!'1'0)2!2D! H.&!.2! )L'! 40-*.0

5$E"%D0)*0'0)!*2!%D02*-'&'-!.0-!'2O'%*.??R!HD&!)L'!%.O*).?!%*)R!C'?L*!.2!*)!LD2)*0K

)L'!HD&)L!%D>*0K!'1'0)U!\L'!.??!&D$0-!O&'O.&'-0'22!DH!)L'!%D$0)&R!*0!)'&>2!DH

)L'!E.2*%!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!)D!LD2)!2$%L!.!O&'2)*K*D$2!'1'0)!LD?-2!)L'!E.%QED0'

)D!*)2!2$%%'22U!\L'!jD1'&0>'0)!DH!40-*.!P*??!E'!2O'0-*0K!.0!'2)*>.)'-!{8ZsU87

>*??*D0! .%%D&-*0K! )D! %D>>D0P'.?)L! &'OD&)2U! 40! )L*2! %D0)'V)! )L'! 40-*.0

jD1'&0>'0)! *2! ?'.1*0K! 0D! 2)D0'! $0)$&0'-! )D!>.Q'! .! )&$?R! *0)'&0.)*D0.?

'VO'&*'0%'U!\L*2!*2!L*KL?R!&'H?'%)*1'!*0!)L'!.??"&D$0-!-'1'?DO>'0)!*0!)'&>2!DH

*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!.2!*0!H?RD1'&2F!>')&D!&.*?F!&D.-2F!LD)'?2F!')%U!=0D)L'&!*>OD&).0)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 91-100

}!75*:;( 83*9-/'*:;0( Q"*<&0( 8::&/( U/&<-',0( =3<*&

}}!)&3*C&%(83*9-/'*:;0()&3*C&%0(F&/3&:&?&0(=3<*&

Page 92: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+"

7C&/&P*:&(!#::&(4"; 0(7%?&()&,-',W&/*

.2O'%)!)L.)!*2!%&$%*.?!)D!.0R!'1'0)!*2!)L.)!*)!*2!?.ED$&!*0)'02*1'!.0-!)*>'!ED$0-

*0!0.)$&'U

\L'!>.*0!DEJ'%)*1'!DH!)L*2!O.O'&!*2!)D!$0-'&2).0-!)L'!>.*0!-'1'?DO>'0).?!.0-

$O!K&.-.)*D0!DH!)L'!%*)R!.0-!2OD&)2!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!U40!)L*2!%D00'%)*D0!%'&).*0

%D>OD0'0)2!L.1'!E''0! ).Q'0! *0! )D!%D02*-'&.)*D0! HD&!.0.?R2*2!O$&OD2'U!\D

E'K*0!P*)L!?.&K'!2%.?'!'1'0)2!&'m$*&'!O&DO'&!O?.00*0K!.2!)L'R!.&'!'V)&'>'?R

%D>O?'V! *0! 0.)$&'! .0-! L.1'! $0$2$.?! &'m$*&'>'0)U! e'0%'! .! 2R2)'>.)*%

.OO&D.%L!*2!*>OD&).0)!HD&!O?.0!*>O?'>'0).)*D0U!4)!L.2!E''0!-'&*1'-!H&D>!1.&*D$2

&'2'.&%L'2! )L.)! 2R2)'>.)*%! O?.00*0K! .?P.R2! L'?O2! *0! -'.?*0K! P*)L! )L'

$0%'&).*0)*'2!DH!'1'0)2!.2!P'??U!,1'&R!-'1'?DO>'0)!O'&).*0*0K!)D!)L'!'1'0)!*2

-'O'0-'0)!D0!)PD!)RO'!DH!&'2D$&%'2!0.)$&.?!.0-!>.0"!>.-'U!\L'!$)*?*o.)*D0

.0-!>DE*?*o.)*D0!DH!)L'!&'2D$&%'2!*0!.0!D&K.0*o'-!>.00'&!)D!-'&*1'!>.V*>$>

'%D0D>*%!E'0'H*)!*2!PL.)!*2!2D$KL)!ER!)L'!D&K.0*o*0K!ED-RU!X$&)L'&>D&'F!.2

0D)'-!P*)L! &'2O'%)! )D! 2OD&)2! '1'0)2+!PL*?'! )L'! 2LD&)! )'&>! *>O.%)! DH! )L'

.&%L*)'%)$&'!.0-!O?.00*0K!*2!.0!*>OD&).0)!'?'>'0)!*0!)L'!'HH'%)*1'!2).K*0K!DH!.

L.??>.&Q!'1'0)F!*)!*2!$2$.??R!)L'!?D0K!)'&>!'HH'%)!DH!)L'!.&%L*)'%)$&.?!.0-!O?.00*0K

)L.)!*2!DH!>.JD&!%D02'm$'0%'!)D!)L'!LD2)!%D>>$0*)RU!B.0R!'1'0)2!.&'!0DP

&'>'>E'&'-!ER!)L'*&!.&%L*)'%)$&.?!.0-!O?.00*0K!?'K.%*'2!&.)L'&!)L.0!)L'!'1'0)

*)2'?HU!Mh'??RF!7:8:+![w<"[w9N

4-'.??RF!-'2)*0.)*D02!2''Q!)D!$2'!2OD&)2!'1'0)2!.2!.!>'.02!DH!-'1'?DO>'0)

0D)!HD&! *)2!DP0!2.Q'F!E$)!E'%.$2'!*)! *2!.!>'.02!)D!-'2*&'-!'0-!*0!)'&>2!DH

&')$&02!)D!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0U!I?.00*0K!*2!.!Q'R!>'.02!ER!PL*%L!2$%L!'0-2!>.R

E'!.%L*'1'-U!Me.??F![ZZs+!7Z9"7ZsN!\L'!1.&*D$2!2).K'2!DH!O?.00*0K!HD&!2$%L

'1'0)2!.&'!-'O*%)'-!*0!X*K!7U

L*$X(gX(1:&$-'("2(U%&33*3$

Page 93: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

@#1G,(<+5"

6'P!C'?L*!*2!.!PD&?-!%?.22!%*)R!P*)L!>D-'&0!2DOL*2)*%.)*D02!.?&'.-R!*0!O?.%'U

40!)L'!P.Q'!DH!$O%D>*0K!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZF!)L'!%*)R!*2!$0-'&KD*0K

.!&.O*-!H.%'?*H)U!C'?L*!*2!)L'!'*KL)!?.&K'2)!>')&DOD?*2'2!*0!)L'!PD&?-!*0!)'&>2!DH

ODO$?.)*D0U!]D%.)'-!D0!)L'!E.0Q2!DH!)L'!G*1'&!̂ .>$0.F!*)2!0'*KLED$&*0K!2).)'2

.&'!e.&R.0.F!/)).&!I&.-'2L!.0-!G.J.2)L.0!.2!%.0!E'!2''0!H&D>!X*K!44U!C'?L*

?*'2!.?>D2)! '0)*&'?R! *0! )L'!j.0K')*%! O?.*02U!\PD!O&D>*0'0)! H'.)$&'2!DH! )L'

K'DK&.OLR!DH!C'?L*!.&'!)L'!̂ .>$0.!H?DD-!O?.*0!.0-!)L'!C'?L*!&*-K'U!\L'!)'&&.*0

DH!C'?L*!*2!P*-'?R!'&&.)*%U!4)!%L.0K'2!H&D>!O?.*0!.K&*%$?)$&.?!H*'?-2!*0!)L'!0D&)L!)D

-&RF! .&*-! L*??2! M.0!DHH2LDD)! DH! )L'!=&.1.??*!e*??2! DH!G.J.2)L.0N! *0! )L'! 2D$)LU

5$>>'&2!.&'!?D0KF!'V)&'>'?R!LD)F!H&D>!'.&?R!=O&*?!)D!>*-"W%)DE'&F!P*)L!)L'

>D02DD0!2'.2D0!*0!E')P''0U

(L*$X(`X(1:#<;(7/-&6(!-%,*0(=3<*&

1"#/+-l(J-3'#'(4-C"/:("2(=3<*&0(`[[g

\L'!>')LD-D?DKR! *01D?1'-! *0! )L*2! 2)$-R! *0%?$-'2! )L'! -.).! %D??'%)'-! H&D>

2'%D0-.&R!2D$&%'2U!\L*2!O.O'&!O&'2'0)2!.0!D1'&.??!$0-'&2).0-*0K!DH!)L'!1.&*D$2

-'1'?DO>'0).?!*0*)*.)*1'2!$0-'&).Q'0!ER!)L'!KD1'&0>'0)!.?D0K!P*)L!)L'!L'?O

DH!D)L'&!0D0!KD1'&0>'0).?!ED-*'2!)D!.%L*'1'!.0!.??!&D$0-!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!)L'

*0H&.2)&$%)$&.?!K&DP)L!)D!>'')!)L'!&'m$*&'>'0)2!DH!)L'!'1'0)U

W0!.!E&D.-'&!O'&2O'%)*1'!?')!$2!'V.>*0'!%'&).*0!*>OD&).0)!-.).!.0-!*0HD&>.)*D0

D0!)L'!%&$%*.?!%D>OD0'0)2!DH!-'1'?DO>'0)! HD&! )L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2

PL*%L!*2!&'O&'2'0)'-!*0!)L'!X*K!<U!\L'!HD??DP*0K!%L.&)!L*KL?*KL)2!)L'!1.&*D$2

Page 94: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+&

7C&/&P*:&(!#::&(4"; 0(7%?&()&,-',W&/*

L*$X(Z(J"5C"3-3:'(2"/(=32/&':/#+:#/&%(!-9-%"C5-3:

Page 95: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

*>OD&).0)! *0*)*.)*1'2!)L.)! *2!E''0!).Q'0!ER!)L'!KD1'&0>'0).?!.?D0K!P*)L!)L'

L'?O!DH!1.&*D$2!D)L'&!O$E?*%!.0-!O&*1.)'!2'%)D&!$0-'&).Q*0K!.2!P'??!1.&*D$2

0D0"KD1'&0>'0).?!.0-!D)L'&!D&K.0*o.)*D0!)D!>'')!)L'!%&*)'&*.!)D!LD2)!)L'!'1'0)U

]')!$2!'V.>*0'! )L'!1.&*D$2!%D>OD0'0)2! *0!.!2'm$'0)*.?!>.00'&!2D! )L.)!.

%D>O&'L'02*1'!.0.?R2*2!%.0!E'!-'&*1'-U

@#+55#("&G(;%"G(45N5'%7F5&#

C'?L*!L.2!O&DOD2'-!.!HD$&"?.0'F![U[zQ>!$0-'&K&D$0-!2)&')%L!H&D>!G*0K!GD.-

)D!]D-L*F! )D! ?*0Q! )L'!j.>'2!A*??.K'! )D! )L'! i.P.L.&?.?!6'L&$!5).-*$>!.0-

&'-$%*0K!)&.1'??*0K!)*>'!HD&!.)L?')'2!E')P''0!)L'!A*??.K'!.0-!)L'!5).-*$>!ER

2*V!>*0$)'2U

\L'!C'?L*!>')&DOD?*).0!&'K*D0!L.2!K&'.)!%D0%'&02!D1'&!)L'!?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH

)&.*02!)L.)!O.22!ER!-.*?Rn!*0!)L*2!&'K.&-2!%D02)&$%)*D0!DH!&D.-!$0-'&"E&*-K'2

.0-!D1'&"E&*-K'2!.?D0K!&.*?P.R!?*0'2!L.2!E''0!2).&)'-U

\D!'VO.0-!&D.-!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'F!H?RD1'&2F!%?D1'&?'.H!H?RD1'&2F!.0-!E&*-K'2!L.1'

E''0!O?.00'-!)D!O&D1*-'!%D00'%)*1*)R!)D!)L'!j.>'2!A*??.K'F!)D!2OD&)2!1'0$'2F

)D!LD2O*).?2F!.0-!HD&!*0)&."%*)R!%D00'%)*1*)RU!GD.-"P*-'0*0K!O&DJ'%)2!L.1'!E''0

$0-'&!O&D%'22F!P*)L!.0!'>OL.2*2!E'*0K!O?.%'-!D0!'VO.0-*0K!0.)*D0.?!L*KLP.R2U

\D!*>O&D1'!)&.HH*%!H?DP!D0!'V*2)*0K!&D.-F!O?.02!.&'!$0-'&P.R!)D!>.Q'!ED)L!)L'

*00'&!.0-!D$)'&!G*0K!&D.-2!2*K0.?!H&''U

\D! 2$OOD&)! *)2! %D>>*)>'0)! )D!>.22! )&.02OD&)F! 0*0'! %D&&*-D&2! L.1'! E''0

*-'0)*H*'-!.0-!.&'!E'*0K!%D02)&$%)'-!.2!e*KL!a.O.%*)R!#$2!5R2)'>2!)L'!#G\

aD&&*-D&2!MHD&!'V.>O?'F!D0'!H&D>!=>E'-Q.&!6.K.&!)D!G'-!XD&)NU!5*V!DH!)L'2'

%D&&*-D&2!.&'!'VO'%)'-!)D!E'!DO'&.)*D0.?!*0![Z7ZU

45N5'%7F5&#(%E(01*'$6(>+"&27%+#

\L'!C'?L*!B')&D!P*??!E'!'VO.0-'-!)D!.%%D>>D-.)'!>D&'!O'DO?'!.0-!EDD2)

)L'!$2'!DH!O$E?*%!)&.02OD&)!-$&*0K!)L'![Z7Z!K.>'2U!#R!)L'0!*)!P*??!L.1'!)L'

2'%D0-!?D0K'2)!0')PD&Q!*0!)L'!PD&?-!.0-!?.)'&!)L'!?D0K'2)F!PL*%L!P*??!E'!>D&'

)L.0!9[ZzQ>U!40!.--*)*D0!)D!)L*2F!)D!O&D1*-'!E'))'&!%D>>$)*0K!H.%*?*)*'2!-$&*0K

)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!0'V)!R'.&F!)L'!C'?L*!KD1'&0>'0)!L.2!.00D$0%'-

)L.)!*)!PD$?-!E$R!.0!.--*)*D0.?![FsZZ!?DP"H?DD&!E$2'2U!\L'!KD1'&0>'0)!.?2D

.00D$0%'-!)L.)!P*)L!7s!0'P!-'OD)2!P'&'!$0-'&!%D02)&$%)*D0F!)L'!)D).?!0$>E'&

DH!C\a!-'OD)2!PD$?-!&'.%L!sZ!P*)L!>$?)*!?'1'?!O.&Q*0K!%.O.%*)R!DH!wFZZZ!E$2'2U

\L'!C'?L*! \&.02OD&)! aD&OD&.)*D0! )L'! KD1'&0*0K! ED-R! HD&! )&.02OD&).)*D0

-'O.&)>'0)!L.2!2).&)'-!)L'!O&D%'22!DH!O$&%L.2*0K!7FZZZ!0'P!2'>*"?DP!H?DD&

E$2'2!.0-!.??!E$2'2!P*??!E'!'m$*OO'-!P*)L!.$)D>.)*%!1'L*%?'!)*%Q')*0K!2R2)'>U

Page 96: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+(

7C&/&P*:&(!#::&(4"; 0(7%?&()&,-',W&/*

45N5'%7F5&#(%E(@7%+#2(="6$'$#$52

CC=! MC'?L*!C'1'?DO>'0)!=$)LD&*)RN! *2! O&'O.&*0K!.!j.>'2!A*??.K'!D0! )L'

'.2)'&0!E.0Q2!DH!^.>$0.!G*1'&F!0'.&!5P.>*!6.&.R.0!=Q2L.&-L.>!\'>O?'U

4)!P*??!O&D1*-'!.!O'&H'%)!L.&>D0R!E')P''0! )L'!P.&>)L!DH!%$?)$&'F! )&.-*)*D0F

LD2O*).?*)R!.0-!%D>HD&)!DH!>D-'&0! H.%*?*)*'2U!=?2D! *)!P*??!O&D1*-'!PD&?-!%?.22

.%%D>>D-.)*D0! HD&!.)L?')'2F!2OD&)2>'0!.0-!)'.>!DHH*%*.?2U!\L'!1*??.K'!P*??

.?2D!LD$2'!)&.*0*0K!.&'.2F!.O.&)>'0)2F!H*)0'22!%'0)&'2F!&'?.V*0K!%D0)D$&2F!oD0'2

DH!H$0!v!.%)*1*)*'2F!')%U!5'1'&.?!D)L'&!H.%*?*)*'2!P*??!E'!.?2D!O&D1*-'-!P*)L*0!%?D2'

O&DV*>*)R!)D!)L'!ODO$?.&!?.0->.&Q2!DH!C'?L*U!=?D0K!P*)L!)L'!.ED1'!>'0)*D0'-

j.>'2!A*??.K'!)L'!KD1'&0>'0)!DHH*%*.?2!.&'!$OK&.-*0K!)L'!HD??DP*0K!2).-*$>2U

7U6'L&$!5).-*$>!.)!]D-L*

[U!40-*&.!j.0-L*!5).-*$>

<U!\.?Q.)D&.!5).-*$>

9U!CLR.0!aL.0-!5).-*$>!.)!40-*.!j.)'

sU!5*&*!XD&)!5OD&)2!aD>O?'V

wU!^.>$0.!5OD&)2!aD>O?'V

;U!5.Q')!5OD&)2!aD>O?'V

8U!\LR.K.&.J.!5OD&)2!aD>O?'V

C&5+.,(;52%1+652

\D!O&'O.&'!HD&!)L'!ODP'&!O&DE?'>!-$&*0K!)L'!j.>'2!.0-!)D!'0-!%L&D0*%!ODP'&

%$)2!*0!C'?L*F!)L'!KD1'&0>'0)!*2!$0-'&).Q*0K!.!?.&K'!ODP'&"O&D-$%)*D0!*0*)*.)*1'

)D!*0%&'.2'!ODP'&!O&D-$%)*D0!)D!;FZZZ!BT!MH&D>!)L'!%$&&'0)!9FsZZ!BTNU!\D

.%L*'1'!)L*2!KD.?F!)L'!KD1'&0>'0)!O?.02!)D!2)&'.>?*0'!)L'!ODP'&!-*2)&*E$)*D0

O&D%'22F!-*&'%)!.--*)*D0.?!'0'&KR!)D!C'?L*F!.0-!%D02)&$%)!0'P!ODP'&!O?.0)2U!40

H.%)F!)L'!KD1'&0>'0)!L.2!O&D>*2'-!)L.)!ER![Z7ZF!C'?L*!P*??!L.1'!.!2$&O?$2!DH

ODP'&!.0-!)L'!%*)R!P*??!K')!ODP'&!H&D>!)L'!C.>D-.&!A.??'R!aD&OF!6.)*D0.?

\L'&>.?!IDP'&!aD&OF!)L'!C.-&*!ODP'&!O?.0)F!)L'!iL.JL.&!O?.0)!.0-!)L'!I&.K.)*

ODP'&!O?.0)!=2!P'??!*0*)*.)*1'2!.&'!.?2D!E''0!).Q'0!)D!%&'.)'!>.22!.P.&'0'22

.>D0K!)L'!%*)*o'02!)D!J$-*%*D$2?R!%D02$>'!ODP'&U

T"#5+(@177',(@5+N$652

40!C'?L*!D1'&!)L'!&'%'0)!O.2)!*0!?*'$!DH!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!P'!L.1'

0'P!-&*0Q*0K!P.)'&!2$OO?R!H&D>!5D0*."A*L.&O&D1*-'-!)D!,.2)'&0!O.&)!DH!%*)RU

=O.&)! H&D>! )L*2! >.22! &.*0! P.)'&! L.&1'2)*0K! O&DK&.>>'2! L.1'! E''0

*>O?'>'0)'-!)D!>'')!)L'!0''-2!DH!)L'!K.>'2!.0-!)L'!K'0'&.?!>.22'2U

<$+7%+#(?&E+"2#+16#1+5

\L'!40-*&.!j.0-L*!40)'&0.)*D0.?!=*&OD&)!*2!.?2D!$0-'&KD*0K!%D>O?')'!&'0D1.)*D0

.0-!.!)PD")*'&!)'&>*0.?!*2!%D>*0K!$O!)*??![Z7Z!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2!)L.)!P*??

L.1'!)DO!?'1'?!HD&!-'O.&)$&'!.0-!ED))D>!?'1'?!HD&!.&&*1.?2U!\L'!.*&OD&)!2L.??

L.1'!7<Z!%L'%Q!*0!%D$0)'&2F!ss!.'&DE&*-K'2F!<Z!O.&Q*0K!E.R2F!;[!*>>*K&.)*D0

Page 97: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

%D$0)'&2!.0-!7s!�"&.R!2%&''0*0K!.&'.2!)L.)!P*??!'0.E?'!)&.1'?'&2!P*)L!2O''-R

%L'%Q!*0!.0-!?'22'0!)L'!P.*)!)*>'2!.)!)L'!.*&OD&)2U!\L'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!.*&OD&)!P*??

E'!P'??!%D00'%)'-!P*)L!w"?.0'!6.)*D0.?!e*KLP.R!8!.0-!C'?L*!B')&DU!=?D0K!P*)L

)L*2!D)L'&!>')&D!.0-!0D0!>')&D!.*&OD&)2!.&'!$0-'&KD*0K!>.JD&!&'1.>O>'0)U

B5"'#3(="6$'$#$52

40! )L'!'1'0)! DH!aD>>D0!T'.?)L!j.>'2F! )L'!KD1'&0>'0)! L.2!-'%*-'-! )D

-'1'?DO!>D&'!%$))*0K"'-K'!L'.?)L!H.%*?*)*'2U!\L'!C'?L*!KD1'&0>'0)!L.2!-'%*-'-

)D!%D02)&$%)!<w!LD2O*).?2!*0!6'P!C'?L*U!5D>'!DH!)L'2'!L*")'%L!LD2O*).?2!P*??!E'

E$*?)!*0!)L'!\&.02"^.>$0.!.&'.!DH!C'?L*!U40*)*.??R!.!H$0-!DH!G2U7sZ!>*??*D0!L.2

E''0!O?.00'-! HD&! )L'!%D02)&$%)*D0!DH! )L'!LD2O*).?2F!E$)!>D&'! H$0-2!P*??!E'

>.-'!.1.*?.E?'!.2!.0-!PL'0!0''-'-U

45N5'%7F5&#(%E(B%#5'2

I?.00*0K!.0-!E$*?-*0K!H*1'"2).&!LD)'?2!.0-!)L'!%D$0)&Rr2!?.&K'2)!PD&?-"%?.22

%D01'0)*D0!%'0)&'U!#*K!0$>E'&2!DH!eD)'?2!P*)L!PD&?-!%?.22!H.%*?*)*'2!.&'!%D>*0K

$O!)D!O&D1*-'!)L'!)D$&*2)!.??!-'2*&'-!%D>HD&)2!*0!)L'!%*)R!.0-!6aG!&'K*D0U!\L'

B*0*2)&R!DH!\D$&*2>!.0-!a$?)$&'!P*??!'V)'0-!H.%*?*).)*D0!)D!%D02)&$%)*D0!DH!LD)'?2

'1'0!)LD$KL!*)!*2!O&*>.&*?R!.!O&*1.)'!2'%)D&!.%)*1*)RU!eDP'1'&F!B*0*2)&R!DH!\D$&*2>

L.2!E''0!*0!&'K$?.&!)D$%L!P*)L!)L'!1.&*D$2!?.0-!DP0*0K!.K'0%*'2!?*Q'!B*0*2)&R

DH!a*1*?!=1*.)*D0F!CC=F!B*0*2)&R!DH!/&E.0!C'1'?DO>'0)!.0-!5).)'!].0-!WP0*0K

=K'0%*'2! ')%U! HD&! *-'0)*HR*0K! LD)'?! 2*)'2! *0! 1*'P! DH! )L'! HD&)L%D>*0K

aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZU!B*0*2)&R!DH!\D$&*2>!L.2!.?2D!H?D.)'-!2%L'>'2

?*Q'!)L'!.OO&D1.?!DH!j$'2)!eD$2'2!.0-!40%&'-*E?'!40-*.!#'-!.0-!#&'.QH.2)

'2).E?*2L>'0)2! HD&! *0%&'.2*0K! )L'! &DD>! *01'0)D&R! *0!C'?L*! .0-! )L'!6aG

'2O'%*.??R!*0!)L'!E$-K')!%.)'KD&RU

@%'$G(T"2#5(A"&".5F5&#(0+%.+"FF52

\D!'02$&'!)L.)!)L'!0'K.)*1'!'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)!DH!)L'!j.>'2!*2!>*0*>*o'-F

.0-!)L.)!)L'R!.&'!%D>O?')'?R!%D02$>O)*D0!0'$)&.?!)L'!D&K.0*o*0K!ED-R!DH!)L'

j.>'2!P*??!HD%$2!D0!P.2)'!>.0.K'>'0)F!HD&'2).)*D0F!.0)*"?*))'&!%.>O.*K02F

2$2).*0.E?'!)&.02OD&)F!$2'!DH!&'0'P.E?'!'0'&KR!2D$&%'2!.0-!'HH*%*'0)!P.)'&

>.0.K'>'0)U!\DP.&-2!)L*2!'0-F!)L'!W&K.0*o*0K!aD>>*))''!*2!O.&)0'&*0K!P*)L

)L'!/0*)'-!6.)*D02!,01*&D0>'0).?!I&DK&.>>'!M/6,IN!PL*%L!P*??!.-1*2'!)L'>

D0! .??! >'.2$&'2! 0''-'-! )D! E'! *>O?'>'0)'-! HD&! >.Q*0K! )L'! j.>'2

'01*&D0>'0)"H&*'0-?R

=%%G(8%$&#2

\L'!>'0$!HD&!D1'&!7ZFZZZ!O?.R'&2!.0-!-'?'K.)'2!.)!)L'!A*??.K'!P*??!E'!%LD2'0

H&D>!.%&D22!%D0)*0'0)2U!C$&*0K!aD>>D0P'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7ZF!)L'!>.*0!-*0*0K

L.??!*0!)L'!j.>'2!A*??.K'!P*??!-*2L!D$)!.!PLDOO*0K!<wFZZZ!>'.?2!.!-.R!)D!H''-

Page 98: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

+*

7C&/&P*:&(!#::&(4"; 0(7%?&()&,-',W&/*

.!H.>*?R!DH!7ZFZZZ!O?.R'&2F!DHH*%*.?2!.0-!%DD&-*0.)D&2!HD&!.!HD&)0*KL)U!\L'!>'0$

P*??!E'!-&.P0!H&D>!.%&D22!'1'&R!%D0)*0'0)!.0-!O$)!)L&D$KL!&*KD&D$2!%L'%Q2!)D

'02$&'!0D0'!DH!)L'!K$'2)!-D'2!0D)!H.%'!O&DE?'>2U!\D!).Q'!%.&'!DH!)L'!>'.?

.&&.0K'>'0)2!-$&*0K!)L'!j.>'2F!)L'!%.)'&*0K!-*1*2*D0!DH!)L'!aD>>D0P'.?)L

j.>'2!*2!PD&Q*0K!D$)!-').*?2U!=&D$0-!<Z!E*KP*K2!H&D>!)L'!LD2O*).?*)R!2'%)D&

L.1'! &'2OD0-'-! )D! )L'! 'VO&'22*D0! DH! *0)'&'2)! H?D.)'-! ER! )L'! D&K.0*o*0K

%D>>*))''! HD&! )L'!%.)'&*0K! &'m$*&'>'0)2!DH! )L'!j.>'2U!=??! 1'0$'2!P*??!E'

-*1*-'-!*0)D!HDD-!%?$2)'&2!.2!'1'&R!-*2%*O?*0'!P*??!L.1'!*)2!DP0!$0*m$'!HDD-

&'m$*&'>'0)2!HD&!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!TL*?'!)L'!>'0$!P*??!E'!-&.P0!H&D>!)L'!%$*2*0'2

DH!.??!%D0)*0'0)2F!'.%L!j.>'2!1'0$'!P*??!DHH'&!2O'%*H*%!_.)L?')'!1'0$'!>'.?2q

E.2'-!D0!)L'!0$)&*)*D0.?!&'m$*&'>'0)!DH!)L'!.)L?')'U

X&D>!)L'!.ED1'!.0.?R2*2!DH!)L'!1.&*D$2!H.%')2!DH!-'1'?DO>'0).?!PD&Q!*0!1*'P

DH!)L'!aD>>D0!T'.?)L!j.>'2![Z7Z!*)!%.0!E'!&*KL)?R!2.*-!)L.)!)L'!KD1'&0>'0).?

ED-R!L.2!?'H)!0D!2)D0'!$0)$&0'-!&'m$*&'-!)D!2$%%'22H$??R!2''!)L'!'1'0)!)L&D$KLU

5$%L! L.2! E''0! *)2! 'HHD&)2! )L.)! )L'! %D$0)&R! .0-! )L'! 0.)*D0.?! %.O*).?! .&'

'VO'&*'0%*0K!)L'!%L.0K'!.0-!)L'&'!*2!.!2'02'!DH!.%%D>O?*2L>'0)!.>D0K!)L'

%*)*o'02!DH!)L'!%D$0)&RU!4)!*2!LDO'-!)L.)!)L'2'!*0*)*.)*1'2!ER!)L'!KD1'&0>'0)!P*??

KD!.!?D0K!P.R!.0-!%.&1'!.!O.)L!HD&!H$)$&'!2$%L!'1'0)2U

C6%&%F$6I($&E+"2#+16#1+"'I(*5&5E$#2("E#5+(#35(E"65('$E#

/&E.0!&'K'0'&.)*D0!.0-!)L'!&'"*>.K*0K!DH!%*)*'2!*2!0DP!.!%'0)&.?!.2O'%)!DH!.0R

2OD&)!'1'0)U!#.&%'?D0.!.0-!B.0%L'2)'&!%.0!E'!1*'P'-!.2!O.&)*.??R!2$%%'22H$?

*0!)L.)!)L'R!P'&'!.E?'!)D!&'!.?*K0!)L'!ODO$?.&!*>.K'!DH!)L'!%*)RF!ED)L!DH!PL*%L

P'&'!>.0$H.%)$&*0K!%'0)'&2!)D!)L.)!DH!)D$&*2)!-'2)*0.)*D02!.2!)&'0-R!,$&DO'.0

%*)*'2U!40!C'?L*!)DDF!)L'!'>OL.2*2!*2!D0!OD&)&.R*0K!C'?L*!.2!.!�PD&?-!%?.22r!%*)RF

D0'!DH!�*0)'&0.)*D0.?!2).0-.&-2Ur!MjLD2L!v!/OO.?F![ZZwNU!\L'!.ED1'!>'0)*D0'-

DEJ'%)*1'2!%.0!E'!.)).*0'-!)L&D$KL!)L'!1.&*D$2!D0KD*0K!*0*)*.)*1'2U

\L'!D$)%D>'!DH!D0'!2$%L!*0*)*.)*1'!%.0!E'!.2%'&).*0'-!H&D>!)L'!H.%)!)L.)!)L'

.1'&.K'!*0%D>'!DH!)L'!?DP!H?DD&*0K!E$2'2!*2!.&D$0-!<s%&D&'2!.!>D0)LU!BD&'

2D!)L'!=22D%*.)'-!aL.>E'&2!DH!aD>>'&%'!.0-!40-$2)&R!M=55Wae=BN!DH

40-*.!L.2!&'1'.?'-!)L.)!C'?L*!B')&Dr2!'.&0*0K!PD$?-!2LDD)!$O!ER!0')![7ZZ%&D&'

ER!)L'!R'.&![Z77!.H)'&!.??!)L'!OL.2'2!DH!>')&D!&.*?!%D02)&$%)*D0!*2!%D>O?')'-U

,%D0D>*%!E'0'H*)2!DH!2$%L!0.)$&'!2$&'?R! *2!0D)!D0?R!KD*0K!)D!&'0-'&!2D%*.?

E'0'H*)2!)D!)L'!2D%*')R!.)!?.&K'!E$)!.?2D!>.R!E'!'V'&%*2'-!HD&!H$&)L'&!'VO.02*D0

%D00'%)*0K!)L'!?'0K)L!.0-!E&'.-)L!DH!C'?L*!.0-!)L'!6.)*D0.?!a.O*).?!G'K*D0U

jBG!)L'!%D>O.0R!&'2OD02*E?'! HD&! )L'!%L.0K*0K!H.%'!DH! 40-*.!.*&OD&)2!.0-

>.Q*0K! *)!.! )&$?R! *0)'&0.)*D0.?!'VO'&*'0%'!0''-2! )D!>$%L!)L.0Q'-!HD&!2$%L

*0H&.2)&$%)$&.?!%D0)&*E$)*D0!*0!)L'!P.Q'!DH!)L'!'1'0)2U

Page 99: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

++

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

\L'!$0-'&2).0-*0K! )L.)! L.2!E''0!-'&*1'-! H&D>! )L'!.0.?R2*2! DH! )L'!.ED1'

*0*)*.)*1'2!%.0!E'!2$>>.&*o'-!*0!.!P.R!)L.)!'1'0)2!?*Q'!aD>>D0P'.?)L!.&'

0D)! D0?R! %&$%*.?! HD&! $&E.0! -'1'?DO>'0)! E$)! .?2D! *>O&D1'2! )L'! '%D0D>*%

%D0-*)*D0!DH!2).)'U!=!?.&K'!0'P2O.O'&!*0!)L'!%*)R!&'%'0)?R!&.0!.!>$%L!O$E?*%*o'-

%.>O.*K0!%.??'-F!_X&D>!T.??'-!a*)R!)D!TD&?-!a*)RUq!\L'!%*)R!2''>2!)D!L.1'

E'K$0!.!%D0%'&)'-!'HHD&)!)D!.%L*'1'!PL.)!*2!Q0DP0!*0!)L'!>'-*.!.2!_K?DE.?

2).0-.&-2Uq

;C=C;C!-C@

=GB5\GW6jF! iU! M7:8wNU! =3:-/3&:*"3&%( -9-3:'(&3<(C"C#%&/(5;:,'F! *0! =3:-/3&:*"3&%(>9-3:'l

.,-(4-&%( ."#/*'5( =5C&+:0( U/"+--<*3$'( "2( :,-( gaec(J&3&<&(J,&C:-/(J"32-/-3+-X

,->D0)D0+!\&.1'?!.0-!\D$&*2)!G'2'.&%L!=22D%*.)*D0!Ma.0.-*.0!aL.O)'&NF!;"<;U

#WTC46F!jU!M[ZZ<NU!>9-3:'()&3&$-5-3:(4-'"#/+-0!.1.*?.E?'!.)!PPPUL'.%.-'>RU.%U$QY

.22')2YL?2)Y-D%$>'0)2Y&'2D$&%'�K$*-'2Y'1'0)2�>.0.K'>'0)UO-HU

CWT6T=GCF!IUCU!.0-!G=]5\W6F!GU!M[ZZwNU!\,-('C"/:'(<-9-%"C5-3:(C":-3:*&%("2('C"/:'

-9-3:(9"%#3:--/*3$l(=3'*$,:'(2/"5(:,-(rj==()&3+,-':-/(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'X(,$&DO'.0

5OD&)!B.0.K'>'0)!~$.&)'&?R0!w!M9NF!<<<!S!<s7U

jeW5eF!CU!.0-!/II=]U!AU!M[ZZwN!.,-(=5C&+:("2(:,-(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'(`[g[("3

8/I&3(!-9-%"C5-3:("2(!-%,*l(73(&3&%;'*'(W*:,(&(,*':"/*+&%(C-/'C-+:*9-(2/"5

]"/%<W*<-(-TC-/*-3+-'(&3<(:,-(gae`(7'*&3(B&5-'F!7"<7U

e4je=BF!iU!M[ZZsNU!=3:/"<#+:*"3(:"(."#/*'5X(!-':*3&:*"3(73&%;'*'U!*0!iU!e*KL.>!M'-2NF!1C"/:'

."#/*'5( !-':*3&:*"3l( *''#-'0( "CC"/:#3*:*-'( &3<( &3&%;'*'X! ]D0-D0+! ,?2'1*'&

#$))'&PD&)L"e'*0'>.00F!7;"[7U

iW6,5F!BU!.0-!5\Wh,5F!\U!M[ZZ<NU!.,-(J"55"3W-&%:,($&5-'(&3<(#/I&3(/-$-3-/&:*"3l(&3

*39-':*$&:*"3(*3:"(:/&*3*3$(*3*:*&:*9-'(&3<(:,-*/(-22-+:'("3(<*'&<9&3:&$-<($/"#C(*3(>&':

)&3+,-':-/F!.1.*?.E?'!.)!L))O+YYPPPU).0-HU%DU$QYJD$&0.?2

I=GG^F!#U! .0-!5eW6,F!=U! M[ZZ9NU!1#++-''2#%( >9-3:()&3&$-5-3:U! ]D0-D0+! \LD>2D0

]'.&0*0KF!8"9:

/II=]F!AU! M[ZZ:NU!.,-( =5C&+:("2(J"55"3W-&%:,(B&5-'(`[g[("3(8/I&3(!-9-%"C5-3:("2

!-%,*U!\L'D&')*%.?!.0-!,>O*&*%.?!G'2'.&%L'2!*0!/&E.0!B.0.K'>'0)0(7!M7ZNF!;"[:U

S*':("2(W-I'*:-'(/-2-//-<l

L))O+YY$>U.2'U&DY0D7ZY[UO-H

WWWX+W$`[g[+W+X"/$

WWWX+W$`[g[+W+X"/$p5-<*&p2&+:1,--:XC<2

WWWX:,&*3<*&3X+"5pXXXpI#'*3-''

WWWX*3<*:"CX+"5pXXXp<-%,*6:"6I#;6`c[[6%"W62%""/6I#'-'6I-2"/-6+"55"3W-&%:,6$&5-'

Page 100: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,,

7C&/&P*:&(!#::&(4"; 0(7%?&()&,-',W&/*

Page 101: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

CHC!>@(<!4(>9:;?@AO(<!(C!H?;9!AC!><)(<00;9<-B

<!4( ?A0<->(<@@C@@AC!>

G[<OE;"#QX7#4

9:);<(,;=(>9-3:'(,&9-(<*/-+:(&3<(*3<*/-+:(+"33-+:*"3'(W*:,(:,-(-39*/"35-3:X(>9-3:'

+&3(,&9-(-+"3"5*+0('"+*&%0(+#%:#/&%(&3<(C,;'*+&%(*5C&+:'("3(:,-(-39*/"35-3:X(=:(+&3

I-(&/$#-<(:,&:(5"':(-9-3:'("2:-3(,&9-(+"55"3(-39*/"35-3:&%(*5C&+:'X(L*/':%;0(:,-;

+"3:/*I#:-(:"(:,-(<-C%-:*"3("2(3&:#/&%(/-'"#/+-'(&'(W-%%(&'(:"(&*/0(W&:-/0(&3<('"*%(C"%%#:*"3X

1-+"3<%;0(:,-;(<-+/-&'-(:,-(3#5I-/'(&3<(9&/*-:*-'("2(C%&3:'(&3<(&3*5&%'(&3<(/#*3

:,-*/(,&I*:&:'X

>.?"@$<A)B(-9-3:'0(:"#/*'50(-39*/"35-3:&%(*5C&+:'0"1@*$-:(L-':*9&%X

C&N$+%&F5&#"'(?F7"6#2(%E(CN5&#2

\L*2!O.O'&!%D02*-'&2!)L'!2$2).*0.E?'!O?.00*0K!.0-!-'1'?DO>'0).?!O&*0%*O?'2

DH! '1'0)2F!>.*0?R! H'2)*1.?2U! 4)! 'V.>*0'2! )L'!>D2)! *>OD&).0)! 2'&1*%'2! DH

'01*&D0>'0)!%D02%*D$2!'1'0)2U!\L'!'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)2!%.$2'-!ER!H'2)*1.?2

P*??!E'!.0.?Ro'-!)L&D$KL!'V.>O?'!DH!5o*K')!X'2)*1.?!*0!e$0K.&RU!\L'!.*>!*2!)D

O&D1*-'! .! %D0%'O)$.?! H&.>'PD&Q! '>'&K'0)! H&D>! 'V*2)*0K! O&*0%*O?'2! .0-

K$*-.0%'!)L.)!P*??!$0-'&O*0!)L'!*>OD&).0%'!DH!2$2).*0.E?'!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)U

?&#+%G16#$%&

\L'!'1'0)!*0-$2)&R!*2!H.2)!E'%D>*0K!D0'!DH!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!2'%)D&2!DH!)L'

PD&?-!'%D0D>RF!PL*%L!%.0!L.1'!ED)L!OD2*)*1'!.0-!0'K.)*1'!'HH'%)2!D0! )L'

2$&&D$0-*0K!'01*&D0>'0)!.0-!?D%.?!%D>>$0*)*'2U!aD0)&D??.E?'!'1'0)2!%.0!E'

.!1*.E?'!DO)*D0!D0?R!*H!)L'!2LD&)!.0-!?D0K!)'&>!*0)'&'2)2!DH!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)!.&'

).Q'0!*0)D!%D02*-'&.)*D0U!4H!%D02%*D$2!O?.00*0K!.0-!-'1'?DO>'0)!*2!0D)!).Q'0

*0)D!.%%D$0)!2D!2$2).*0.E?'!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!-'1'?DO>'0)!%D$?-!).Q'!.0

$0-'2*&.E?'!)$&0!MI$%oQb"Gc)o![ZZ[F![ZZsF!A.&Kc0d![ZZsNU!\L$2!-$&*0K!)L'

O?.00*0K!.0-!-'1'?DO>'0)!OL.2'2!)L'!.OO?*%.)*D0!DH!.!%D02%*D$2!'1'0)!O?.00*0K

.0-!-'1'?DO>'0)!.))*)$-'!*2!&'m$*&'-U

,1'0)2!L.1'!-*&'%)!.0-!*0-*&'%)!%D00'%)*D02!P*)L!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)U!X&D>!)L'

>D>'0)!DH!-'%*2*D0!>.Q*0K!.ED$)!)&.1'??*0KF!O'DO?'!>.Q'!2D>'!Q*0-!DH!*>O.%)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 101-114

}FG/"%;(4HI-/:(J"%%-$-0(!-C&/:5-3:( "2(."#/*'5(&3<(4-$*"3&%(!-9-%"C5-3:0(B;K3$;K'0

E#3$&/;

Page 102: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,"

SH/G3:((!&9*<

D0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)U!6.)$&.?!&'2D$&%'2F!2$%L!.2!OLR2*%.?!H.%)D&2!%.0!E'!K&D$O'-

*0)D!)PD!?.&K'&!2')2!MI$%oQb"Gc)o![ZZ[F![ZZsN+

• 6.)$&.?! '01*&D0>'0)F! PL*%L! %D0).*02! )&.%'.E?'! ?*H'?'22! 0.)$&.?

&'2D$&%'2F!)L'!H?D&.!.0-!H.$0.F!.2!P'??!.2!)L'!?.0-2%.O'U

• B.0">.-'!'01*&D0>'0)F!PL*%L! %D0).*02! '1'&R)L*0K! )L.)! L.2! E''0

*0)&D-$%'-!D&!E$*?)!*0!.!K*1'0!.&'.!ER!L$>.02U

C&N$+%&F5&#"'(?F7"6#2

TL'0!.0.?Ro*0K! )L'! &'?.)*D02L*O!E')P''0!'1'0)2!.0-! *)2! '01*&D0>'0)! )L'

?*)'&.)$&'!-*HH'&'0)*.)'2!E')P''0!)L'!HD??DP*0K!K&D$O2!DH!OLR2*%.?!'01*&D0>'0).?

H.%)D&2! H&D>! )L'!OD*0)! DH! 1*'P!DH! *>O.%)2!>.-'!D0! )L'>! MD0! )L'!E.2*2! DH

B.)L*'2D0"T.??!7:8[n!i'00'&"5>*)L!7::7n!#D'&2"#D2%L!7::9F!I$%oQb"Gc)o

[ZZ[F![ZZsN+

• 4>O.%)2!D0!)L'!0.)$&.?!'01*&D0>'0)+!.*&!m$.?*)RF!K'D?DK*%.?!H.%)D&2F!P.)'&

m$.?*)RF!-'O?')*D0!DH!0.)$&.?!&'2D$&%'2F!H?D&.!.0-!H.$0.

• 4>O.%)2!D0!)L'!>.0">.-'!'01*&D0>'0)+!E$*?-*0K2!.0-!1*2$.?!*>O.%)2F

%L.0K'2!*0!)L'!?.0-"$2'F!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'

• 4>O.%)2!D0!)L'!'%D2R2)'>

\L'!O2R%L*%.?!*>O.%)2!S!?*Q'!D)L'&!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)!S!.&'!%D>O?'V+

)L'&'!%.0!E'!?D%.?!.0-!K?DE.?!*>O.%)2F!-*&'%)!.0-!*0-*&'%)!*>O.%)2F!&'1'&2*E?'

.0-!*&&'1'&2*E?'F!H.1D$&.E?'!MOD2*)*1'N!.0-!$0H.1D$&.E?'!M0'K.)*1'N!*>O.%)2U

40!)L'!HD??DP*0K!2'%)*D0!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)2!DH!'1'0)2

P*??!E'!2$>>.&*2'-!MI$%oQb"Gc)o![ZZ[F![ZZsn!B*%L.?Qb![ZZ;N+

<$+(b1"'$#,

,1'0)2! *01D?1'!.!0$>E'&!DH! .*&! OD??$)*0K!'VL.$2)! K.2!.0-! 2)'.>!'>*))*0K

.%)*1*)*'2! 2$%L! .2! &D.-! .0-! .*&! )&.02OD&)U!BD&'D1'&F! )L'&'! .&'! 2*K0*H*%.0)

'>*22*D02!.)!%.)'&*0K!.0-!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!'2).E?*2L>'0)2F!.2!P'??!.2!-$&*0K

'1'0)2U!aD02'm$'0)?R!.0!*0%&'.2'!*0!aW[F!aW!.0-!6W

[!.0-!-*HH'&'0)!X&'D0

-'&*1.)*1'2!.&'!'>*))'-F!PL*%L!2P'??!)L'!K&''0LD$2'!'HH'%)U!6D*2'!OD??$)*D0F

PL*%L!>.R! &'2$?)! H&D>! )&.02OD&).)*D0F! )L'! LD2O*).?*)R! *0-$2)&R! D&! H&D>! )L'

DO'&.)*D0!DH!'0)'&).*0>'0)!H.%*?*)*'2F!.?2D!E'?D0K2!)D!)L'!*>O.%)2!)L.)!*0H?$'0%'

.*&!m$.?*)RU!\L'!*0%&'.2'!*0!H.%*?*)*'2F!O.&)*%*O.0)2!.0-!E$2*0'22!*0!.!K*1'0!.&'.F

)L'!>D&'!*0)'02'!)L'!.*&!OD??$)*0K!*>O.%)2!E'%D>'U

D5%'%.$6"'(6%&G$#$%&

W0'!DH!)L'!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!K'D?DK*%.?!'01*&D0>'0)!>.-'!ER!'1'0)2!*2!?*))'&*0KU

='2)L')*%.??RF!0D0"&'>D1'-!&$EE*2L!>.Q'2!.0!$0O?'.2.0)!2*KL)U!BD&'D1'&F

-'%D>OD2*)*D0!DH!?*))'&!>.R!&'?'.2'!)DV*%!>.)'&*.?!*0)D!)L'!2D*?U!/0H.1D$&.E?'

K'D?DK*%.?!*>O.%)2!>.R!E'!%.$2'-!ER!L'.1R!>').?2F!PL*%L!.&'!&'?'.2'-!*0)D

Page 103: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

)L'!.*&!ER!)L'!'1'&"K&DP*0K!)&.HH*%!.0-!P.2L'-!*0)D!)L'!2$&&D$0-*0K!1'K').)*D0F

H?D&.!.0-!H.$0.U!=--*)*D0.??RF!$0)&'.)'-!2'P.K'!?'.Q2!%.0!.HH'%)!0D)!D0?R!)L'

2D*?!*)2'?H!E$)!.?2D!)L'!2$E2$&H.%'!.0-!$0-'&K&D$0-!P.)'&2U

A.&*D$2!D$)-DD&F! *0-DD&F!$&E.0!.0-! &$&.?!'1'0)2!E'RD0-!-'2*K0.)'-!.&'.2

%.0! %.$2'!'&D2*D0! )L$2! )L'2'!.%)*1*)*'2! %D0)&*E$)'! )D! )L'!-'%&'.2'!DH! )L'

1'K').)*D0!%D1'&F!PL*%L!*2!)L'!L.E*).)!DH!O?.0)2!.0-!.0*>.?2U!\L'!$2'!DH!K&''0

H*'?-!2*)'2!HD&!H'2)*1.?2F!.0-!)L'!%D0)*0$D$2!)&'.-*0K!ER!HDD)!H.??!DH!O.&)*%*O.0)2

>.R!%.$2'!%D>O&'22*D0F!.!O&D%'22!P*)L!.0!DOOD2*)'!D$)%D>'!)D!'&D2*D0F!PL*%L

O&'1'0)2!)L'!2D*?!H&D>!>.*0).*0*0K!0D&>.?!P.)'&!E.?.0%'U

T"#5+(7%''1#$%&

T.)'&!2$&H.%'2!2*)$.)'-!*0!.0-!D&!0'.&"ER!'1'0)!.&'.2!.&'!$2$.??R!'VOD2'-!)D

2*K0*H*%.0)!'01*&D0>'0).?!)L&'.)2!.0-!OD??$)*D0F!PL*%L!>.R!E'!%.$2'-!ER!)L'

>.*0)'0.0%'! DH! .--*)*D0.?! H.%*?*)*'2! 2$OOD&)*0K! '1'0)2U!,m$.??RF! )L'&'! .&'

*0-*&'%)F!$0H.1D$&.E?'!'HH'%)2!%.$2'-!ER!)L'!2$0).0!?D)*D02F!PL*%L!HD&>!.!2$E)?'

H*?>!D0!)L'!2$&H.%'!PL'0!*)!K')2!*0)D!)L'!P.)'&U!\L*2!?.R'&!-'%&'.2'2!)L'!DVRK'0

$O).Q'!.0-!%D01'R*0K!.E*?*)R!DH! )L'!P.)'&F!PL*%L!-')'&*D&.)'2!)L'!'22'0)*.?

%D0-*)*D02!DH!)L'!P.)'&!*0!?D%.?!&*1'&2F!2)&'.>2!.0-!%D.2).?!&'K*D02U

=0D)L'&!0'K.)*1'!*>O.%)!DH!)D$&*2>!D0!P.)'&!m$.?*)R!*2!*0!%D00'%)*D0!P*)L!)L'

?'1'?!DH!2'P.K'!)&'.)>'0)U!5'P.K'!)&'.)>'0)!*2!.!H.%)D&!)L.)!O&D1*-'2!E.2*%

?*H'!%D0-*)*D02!HD&!ED)L!)L'!?D%.?!&'2*-'0)2!.0-!)L'!0.)$&.?!'01*&D0>'0)U!5'P.K'

D&*K*0.)*0K!H&D>!'1'0)")D$&*2>!2'&1*%'!O&D1*-'&2!2LD$?-!E'!)&'.)'-!.0-!&'?'.2'-

E.%Q!*0)D!?*1*0K!P.)'&2!)L&D$KL!>$?)*O?'"2).K'!)'%L0D?DKRF!P*)LD$)!)L*2!.-'m$.)'

%?'.0?*0'22!%.00D)!E'!>.*0).*0'-U!\L'!.HD&'>'0)*D0'-!?'.Q.K'2!>.R!O'0')&.)'

.0-!.%%$>$?.)'!*0!)L'!2$E2$&H.%'!P.)'&2U!\L*2!.%%$>$?.)*D0!DH!)L'!D&K.0*%

>.)'&*.?2!O&'-D>*0.0)?R!'0-.0K'&2!2).0-*0K!P.)'&2!M?.Q'2F!-'.-!%L.00'?2NU

\L'!.%%$>$?.)*D0!DH!D&K.0*%!>.)'&*.?!*0!P.)'&!*2!%.??'-!'$)&DH*2.)*D0X(40!%.2'

DH!2'1'&'!'$)&DH*2.)*D0!P.)'&2!2LD$?-!E'!-'%?.&'-!$02$*).E?'!HD&!E.)L*0K!2*0%'

)L'*&!%D>OD2*)*D0!ML*KL!D&K.0*%!>.)'&*.?!.0-!.?K.!%D0)'0)F!?DP!?'1'?!DH!DVRK'0N

%.0!0'K.)*1'?R!.HH'%)!L'.?)LU

457'5#$%&(%E(&"#1+"'(+52%1+652

\L'!-'O?')*D0!DH!0.)$&.?!&'2D$&%'2!*2!.%%'?'&.)'-!ER!)L'!$2'!DH!HD22*?!H$'?2!*0

)&.02OD&).)*D0F!D&!ER!)L'!L'.)*0K!DH!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!.0-!%.)'&*0K!H.%*?*)*'2!MPL*%L

.&'!$2$.??R!0D0"&'0'P.E?'!'0'&KR!2D$&%'2!?*Q'!%D.?F!%&$-'!D*?!D&!0.)$&.?!K.2NU

40!>D&'!'01*&D0>'0).?!H&*'0-?R!2D?$)*D02!L'.)*0K!.0-!'0'&KR!%D02$>O)*D0!*2

E.2'-!D0!LR-&D"F!2D?.&"F!D&!P*0-!'0'&KRU

\L'!P.2)'H$?!.0-!%.&'?'22!$2'!DH!)L'!-&*0Q*0K!P.)'&!2$OO?R!2*K0*H*%.0)?R!*>O.*&2

)L'!'HH'%)*1'0'22!DH!P.)'&!>.0.K'>'0)F!.0-!-'%&'.2'2!)L'!.1.*?.E?'!H&'2L

Page 104: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,&

SH/G3:((!&9*<

P.)'&!&'2D$&%'2U!\L'!P.2)'H$?!$2'!DH!)L'!P.)'&!2$OO?R!%D$?-!E'!.1D*-'-!ER!.

>D&'!'01*&D0>'0).??R!H&*'0-?R!.))*)$-'!.0-!>D-'&0!)'%L0D?DKRU

='%+"("&G(E"1&"

,1'0)2!%.0!.?2D!L.1'!OD2*)*1'!'HH'%)2!D0! )L'!0.)$&.?!'01*&D0>'0)F!2*0%'! *)

O&D>D)'2!1.?$.E?'!.&'.2!)D!&'%'*1'!O&D)'%)'-!2).)$2F!.0-!)D!*>O&D1'!)L'!0.)$&.?

'01*&D0>'0)U!=?)LD$KL!'1'0)!.))'0-''2!OD2'!.!?'22!2'1'&'!)L&'.)!D0!)L'!H?D&.

.0-!H.$0.!-*&'%)?RF!*)!2D>')*>'2!D%%$&2!)L.)!-$'!)D!'1'0)!.))'0-.0%'!)L'&'!*2

*0)'&H'&'0%'! *0)D! )L'! D&-'&! DH! )L'! 0.)$&.?! L.E*).)F!PL*%L! %D$?-! 0'K.)*1'?R

*0H?$'0%'!.0*>.?2r!E&''-*0K!.0-!H''-*0K!O.))'&02U!=K&*%$?)$&.?!.%)*1*)*'2!.0-

.&'.2!M>'.-DP2F!PDD-2N!.&'!D0!)L'!-'%&'.2'!*0!>.0R!&'K*D02!2*0%'!)L'2'

.&'.2!L.1'!D)L'&!H$0%)*D02!0DP.-.R2!MHD&!'V.>O?'!)L'R!.&'!E$*?)!*0!)D!*>O&D1'

'1'0)! 2'&1*%'2NU! \L$2! )L'! .0*>.?2r! L.E*).)! .0-! 1'K').)*D0! 2L&*0QU!TL'0

'%D?DK*%.?!-*2)$&E.0%'!&'.%L'2!)L'!%&*)*%.?!OD*0)!.0*>.?2!P*??!>*K&.)'U!W0!)L'

PLD?'!'1'0)2!L.1'!0'K.)*1'!'HH'%)2!D0!)L'!0.)$&.?!'01*&D0>'0)F!0'1'&)L'?'22

*)!>.R!*>O&D1'!)L'!HD??DP*0K!0.)$&.?!H.%)D&2!-*&'%)?R+!%L.0K'2!*0!)L'!?.0-2%.O'F

O&D)'%)*D0!.0-!%D02'&1.)*D0!DH! H?D&.!.0-!H.$0.F! *0)&D-$%)*D0!DH!0'P!.0*>.?

.0-!O?.0)!2O'%*'2U

?F7"6#2(%E(=52#$N"'2(%&(#35(C&N$+%&F5&#

C$&*0K!H'2)*1.?2!)L'&'!>.R!E'!.!0$>E'&!DH!'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)2!.HH'%)*0K

ED)L! )L'! 1'0$'! .0-! ?D%.?! &'2*-'0)2U!,01*&D0>'0).?! *>O.%)2! )L.)! '>'&K'

)L&D$KLD$)!)L'!D&K.0*2.)*D0!.0-!.%)$.?!O'&HD&>.0%'2!DH!.!H'2)*1.?!%.0!E'!H'?)

-$&*0K!)L'!.%)*1*)*'2!*0!%D00'%)*D0!P*)L!H'2)*1.?2U!\L'2'!.%)*1*)*'2!S!'UKU!$2'!DH

.%%D>>D-.)*D0!.0-!%.)'&*0K!H.%*?*)*'2F!)&.1'??*0KF!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!*0!)L'!H'2)*1.?

*)2'?H!S!.0-!)L'!DO'&.)*D0!DH!)L'!0'%'22.&R!*0H&.2)&$%)$&'!>.R!&'2$?)!*0!2*K0*H*%.0)

*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)U!X'2)*1.?2!S!-$'!)D!)L'*&!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!2$%L!.2

?.&K'!0$>E'&!DH!1*2*)D&2F!?D0K'&!2).R2!S!L.1'F!)D!.!?'22'&!'V)'0)F!OD2*)*1'F!E$)

>.*0?R!0'K.)*1'!'HH'%)2!D0!)L'*&!OLR2*%.?!'01*&D0>'0)U

6'K.)*1'!*>O.%)2!H&D>!)D$&*2>!'1'0)2!D%%$&!PL'0!)L'!?'1'?!DH!1*2*)D&!$2'!*2

K&'.)'&!)L.0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)r2!.E*?*)R!)D!%DO'!P*)L!)L*2!$2'!P*)L*0!)L'!.%%'O).E?'

?*>*)2!DH!%L.0K'U!/0%D0)&D??'-!%D01'0)*D0.?!'1'0)2!OD2'!OD)'0)*.?!)L&'.)2!)D

>.0R!0.)$&.?!.0-!E$*?)!.&'.2!.&D$0-!)L'!PD&?-U!4)!%.0!O$)!'0D&>D$2!O&'22$&'

D0!.0!.&'.!.0-!?'.-!)D!*>O.%)2!2$%L!.2!?.0-!-'K&.-.)*D0!M'&D2*D0NF!*0%&'.2'-

OD??$)*D0F!-*2%L.&K'2!*0)D!)L'!2D*?F!0.)$&.?!L.E*).)!?D22F!*0%&'.2'-!O&'22$&'!D0

'0-.0K'&'-!2O'%*'2!.0-!L'*KL)'0'-!1$?0'&.E*?*)R!)D!HD&'2)!H*&'2F!')%U!4)!DH)'0

O$)2!.!2)&.*0!D0!P.)'&!&'2D$&%'2F!.0-!*)!%.0!HD&%'!?D%.?!ODO$?.)*D02!)D!%D>O')'

HD&!)L'!$2'!DH!%&*)*%.?!&'2D$&%'2U

X'2)*1.?2!.0-!'1'0)2!%.0!%&'.)'!K&'.)!O&'22$&'!D0!?D%.?!&'2D$&%'2!?*Q'!'0'&KRF

HDD-F!.0-!D)L'&!&.P!>.)'&*.?2!)L.)!>.R!.?&'.-R!E'!*0!2LD&)!2$OO?RU!j&'.)'&

Page 105: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

'V)&.%)*D0!.0-!)&.02OD&)!DH!)L'2'!&'2D$&%'2!'V.%'&E.)'2!)L'!OLR2*%.?!*>O.%)2

.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!)L'*&!'VO?D*).)*D0U!#'%.$2'!DH!)L'!2'.2D0.?!%L.&.%)'&!DH!)L'

'1'0)2!*0-$2)&RF!>.0R!-'2)*0.)*D02!L.1'!)'0!)*>'2!>D&'!1*2*)D&2!*0!)L'!L*KL

2'.2D0!.2!*0!)L'!?DP!2'.2D0U!=!L*KL!-'>.0-!*2!O?.%'-!$OD0!)L'2'!&'2D$&%'2

)D!>'')! )L'! L*KL! 'VO'%).)*D02! )D$&*2)2! DH)'0! L.1'! MO&DO'&! L'.)*0KF! LD)

P.)'&F!')%UNU

40!)L'!HD??DP*0K!2'%)*D0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)2!%.$2'-!ER!H'2)*1.?2!P*??!E'

2$>>.&*2'-!D0!)L'!E.2*2!DH!e.?>.R!-:(&%X!M[ZZwNU

•••••(=52#$N"'2/>+"&27%+#/C&N$+%&F5&#\L'! -*HH'&'0)! HD&>2! DH! )&.1'?! ER! '1'0)! -'?'K.)'2F! .))'0-''2F! D&K.0*2'&2F

O'&HD&>'&2!.0-!)L'!)&.02OD&).)*D0!DH!>.)'&*.?2!.0-!&'H$2'U!\L'!-*1'&2'!>'.02

DH!)&.02OD&)!L.1'!-*HH'&'0)!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)+!PL*?'!P.?Q*0K!D&!%R%?*0K

L.1'!0'K?*K*E?'!'HH'%)2F!)L'!.*&!OD??$)*D0F!0D*2'F!.0-!)L'!&'m$*&'-!2O.%'!DH!>D)D&

1'L*%?'2!O$)!2*K0*H*%.0)!?D.-2!D0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)U!I$E?*%!)&.02OD&)2F!2$%L!.2

)&.*02!D&!%D.%L!O.22'0K'&2!L.1'!.!>$%L!?'22'&!*>O.%)!)L.0!)LD2'!)&.1'??*0K

ER!%.&!D&!.*&U

\L'!HD??DP*0K!).E?'!2LDP2!)L'!'0'&KR!&'m$*&'>'0)!HD&!D0'!O.22'0K'&!Q*?D>')&'U

.&IX(g(O(>3-/$;(/-Y#*/-5-3:(2"/("3-(C&''-3$-/(?*%"5-:/-

1"#/+-l(E&%5&;(-:(&%X(_`[[sb

=*&!OD??$)*D0!H&D>!'1'0)")D$&*2)!)&.02OD&).)*D0!L.2!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!K?DE.?!?'1'?F

'2O'%*.??R!H&D>!%.&ED0!-*DV*-'!MaW[N!'>*22*D02!&'?.)'-!)D!)&.02OD&).)*D0!'0'&KR

$2'U!=--*)*D0.??RF!*)!%.0!%D0)&*E$)'!)D!2'1'&'!?D%.?!.*&!OD??$)*D0U!5D>'!DH!)L'2'

*>O.%)2!.&'!m$*)'!2O'%*H*%!)D!'1'0)")D$&*2)!.%)*1*)*'2U!XD&!'V.>O?'F!'2O'%*.??R!*0

1'&R!LD)!D&!%D?-!%D$0)&*'2F! )D$&!E$2'2!DH)'0! ?'.1'! )L'*&!>D)D&2! &$00*0K! HD&

LD$&2!PL*?'!)L'!)D$&*2)2!KD!D$)!HD&!.0!'V%$&2*D0!E'%.$2'!)L'R!P.0)!)D!&')$&0!)D

.!%D>HD&).E?R!.*&"%D0-*)*D0'-!E$2U!6D*2'!OD??$)*D0!H&D>!%.&2F!E$2'2F!.2!P'??

.2!)L'!'1'0)2!M>.22!0D*2'F!>$2*%N!*2!.0!'1'&"K&DP*0K!O&DE?'>!DH!>D-'&0!?*H'U

Page 106: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,(

SH/G3:((!&9*<

40!.--*)*D0!)D!%.$2*0K!.00DR.0%'F!2)&'22F!.0-!'1'0!L'.&*0K!?D22!HD&!)LD2'!*0

%?D2'!O&DV*>*)RF!*)!%.$2'2!-*2)&'22!)D!P*?-?*H'F!'2O'%*.??R!*0!2'02*)*1'!.&'.2U!XD&

*02).0%'F!0D*2'!K'0'&.)'-!ER!D$)-DD&!%D>>$0*)R!'1'0)2!%.0!%.$2'!O'DO?'!)D

.?)'&! )L'*&!0.)$&.?!.%)*1*)R!O.))'&02!.0-!2$EJ'%)!>.0R! *0L.E*).0)2! )D!0.)$&.?

-*2O?.%'>'0)U

•••••(<66%FF%G"#$%&\L'!$2'!DH!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!H.%*?*)*'2!-D'2!0D)!OD??$)'!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)!)D!.

K&'.)!'V)'0)!D0!*)2!DP0U!eDP'1'&F!ER!)L'!.&'.!$2'!.0-!*0)'&H'&'0%'!*0)D!0.)$&.?

L.E*).)2!'1'0)2!.))'0-''2!P*??!-*&'%)?R!-*2)$&E!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)U!\L'!L'.)*0KF

.*&"%D0-*)*D0*0KF! .0-! ?*KL)*0K! DH! .%%D>>D-.)*D0! H.%*?*)*'2! &'m$*&'! 'HH'%)*1'

'0'&KR!$2'!.0-!)L'!.OO?*%.)*D0!DH!'0'&KR!2.1*0K!-'1*%'2!.0-!>')LD-2F!HD&

'V.>O?'+!%D02)&$%)*0K!E$*?-*0K2!.-L'&*0K!.0-!KD*0K!E'RD0-!,$&DO'.0!E$*?-*0K

&'K$?.)*D02F!$2'!DH!'01*&D0>'0).??R! H&*'0-?R!>.)'&*.?2F!.-'m$.)'! *02$?.)*D0F

.1D*-*0K!D1'&L'.)*0K!.0-!$00'%'22.&R!.*&"%D0-*)*D0*0KF!')%U!,V%'22*1'!P.)'&

%D02$>O)*D0!*2!.?2D!.!%D>>D0!O&DE?'>F!PL*%L!>.R!E'!%.$2'-!ER!P.2)'H$?

.0-!$0"'-$%.)'-!'1'0)")D$&*2)2F!-'1*%'2!D&!.OO?*.0%'2U

•••••(A5"'2=??!O.&)*%*O.0)2!.0-!.))'0-''2!L.1'!.0! *0H?$'0%'!D0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)!'1'0

PL'0!%D02$>*0K!>'.?2!S!XDD-!O&D-$%)2!*0H?$'0%'!0D)!D0?R!)L'!m$.0)*)R!.0-

%D>OD2*)*D0!DH! &'H$2'!E$)!.?2D! )L'!>')LD-!DH!O&D-$%)*D0U!XDD-!O&D-$%)*D0

&'m$*&'2!.!?.&K'!.&'.F!*)!>.R!%.$2'!2D*?!OD??$)*D0F!.0-!OD2'2!'01*&D0>'0).?

)L&'.)2U!aL'>*%.?2!%&'.)'!.!?.&K'&!'01*&D0>'0).?!?D.-F!PL*?'!-'>.0-*0K!HDD-

D&*K*0.)*0K!H&D>!H.&".P.R!%D$0)&*'2!'1'0)!.))'0-''2!%D0)&*E$)'!)D!)L'!K&DP)L

DH! H$'?!%D02$>O)*D0!.0-!.*&!OD??$)*D0U!C*2OD2.E?'!O.%Q.K*0K!>.)'&*.?2!.0-

>$?)*O?'!O.%Q.K*0K! &'2$?)! *0! 'V%'22*1'!.>D$0)2!DH! &$EE*2LU! ]D%.??R!>.-'F

0.)$&.?!O&D-$%)2!.&'!L'.?)L*'&!.0-!>D&'!'01*&D0>'0).??R!H&*'0-?RU

•••••(C&5+.,\L'!'0'&KR!%D02$>O)*D0!DH!)D$&*2>!.0-!H'2)*1.?2!D&*K*0.)'!H&D>!)L'!'?'%)&*%*)R

.0-!L'.)*0K!-'>.0-!DH!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!H.%*?*)*'2F!)L'!'0'&KR!&'m$*&'>'0)2!DH

%DDQ*0KF! H$'?!%D02$>O)*D0!DH! )&.02OD&)!.0-!)&.1'??*0KF!.0-!)L'!DO'&.)*D0!DH

'0)'&).*0>'0)!-'1*%'2U!\L'!$2'!DH!'V%'22!'0'&KR!&'2$?)2!*0!L*KL'&!'VO'0-*)$&'

D0!)L'!D0'!L.0-F!.0-!D0!)L'!D)L'&!*)!&.*2'2!aW[!.0-!D)L'&!K&''0LD$2'!K.2

'>*22*D02U

•••••(T"#5+(6%&21F7#$%&C$&*0K!H'2)*1.?2!P.)'&!*2!$2'-!HD&!HDD-!O&'O.&.)*D0F!O'&2D0.?!LRK*'0'F!%?'.0*0KF

.0-!.?2D!HD&!K.&-'0*0K!.&D$0-!)L'!1'0$'!DH!)L'!'1'0)U!,V%'22!$2'!DH!P.)'&

P*??!%D0)&*E$)'!)D!)L'!'1'&"2L&*0Q*0K!H&'2LP.)'&!&'2D$&%'2U

Page 107: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

•••••(T"2#5/C&N$+%&F5&#C$&*0K!H'2)*1.?2!)L'!P.2)'!DH!E'1'&.K'!%D02$>O)*D0!*2!)L'!>D2)!0D)*%'.E?'U

e.?H!DH!.??!&'H$2'!%D>'2!H&D>!)L'!O.%Q.K*0K!DH!E'1'&.K'2U!G'%R%?*0K!2R2)'>2

.&'!0D)!P*-'?R!$2'-!P*)L*0!'1'0)2!2D!)L'!>D2)!DH)'0!$2'-!ED))?'2!.0-!K?.22'2

.&'!)L'!-*2OD2.E?'!D0'2U!\L'!D)L'&!2*K0*H*%.0)!O.&)!DH!P.2)'!D&*K*0.)'2!H&D>

?'H)D1'&! HDD-!.0-! )L'!%$)?'&R!$2'-! )D!%D02$>'! )L'>U! 40!e$0K.&R!-$&*0K!.

>$?)*O?'"-.R!H'2)*1.?!)L.)!.))&.%)2![ZZUZZZ!1*2*)D&2!)L'&'!*2!.ED$)!7ZZZ"7sZZ><F

8Z"7[Z!)D02!DH!2D?*-!&$EE*2L!*2!%&'.)'-F!PL*%L!.>D$0)2!)D!s"7Z!?*)&'F!D&!ZFs"ZF8

QK!O'&!O'&2D0U!\L*2!*2!)P*%'!)L'!.>D$0)!DH!-D>'2)*%!P.2)'!%&'.)*D0U

\L'!>.*0!%D0)'0)2!DH!H'2)*1.?!P.2)'!.&'!)LD2'!>'0)*D0'-!*0!)L'!).E?'![U

.&IX(`(O(.,-(5&*3(+"3:-3:'("2(2-':*9&%(W&':-

1"#/+-l(,::Clpp2-33:&/:,&:"X,#p2-'@:*9&%p@2:&/:&%"5

4)!%.0!E'!.&K$'-!)L.)!>D2)!H'2)*1.?2!DH)'0!L.1'!)L'!HD??DP*0K!'01*&D0>'0).?

*>O.%)2+

• \L'R!%D0)&*E$)'!)D!)L'!-'O?')*D0!DH!0.)$&.?!&'2D$&%'2!.2!P'??!.2!)D!.*&"F

P.)'&"F!.0-!2D*?!OD??$)*D0U

• \L'R!-'%&'.2'!)L'!0$>E'&2!.0-!1.&*')*'2!DH!O?.0)2!.0-!.0*>.?2!.0-

&$*0!)L'*&!L.E*).)2U

Page 108: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,*

SH/G3:((!&9*<

40! D&-'&! )D! L.1'!>D&'! H.1D$&.E?'! '01*&D0>'0).?! *>O.%)2! )L'! 2$2).*0.E?'

O?.00*0K!.0-!-'1'?DO>'0).?! O&*0%*O?'2! 2LD$?-!E'! ).Q'0! *0)D! %D02*-'&.)*D0

)L&D$KLD$)!)L'!D&K.0*2.)*D0!DH!.!H'2)*1.?U

• aD0)&D??'-!$2'!DH!&'2D$&%'2+!)L'!DO)*>.?!.0-!%D0)&D??'-!>.0.K'>'0)!DH

0.)$&.?F!2D%*.?F!.0-!%$?)$&.?!&'2D$&%'2n

• G'2)&*%)*D0!DH!D1'&!%D02$>O)*D0!.0-!&'-$%*0K!)L'!.>D$0)!DH!P.2)'+!ER

&'2)&*%)*0K! D1'&! %D02$>O)*D0!.0-! &'-$%*0K! )L'!.>D$0)! DH!P.2)'! )L'

?D0K"?.2)*0K!'01*&D0>'0).?!-.>.K'2!)L.)!PD$?-!E'!'VO'02*1'!)D!&'O.*&

%.0!E'!.1D*-'-F!)L*2!*0!)$&0!P*??!'HH'%)!)L'!-'1'?DO>'0)!.0-!2$2).*0.E*?*)R

DH!)D$&*2>U

• aD02'&1.)*D0!DH!-*1'&2*)R+!)L'!.22$&.0%'!DH!0.)$&.?F!2D%*.?F!.0-!%$?)$&.?

-*1'&2*)R!*2!.!O&'%D0-*)*D0!HD&!&'2)&.*0'-!.0-!%D0)&D??.E?'!'1'0)2F!PL*%L

?.R2! )L'! HD$0-.)*D0! HD&! )L'! H$)$&'! -'1'?DO>'0)! DH! 2$2).*0.E?'! '1'0)

>.0.K'>'0)U

• 401D?1*0K!'1'0)2!*0!?D0K")'&>!-'1'?DO>'0).?!%D0%'O)2+!)D!*0)'K&.)'!'1'0)2

*0! L*KL'&! ?'1'?! M0.)*D0.?F! &'K*D0.?F! ?D%.?N! 2)&.)'K*'2n! )D! %.&&R! D$)

'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)!.0.?R2'2!P*)L*0!'1'0)!%D0%'O)2U

L*$X(gX".,-(5"':(*5C"/:&3:('-/9*+-'("2(-39*/"35-3:(+"3'+*"#'(-9-3:'

Page 109: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!,+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

-"25(2#1G,(/(@e$.5#(=52#$N"'(%E(R1G"752#

40!=$K$2)![ZZ8!*)!P.2!E'!)L'!7w)L!)*>'!PL'0!#$-.O'2)!.0-!*)2!K&''0!*2?.0-!*0

kE$-.!E'%.>'!D0'!DH!)L'!*0'1*).E?'!?D%.)*D02!DH!)L'!%$?)$&.?!.0-!>$2*%!?*H'!DH

,$&DO'U!C$&*0K!.!P''Q!*0!)L'!>D2)!O?'.2.0)!>D0)L!DH!)L'!R'.&!1@*$-:(L-':*9&%

.P.*)2!2)$-'0)2!.0-!RD$0K!.-$?)2!D0!1.%.)*D0!H&D>!,$&DO'!.0-!D)L'&!%D&0'&2

DH!)L'!PD&?-!P*)L!0'.&?R!.!7ZZZ!O&DK&.>>'2!.0-!wZ!1'0$'2U!5o*K')!*2!0D)!D0?R

.!H'2)*1.?F!E$)!.?2D!.!P''Q"?D0K!DOOD&)$0*)R!)D!%.>O!D$)!*0!)L'!)'>OD&.&*?R!E$*?)

H'2)*1.?! %*)R!PL'&'! E'2*-'2! E.2*%! H.%*?*)*'2F! OD2)*0K! .0-!E.0Q*0K! 2'&1*%'2F

&'2).$&.0)2F!O$E2F!2LDO2!.0-!.!0$>E'&!DH!D)L'&!.>'0*)*'2!O&D1*-'!%D>HD&)

.0-!'0)'&).*0>'0)U!C$&*0K!)L'!R'.&2!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!1*2*)D&2!P.2!%D0)*0$D$2?R

D0!)L'!&*2'U!#.%Q!*0!7::<!9<UZZZ!O'DO?'!1*2*)'-!)L'!H'2)*1.?n!0D0')L'?'22!)L*2

0$>E'&!&D2'!)D!<;7UZZZ!ER![ZZ;U

.&IX(Z(O(J,&3$-'(*3(:,-(5&*3(*3<*+&:"/'("2(1@*$-:(L-':*9&%

1"#/+-l(WWWX?#%:#/C&/:X,#(g|}`c[L:

9sx!DH!)L'!e$0K.&*.0!1*2*)D&2!%D>'!H&D>!#$-.O'2)F!7sx!%D>'!H&D>!a'0)&.?

e$0K.&RU!=?)LD$KL!8sx!DH!)L'!1*2*)D&2!.&'!$0-'&!<Z!R'.&2!DH!.K'!M)L'R!.&'

H.*&?R! 'm$.??R! -*2)&*E$)'-!E')P''0!79"[:NF! L*KL'&! '-$%.)*D0!K&.-$.)'2! .&'

L'.1*?R!D1'&!&'O&'2'0)'-!-'2O*)'! )L'!%D>O.&.)*1'?R! ?DP!.1'&.K'!.K'+! )L'R

>.Q'!$O!9<x!DH!)L'!1*2*)D&2!PL*?'!)L*2!0$>E'&!*2!D0?R!7<x!%D02*-'&*0K!)L'

)D).?!ODO$?.)*D0!DH!e$0K.&RU!=?>D2)!L.?H!DH!)L'!<;UZZZ!HD&'*K0!1*2*)D&2!%D>'

H&D>!j'&>.0R!.0-!X&.0%'U!\L*2!K&D$O!*2!.?2D!-D>*0.)'-!ER!RD$0K'&!1*2*)D&2+

.?>D2)!:Zx!DH!)L'!HD&'*K0!1*2*)D&2!.&'!<Z!R'.&2!DH!.K'!D&!RD$0K'&U!\PD!)L*&-2

DH!)L'!HD&'*K0'&2!%D>'!'*)L'&!ER!.*&!D&!%.&U

Page 110: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!,

SH/G3:((!&9*<

\L'&'!*2!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!-*HH'&'0%'!E')P''0!HD&'*K0'&2!.0-!e$0K.&*.02!*0!&'2O'%)

DH!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!H.%*?*)*'2!$2'-!-$&*0K!)L'!H'2)*1.?+!2?*KL)?R!>D&'!)L.0!L.?H!DH

)L'!-D>'2)*%!1*2*)D&2!Ms[UwxN!2?'O)!D$)-DD&2!D0!)L'!*2?.0-F!9[U7x!%D>>$)'-

H&D>!LD>'F!sU8x!2).R'-!.)!H&*'0-2!.0-!D0?R!ZUsx!EDDQ'-!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!*0

.!LD)'?F!K$'2)LD$2'!D&!%.>O2*)'U!\L'!1.2)!>.JD&*)R!M:9xN!DH!)L'!HD&'*K0!1*2*)D&2

0.>'-!)L'!�42?.0-r!.2!)L'*&!.%%D>>D-.)*D0!-$&*0K!)L'!H'2)*1.?U!=!>'&'!wx!DH

)L'! HD&'*K0'&2! 2).R'-! .)! %D>>'&%*.?! .%%D>>D-.)*D0! MLD)'?F! K$'2)LD$2'

D&!%.>O2*)'NU

>35(5&N$+%&F5&#"'($F7"6#2(%E(@e$.5#(=52#$N"'

=?>D2)!.??!HD&>2!DH!'01*&D0>'0).?!OD??$)*D0!%.0!E'!>'.2$&'-!-$&*0K!.!H'2)*1.?

DH!2$%L!2%.?'U!\.Q*0K!.!%?D2'&!?DDQ!.)!)L'>!)L'>.)*%.??R!P'!%.0!-&.P!$O!)L'

HD??DP*0K!%D0%?$2*D0+

)$##5+$&.I(+1**$23

C$&*0K! )L'!1@*$-:( L-':*9&%! *0! [ZZw! .OO&DV*>.)'?R! [[ZZ!><! DH! P.2)'

.%%$>$?.)'-U!\L*2!&D$KL?R!'m$.?2!P*)L!)L'!.>D$0)!DH!&$EE*2L!)L.)!)L'!&'2*-'0)2

DH!.!7Z!2)D&'R!E$*?-*0K!>D$0)!$O!*0!:"7Z!R'.&2U!C$'!)D!)L'!2'?'%)*1'!&$EE*2L

%D??'%)*D0F!PL*%L!L.2!E''0!KD*0K!D0!HD&!s!R'.&2F!)L'!.>D$0)!DH!.??!)RO'2!DH

P.2)'!K&'P!%D0)*0$D$2?R

MPPPU2$?*0')UL$Y).&)YH0%*QQYh*H'YZY[;[7;YH'2o)*1.?�2o'>')UL)>NU

.&IX(d(O(.,-(+"5C"'*:*"3(&3<(:,-(+,&3$-'(*3(:,-(&5"#3:("2(W&':-("2(1@*$-:!L-':*9&%

1"#/+-l(WWWX'@*$-:X,#p2-'@:*9&%p*32"p?"/3;-@-:9-<-%-5

5'?'%)*1'?R! %D??'%)'-!P.2)'! *2! )&.02OD&)'-! )D! 2'?'%)*1'! &$EE*2L!-$>O2!.0-

&'%R%?*0K!O?.0)2!D0!)L'!'VO'02'!DH!)L'!B*0*2)&R!DH!e'.?)L!.0-!)L'!2OD02D&2

MPPPU0D?UL$YH'2o)*1.?*.Y%*QQY9s:w[[NU

<$+(7%''1#$%&

\L'!H'2)*1.?!1'0$'!*2!2*)$.)'-!0'.&!E$2R!>.*0!&D.-2!.0-!)L'!%D0%'0)&.)*D0!DH

OD??$).0)2!*2!K'0'&.??R!1'&R!L*KLU!40!%D00'%)*D0!P*)L!)L'!H'2)*1.?!)L'!?D%.?!OD??$)*0K

2D$&%'2!>$2)!.?2D!E'!>'0)*D0'-F!HD&!'V.>O?'!)L'!'V)&.!'>*22*D0!>.-'!ER

)LD2'!PLD!.&&*1'!ER!%.&F!E'%.$2'!)L'!aW[!'>*22*D0!%.0!K&DP!ER!.2!>$%L!.2

Page 111: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

<Zx!-$&*0K!)L'!H'2)*1.?U!M\L'!a?'.0!=*&!=%)*D0!j&D$OF![ZZ;NU!I.&Q*0K!O&DE?'>2

.?2D!-')'&*D&.)'!.*&!m$.?*)R!*0!)L'!.&'.U!\L'!L'.?)L!-.>.K*0K!'HH'%)2!DH!-$2)

K'0'&.)'-!ER!1*2*)D&2!.?2D!*0%&'.2'2!-$&*0K!)L'!'0)*&')R!DH!)L'!H'2)*1.?U!40!D&-'&

)D!*>O&D1'!)L'!2*)$.)*D0!1*2*)D&2!.&'!'0%D$&.K'-!)D!.OO&D.%L!)L'!H'2)*1.?!1'0$'

ER!>'.02!DH!O$E?*%!)&.02OD&)U!=%%D&-*0K!)D!D)L'&!2)&.)'K*'2F!.!)'>OD&.&R!%.&

O.&Q!%D$?-!E'!>.-'!.0-!$2'-!-$&*0K!)L'!H'2)*1.?!.)!)L'!.E.0-D0'-!kE$-.

j.2!TD&Q2F!DP0'-!ER!#$-.O'2)r2!>$0*%*O.?!KD1'&0>'0)U!\L'!�a?'.0!=*&!=%)*D0

j&D$OrF!PL*%L!L.2!L.-!.0!DOOD&)$0*)R!)D!.-1'&)*2'!)L'>!D0!a*1*?!42?.0-F!.?2D

'>OL.2*2'2!)L'!O&DE?'>2!%.$2'-!ER!.*&!OD??$)*D0!MPPPUDE$-.UE?DKUL$NU

@%$'(7%''1#$%&

\L'&'!.&'!ED)L!OLR2*%.?!.0-!%L'>*%.?!>.0*H'2).)*D02!DH!2D*?!OD??$)*D0!.)!)L'

H'2)*1.?U!\L'!HD&>'&!O&DE?'>!.&*2'2!.2!2D*?!%D>O&'22*D0!E'%.$2'!DH!)L'!1*2*)D&2r

)&'.-*0K!M*)!%D$?-!&'.%L!9Zx!.&D$0-!)L'!2).K'2!.0-!%.)'&*0K!H.%*?*)*'2NF!PL*?'

)L'!?.))'&!&'2$?)2!H&D>!)L'!?.%Q!DH!2'P.K'!)&'.)>'0)!.0-!H&D>!)L'!H.%)!)L.)!)L'

.1.*?.E?'!)D*?')2!.&'!0D)!$2'-!M1*2*)D&2!-D!0D)!$2'!)L'!*02).??'-!?.1.)D&*'2NU!\D

D1'&%D>'!)L*2!O&DE?'>!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!>DE*?'!)D*?')2!L.2!E''0!*0%&'.2'-U

!%$25(7%''1#$%&

\L'!>D2)!%&*)*%.?!.2O'%)!DH!)L'!&'?.)*D02L*O!E')P''0!)L'!H'2)*1.?!.0-!)L'!?D%.?

&'2*-'0)2!*2!)L'!0D*2'!OD??$)*D0U!=%%D&-*0K!)D!.!?D%.?!KD1'&0>'0)!-'%&''!)L'

)L&'2LD?-!?*>*)!DH!0D*2'!K'0'&.)'-!ER!.0R!H&''!)*>'!.%)*1*)R!*2!>.V*>*2'-!.)!9s

-'%*E'?2!-$&*0K!)L'!-.R!E')P''0!Z;UZZ!.0-![ZUZZL&2F!.0-!.)!0*KL)!E')P''0

[ZUZZ!.0-!Z;UZZ!Dr%?D%Q!)L*2!?*>*)!*2!9Z!-'%*E'?U!C$&*0K!)L'!O&.%)*%'!2'22*D02

.0-!.)!)L'!.%)$.?!'1'0)!)L'!?*>*)!P.2!'V%''-'-!ER!P'??!D1'&![s!.0-![<!-'%*E'?

&'2O'%)*1'?RU! 4)!>$2)! E'! 2).)'-! )L.)! E'%.$2'!DH! )L'! %L.&.%)'&*2)*%2! DH! )L'

>'.2$&'-!$0*)!.! )L&''"-'%*E'?! *0%&'.2'!P*??!2D$0-!)P*%'!.2! ?D$-U!\L'!1'&R

E$2R!&D.-2!*0!)L'!-*2)&*%)!MAc%*!&D.-F!l&Oc-!&D.-F!j�&K'R!&D.-N!K'0'&.)'!D1'&

;Z!-'%*E'?2!-$&*0K!)L'!-.RU!4&D0*%.??RF!%D>O.&'-!)D!)L'!L.&>H$?!'HH'%)2!DH!)L'2'

&D.-2!)L'!0D*2'!H&D>!1@*$-:(L-':*9&%!*2!.?>D2)!0'K?*K*E?'U

\D!D1'&%D>'!)L'2'!O&DE?'>2!2).K'2!.&'!'&'%)'-!.0-!H*))'-!P*)L!0D*2'!*02$?.)*D0

>.)'&*.?!.0-!)L'&'!.&'!.$)D>.)*%!1D?$>'"%D0)&D?!-'1*%'2!.)!)L'!O&DE?'>.)*%

O?.%'2U!\L'2'!.OO?*.0%'2!%D0)*0$D$2?R!>'.2$&'!)L'!0D*2'!?'1'?!.0-!.-J$2)

)L'!1D?$>'!E'?DP!)L'!)L&'2LD?-!?*>*)!P*)LD$)!L$>.0!*0)'&.%)*D0U

@5h".5(#+5"#F5&#

W0'!DH!)L'!K&'.)'2)!O&DE?'>2!DH!)L'!H'2)*1.?!*2!2'P.K'!)&'.)>'0)U!\L'&'!.&'!.

K&DP*0K!0$>E'&!DH!E*D")D*?')2!D0!)L'!*2?.0-F!0D0')L'?'22!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!)L'

>D&'!'.2*?R!%?'.0.E?'!.0-!*??$>*0.)'-!%D0).*0'&")D*?')2!S!-$'!)D!)L'!?.%Q!DH

2'P.K'!O*O'?*0'!S!%D$?-!0D)! &'.??R!K&DPU! 40![ZZw!$2*0K!.!0'P! )'%L0D?DKR

D&K.0*2'&2!P'&'!.E?'!)D!2*K0*H*%.0)?R!*>O&D1'!)L'!2*)$.)*D0!.0-!%&'.)'-!H$&)L'&

Page 112: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!"

SH/G3:((!&9*<

)D*?')"%'0)&'2!.)!)L'!>D2)!H&'m$'0)'-!O?.%'2!DH!)L'!*2?.0-U!\L*2!0'P!)'%L0D?DKR

-D'2!0D)!&'m$*&'!.!O*O'?*0'!2R2)'>+!2'P.K'!H?DP2!*0)D!.!?.&K'!).0Q!H&D>!PL'&'

*)! *2!)&.02OD&)'-!.P.RU!X$&)L'&>D&'F!)L'&'!P'&'!0'P?R!*02).??'-!L.0-"P.2L

K'.&2!.0-!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!2LDP'&2!P.2!.?2D!*0%&'.2'-U

)$.3#$&.(7%''1#$%&

\'>OD&.&R!.0-!O$0%)*HD&>F!.)!)L'!2.>'!)*>'!)L'!.OO'.&.0%'!DH!)L'!2)&D0K

?*KL)! 'HH'%)2! .&'! -.0K'&D$2! HD&! )L'! '01*&D0>'0)! E'%.$2'! DH! )L'! 2$--'0F

$0'VO'%)'-!.0-! 2LD&)! 'HH'%)2U!C$'! )D! )L'!K&DP*0K!0$>E'&!DH! 1*2*)D&2! .0-

-'>.0-!HD&!O$E?*%!?*KL)*0K!P.2!H$&)L'&!*>O&D1'-!D0!)L'!*2?.0-U!40![ZZ;!>D&'

)L.0!9Us!Q>!&D.-!P.2!*??$>*0.)'-!-$&*0K!)L'!H'2)*1.?U!6'1'&)L'?'22F!)L'!O&DE?'>

L.2!0D)!E''0!2D?1'-U

>35(E52#$N"'W2($F7"6#(%&(#35('%6"'(+52$G5&#2

\L'!H'2)*1.?F!PL*%L!P.2!H*&2)!D&K.0*2'-!*0!7::<F!P*)0'22'-!0D!&'.?!O&DE?'>2

P*)L!?D%.?!&'2*-'0)2!$0)*?!7::;U!5*0%'!)L'0F!LDP'1'&F!0$>'&D$2!2*K02!DH!LD2)*?*)R

.OO'.&'-U!=)!)L'!'0-!DH!W%)DE'&F![ZZ;!)L'!X&''!=22D%*.)*D0!G'2'.&%LF!PL*%L

*2!.!O$E?*%!DO*0*D0!&'2'.&%L!%D>O.0RF!%D0-$%)'-!.!O$E?*%!DO*0*D0!OD??!*01D?1*0K

<ZZ!&'2OD0-'0)2!.>D0K2)!&'2*-'0)2!DH!-*2)&*%)!4A!*0!D&-'&!)D!H*0-!D$)!.ED$)

PL.)!)L'R!)L*0Q!DH!1@*$-:(L-':*9&%U!40!.02P'&!)D!)L'!H*&2)!m$'2)*D0!DH!_eDP!>$%L

-D'2!)L'!H'2)*1.?!-*2)$&E!RD$!-$&*0K!)L'!-.Ruq!8[x!DH!)L'!&'2OD0-'0)2!2.*-

)L.)!*)!-*-!0D)!-*2)$&E!)L'>!.)!.??U!W0!.!2%.?'!DH!D0'!)D!)'0!8:x!K.1'!7!D&![F

PL*?'!0DED-R!K.1'!:!D&!7ZU!\L'!.1'&.K'!OD*0)2!K*1'0!)D!)L*2!m$'2)*D0!P.2!7UsU

~$'2)*D0![F!PL*%L!&'.-!_eDP!>$%L!-D'2!)L'!H'2)*1.?!-*2)$&E!RD$!.)!0*KL)uq

L.-!2*>*?.&!&'2$?)2+!w[x!DH!)L'!&'2OD0-'0)2!P'&'!0D)!-*2)$&E'-!.)!.??!.0-!D0?R

;x!2).)'-!)L.)!)L'R!P'&'!-*2)$&E'-!2*K0*H*%.0)?RU!\L'!.1'&.K'!OD*0)2!K*1'0!)D

)L*2!m$'2)*D0!P'&'![U:!D0!.!2%.?'!DH!D0'!)D!)'0U!\L'!H*0.?!m$'2)*D0!&'.-!_CD

RD$!E'?*'1'!)L.)!)L'!.$)LD&*)*'2!2LD$?-!O&'1'0)!)L'!D&K.0*2.)*D0!DH!)L*2!H'2)*1.?

*0!*)2!O&'2'0)!HD&>!D&!0D)uq!.0-!D0?R!.!>'&'!wx!)LD$KL)!)L.)!)L'R!2LD$?-F!.0-

:9x!-*-!0D)!)L*0Q!)L.)!)L'!D&K.0*2.)*D0!DH!)L*2!H'2)*1.?!2LD$?-!E'!O&'1'0)'-!*0

*)2!O&'2'0)!HD&>!MPPPU2o*K')UL$YH'2o)*1.?YL*&'QY7Z;7Z:UL)>?NU

C&N$+%&F5&#(7+%#56#$%&("#(@e$.5#(=52#$N"'

5'?'%)*1'!P.2)'!%D??'%)*D0!L.2!E''0! *>O?'>'0)'-!HD&! H*1'!R'.&2!-$&*0K! )L'

H'2)*1.?F! .0-! 0DP! )L'!B*0*2)&R! DH! ,01*&D0>'0)! .0-!T.)'&! )DK')L'&!P*)L

�hW"I.00D0!O$E?*%!E'0'H*)!%D>O.0RF!E'2*-'!)L'!.22*2).0%'!O&D1*-'-!HD&!)L'

DO'&.)*D0!DH!P.2)'!%D??'%)*0K!2R2)'>F!ODO$?.&*2'!2'?'%)*D0!.>D0K!)L'!�*2?.0-

-P'??'&2r!ER!>'.02!DH!.!&D.-"2LDP!)'.%L*0K!.ED$)!'01*&D0>'0).?!%D02%*D$2

.))*)$-'U!W0'!DH!)L'!*0*)*.)*D02!*2!)L.)!.0RD0'!L.0-*0K!D1'&!2'?'%)*1'?R!%D??'%)'-

P.2)'!%D$?-!%LDD2'!'*)L'&!.!O&'2'0)!H&D>!�hW"I.00D0!O$E?*%!E'0'H*)!%D>O.0R

MO.22"LD?-'&F!)'V)*?'!E.KF!P&*)*0K!O.-NF!D&!D0'!DH!)L'!*22$'2!DH!)L'!)'.%L*0K

>.)'&*.?U!#'2*-'F!RD$!%D$?-!K')!2D>'!2DH)!-&*0QF!%.OF!)"2L*&)!D&!D)L'&!1.?$.E?'

Page 113: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

O&'2'0)2!*0!'V%L.0K'!HD&!E''&!ED))?'2F!I,\!ED))?'2!D&!%.02F!.0-!)L'&'!P.2

'1'0!.0!.OO?'"E.))'&R!'V%L.0K'!DO)*D0!.2!P'??U

-%&6'12$%&2

,1'0)2!L.1'!-*&'%)!.0-!*0-*&'%)!%D00'%)*D02!P*)L!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)U!,1'0)2!%.0

L.1'!'%D0D>*%F!2D%*.?F!%$?)$&.?!.0-!OLR2*%.?!*>O.%)2!D0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)U!4)

%.0!E'!.&K$'-!)L.)!>D2)!'1'0)2!DH)'0!L.1'!%D>>D0!'01*&D0>'0).?!*>O.%)2U

X*&2)?RF!)L'R!%D0)&*E$)'!)D!)L'!-'O?')*D0!DH!0.)$&.?!&'2D$&%'2!.2!P'??!.2!)D!.*&F

P.)'&F!.0-!2D*?!OD??$)*D0U!5'%D0-?RF!)L'R!-'%&'.2'!)L'!0$>E'&2!.0-!1.&*')*'2

DH!O?.0)2!.0-!.0*>.?2!.0-!&$*0!)L'*&!L.E*).)2U

40! D&-'&! )D! L.1'!>D&'! H.1D$&.E?'! '01*&D0>'0).?! *>O.%)2! )L'! 2$2).*0.E?'

O?.00*0K!.0-!-'1'?DO>'0).?! O&*0%*O?'2! 2LD$?-!E'! ).Q'0! *0)D! %D02*-'&.)*D0

)L&D$KLD$)!)L'!D&K.0*2.)*D0!DH!.!H'2)*1.?U!5$2).*0.E?'!'1'0)2!>.0.K'&2!2LD$?-

%D02*-'&!)L'!%D0)&D??'-!$2'!DH!&'2D$&%'2F!&'2)&*%)*D0!DH!D1'&!%D02$>O)*D0!.0-

&'-$%*0K!)L'!.>D$0)!DH!P.2)'F!%D02'&1.)*D0!DH!-*1'&2*)R!.0-!)L'!*01D?1'>'0)

DH!'1'0)2!>.0.K'>'0)!*0!?D0K")'&>!-'1'?DO>'0).?!%D0%'O)2U!=?>D2)!.??!HD&>2

DH!'01*&D0>'0).?!OD??$)*D0!%.0!E'!>'.2$&'-!-$&*0K!)L*2!H'2)*1.?U!4)!L.2!E''0

HD$0-!)L.)!)L'!'01*&D0>'0).?!O&D)'%)*D0!O?.R!>D&'!.0-!>D&'!*>OD&).0)!&D?'U

,V.>O?'2!DH!2$2).*0.E?'!O?.00*0K!.0-!-'1'?DO>'0)!%.0!E'!HD$0-!*0!1@*$-:

L-':*9&%!2$%L!.2!)L'!.%)*1*)*'2!DH!)L'!�a?'.0!=*&!=%)*D0!j&D$Or!.0-!�hW"I.00D0

O$E?*%!E'0'H*)!%D>O.0RF!*0%&'.2*0K!DH!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!>DE*?'!)D*?')2F!.$)D>.)*%

1D?$>'"%D0)&D?!-'1*%'2!DH!)L'!0'P!P.2)'!%D??'%)*0K!2R2)'>U

;C=C;C!-C@

#W,G5F!eU!.0-!#W5aeF!BU! M7::9NF!7(LK%<(5*3:(y<y%{,-%;( _.,-(>&/:,(&'(,"%*<&;( /-'"/:bF

#'1'o')d2! .! )$&*o>$2! d2! .! Q�&0R'o')! Q.O%2D?.)&'0-2o'&dE'! M40)&D-$%)*D0! )D! )L'

aD00'%)*D0!E')P''0!\D$&*2>!.0-!)L'!,01*&D0>'0)NU!#$-.O'2)+!hA4XU

e=]B=^F!GUF!hWAla5F!#UF!6=j^F!\U!.0-!�i5gl5g4F!jU!M[ZZwNF!7PG3%G'"?(@K%<(2-'@:*9G%"?

'@-/9-@v'v,-@( _4-+"55-3<&:*"3( :"(^/$&3*'&:*"3( "2(B/--3(L-':*9&%'bF! X�KK')?'0

�QD?bK*.*!h�oOD0)!M40-'O'0-'0)!,%D?DK*%.?!a'0)&'NF!#$-.O'2)U

i,66,GF!IU!.0-!5B4\eF!aU!M7::7NF!.,-(."#/*'5(=3<#':/;(&3<(:,-(>39*/"35-3:U!\L'!,%D0D>*%

40)'??*K'0%'!/0*)F!5O'%*.?!G'OD&)F!6DU![9s<F!]D0-D0U

B=\e4,5W6F!=U!.0-!T=]]!M7:8[NF!."#/*'5X(>+"3"5*+0U,;'*+&%(&3<(1"+*&%(=5C&+:'X!e.&?DP+

]D0K>.0!5%*'0)*H*%!v\'%L0*%.?U

B4ae=]hkF!jU!M[ZZ;NF!7(:#/*@5#'-%5v%-:(&%&CP&*(_D&'*'("2(."#/*'5(.,-"/;bU!5odQ'2H'Ld&1c&+

hD-D?c0R*!ic0D2!X�*2QD?.U

I/aghkF!]U!.0-!Gl\gF!\U!M[ZZ[NF!.,-(=5C&+:'("2(."#/*'5X(73(=3:/"<#+:*"3X!e�>'!ID?R)'%L0*%U

I/aghkF!]U!.0-!Gl\gF!\U!M[ZZsNF!7(:#/*@5#'(,&:G'&*!M.,-(=5C&+:'("2(."#/*'5NU!#$-.O'2)+

=$?.!h*.-bU

A=Gjl6�F!aUhU!M[ZZsNF!7(:#/*@5#'(2-33:&/:,&:H'G$G3&?(v/:v?-%v'-(_>9&%#&:*"3("2(."#/*'5

1#':&*3&I*%*:;bU!=K&c&)$-D>c0R*!h�o?'>d0R'Q!M=%).!=K&.&*.!C'E&'%'0*'02*2NF!/0*1'&2*)R

DH!C'E&'%'0F!C'E&'%'0F!AD?U![ZZsU!422$'!7wU!5$OO?'>'0)F!979"9[7U

Page 114: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!&

SH/G3:((!&9*<

Page 115: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

CA0)9[CCW@( H<):C(<!>?-?0<>?9!( ?!( CHC!>

A<!<DCAC!>

>(;."\31*9#74!"J.;.<"*9ZH1

4

9:);<(,;="7++"/<*3$(:"(16!(%"$*+(+"3'#5-/(9&%#-(*'(+"6+/-&:-<(I;(:,-('#CC%*-/(&3<

:,-(+"3'#5-/X(.,*'(C&C-/(-T&5*3-'(9&%#-(C-/+-C:*"3'("2(-9-3:(,"':'(&3<(C&/:*+*C&3:'

&'(&3:*+*C&:-<(I;(-9-3:(5&3&$-/'(&3<(5&:+,-'(:,-'-(W*:,(:,-('?*%%'(&3<(+"5C-:-3+-'

"2(-9-3:(5&3&$-/'0(-3&I%*3$(&CC/"C/*&:-(9&%#-6C/"C"'*:*"3'X(.,-(':#<;(*'(I&'-<("3(&

'-/*-'("2(*3:-/9*-W(+&//*-<("#:(W*:,(-9-3:(5&3&$-/'(-5C%";-<(I;(:,-(:"C(`c(-9-3:

5&3&$-5-3:(+"5C&3*-'(*3(E#3$&/;X

>.?@$<A)B('-/9*+-6<"5*3&3:(%"$*+0(-9-3:(5&3&$-5-3:0(+"3'#5-/(9&%#-0('?*%%'

@/4('%.$6("&G(6%&21F5+(N"'15

\L'! )'&>! �2'&1*%'"-D>*0.0)! ?DK*%r! M5"C! ?DK*%N! L.2! E''0! *0)&D-$%'-! *0! .0

*0H?$'0)*.?!.&)*%?'!ER!A.&KD!.0-!]$2%L!M[ZZ9NU!\L'R!2$KK'2)!)L.)!%D02$>'&2

.&'! 0D)! *0)'&'2)'-! *0!>'&'! %L.&.%)'&*2)*%2! DH! KDD-2! D&! 2'&1*%'2F! E$)! *0

%D02'm$'0%'2! DH! )L'! %D02$>O)*D0! O&D%'22U! \L$2F! H*&>2! -D! 0D)! 2'&1'

%D02$>'&2!ER!>D-*HR*0K!O&D-$%)!H'.)$&'2!E$)!.%)*1'?R!%DDO'&.)'!P*)L!)L'>!*0

%&'.)*0K!.!-'2*&.E?'!'0-"2).)'+!.0!'VO'&*'0%'!D&!%L.0K'!DH!)L'!%D02$>'&U!40

)L*2!%D0)'V)F!)L'R!-'H*0'!2'&1*%'2

_�!-'H*0'!2'&1*%'2!.2!)L'!.OO?*%.)*D0!DH!2O'%*.?*o'-!%D>O')'0%'2

MQ0DP?'-K'! .0-! 2Q*??2N! )L&D$KL! -''-2F! O&D%'22'2F! .0-

O'&HD&>.0%'2!HD&!)L'!E'0'H*)!DH!.0D)L'&!'0)*)R!D&!)L'!'0)*)R!*)2'?Hq

MA.&KD!.0-!]$2%LF![ZZ9+[NU

\L'R!-*2)*0K$*2L!E')P''0!"C-/&3<!.0-!"C-/&3:! &'2D$&%'2U!\L'!HD&>'&!.&'

)L'!&'2D$&%'2!D0!PL*%L!%L.0K'!*2!O'&HD&>'-F!PL'&'.2!)L'!?.))'&!.&'!.OO?*'-

)D!O&D-$%'!)L*2!%L.0K'!S!*0!%D0)'>OD&.&R!'%D0D>R!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!DO'&.0)

&'2D$&%'2!.&'!2Q*??2!.0-!%D>O')'0%'2U!T*)L!)L.)!)L'R!.&K$'!)L.)!Q0DP?'-K'!*2

)L'!H$0-.>'0).?!2D$&%'!DH!%D>O')*)*1'!.-1.0).K'U!=2!Q0DP?'-K'!*2!2L.&'-

.>D0K!1.&*D$2!.%)D&2F!'V%L.0K'!2LD$?-!0D)!E'!2''0!.2!.!1.?$'!)&.02H'&!H&D>

)L'!2$OO?*'&!)D!)L'!%D02$>'&U!G.)L'&F!*)!*2!.%Q0DP?'-K'-!)L.)!'0)'&O&*2'2!D0?R

>.Q'!1.?$'!O&DOD2*)*D02!.0-!1.?$'!*)2'?H!*2!%D"%&'.)'-!ER!)L'!%D02$>'&U

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 115-128

}!."#/*'5(!-C&/:5-3:0( 83*9-/'*:;( "2( U&33"3*&0( j-'@C/v5F( E#3$&/;

Page 116: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!(

F&:-(L"/5&<* 0(U-:-/()&;-/

a'0)&.?!)D!5"C!?DK*%!*2!)L'!.22$>O)*D0!.ED$)!%D02$>'&!1.?$'!.2!.0!'VO'&*'0%'F

.2!.!9&%#-6*36#'-U!TDD-&$HH!.0-!X?*0)!*-'0)*H*'2!HD$&!.OO&D.%L'2!)D!%D02$>'&

1.?$'+

gX j&%#-( &<<-<(S!\L*2! .OO&D.%L! ).Q'2! .! 2$OO?*'&r2! M%HU!>.0$H.%)$&'&2N

OD2*)*D0F!.OO?R*0K!.!KDD-2"-D>*0.0)!?DK*%!PL'0!%D02*-'&*0K!1.?$'!.2!)L'

%L.0K'!*0!DO'&.0-!&'2D$&%'2U!A.?$'!*2!-'H*0'-!L'&'!.2!.0!.))&*E$)'!E$0-?'U

A.?$'!*2F!)L$2!.!H.%)D&!DH!)L'!DO'&.0)!&'2D$&%'2!MER!B.&V+!DH!?.ED$&!M7::[NN

.0-!*)!*2!*0-'O'0-'0)!H&D>!)L'!%$2)D>'&+!*)!*2!)L'!&'2$?)!DH!)L'!O&D-$%'&r2

.%)*1*)R!D0?RU

`X >+"3"5*+(W"/:,("2(&(+#':"5-/!S!=K.*0F!).Q*0K!)L'!2$OO?*'&r2!OD2*)*D0F!*0

)L*2!1*'P!>.&Q')*0K!.*>2!.)!'V)&.%)*0K!>D&'!1.?$'!H&D>!)L'!%$2)D>'&F!P*)L

2'??*0K!>D&'YL*KL'&!O&*%'-!O&D-$%)2U!\L*2!*2!)L'!E.2*%!.OO&D.%L!DH!%D02$>'&

&'?.)*D02L*O!>.0.K'>'0)!MaGBN+! )D!2'K>'0)!.0-!.OO&D.%L!%$2)D>'&2

E.2'-!D0!)L'!1.?$'!)L'R!%.0!O&D1*-'!)D!)L'!%D>O.0RU!6'1'&)L'?'22F!)L*2

1*'P!L*KL?*KL)2! )L.)!1.?$'! )&.02H'&! *2!0D)!.!D0'"P.R!2)&'')+!2'??'&2!.?2D

2''Q!1.?$'!H&D>!%$2)D>'&2F!0D)!D0?R!1*%'!1'&2.U

ZX >+"3"5*+(W"/:,("2(&(C/"<#+:p"22-/*3$(:"(:,-(+#':"5-/!S!\L*2!*2!E.2'-!D0

)L'!.22$>O)*D0!)L.)!1.?$'!*2!m$.0)*H*'-!*0!>D0').&R!)'&>2F!.2!.!O&*%'Y1.?$'

&.)*DU!=2!B.&V!OD*0)2!D$)F!)L*2!)RO'!DH!1.?$'!*2!D0?R!O&'2'0)!*H!KDD-2!.&'

'V%L.0K'-! M%UHU! 'V%L.0K'! 1.?$'NU! #&*0K*0K! KDD-2! )D! )L'!>.&Q')! D&

P*)L-&.P*0K!)L'>F!.2!P'??!.2!O&*%'!%L.0K'2!.?2D!.HH'%)!)L'!1.?$'!O'&%'O)*D0U

dX j&%#-(*3(#'-(S!e'&'F!1.?$'!*2!2''0!.2!.!OL'0D>'0D?DK*%.?!'VO'&*'0%'F

E.2'-! D0! %$2)D>'&r2! *0)'&.%)*D0!P*)L! O&D-$%)Y2'&1*%'! E$0-?'2! *0! $2'

2*)$.)*D02U!\L&''!'?'>'0)2!.&'!*01D?1'-!L'&'+!)L'!%$2)D>'&F!)L'!O&D-$%'&F

.0-!)L'!%D0)'V)!M)L'!$2'!2*)$.)*D0NU!A.?$'!-'&*1'2!H&D>!)L'!>'.0*0K2!)L.)

)L'!%$2)D>'&!.)).%L'2! )D!O&D-$%)!E$0-?'2! *0! &'?.)*D0! )D!$2'!2*)$.)*D02U

\L*2! .OO&D.%L! *2! E.2'-!D0!>'.02"'0-! )L'D&R! Mh?'0D2QRF! [ZZ[N+!P*)L

'>OL.2*o*0K!)L'!%D02'm$'0%'2!DH!%D02$>O)*D0!1.?$'!*2!%D02*-'&'-!.2

&'?.)'-! )D!%$2)D>'&r2! HD&>'&!$2'!'VO'&*'0%'2! *0!2$EJ'%)*1'?R! *>OD&).0)

2*)$.)*D02U

X&D>!]$2%L!.0-!A.&KDr!'VO?.0.)*D02F!*)!*2!'1*-'0)!)L.)!5"C!?DK*%!*2!E.2'-!D0

)L'!?.))'&!.OO&D.%L!%D02*-'&*0K!1.?$'!.2!1.?$'"*0"$2'U!aD02$>'&!1.?$'!*2!.

Q'R!)'&>!*0!K'0'&.?!>.&Q')*0KF!.0-F!O&DE.E?RF!'1'0!>D&'!*>OD&).0)!*0!)D$&*2>U

T*)L!.0!*0).0K*E?'!O&D-$%)F!PL*%L!*2!2D?-!H.&!.P.R!H&D>!)L'!?D%.)*D0!PL'&'!*)!*2

O&'O.&'-F!O&D-$%'-!.0-!%D02$>'-F!1.?$'!.22$>O)*D02!K$*-'!)D$&*2)!%D02$>'&

-'%*2*D02U

!�aD02$>'&!1.?$'!*2!*3:-/&+:*9-(/-%&:*9*':*+(C/-2-/-3+-(-TC-/*-3+-+

)L'!&'?.)*D02L*O!DH!%D02$>'&2! )D!O&D-$%)2! M2$EJ'%)2!D&!DEJ'%)2N

Page 117: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

DO'&.)'2!-'O'0-*0K!D0!&'?'1.0)!%D>O.&*2D02F!1.&R*0K!E')P''0

O'DO?'F!%L.0K*0K!.>D0K!2*)$.)*D02!)D!-')'&>*0'!O&'H'&'0%'2!)L.)

?*'!.)!)L'!L'.&)!DH!%D02$>'&!'VO'&*'0%'q!MeD?E&DDQF!7:::+77NU

T*)L!)L*2!-'H*0*)*D0!eD?E&DDQ! ?*2)2!HD$&!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!)L.)!-'H*0'!%D02$>'&

1.?$'U

" L*/':F!L'!.&K$'2!)L.)!1.?$'!.?P.R2!D%%$&2!*0!.!L$>.0"O&D-$%)!*3:-/&+:*"3

MPL'&'.2! )L'! �O&D-$%)r!>.R!ED)L! &'H'&! )D!>.)'&*.?! DEJ'%)2! .0-!L$>.0

2'&1*%'2NU!A.?$'! *2!'*)L'&!-'&*1'-! H&D>! )L'!$2'!DH! )L'!DEJ'%)r2!>.)'&*.?

O&DO'&)*'2! D&! )L'! 2'&1*%'! '0%D$0)'&! M#DP*'!v!aL.0KF! [ZZsN! m$.?*)*'2U

eDP'1'&! )L'2'!O&DO'&)*'2!.0-!m$.?*)*'2!D0?R! &'O&'2'0)! 1.?$'! HD&! )LD2'

%D02$>'&2!PLD!.OO&'%*.)'!)L'>U!X$&)L'&>D&'F!*0)'&.%)*D0!*2!.?P.R2!)L'

-D>.*0!DH!*0HD&>.)*D0!'V%L.0K'!M#'&)LD0!v!iDL0F![ZZwNU!401D?1'-!O.&)*'2

ED)L! 2L.&'! 'V*2)*0K! *0HD&>.)*D0! .0-! O&D-$%'! 0'P! *0HD&>.)*D0U! #$)

*0)'&.%)*D0!>*KL)!.?2D!L.1'!.!OLR2*%.?!%L.&.%)'&+!P*)L!2'??'&!.0-!%D02$>'&

>'')*0K!*0!O'&2D0F!)L'&'!*2!.!ED-*?R!'VO'&*'0%'!DH!1'&E.?!.0-!0D0"1'&E.?

>$)$.?!2'02.)*D0!Mj*--'02F!7:89NU!T*)LD$)!)L*2!.OO&'%*.)*D0!)L'!O&DO'&)R

P*??!0D)!E'%D>'!.!1.?$'U!XD&!*02).0%'!*H!P'!).Q'!.!?DDQ!.)!.!O$>OQ*0!H'2)*1.?

S!)L'!'1'0)!*2!E.2'-!D0!$)*?*o*0K!.0-!H*0-*0K!H$0%)*D02!DH!K&DP*0K!O$>OQ*02U

5D>'!DH!)L'!O$>OQ*02!.&'!1'&R!2>.??F!0D)!KDD-!HD&!%D02$>O)*D0!E$)!.2

O.&)!DH!)L'!'1'0)!O&DK&.>F!*0!)L'!O$>OQ*0!E'.$)R!%D0)'2)F!*)!L.2!.!>'.0*0K

S!_PLD!L.2!)L'!>D2)!O'%$?*.&!HD&>!DH!O$>OQ*02uq!\L'!O$>OQ*0r2!1.?$'!*2

-'&*1'-! ER! )L*2! .OO&'%*.)*D0F! .0-! L.2! .!>'.0*0K! D0?R! HD&! )L'! '1'0)

O.&)*%*O.0)2U

" 1-+"3<F!%D02$>'&!1.?$'!*2!2$KK'2)'-!)D!E'!/-%&:*9*':*+F!*0!)L&''!2'02'2+!*)

*2!%D>O.&.)*1'F!O'&2D0.?!.0-!2*)$.)*1'U

o T*)L!%D0)'>OD&.&R!>.&Q')2!DHH'&*0K!.0!'V)&'>'?R!P*-'!.&&.R!DH

.?)'&0.)*1'!O&D-$%)2F!1.?$'2!.&'!+"5C&/&:*9-+!'1'&RD0'!%D02*-'&2

>D&'!)L.0!D0'!O&D-$%)!.)! )L'!2.>'!)*>'U!\L'2'!%D02*-'&.)*D02

.0-!)L'!2$E2'm$'0)!J$-K'>'0)2!.&'!%D>O.&.E?'!*0!.0!*0)&.O'&2D0.?

P.R+!.!1.?$'!.22*K0'-!ER!.0!*0-*1*-$.?!)D!.!O&D-$%)!*2!%D>O.&'-!)D

)L'!1.?$'!DH!.0D)L'&!O&D-$%)!.22*K0'-!ER!)L'!2.>'!O'&2D0U!A.?$'

2).)'>'0)2!.&'!LDP'1'&!0D)!%D>O.&.E?'!*0)'&O'&2D0.??RF!.2!)L'R

.&'!DH!m$.?*).)*1'!0.)$&'+!-*HH'&'0)!O'&2D02r!1.?$'!2).)'>'0)2!>.R

E'!E.2'-!D0!-*HH'&'0)!.OO&'%*.)*D02!DH!-*HH'&'0)!.))&*E$)'!2')2U!XD&

'V.>O?'F!.0R!O'&2D0!>.R!2).)'!)L.)!2YL'!1*2*)!.??!e$0K.&*.0!2$>>'&

H'2)*1.?2! .0-! 2L'! HD&>$?.)'2! )L'! '1.?$.)*D0! D0! )L'! E.2*2! DH

'VO'&*'0%'2!>.-'!P*)L!.??!H'2)*1.?2!1*2*)'-!-$&*0K!)L.)!2$>>'&!.0-

HD&>'&!'VO'&*'0%'2U!\L'!%D>O.&.)*1'!0.)$&'!DH!1.?$'2!.?2D!>'.02

)L.)! .! -*HH'&'0)! %LD*%'! 2')! M.! -*HH'&'0)! 2')! DH! .?)'&0.)*1'2! )D! E'

%D>O.&'-N!P*??!?'.-!-*HH'&'0)!%D0%?$2*D02U

Page 118: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!*

F&:-(L"/5&<* 0(U-:-/()&;-/

o A.?$'2!.&'!.?2D(C-/'"3&%F!.2!)L'!ED)L!)L'!L$>.0!).2)'2!.0-!)L'

ED-*?R!.0-!>'0).?!>'%L.0*2>2!1.&R!H&D>!D0'!O'&2D0!)D!)L'!0'V)U

\.2)'2F!PL*%L!.&'!2L.O'-!)L&D$KL!HD&>'&!*0-*1*-$.?!'VO'&*'0%'2

)L&D$KL! 2D%*.??R! ?'.&0'-! .'2)L')*%! O.))'&02!P*??! -')'&>*0'! *H! .

%D02$>'&!?*Q'2!.!)D$&*2>!-'2)*0.)*D0F!.!2'&1*%'!D&!.0!.%)$.?!'1'0)U

W0'!>*KL)!?*Q'!1*2*)*0K!H'2)*1.?2!HD&!*)2!%$?)$&.?!O$&OD2'2F!.2!P'??!.2

HD&!2D%*.?*o*0K!.)!)L'!1'0$'U!\L'!1.?$'!*2!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!%$?)$&'F

'0)'&).*0>'0)!.0-!2D%*.?!0')PD&Q*0K!E$)!L*KL?R!-*HH'&! H&D>!'.%L

D)L'&U!\L$2!O$))*0K!O&D-$%)!O&DO'&)*'2!.0-!m$.?*)*'2!*0)D!O'&2D0.?

%D0)'V)2!&'2$?)2!*2!*0-*1*-$.?*2)*%!1.?$'!J$-K'>'0)2U

o X*0.??RF!1.?$'!*2!'*:#&:-<F!*0!)L.)!'1.?$.)*D02!&'?R!D0!)L'!%D02$>O)*D0

%D0)'V)r! %D0-*)*D02U! \L*2! *01D?1'2! 2$%L!'V)'&0.?! H.%)D&2! .2! )L'

P'.)L'&F! O?.%'! %L.&.%)'&*2)*%2F! )*>*0KF! .2!P'??! .2! )L'! 2D%*.?

.)>D2OL'&'!DH!)L'!O?.%'!M/&&RF!7::ZF!7::sNU!\L'!'1'0)!O.&)*%*O.0)2

'1.?$.)*D0!-'O'0-2!D0!)L'!%D02$>O)*D0!%D0)'V)+!*0!.!&.*0R!P'.)L'&F

)L'!DO'0".*&! H'2)*1.?2!>.R!L.1'! ?'22!O.&)*%*O.0)2! 2D! )L'! 1'0$'

2'))*0K!*2!>D&'!H.>*?*.&F!'0JDR.E?'F!.?)LD$KL!)LD2'!PLD!>*KL)!.))'0-

)L'!H'2)*1.?!HD&!)L'!%&DP-"H''?*0KF!PD$?-!E'!-*2.OOD*0)'-U

" .,*/<F!%D02$>'&!1.?$'!*2!E.2'-!D0!C/-2-/-3+-'U!A.?$'F!.2!)L'!.OO&'%*.)*D0

DH!)L'!O&D-$%)r2!O&DO'&)*'2!M.!2*0K$?.&!)'&>NF!*2!E.2'-!D0!)L'!$0-'&?R*0K

.HH'%)*1'!M'>D)*D0.?!.0-!.))*)$-*0.?N!.0-!%DK0*)*1'!M'1.?$.)*D02!.0-!DO*0*D02N

'1.?$.)*1'!O.))'&0U!=%)$.?!%D02$>'&!-'%*2*D02!.&'!)L'&'HD&'!'>E'--'-

*0)D!)L'!?D0K")'&>!%D02$>O)*D0!O.))'&02F!D&F!>D&'!E&D.-?R!*0)D!)L'!?*H'2)R?'

DH!)L'!%D02$>'&U!XD&! *02).0%'!%D02$>*0K!.0!D&K.0*%F! ?D%.??R!O&D-$%'-

HDD-!*0!.0!'1'0)F!)L'!%D02$>'&!.OO&'%*.)'2!)L'!Q0DP?'-K'!DH!'.)*0K!-*2L'2

P*)LD$)!%D02'&1.)*1'2!.0-!O&'2'&1.)*1'2F!.0-!.)!)L'!2.>'!)*>'!%D0)&*E$)*0K

)D!)L'!P'??"E'*0K!DH!?D%.?!H.&>'&2!M%DK0*)*1'!O&DO'&)RNF!PL*?'!L'Y2L'!.?2D

'0JDR2!E'*0K!L'.?)L"%D02%*D$2!.0-!O&D)'%)*1'!)D!)L'!ED-R!.0-!)L'!?D%.?

'%D0D>R!.)!)L'!2.>'!)*>'!M.HH'%)*1'!O&DO'&)RNU

" L"#/:,F!%D02$>'&!1.?$'!*2!-TC-/*-3:*&%F!*0!)L.)!*)!2)'>2!H&D>!)L'!'VO'&*'0%'

DH!)L'!>.)'&*.?!DEJ'%)r2!$2.K'!D&!)L'!2'&1*%'!'0%D$0)'&U!4H!)L'!O&D-$%)!*2!.

>.)'&*.?! DEJ'%)F! )L'0! )L'! 'VO'&*'0%'! 2)'>2! H&D>! )L'! .%)*1*)*'2! DH! )L'

*0-*1*-$.?!PLD!%D02$>'2!*)n!.0-YD&!H&D>!)L'!*0)'&.%)*D02!PL*%L!'>'&K'

.&D$0-! )L'! %D02$>O)*D0! DH! )L'! O&D-$%)U! \.Q*0K! )L'! 'V.>O?'! DH! .

K.2)&D0D>R! H'2)*1.?F! *)! ED)L! DHH'&2! %$?*0.&R! 'VO'&*'0%'! HD&! )L'! 2*0K?'

%D02$>'&2F! .0-! )L'! DOOD&)$0*)R! )D! 2D%*.?*o'!P*)L! H&*'0-2! *H! %D02$>'-

)DK')L'&U!\L$2F!)L'!1.?$'!DH!.))'0-*0K!)L'!H'2)*1.?!M.0-!)L'!>'.?N!?*'2!ED)L

*0!*)2!OLR2*%.?!O&DO'&)*'2!M).2)'2F!2>'??2F!%D?D$&2NF!.2!P'??!.2!*0!*)2!2R>ED?*%

O&DO'&)*'2F!DH!E'*0K!)&'0-R!.0-!)L'!%D>>D0!*0)'&'2)!DH!.!K&D$O!DH!H&*'0-2U

40!.--*)*D0!)D!)L'!.ED1'F!*0!%.2'!DH!2'&1*%'2!*0)'&.%)*D0!.?2D!D%%$&2!E')P''0

Page 119: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!!+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

)L'!%D02$>'&!.0-!)L'!'>O?DR''!O&D1*-*0K!)L'!2'&1*%'!MDH)'0!&'H'&&'-!)D

.2!)L'!�2'&1*%'!'0%D$0)'&r!M#DP*'!.0-!aL.0KF![ZZsNNU!,VO'&*'0%'F!.0-

)L$2!%D02$>'&!M)D$&*2)N!1.?$'!*2!?.&K'?R!-'O'0-'0)!D0!)L'!*0)'&.%)*1'!.2O'%)2

DH!)L'!%D02$>O)*D0+!H'??DP!)D$&*2)2!.0-!2'&1*%'!O&D1*-*0K!LD2)2!%&'.)'!)L'

.)>D2OL'&'!DH!.!-'2)*0.)*D0!M/&&RF!7::ZNU

=)!)L*2!OD*0)!*)!2''>2!)D!E'!.OO&DO&*.)'!)D!%D02*-'&!)L'!-*HH'&'0%'!E')P''0

m$.?*)R!.0-!1.?$'U!~$.?*)R!&'?.)'2!)D!)L'!m$.0)*H*.E?'!O&DO'&)*'2!DH!)L'!O&D-$%)U

\L$2F!)L'!m$.?*)R!%D0%'O)!.OO'.&2!)D!E'!>D&'!DEJ'%)*1*2)!.0-!.2!E'*0K!>D&'

%?D2'?R!%D00'%)'-!)D!)L'!O&D-$%)!)L'0!)L'!%D02$>'&U!A.?$'!*0!)$&0F!.2!OD*0)'-

D$)!.ED1'F!-'&*1'2!H&D>!)L'!.OO&'%*.)*D0!DH!)L'!O&D-$%)!H'.)$&'2U!=2!2$%L!)L'

1.?$'! %D0%'O)! *2! 2$EJ'%)*1*2)! .0-! *2! %?D2'&! )D! )L'! %D02$>'&! '0-! DH! )L'

2'&1*%'"%D02$>'&!%D00'%)*D0U!4)!*2!P*-'?R!.%%'O)'-!)L.)!m$.?*)R!2LD$?-!E'!E.2'-

D0!%D02$>'&2r!1.?$'!'VO'%).)*D02F!E$)!K'0'&.??R!)L'!*0-*%.)D&2!DH!m$.?*)R!.&'

2')!HD&!)L'!?D0K!)'&>F!.0-!%'&).*0?R!E'HD&'!)L'!2'&1*%*0K!Y!%D02$>O)*D0!%R%?'

2).&)2U!T*)L!2')!m$.?*)R!2).0-.&-2!D0!)L'!D0'!L.0-!2*-'F!.0-!*0-*1*-$.?*2)*%!.0-

-R0.>*%.??R!%L.0K*0K!1.?$'!'VO'%).)*D02!.0-!.OO&'%*.)*D02!D0!)L'!D)L'&F!m$.?*)R

S!.)!?'.2)!*0!)L'!2LD&)!.0-!>'-*$>!)'&>!S!P*??!0D)!E'!'m$.?!)D!%D02$>'&!1.?$'U

G.)L'&!)L'&'!P*??!.?P.R2!E'!.!-*HH'&'0%'!E')P''0!)L'>+!)L*2!*2!&'H'&&'-!)D!.2

)L'!m$.?*)R!K.O!E')P''0!)L'!2'&1*%'!2O'%*H*%.)*D0!.0-!)L'!2'&1*%'!-'?*1'&R!.2

P'??!.2!E')P''0!)L'!-'?*1'&R!.0-!)L'!2'&1*%'!O'&%'O)*D0!Mg'*)L.>?!-:(&%U!7:88NU

\L'! ?*0Q! E')P''0! %D02$>'&! 1.?$'! .0-! m$.?*)R! *2! )L'&'HD&'! 0D)! DO)*>.??R

-')'&>*0*2)*%!E$)!D0?R!O&DE.E*?*2)*%U

4$F5&2$%&2(%E(6%&21F5+(N"'15

a$2)D>'&"H*&>!*0)'&.%)*D0!*2!HD%$2'-!D0!.!).2Q!S!*)!*2!.!HD%$2'-!*0)'&.%)*D0!*0

jDHH>.00r2! 2'02'U! \L'! .$)LD&2! 2$KK'2)! )L'! *0)'&.%)*D0! 1.?$'! L.1*0K! ;

-*>'02*D02+! %D0)'0)F! %D0)&D?F! %D0)*0$.)*D0F! %$2)D>*o.)*D0F! %$&&'0%RF

%D0H*K$&.)*D0F!%D0).%)!M#'&)LD0!v!iDL0F![ZZwNU

" J"3:-3:!S!\L'!E.2*%!1.?$'!-*>'02*D0!*01D?1'2!)L'!*22$'!*H!)L'!.*>2!DH!)L'

%D02$>'&! L.1'! E''0! .%L*'1'-! ER! )L'! 2'&1*%'! O&DOD2*)*D0U!G'?*.E?'

D$)%D>'2!M*0!D)L'&!PD&-2+!%D02$>O)*D0!%D02'm$'0%'2N!H&D>!)L'!2'&1*%'

.&'!1.?$'-!S!)L'!D$)%D>'!2LD$?-!E'!*0!?*0'!P*)L!O&*D&!'VO'%).)*D02U!4)!*2!DH

%D$&2'!.!H$&)L'&!*22$'!LDP!H.&!)L'2'!'VO'%).)*D02!L.1'!E''0!&'.?*2)*%+!*)!*2

.>D0K!)L'!2$OO?*'&r2!).2Q!)D!$0-'&2).0-!.0-!OD)'0)*.??R!L'?O!)D!HD&>$?.)'

)L'2'!'VO'%).)*D02U

" J"3:/"%(S!\L'&'!*2!*0)'&-'O'0-'0%'!E')P''0!)L'!2'??'&!.0-!)L'!%D02$>'&F

.2! 1.?$'! *2! %D"%&'.)'-U!6D0'!DH! )L'>!>.R!-'&*1'! 1.?$'! H&D>! )L'!$2'

2*)$.)*D0F! )L$2! )L'R! .&'! ED)L! *01D?1'-! *0)D! -'1'?DO*0K!.0-! &'.?*o*0K! .

2$%%'22H$?!2D?$)*D0U!C$'! )D! )L'! *01D?1'>'0)! ?'1'?F!ED)L!O.&)*'2! )'0-! )D

KD1'&0!)L'!2*)$.)*D0U!aD0)&D?!&'H'&2!)D!)L'!'V)'0)!)D!PL*%L!)L'!%D02$>'&!*2

Page 120: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!",

F&:-(L"/5&<* 0(U-:-/()&;-/

.E?'!.0-!'0.E?'-!ER!)L'!2'??'&!)D!-&*1'!)L'!2*)$.)*D0U!e*KL'&!%D0)&D?!?'1'?2

.&'! %D02*-'&'-! .2! >D&'! 1.?$.E?'! .2! )L*2! *2! 2''0! )D! '0.E?'! )L'

*0-*1*-$.?*o.)*D0!DH!)L'!DHH'&U!W0!)L'!D)L'&!L.0-!)D!'V'&%*2'!%D0)&D?!&'m$*&'2

2D>'!%D>O')'0%'!D0!)L'!2*-'!DH!)L'!%D02$>'&U

" J#':"5*@&:*"3!S!TL'&'.2!%D0)&D?!&'H'&2!)D!)L'!.E*?*)R!.0-!OD22*E*?*)R!DH!)L'

%D02$>'&!)D!*0H?$'0%'!)L'!2'&1*%'F!%$2)D>*o.)*D0!-'2%&*E'2!)L'!2'&1*%'

O&D1*-'&r2!.E*?*)R!)D!'>O.)L*o'!)L'!%D02$>'&r2!2*)$.)*D0!.0-!H.2L*D0!)L'

*0)'&.%)*D0!S!)L'!2'&1*%'!O&D1*2*D0!S!.%%D&-*0K!)D!)L'!2O'%*.?!&'m$*&'>'0)2

$0-'&2)DD-U!a'&).*0?RF!)L*2!1.?$'!-*>'02*D0!?.%Q2!)L'!2'02'!DH!ODP'&!)L.)

*2!O&D1*-'-!P*)L!%D0)&D?F!E$)!O.>O'&2!)L'!%D02$>'&!P*)L!.!%D01'0*'0)F

).*?D&!>.-'!2D?$)*D0U

" J"3:*3#&:*"3!S!aD0)*0$.)*D0!&'H'&2!)D!'V)'0)!)D!PL*%L!)L'!2'??'&!.0-!)L'

%D02$>'&!.&'!.E?'!)D!*0)'K&.)'!)L'!O.2)!.0-!)L'!H$)$&'!*0)D!)L'!&'?.)*D02L*OU

40)'&.%)*D02!E.2'-!D0!O.2)! 'VO'&*'0%'2!P*??!>.Q'!'.2*'&! )D! 2O'.Q! )L'

%D>>D0!?.0K$.K'!.0-!.K&''!D0!)L'!'1'0)!H'.)$&'2U!X$)$&'!D&*'0).)*D0F

)L.)!*2!)L'!O&D2O'%)!)D!%DDO'&.)'!*0!)L'!H$)$&'!*0%&'.2'2!%D0HD&>.)*D0!?'1'?F

P*)L!ED)L!)L'!O.&)*'2!E'*0K!*0)'&'2)'-!*0!)L'!2$%%'22H$?!D$)%D>'U

" J#//-3+;!S!40)'&.%)*D02!.&'!2'02*)*1'!)D!)*>'!.0-!)*>*0KU!\L'!%D02$>'&

1.?$'2!)L'!2'??'&r2!.E*?*)R!)D!&'2OD0-!)D!&'m$'2)2!*0!-$'!)*>'!.0-!)D!O&D1*-'

2'&1*%'!D0!)*>'U!\L*2!*2!'2O'%*.??R!)&$'!PL'&'!)L'!O'&*D-!.1.*?.E?'!HD&!2'&1*%'

$2'!*2!?*>*)'-!.0-!PL'&'!)L'!%D02$>'&!>.Q'2!$2'!DH!.!O&D-$%)!E$0-?'!S

ED)L!*2!)L'!%.2'!*0!)D$&*2>!.0-!'2O'%*.??R!*0!)L'!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!H*'?-U

" J"32*$#/&:*"3!S!\L'!?D%.)*D0.?!M2O.)*.?N!1.?$'!?*'2!*0!)L'!2'??'&r2!.E*?*)R!)D

O&D1*-'!2'&1*%'!.)!.!-'2*&'-!?D%.)*D0U!i$2)!.2!)'>OD&.??RF!*0)'&.%)*D02!.&'

.?2D!2O.%'!2'02*)*1'U!\L'!?D%.)*D0!DH!)L'!2'&1*%'!O&D1*-'2!1.?$'!)L&D$KL

)L'!'.2R!DH! .%%'22! HD&! )L'! %D02$>'&U!X$&)L'&>D&'F! *0! )D$&*2>!2'&1*%'

?D%.)*D0!>*KL)!E'!)L'!O&'>*$>!1.?$'!-*>'02*D0!.2!)L'!%D0)'0)!1.?$'!*2

%?D2'?R!.22D%*.)'-!P*)L!)L'!?D%.)*D0!S!)L'!'VO'&*'0%'!DH!)L'!O?.%'!*2!O&*>.&R

)D!)L'!'VO'&*'0%'!DH!2'&1*%'U

" J"3:&+:!S!T'!%.0!-*2)*0K$*2L!E')P''0!)L'!O&D%'22!.0-!)L'!D$)%D>'!1.?$'

DH! )L'! 2'&1*%'! M%HU! )'%L0*%.?! .0-! H$0%)*D0.?! m$.?*)RNU! \L'! .ED1'! 1.?$'

-*>'02*D02!-'.?!P*)L!1.&*D$2!.2O'%)2!DH!W,&:!*2!-'?*1'&'-!)D!)L'!%D02$>'&U

aD0).%)!&'H'&2!)D!)L'!'V)'0)!)D!PL*%L!)L'!D1'&.??!'VO'&*'0%'!DH!,"W!)L'

2'&1*%'!L.2!E''0!O&D1*-'-!-'?*1'&2!1.?$'!)D!)L'!%$2)D>'&U

CN5&#(F"&".5F5&#("&G(5F7'%,F5&#

\L'!K&DP*0K!&'%DK0*)*D0!DH!)L'!&D?'!DH!'1'0)2!.2!>D)*1.)D&2!HD&!)D$&*2>!.0-

%.).?R2)2!HD&!-'2)*0.)*D0!%D>O')*)*1'0'22!L.2!?'-!)D!.!2$E2'm$'0)!K&DP)L!DH

)L*2!2'%)D&!PL*%L!L.2!*>O?*%.)*D02!HD&!L$>.0!&'2D$&%'2!.2!.!H.%)D&!DH!1.?$'

%D"%&'.)*D0U!aD02'm$'0)?RF!)L'&'!L.2!E''0!.0!*0%&'.2'!*0!)L'!0''-!HD&!m$.?*H*'-

O'&2D00'?!PLD!.&'!.E?'!)D!%&'.)'F!D&K.0*o'F!%DD&-*0.)'!.0-!>.0.K'!'1'0)2F

Page 121: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!"!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

E$)!.2!*2!K'0'&.??R!)L'!%.2'!P*)L!2$%L!0'P?R!'>'&K*0K!2'%)D&2!DH!)L'!'%D0D>RF

)L'!O&D1*2*D0!DH!)&.*0*0K!HD&!2$%L!O'&2D00'?!L.2!?.KK'-!E'L*0-!-'>.0-U!\L'

.E2'0%'!DH!.!-'1'?DO'-!O&DH'22*D0.?!%$?)$&'!>'.02!)L.)!)L'&'!*2!.?2D!L$K'

1.&*.)*D0! *0! )L'!m$.?*H*%.)*D0! ?'1'?! DH! O'&2D02!>.0.K*0K!'1'0)2U!eDP'1'&F

.?)LD$KL! *)! L.2!E''0!P*-'?R! .&K$'-! )L.)! '1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)! *2F! *0! H.%)F! .

O&DH'22*D0! Me.&&*2F![ZZsn!jD?-E?.))F![ZZsF!%*)'-! *0!A.0!-'&!T.K'0F![ZZ;NF

PL.)!*)!>'.02!)D!E'!.!O&DH'22*D0!.0-!)L'!%D0%'O)!DH!O&DH'22*D0.?*2>!*)2'?H!.&'

2L*H)*0K!OL'0D>'0.U!40!)L*2!'VO?D&.)D&R!&'2'.&%L!P'!O&D1*-'!.0!*02*KL)!*0)D

PL.)!-*&'%)*D0!O&DH'22*D0.?*2>F!.2!.!-D>.*0!DH!-'1'?DO*0K!1.?$'!%&'.)*1'!2Q*??2

.0-! %D>O')'0%'2! *2! ).Q*0K! *0! )L'! H*'?-!DH! '1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)! *0!e$0K.&RU

40)'&1*'P2!P'&'!$0-'&).Q'0!P*)L!O&DH'22*D0.?!.22D%*.)*D02!.0-!.!2$&1'R!P.2

%D0-$%)'-!P*)L!'1'0)!D&K.0*o*0K!%D>O.0*'2!)D!$0-'&2).0-!)L'!0.)$&'F!1.?$'

.0)*%*O.)*D0! .0-! &'2OD02*1'!>.0.K'>'0)! O&.%)*%'2!P*)L*0! )L'! H*'?-U! \L'

&'2'.&%L!&'1'.?2!PL.)!)L'!*0-$2)&R!2''2!.2!)L'!2Q*??2F!.E*?*)*'2!.0-!%D>O')'0%*'2

&'m$*&'-!HD&!'1'0)!>.0.K'&2U

\L'!'1'0)!2'%)D&!*2!.!&.O*-?R!K&DP*0K!.0-!*0%&'.2*0K?R!O&DH'22*D0.?*o'-!H*'?-

P*)L! .??! '1'0)2! 0DP! E'*0K! 2''0! )D! &'m$*&'! O&DH'22*D0.?! O?.00*0K! .0-

>.0.K'>'0)U!40!m$.0)*).)*1'!)'&>2!)L'!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!2'%)D&!*2!>'.2$&'-

D0!)L'!E.2*2!DH!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!O?.00'-!'1'0)2!DH!1.&*D$2!)RO'2U!40!e$0K.&RF

2).)*2)*%2!.&'!>.*0?R!HD%$2'-!D0!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'2F!'VL*E*)*D02F!.0-!D0

%$?)$&.?!H'2)*1.?2!Me$0K.&*.0!aD01'0)*D0!#$&'.$F![ZZwF![ZZ;N!PL*%L!2LDP!.0

$0E&DQ'0! *0%&'.2'! *0! )L'!0$>E'&! DH! 2$%L!'1'0)2U! 40! [ZZ;! )L'!0$>E'&! DH

%D0H'&'0%'2!.0-!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!H.*&2!K&'P!ER!7[x!%D>O.&'-!)D!)L'!O&'1*D$2

R'.&!M98s!%D0H'&'0%'2F!<[!H.*&2!*0![ZZ;NF!.?)LD$KL!)L'!*0)'02*)R!DH!.00$.?!K&DP)L

L.?1'-U!\L'!'VL*E*)*D0!>.&Q')!2*o'!*2!.?2D!K&DP*0Kn!>'>E'&2!DH!)L'!=22D%*.)*D0

DH!e$0K.&*.0!,VL*E*)*D0!.0-!X.*&!W&K.0*o'&2!LD?-!.OO&DV*>.)'?R!8sx!DH!)L'

PLD?'!'VL*E*)*D0!>.&Q')F!PL*%L!>'.02!R'.&?R!.0!.1'&.K'!DH!8Z!'VL*E*)*D02

.0-!)&.-'!'1'0)2U!=%%D&-*0K!)D!)L'!e$0K.&*.0!X'2)*1.?!W&K.0*o'&2!)L'&'!.&'

>D&'!)L.0!<FZZZ!H'2)*1.?2!*0!e$0K.&R!PL*%L!.))&.%)!78"[Z!>*??*D0!1*2*)D&2!H&D>

e$0K.&R!.0-!.E&D.-U

\L'!1.2)!>.JD&*)R!DH!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!%D>O.0*'2!P'&'!HD$0-'-!E')P''0

7::s!.0-![ZZ;U!\L'!'V.%)!2*o'!DH!)L'!'1'0)!*0-$2)&R!*2!$0Q0DP0!-$'!)D!)L'

>.0R!H?R"ER"0*KL)!'1'0)2!P*)L!*0"2*)$F!$0%'&)*H*'-!D&K.0*o'&2U!eDP'1'&F!)L'&'

*2!>D&'!'V.%)! *0HD&>.)*D0!D0!I&DH'22*D0.?!aD0H'&'0%'!W&K.0*o'&2!MIaW2NF

)L'!O&DH'22*D0.?!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!%D>O.0*'2F!.0-!H'2)*1.?!D&K.0*o'&2!)L&D$KL

)L'*&!O&DH'22*D0.?!>'>E'&2L*O2F!.0!*0-*%.)*D0!DH!)L'*&!?D0K'&!'V*2)'0%'!.0-

O&DH'22*D0.?!m$.?*)RU!\L'&'!.&'!.OO&DV*>.)'?R!7<Z!H'2)*1.?!D&K.0*o'&2!.0-!9Z

'1'0)!%D>O.0*'2F!D0'!)L*&-!DH!PL*%L!.&'!IaW2!2O'%*.?*o*0K! *0!'-$%.)*D0.?

.0-! 2%*'0)*H*%! '1'0)2! .0-! )PD! )L*&-2! DH!PL*%L! D&K.0*o'! E$2*0'22! '1'0)2

Page 122: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!""

F&:-(L"/5&<* 0(U-:-/()&;-/

M>'')*0K2F!%D02$>'&!.0-!)&.-'!2LDP2NU!\L'!e$0K.&*.0!\D$&*2>!iD*0)!5)D%Q

aD>O.0R!&'K*2)'&'-!.0-!m$.?*H*'-!<Z!IaW2!*0![ZZwF!*0!%D0)&.2)!)D!7::Z!PL'0

)L'&'!P'&'!D0?R!w!IaW2U!\L'&'!L.2!E''0!.!)'0-'0%R!)DP.&-!D&K.0*o*0K!O&*1.)'

'1'0)2! 2$%L!.2!P'--*0K2F! O.&)*'2! .0-! 2D%*.?2! )L&D$KL!O&DH'22*D0.?! '1'0)

>.0.K'&2!PL*%L!*2!.!0'P!)RO'!DH!'1'0)!E$2*0'22!*0!e$0K.&RU!4)!>$2)!E'!0D)'-

)L.)!*0!>.0R!%.2'2!)L'!O&DH*?'!DH!)L'!%D>O.0*'2!.&'!0D)!1'&R!O&'%*2'n!-$'!)D

'%D0D>*%! &'.2D02! .! %D>O.0R!>.R! $2'! )L'*&! H&''! %.O.%*)R! )D! D&K.0*o'

&'%&'.)*D0.?!.0-!'0)'&).*0>'0)!'1'0)2F!E.??2!.0-!%'&'>D0*'2!*0!.--*)*D0!)D

E$2*0'22!>'')*0K2!.0-!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'2!MXD&>.-*!v!G.HH.*F![ZZ:NU

A5#3%G%'%.,

\L'!&'2'.&%L!D0!&'m$*&'-!2Q*??2F!%D>O')'0%'2!.0-!'VO'&*'0%'2!*2!E.2'-!D0

2'>*"2)&$%)$&'-!*0)'&1*'P2!P*)L!e$0K.&*.0!'1'0)!>.0.K'&!M>.0.K'&2!DH!'1'0)

E$2*0'22'2NU!\L'!2.>O?'!2*o'!%D02*2)'-!DH![s!'1'0)!%D>O.0*'2F!DH!PLD>!7w

.&'!I&DH'22*D0.?!aD0K&'22! Y!aD0H'&'0%'!W&K.0*o'&2! MIaW2NF! 9! 'VL*E*)*D0

D&K.0*o'&2!.0-!s!H'2)*1.?!D&K.0*o'&2U!=2!.ED1'!2).)'-!)L'!2*o'!DH!)L'!*0-$2)&R

*2!D0?R!'2)*>.)'-!-$'!)D!)L'!&.O*-!%L.0K'2!DH!D&K.0*o'&2U!\L'!2.>O?'!2*o'

%D1'&2!.ED$)!L.?H!DH!)L'!IaW2F!D0'!m$.&)'&!DH!)L'!'VL*E*)*D0!D&K.0*o'&2!.0-

D0?R!.!1'&R!2>.??!O'&%'0).K'!DH!H'2)*1.?!D&K.0*o'&2!.2!)L'!H'2)*1.?2!.&'!D&K.0*o'-

ER!>D&'!)L.0!D0'!)LD$2.0-!6jW2F!?D%.?!%D>>$0*)*'2!D&!'1'0)!%D>O.0*'2F!DH

PLD>!'V.%)!0$>E'&2!.&'!%D02).0)?R!%L.0K*0KU!\L'!-.).!%D??'%)*D0!O'&*D-!?.2)'-

E')P''0!C'%'>E'&![ZZ;!.0-!X'E&$.&R![ZZ8U!\L'!$2'!DH! 2'>*"2)&$%)$&'-

*0)'&1*'P2!'0%D$&.K'-!&'2OD0-'0)2!)D!%D>>'0)!DO'0?R!.0-!H&''?RU!\L'!0.)$&'

DH!)L'!m$'2)*D02!&.0K'-!H&D>!)L'!'>O*&*%.?!)D!)LD2'!2''Q*0K!)D!'2).E?*2L!DO*0*D02

.ED$)!)L'!%D>O')'0%'2!.0-!&'m$*&'>'0)2!DH!'1'0)!O&DH'22*D0.?2U

H"'15(6%/6+5"#$%&($&(5N5&#(F"&".5F5&#

40!)L'!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!%.2'!1.?$'!*2!%&'.)'-!*0!.!)&R.-*%!&'?.)*D02L*O!E')P''0

)L'! O&DH'22*D0.?! '1'0)!>.0.K'&F! )L'! LD2)! .0-! )L'! O.&)*%*O.0)U! ,1'0)

>.0.K'>'0)!2'&1*%'2!.&'!%D>>D0?R!$2'-!.2!)L'!LD2)!?.%Q2!>.&Q')!*0HD&>.)*D0F

D&K.0*o.)*D0.?!2Q*??2!.0-YD&!H.%'2!&'2D$&%'!M'UKU!)*>'N!%D02)&.*0)2U!40!D&-'&!)D

>.Q'!%D>O')*)*1'!1.?$'!O&DOD2*)*D02F!)L'!'1'0)!>.0.K'&!0''-2!)D!O&DO'&?R

.0)*%*O.)'! )L'! 1.?$'! &'m$*&'>'0)2! DH! ED)L! )L'! LD2)2! .0-! )L'! O.&)*%*O.0)2U

XD??DP*0K!#'&)LD0!.0-!iDL0r2!M[ZZwN!H&.>'PD&Q!)D!.0.?Ro'!%D02$>'&!1.?$'

P'!P*??!0DP!)$&0!)D!)L'!.0.?R2*2!DH!)L'!'>O*&*%.?!1.?$'!.0)*%*O.)*D02U!X*&2)F!P'

P*??!&'OD&)!D0!'1'0)!>.0.K'&2r!-'2*&'-!2Q*??2!.0-!%D>O')'0%'2F!2'%D0-!P'

P*??!.0.?R2'!)L'!1.?$'2!2D$KL)!ER!LD2)2!.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2F!.2!.0)*%*O.)'-!ER

'1'0)!>.0.K'&2!.0-!)L*&-F!P'!P*??!$0HD?-!)L'!?*0Q!E')P''0!1.?$'!.0)*%*O.)*D02

.0-!2Q*??2!.0-!%D>O')'0%'2U

Page 123: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!"#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

H"'15(G$F5&2$%&2

2$E;.E;

=2! *)! *2! DE1*D$2F! ED)L! LD2)2! .0-! O.&)*%*O.0)! .&'! %D02*-'&'-! )D! ?DDQ! HD&! .

O&DH'22*D0.??R!>.0.K'-! '1'0)U! \L'! '1'0)! *2! D0! )L'! D0'! L.0-! 2*-'! .0

'VO'&*'0%'F!E$)!D0!)L'!D)L'&!L.0-!2*-'!)L*2!'VO'&*'0%'!L.2!.!1'&R!2O'%*.?

H$0%)*D0+!*)!*2!)L'!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!>'-*.!HD&!ED)L!LD2)2!.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!I&DO'&

>.0.K'>'0)!)L$2!>'.02!)L.)!)L*2!>'22.K'!*2!H$??R!%D>>$0*%.)'-F!)&.02>*))'-

.0-!&'%'*1'-!ER!)L'!).&K')'-!.$-*'0%'U!eD2)2!.&'!*0!.!1'&R!2O'%*.?!OD2*)*D0!DH

-')'&>*0*0K!)L'!>.*0!H&.>'!DH!)L'!>'22.K'!)D!E'!%D>>$0*%.)'-F!LDP'1'&

O.&)*%*O.0)2!.&'!>D&'!)L'0!J$2)!>'&'!&'%'*1'&2+!)L'R!.&'!%D"2L.O*0K!)L'!D1'&.??

>'22.K'U!\L*2!*2!DE1*D$2!P*)L!'1'0)2!?*Q'!%D0H'&'0%'2!D&!H.*&2F!E$)!.?2D!P*)L

%$?)$&.?!'1'0)2!?*Q'!%D0%'&)2!D&!H'2)*1.?2F!)L'!.)>D2OL'&'!%&'.)'-!ER!)L'!-R0.>*%

*0)'&.%)*D0!DH!.??!O.&)*%*O.0)2!*2!.!%'0)&.?!H'.)$&'!DH!)L'!'1'0)U!XD&!)L'!'1'0)

>.0.K'&!PLD!$0-'&2).0-2!)L*2!%D>O?'V!&'?.)*D02L*O!)L'!DE1*D$2!1.?$'!%&'.)*1'

).2Q2!*01D?1'

" )D!-'2*K0!.0!'VO'&*'0%'!)L.)!'HH'%)*1'?R!%.&&*'2!)L'!>.*0!>'22.K'F

" )D!-'2*K0!.!O&DK&.>!'0.E?*0K!>$?)*?.)'&.?!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!.>D0K!LD2)2

.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2F

" )D!'HH'%)*1'?R!>.0.K'!'1'0)!&'2D$&%'2F

" )D!O&DH'22*D0.??R!&'.?*o'!)L'!'1'0)!.%%D&-*0K!)L'!O?.00'-!O&DK&.>U

2$E;<$'

40!%.2'!DH!'1'0)2!*)!*2!DE1*D$2!)L.)!*0HD&>.)*D0!.2R>>')&R!'V*2)2!.>D0K!)L'

O.&)*'2!*01D?1'-U!\L'!'1'0)!>.0.K'&!L.2!D0?R!?*>*)'-!S!D&!0D0'!S!$0-'&2).0-*0K

DH!)L'!%D0)'0)!.0-!.*>!DH!)L'!'1'0)!O&DJ'%)U!\L'!LD2)F!D0!)L'!D)L'&!L.0-!*2!0D)

.E?'!)D!H$??R!$0-'&2).0-!)L'!2*)$.)*D0!.)!)L'!O&'"O?.00*0K!2).K'!.0-!L'Y2L'!*2

.?2D!0D)!.E?'!)D!J$-K'!*H!)L'!2'&1*%'!*2!ODD&!D&!KDD-!.)!)L'!-'?*1'&*0K!2).K'U

A.?$'!HD&!)L'!LD2)!P*??!E'!DHH'&'-!P*)L!'02$&*0K!)L.)! *)!L.2!%D0)&D?!D1'&!)L'

>.0.K'>'0)!O&D%'22!.2!P'??!.2!)L'!%D0)'0)!DH!)L'!'VO'&*'0%'U!\L*2!P*??!E'

>D&'! )L.0! J$2)! O&D1*-*0K! )L'! DOOD&)$0*)R! )D! -'%*-'+! *)! .?2D! L.2! )D! *01D?1'

'>ODP'&*0K!)L'!LD2)!)D!&'%'*1'!.??!*0HD&>.)*D0!.0-!2$OOD&)!)D!>.Q'!.0!DO)*>.?

-'%*2*D0U!aD0)&D?!1.?$'!HD&!)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)!P*??!'02$&'!)L.)!L'Y2L'!P*??!K.*0!2D>'

H?'V*E*?*)R!*0!-'2*K0*0K!)L'!HD&>!DH!O.&)*%*O.)*D0!M'UKU!ER!2'?'%)*D0!E')P''0!D&.?

.0-!OD2)'&!O&'2'0).)*D0!D&!ER!DHH'&*0K!.!&.0K'!DH!LD)'?2!)D!%LDD2'!H&D>NU

2%);$C+](;+$E

=??!'1'0)!>.0.K'&2!&'H'&&'-!)D!%$2)D>*o.)*D0!.2!.!2$%%'22!H.%)D&F!)L.)!*2!.

%&$%*.?!1.?$'!HD&!ED)L!LD2)2!.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!#D)L!DH!)L'2'!O.&)*'2!2''>!)D

Page 124: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!"&

F&:-(L"/5&<* 0(U-:-/()&;-/

1.?$'! *H! _)L'! '1'0)2!>.0.K'&! 2O'.Q2! )L'*&! ?.0K$.K'qF! *H! )L'!>.0.K'&

$0-'&2).0-2!)L'*&!&'m$*&'>'0)2!.0-!O&D1*-'2!.OO&DO&*.)'!2D?$)*D02!)D!)L'>U

XD&!)L'!LD2)!*)!*2!%D02*-'&'-!)D!E'!*>OD&).0)!)L.)!)L'!>.0.K'&!$0-'&2).0-2!)L'

H*'?-!.)!?'.2)!*0!)L.)!-'O)L!)L.)!)L'!O&DOD2'-!2D?$)*D02!.&'!*0!?*0'!P*)L!)L'!.*>2U

XD&!)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)!*)!*2!%D02*-'&'-!)D!E'!*>OD&).0)!)L.)!)L'!>.0.K'&!$0-'&2).0-2

ED)L! )L'! O.&)*%*O.0)2r! .*>2! .2! P'??! .2! L*2YL'&! %D02$>'&! E'L.1*D$&

%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2F!*01D?1*0K!*0HD&>.)*D0!&'m$*&'>'0)2F!&*2Q!O'&%'O)*D0!.0-!%&$%*.?

-'%*2*D0!>.Q*0K!OD*0)2U!\L*2!2$KK'2)2!)L.)!LD2)2!.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2!&'m$*&'!%D0)&D?

D0?R!)D!>.Q'!2$&'!)L'!'1'0)!P*??!H$??R!2.)*2HR!)L'*&!.*>2F!.2!?D0K!.2!)L'!>.0.K'&

*2!.E?'! )D! H$?H*?! )L'2'!P*2L'2F!ED)L!DH! )L'2'!O.&)*'2!.&'!P*??*0K! )D!'V%L.0K'

%D0)&D?!HD&!%D01'0*'0%'U

2$E;+E%(;+$E

4H!2.)*2H*'-F!ED)L!LD2)2!.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2!)'0-!)D!E'%D>'!&')$&0*0K!%?*'0)2U!\L'

&'2OD0-'0)2!&'H'&&'-!)D!)L'!*>OD&).0%'!DH!)&$2)!-'1'?DO'-!'2O'%*.??R!E')P''0

)L'!>.0.K'&!.0-!)L'!LD2)+!1.?$'!%&'.)*D0F!-$'!)D!*)2!*0)'&.%)*1'!%L.&.%)'&!*2

L*KL?R!-'O'0-'0)!*0!)L'!%DDO'&.)*D0!E')P''0!)L'!%?*'0)!.0-!)L'!O&DH'22*D0.?U

\L'!O&DE?'>"2D?1*0K!*2!E.2'-!D0!)L'!%?*'0)r2!:/#':!*0!)L'!'VO'&)*2'!DH!)L'!IaW

H*&>U!\L'!2'02'!DH!)&$2)!*2!.!1.?$'!*0!*)2'?H!.2!*)!O&D-$%'2!)L'!H''?*0K!DH!2.H')R

.0-!2'%$&*)R!0'%'22.&R!)D!%D02*-'&!)L'!'1'0)!'VO'&*'0%'!.2!2$*).E?'U!\&$2)

-'1'?DO2!D0! )L'!E.2*2!DH!2$%%'22H$?! HD&>'&!-'?*1'&*'2! M'1'0)2N!ED)L! )D! )L'

2.>'!LD2)!.0-!*0!K'0'&.?!.2!&'O&'2'0)'-!*0!)L'!>.&Q')!*>.K'!DH!)L'!IaWU

2%<<.E,?

h'R!)D!)L'!2$%%'22!DH!'1'0)2!*2!)D!2)*%Q!)D!)L'!O?.00*0K!.K'0-.!.0-!)L'!.%)$.??R

)*>'-!'1'0)U!B'')*0K!-'.-?*0'!*0!O?.00*0K!*2!&'2D$&%'"2.1*0K!HD&!)L'!LD2)F!.2

P'??!.2!*)!%D0)&*E$)'2!)D!-'1'?DO*0K!)L'!2'02'!DH!)&$2)!E')P''0!)L'!>.0.K'&

.0-!)L'!LD2)U!TL'0!&'.?*o*0K!)L'!'1'0)F!)*>*0K!*2!%&$%*.?!.2!)L'!)*>'!2)&$%)$&'

DH!)L'!'1'0)!*2!)L'!>.JD&!2)&$%)$&*0K!2%L'>'!.>D0K!&'2D$&%'2F!%D0)&*E$)D&2

.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!C'?.R2F!&'O?.%'>'0)2!)L$2!'0-!$O!*0!%D0H$2*D0!.0-!$0-'&>*0'

)L'!'HH'%)*1'0'22!DH!>'22.K'!)&.02>*22*D0F!D0"2*)'!>$?)*?.)'&.?!%D>>$0*%.)*D0

.2!P'??!.2!)L'!D1'&.??!2.)*2H.%)*D0!DH!)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)2U

2$E6+&%<(;+$E

]D%.)*D0.?!H.%)D&2!.&'!*01D?1'-!*0!ED)L!O?.00*0K!.0-!&'.?*o.)*D0!DH!.0!'1'0)U

eDP'1'&F!.2! &'2OD0-'0)2! &'OD&)'-F!P*)L! )L'!K&DP*0K! *>OD&).0%'!DH! 1*&)$.?

%D>>$0*%.)*D0!.0-!%D??.ED&.)*D0!HD&>2!)L'!2O.)*.?!%D"O&'2'0%'!DH!)L'!>.0.K'&

.0-!)L'!LD2)!E'%D>'2!>D&'!.0-!>D&'!2'%D0-.&RU!=)!2D>'!Q'R!>'')*0K2!H.%'

)D!H.%'!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!DH!'VO'%)'-!E$)!)L'!>.JD&*)R!DH!)L'!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!)L.)

.%%D>O.0*'2!)L'!O?.00*0K!O&D%'22!).Q'2!O?.%'!*0!1*&)$.?!HD&>U!W0!)L'!D)L'&

L.0-!)L'!'VO'&*'0%'!)L.)!.!2O'%*.?!O?.%'!.2!.!1'0$'!>.R!O&D1*-'!*2!Q'R!)D!)L'

Page 125: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!"'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

2$%%'22+!ED)L!.%%'22!.0-!2*)'!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!.&'!%D02*-'&'-!)D!E'!*>OD&).0)

H'.)$&'2!HD&!LD2)2U!\L$2!HD&!)L'!LD2)F!)L'!'1'0)!1'0$'M2N!)'0-!)D!%.&&R!>D&'

1.?$'!)L'0!)L'!?D%.)*D0!DH!)L'!>.0.K'&U!XD&!)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)F!'1'0)!1'0$'!>.R

%.&&R!.??!)L'!-'2)*0.)*D0!1.?$'2+!)L'!'.2R!DH!.%%'22F!2O'%*.?*)R!DH!O?.%'F!)L'

$0*m$'0'22!DH!1*2*).)*D0!.)!D)L'&!D%%.2*D02!.&'!2''0!ER!>.0.K'&2!.2!1.?$'

H.%)D&2!DH!O.&)*%*O.0)2U

2$E;(,;

a&$%*.?!)D!'1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!*2!)L'!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!O&D%'22!)L.)!'02$&'2!)L'

D0KD*0K!*0)'&.%)*D0!E')P''0!>.0.K'&2F!LD2)2!.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2U!\L'!O'&2D0.?

.0-!D&K.0*o.)*D0.?!%L.&.%)'&*2)*%2!DH!)L*2!%D>>$0*%.)*D0F!D&F!*0!D)L'&!PD&-2F

)L'!%D0).%)2!-'1'?DO'-!E')P''0!)L'!O.&)*'2!*01D?1'-!*2!2''0!.2!.0!*>OD&).0)

1.?$'! H.%)D&U! A.?$'-! ER! ED)L! LD2)2! .0-! O.&)*%*O.0)2! .&'! )L'! '.2R! DH

%D>>$0*%.)*D0F!O&DO'&!Q0DP?'-K'!>.0.K'>'0)F!&'?*.E?'!*0HD&>.)*D0!O&D1*2*D0

.0-!m$*%Q!&'O?RU

-%&6'12$%&O(H"'152("&G(2Y$''2

,1'0)!>.0.K'>'0)!&'m$*&'2!>$?)*"2Q*??2!*01D?1*0K!O&DH'22*D0.?F!>.0.K'&*.?F

%DK0*)*1'! .0-! 2DH)! 2Q*??2U! 40! .--*)*D0! )D! HD&>.?! '-$%.)*D0.?! E.%QK&D$0-! M*0

)D$&*2>F!>.*0?RN!'1'0)!>.0.K'&2!&'1'.?'-!1.&*D$2!2Q*??2!.0-!'VO'&*'0%'2!)D

E'!1'&R!*>OD&).0)!H.%)D&2!DH!E'*0K!.!KDD-!O&DH'22*D0.?Uz\L'2'!2Q*??2!.&'!0D)

%'&)*H*'-F!.?2D!L.&-!)D!>'.2$&'F!E$)!*H!)L'R!.&'!K.*0'-!.0-!O&.%)*%'-!D1'&!)L'

R'.&2!P*??!-')'&>*0'!*H!PD&Q!*2!'HH'%)*1'!.0-!2$%%'22H$?U!#.2'-!D0!)L'!&'2OD02'2F

2Q*??2!>.R!E'!K&D$O'-!*0)D!HD$&!>.*0!.&'.2+

.&IXgX(1?*%%'(*3(>9-3:(5&3&$-5-3:

@%E#(2Y$''2

" .-.O).E*?*)R

" %DDO'&.)*D0!2Q*??2

" 2'?H"%D0)&D?

" ?DR.?)R

" %D0H?*%)"&'2D?$"

)*D0!2Q*??2

" OD2*)*1'!.))*)$-'

" H?'V*E*?*)R

A"&".5+$"'(2Y$''2

" decision-makingability

" timemanagement

" planning skillsand integrity

" attention todetails andaccuracy

" innovation andcontinuousimprovement

" networking andhuman capital

" O&'2'0).)*D0

2Q*??2

0+%E522$%&"'(2Y$''2

" 4\"2Q*??2

" ?'K.?!*22$'2

" >.&Q')*0K

" O&DJ'%)! >.0."

K'>'0)

" '1'0)!)'%L0D?DKR

" ?.0K$.K'

" .%%D$0)*0K

" &*2Q!>.0.K'>'0)

" .E*?*)R! )D! ?'.&0

H&D>!'&&D&2

" %D>E*0.)*D0!2Q*??2

" %D>O&'L'02*1'

1*'P

" *0)'??*K'0%'

" %&'.)*1*)R

-%.&$#$N5(2Y$''2

" problem-solvingability

" ability to learnfrom errors

" combinationskills

" comprehensiveview

" intelligence" creativity

Page 126: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!"(

F&:-(L"/5&<* 0(U-:-/()&;-/

\L'2'!2Q*??2!%.0!E'!2''0!.2!1.?$'!%&'.)D&2U!\L$2!*0!)L'!HD??DP*0K!P'!P*??!D$)?*0'

)L'! &'?.)*D02L*O!E')P''0! )L'! 1.?$'2! 2D$KL)! ER!LD2)2! .0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2! M.2

.0)*%*O.)'-!ER!'1'0)!>.0.K'&2N!.0-!)L'!2Q*??2!.0-!%D>O')'0%'2!PL*%L!)L'

'1'0)!>.0.K'&2!.OO?R!)D!%D"%&'.)'!)L'2'!1.?$'2U

>"*J(KJ(@Y$''2("2(N"'15(G+$N5+2($&(5N5&#(F"&".5F5&#

(((((((H"'15 H"'15("&#$6$7"#$%& H"'15 @Y$''2("&G

((G$F5&2$%& /(3%2#2 "&#$6$7"#$%&(/ 6%F75#5&652

7"+#$6$7"&#2

aD0)'0) ,VO'&*'0%'!.2!.!)&.02" ,VO'&*'0%'!DH 400D1.)*D0

>*))'&!DH!>'22.K' %D>>$0*%.)*D0 aD0)*0$D$2!*>O&D1'"

>'0)

I&'2'0).)*D0!)'%L0*"

m$'2

aD0)&D? aD0)&D?!D1'&!O?.00*0K aD0)&D?!D1'& I&DE?'>"2D?1*0K!.E*?*)R

-'K&''!.0-!P.R aD0H?*%)"&'2D?$)*D0

DH!O.&)*%*O.)*D0 2Q*??2

aD>>$0*%.)*D0!2Q*??

=))'0)*D0!)D!-').*?2

=%%$&.%R

a$2)D>*o.)*D0 aD01'0*'0%'!*0!O?.00*0K aD01'0*'0%'!*0 40)'??*K'0%'

O.&)*%*O.)*D0 e$>.0!%.O*).?

ID2*)*1'!.))*)$-'

aD0)*0$.)*D0 \&$2) \&$2) =-.O).E*?*)R

]DR.?)R

6')PD&Q*0K

a$&&'0%R 5$%%'22H$?!>.0.K'" I$0%)$.?!&'.?*o." \*>'">.0.K'>'0)

>'0)!DH!)L'!'1'0)!.2!. )*D0!DH!)L'!'1'0) \'.>"2O*&*)

O&DJ'%) =E*?*)R!)D!PD&Q!P*)L

-*HH'&'0)!O'DO?'

X?'V*E*?*)R

aD0H*K$&.)*D0 ,1'0)!1'0$'!.2 ,1'0)!1'0$'!.2!. 6')PD&Q*0K

>.22.K'!)&.02>*))'& P'??!2*)$.)'- X?'V*E*?*)R

'VO'&*'0%'2

aD0).%) ,.2RF!&'?*.E*?*)R!.0- ,.2RF!&'?*.E*?*)R 5'?H">.0.K'>'0)!2Q*??2

.%%'22 !.0-!.%%'22 aD>>$0*%.)*D0!2Q*??2

;C=C;C!-C@

#,G\eW6F!IU! .0-! iWe6F! iU! M[ZZwNF!L/"5(>3:*:*-'( :"( =3:-/2&+-'X(!-%*3-&:*3$( j&%#-( *3

J#':"5-/6L*/5(4-%&:*"3',*C'X(*0!]$2%L!GUXU!.0-!A.&KD!5U]U(.,-(1-/9*+-6!"5*3&3:(S"$*+

"2()&/?-:*3$X(!*&%"$-0(!-I&:-(&3<(!*/-+:*"3'X(BU,U5L.&O'F!=>D0Q

#WT4,F!CU!.0-!ae=6jF!iUaeU!M[ZZsNF!."#/*':('&:*'2&+:*"3l(7(9*-W(2/"5(&(5*T-<(*3:-/3&:*"3&%

C&+?&$-(:"#/X!iD$&0.?!DH!A.%.)*D0!B.&Q')*0KU!77!M9NF

Page 127: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!")

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

XWGB=C4F!hU! .0-!G=XX=4F!a5U! M[ZZ:NF!Q-W(U/"2-''*"3&%*'5( *3( :,-(>9-3:(1-+:"/( &3<( *:'

=5C&+:( *3(E#3$&/;F! 40!#.$>F!\U!5>*)LF!hU! M'-2UN! I'DO?'! .0-!TD&Q! *0!,1'0)2! .0-

aD01'0)*D02F!a=#4!I$E?*%.)*D0F!;s":<

j4CC,65F!=U! M7:89NF!.,-(1:/#+:#/&:*"3("2(1"+*-:;X(^#:%*3-("2( :,-(.,-"/;("2(1:/#+:#/&:*"30

a.>E&*-K'+!ID?*)RX

jW]C#]=\\F!iU!M[ZZsNF!73(-TC%"/&:"/;(':#<;("2(<-5&3<(%-9-%'(2"/(>)D^FU!*0!\L'!*>O.%)!DH

'1'0)2U!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!\'%L0D?DKRF!5*-0'R

e=GG45F!AU!M[ZZ9N!>9-3:(5&3&$-5-3:l(&(3-W(C/"2-''*"3U!,1'0)!B.0.K'>'0)F!:!M[NF!7Z<"7Z:U

e/6j=G4=6!aW6A,6\4W6!#/G,=/! M[ZZwNF!D#<&C-':( ,-%;-@v'-( /"5%"::( &( 3-5@-:?K@*

'@-/9-@-:*( ?"3$/-''@#'"?(C*&+G3U!=1.*?.E?'! .)+!PPPUL%EUL$Y-DP0?D.-2Y2)$-R78U-D%

M.%%'22'-!7;!6D1'>E'&![ZZ8N

e/6j=G4=6!aW6A,6\4W6!#/G,=/!M[ZZ;N!7()&$;&/(.#/*@5#'(h/:X(F"3$/-''@#'*(=/"<GPG3&?

:GPv?"@:&:HP&0(.1.*?.E?'!.)!PPPUL%EUL$Y-DP0?D.-2Y2)$-R[ZU-D%!M.%%'22'-!7;!6D1'>E'&

[ZZ8N

eW]#GWWhF!BU!#U!M7:::NF!J"3'#5-/(9&%#-X(7(2/&5-W"/?(2"/(&3&%;'*'(&3<(/-'-&/+,F!]D0-D0+

GD$)?'-K'U

h],6W5h^F!CU!M[ZZ[NF!.,-(U#%%("2(."#/*'5(!-':*3&:*"3'l(&()-&3'6>3<(=39-':*$&:*"3X!iD$&0.?

DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF!9Z!M9NU

B=G�F!hU!M7::[NF!.,-(J&C*:&%l(j"%#5-(=l(7(J/*:*Y#-("2(U"%*:*+&%(>+"3"5;U!]D0-D0+!I'0K$*0U

/GG^F!iU!M7::ZNF!.,-(."#/*':(B&@-X!]D0-D0+!GD$)?'-K'U

/GG^F!iU!M7::sNF!J"3'#5*3$(U%&+-'U!]D0-D0+!GD$)?'-K'U

A=GjW!5U]U! .0-!]/5ae! M[ZZ9NF!>9"%9*3$(&(3-W(<"5*3&3:( %"$*+( *3(5&/?-:*3$U! iD$&0.?! DH

B.&Q')*0KF!w8!M7NU

T=j,6F!]U!1.0!-'&!M[ZZ;NF!E#5&3(4-'"#/+-()&3&$-5-3:(2"/(>9-3:'F!]D0-D0+!,?2'1*'&U

TWWCG/XXF!GU#U!.0-!X]46\F!CUiU!M[ZZwNF!)&/?-:*3$\'(1-/9*+-(!"5*3&3:(S"$*+(&3<(J#':"5-/

j&%#-X!*0!]$2%L!GUXU!.0-!A.&KD!5U]U!.,-(1-/9*+-6!"5*3&3:(S"$*+("2()&/?-:*3$X(!*&%"$-0

!-I&:-(&3<(!*/-+:*"3'U!BU,U5L.&O'F!=>D0Q

g,4\e=B]F!AUF!I=G=5/G=B/6F!=U! .0-!#,GG^F! ]U! M7::ZNF!!-%*9-/*3$(~#&%*:;(1-/9*+-l

D&%&3+*3$(J#':"5-/(U-/+-C:*"3'(&3<(>TC-+:&:*"3'0(6'P!^D&Q+!X&''!I&'22U

Page 128: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!"*

SH/G3:((!&9*<

Page 129: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!"+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

:@?!D(TCR@?>C(<@(<!( ?!>C;<->?HC(A<;^C>?!D

>99)(<!4( ?>@( ?A0)?-<>?9!(9!(B9>C)

C/@<)C@( ?!( CD[0>

/(-("9-C.A"/91H>4

9:);<(,;B"."<&;(,":-%\'(W-I'*:-($"-'(I-;"3<('*5C%;(C/"5":*3$(,"'C*:&%*:;('-/9*+-'X

1#+,(]-I'*:-(+"#%<(,-%C(&'( *3:-/&+:*9-(5&/?-:*3$(&3<(<*/-+:(5&/?-:*3$(+,&33-%'0

<*':/*I#:*"3(+,&33-%'0("3%*3-(/-'-/9&:*"3(C%&:2"/50(W-I(&<9-/:*'*3$(5-<*#50('#CC"/:*3$

/-%&:*"3',*C'(W*:,(+#':"5-/'0(&3<($-3-/&:-(&<<*:*"3&%(/-9-3#-(I;(/-&+,*3$(5&/?-:'

+"#%<3\:(&++-''(#'*3$(:,-(:/&<*:*"3&%(';':-5'=".,*'(':#<;(&::-5C:-<(:"(_&b(C/"9*<-

2#/:,-/(-TC%"/&:*"3(&I"#:(:,-(5&/?-:*3$(C/&+:*+-'("2(,":-%(W-I'*:-'(&:(>$;C:(&3<(:,-*/

*5C%*+&:*"3("3(,":-%'(-6'&%-'( _Ib(<-:-/5*3-( :,-( 2&+:"/'( *32%#-3+*3$( :,-(5&3&$-/*&%

*3:-3:*"3("2(,":-%'(:"(#'-(:,-*/(W-I'*:-'(&'(5&/?-:*3$(:""%0(_<b(<-9-%"C(&(5&:,-5&:*+&%

5"<-%(:,&:(+&3(C/-<*+:(:,-(C/"I&I*%*:;("2(#'*3$(,":-%(W-I'*:-X

>.?"@$<A)B"E":-%(]-I'*:-(O(-6'&%-'(O(̂ 3%*3-('-/9*+-'(O(."#/*'5(5&/?-:(E":-%(]-I'*:-

?&#+%G16#$%&

\L'! 40)'&0')!P*)L! *)2! &.O*-!K&DP*0K!ODO$?.)*D0!.0-!-'1'?DO*0K!.OO?*%.)*D02

L.2! )'%L0D?DK*'2!PL*%L!O&D1*-'! )L'!LD)'?2!P*)L!.0!$0O&'%'-'0)'-! ?'1'?!DH

%D00'%)*1*)R!.0-!)L'!.E*?*)R!)D!%D>>$0*%.)'!'HH*%*'0)?R!.0-!'HH'%)*1'?R!-*&'%)?R

P*)L!%$2)D>'&2!.0RPL'&'!.0-!.0R)*>'F!.0-!E$*?-!E'))'&!&'?.)*D02L*O2!P*)L!)L'>

)L.0!L.2!E''0!OD22*E?'!P*)L! )&.-*)*D0.?!>.&Q')*0K!>')LD-2!2$%L!.2!-*&'%)

>.*?*0K!MB.2P'&.!-:(&%X![ZZ:n!#D2'!v!aL'0![ZZ:NU

\D-.R!LD)'?r2!P'E2*)'!KD'2!E'RD0-!2*>O?R!O&D>D)*0K!LD2O*).?*)R!2'&1*%'2F!.0-

E'%D>'2!>.))'&2!DH!2$&1*1.?!HD&!LD2O*).?*)R!E$2*0'22'2U!5$%L!T'E2*)'2!%D$?-

L'?O!.2!*0)'&.%)*1'!>.&Q')*0K!.0-!-*&'%)!>.&Q')*0K!%L.00'?2!M'">.*?!>.&Q')*0KF

'?'%)&D0*%!%.).?DK!>.&Q')*0KNF!-*2)&*E$)*D0!%L.00'?2!HD&!2'??*0K!2'&1*%'2F!D0?*0'

&'2'&1.)*D0!O?.)HD&>F!P'E!.-1'&)*2*0K!>'-*$>F!2$OOD&)*0K!&'?.)*D02L*O2!P*)L

%$2)D>'&2F!.0-!K'0'&.)'!.--*)*D0.?! &'1'0$'!ER! &'.%L*0K!>.&Q')2!%D$?-0r)

.%%'22!$2*0K!)L'!)&.-*)*D0.?!2R2)'>2!M'UKU!̂ '!-:(&%X![ZZ:n!A'&>'$?'0!v!5''K'&2

[ZZ:n!GD0K!-:(&%X![ZZ:NU

=%%D&-*0K!)D!h*>!-:(&%X!M[ZZwN!)L'!.OO?*%.)*D0!DH!)L'!40)'&0')!L.2!2)*>$?.)'-

2P''O*0K!%L.0K'2!*0!LD)'?!2'&1*%'2U!=)!)L'!2.>'!)*>'F!)L'!40)'&0')!*2!>D1*0K

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 129-140

}!U,&/"'( 83*9-/'*:;0( 7%-T&3</*&0( >$;C:

Page 130: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#,

.&,&(7,5-<(.&/-?

)L'!LD2O*).?*)R!E$2*0'22!H&D>!.!&'.%)*1'!)D!.!O&D.%)*1'!OD2*)*D0!P*)L!&'K.&-!)D

>'')*0K!%$2)D>'&2r!0''-2U!aD02*-'&*0K!)L'!0.)$&'!DH!)D$&*2>!O&D-$%)2!.0-

2'&1*%'2! M'UKU! *0).0K*E*?*)RF! %D>O?'V*)RF! -*1'&2*)RF! .0-! *0)'&-'O'0-'0%'NF

%D02$>'&2!.&'!>D&'!'.K'&!)L.0!'1'&!HD&!O&D-$%)"&'?.)'-!*0HD&>.)*D0!*0!D&-'&

)D!>*0*>*o'!)L'*&!O$&%L.2'!&*2Q!.0-!%?D2'!)L'!K.O!E')P''0!)L'*&!'VO'%).)*D02

.0-!)L'!.%)$.?!)&.1'?!'VO'&*'0%'U

B$%L!DH!)L'!2$OOD&)*0K!.&K$>'0)2!)'0-!)D!E'!HD$0-!*0!D)L'&!PD&Q2F!HD&!'V.>O?'

]*)1*0!-:(&%X!M[ZZ8N!.0-!GD0K!-:(&%X!M[ZZ:N!E'?*'1'-!)L.)!P'E2*)'2!L.1'!O&'2'0)'-

)D$&*2>!>.&Q')'&2!P*)L!0'P!.1'0$'2!)D!*>O&D1'!)L'!'HH*%*'0%R!.0-!'HH'%)*1'0'22

DH!%D>>$0*%.)*D0F!.0-!0'P!.OO&D.%L'2!HD&!)L'!.%m$*2*)*D0!.0-!&')'0)*D0!DH

%$2)D>'&2F! .2! LD2O*).?*)R! .0-! )D$&*2>! *0-$2)&R! *2! *0)'02'?R! %D>O')*)*1'F

2$KK'2)*0K!)L.)!)L'!$2'!DH!D0?*0'!2'&1*%'2!>.R!O&D1*-'!*>OD&).0)!%D>O')*)*1'

.-1.0).K'2U

;525"+63(0+%*'5FI(9*S56#$N52("&G(0'"&

C'2O*)'!)L'!K&DP*0K!ED-R!DH!?*)'&.)$&'!-'.?*0K!P*)L!D0?*0'!LD2O*).?*)R!2'&1*%'2F

O&'1*D$2!&'2'.&%L!L.2!HD%$2'-!D0!T'2)'&0!>.&Q')2!.0-!%$?)$&'2!&.)L'&!)L.0

$OD0!-'1'?DO*0K!>.&Q')2!2$%L!.2!,KRO)F!LDP'1'&F!'V*2)*0K!LD2O*).?*)R!?*)'&.)$&'

%D0).*02!.!1'&R! ?*>*)'-!0$>E'&!DH!'>O*&*%.?!PD&Q2! MGD0K!-:(&%X![ZZ:n!h*>

-:(&%X![ZZwNU

\L*2!>.Q'2!*)!-*HH*%$?)!)D!DE).*0!&'?*.E?'!.0-!1.?*-!-.).2')F!)D!'V.>*0'!)L'!eD)'?r2

.-DO)*D0!E'L.1*D&!&'K.&-*0K!$)*?*o*0K!)L'*&!P'E2*)'2!.2!>.&Q')*0K!)DD?2U!\L$2F

*)!2''>2!&'.2D0.E?'!)D!'V.>*0'!)L'!OL'0D>'0.!'>O*&*%.??RF!2O'%*H*%.??R!*0

-*HH'&'0)!%D0)'V)U

40!.--*)*D0F!&'?'1.0)!2)$-*'2!*0-*%.)'-!)L.)!P*)L!)L'!'V%'O)*D0!DH!?.&K'!LD)'?

%L.*02F!>D2)! LD)'?!P'E2*)'2! L.1'! .! ?*>*)'-! &.0K'! DH! H$0%)*D02F! 2$%L! .2

O&D>D)*D0U!W0?R!.!H'P!DH!)L'>!.&'!'VO?D&*0K!D)L'&!OD)'0)*.?*)*'2F!.2!>'0)*D0'-

O&'1*D$2?RU!\L$2F!*)!.OO'.&2!)L.)!LD)'?2!.&'!>*22*0K!D$)!D0!)L'!DOOD&)$0*)R!)D

$2'!)L'!P'E!.2!.0!'HH'%)*1'!>.&Q')*0K!)DD?!M5%L>*-)!-:(&%X![ZZ:NU

e'&'F!)L'!&'2'.&%L!%.&&*'-!D$)!ER!)L*2!2)$-R!.))'>O)'-!)D!.%L*'1'!)L'!HD??DP*0K

"IP-+:*9-'+!_&b!)D!O&D1*-'!H$&)L'&!'VO?D&.)*D0!.ED$)!)L'!>.&Q')*0K!O&.%)*%'2!DH

LD)'?!P'E2*)'2!.)!)L'!,KRO)*.0!>.&Q')!.0-!)L'*&!*>O?*%.)*D0!D0!LD)'?2!'"2.?'2

_Ib!)D!-')'&>*0'!)L'!%D02)&$%)!H.%)D&2!*0H?$'0%*0K!)L'!>.0.K'&*.?!*0)'0)*D0!DH

LD)'?2!)D!$2'!)L'*&!P'E2*)'!.2!.!>.&Q')*0K!)DD?F!_+b()D!)'2)!)L'!2*K0*H*%.0%'!DH!*)2

2)&$%)$&.?! &'?.)*D02L*O2! _<b! )D! -'1'?DO! .!>.)L'>.)*%.?!>D-'?! )L.)! %.0

m$.0)*).)*1'?R!O&'-*%)!)L'!O&DE.E*?*)R!DH!$2*0K!LD)'?!P'E2*)'!.2!.0!'?'%)&D0*%

>.&Q')*0K!)DD?U

Page 131: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

j*1'0!)L.)!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!ED-R!DH!&'2'.&%L!2$OOD&)2!)L'!1*'P!)L.)!)L'!$2'!DH!.0R

2O'%*H*%!)'%L0D?DK*%.?!.OO?*%.)*D0!*2!-')'&>*0'-!ER!40)'0)*D0!)D!$2'!*)F!.0-!)L*2

40)'0)*D0!-*HH'&!.%%D&-*0K!)D!LDP!>.&Q')'&2!O'&%'*1'!1.?$'!H&D>!$2*0K!2$%L

.OO?*%.)*D0!M'UKU!hD>$?.*0'0!-:(&%X![ZZ;NU

\L'!-'%*2*D0!)D!2.>O?'!)L'!LD)'?!*0-$2)&R!*0!)L'!,KRO)*.0!>.&Q')F!.2!.!&'2'.&%L

H*'?-! )D!%D0-$%)! )L*2!2)$-RF!P.2!>.*0?R!E.2'-!D0!)L'!H.%)! )L.)! )L*2! *0-$2)&R

&'K.&-'-!.2!D0'!DH!)L'!E*KK'2)!2'%)D&2!*0!)L'!PD&?-!K'0'&.)*0K!.0!'2)*>.)'-

77x!DH!)L'!K?DE.?!-D>'2)*%!O&D-$%)F!.!H*K$&'!PL*%L!*2!'VO'%)'-!)D!-D$E?'!ER

)L'!R'.&![Z[Z! MB.2P'&.!-:(&%X![ZZ:NU!\D! )L*2!'0-!>.&Q')*0K!>.0.K'&2!DH

H*1'"2).&2!LD)'?2!DO'&.)*0K!*0!,KRO)!P'&'!O'&2D0.??R!*0)'&1*'P'-U

T*)L!)L'2'!DEJ'%)*1'2!*0!1*'PF!)L'!%$&&'0)!O.O'&!P.2!%L.&.%)'&*o'-!.2!2'&1*%'

>.&Q')*0K!.0-!*)2!>.JD&!)L'>'!.--&'22'-!LD2O*).?*)R!2'&1*%'2U!4)!P.2!2)&$%)$&'-

.2!HD??DP2+!.!&'1*'P!DH!)L'!?*)'&.)$&'!P.2!H*&2)?R!-*2%$22'-U

\L'0! )L'! &'2'.&%L!>D-'?! 'V.>*0*0K! %D02)&$%)2! )L.)!>.R! *0H?$'0%'! )L'

>.0.K'&*.?!*0)'0)*D0!)D!$2'!LD)'?!P'E2*)'!.2!.0!'?'%)&D0*%!>.&Q')*0K!)DD?!P.2

O&DOD2'-!E.2'-!D0!O&*D&!PD&Q2!.2!P'??!.2!D$&!O&'?*>*0.&R!2)$-RF!HD??DP'-!ER

HD&>$?.)*D0!DH!LROD)L'2'2!)D!E'!)'2)'-!*0!)L'!2)$-RU!6'V)F!>')LD-D?DKR!.0-

O&D%'-$&'2!$2'-!*0!%D??'%)*0K!.0-!.0.?Ro*0K!-.).!P'&'!O&'2'0)'-F!.2!P'??!.2F

)L'! )'2)*0K! DH! )L'! LROD)L'2'2! O&DOD2'-! .0-! -'2%&*E*0K! DH! &'2$?)2U! \L'

%D0%?$2*D0!.0-!>.0.K'&*.?!*>O?*%.)*D02!DH!)L'!2)$-Rr2!H*0-*0K2!P'&'!DHH'&'-U

40!%?D2*0KF!%'&).*0!?*>*).)*D02!.0-!H$)$&'!?*0'2!DH!&'2'.&%L!P*)L!&'K.&-!)D!)L'

*22$'!$0-'&!.0.?R2*2!P'&'!L*KL?*KL)'-U

)$#5+"#1+5(+5N$5h

\L'!'V)'02*1'!&'1*'P!DH!LD)'?!>.&Q')*0K!?*)'&.)$&'!&'1'.?2!)L.)!O&*D&!PD&Q!D0

LD)'?!P'E2*)'2!L.2!HD??DP'-!2'1'&.?!)L'>'2U!W0'!)L'>'!P.2!E.2'-!D0!)L'

2'1'&.?!.2O'%)2!&'K.&-*0K!>.&Q')*0K!O&.%)*%'2!DH!LD)'?!P'E2*)'2U!W)L'&!2)$-*'2

L.1'!HD%$2'-!D0!H.%)D&2!*0H?$'0%*0K!)L'!>.0.K'&*.?!*0)'0)*D0!DH!LD)'?2!)D!$2'

)L'*&!P'E2*)'2!.2!>.&Q')*0K!)DD?!HD&!.))&.%)*0K!%$2)D>'&2!M^'!-:(&%X![ZZ:n!#.?DK?$

v!I'Q%.0![ZZwn!Uh*>!-:(&%X![ZZwn!GD0K!-:(&%X![ZZ:NU

XD&!'V.>O?'!h*>!-:(&%X!M[ZZwN!.0-!e$.0K!-:(&%X!M[ZZ:N!HD$0-!)L.)!LD)'?2!$2'

)L'!40)'&0')!.2!.!-*2)&*E$)*D0!%L.00'?! )D!-*HH'&'0)*.)'!)L'>2'?1'2!H&D>!)L'*&

%D>O')*)D&2!*0!)L'!%D>O')*)*1'!>.&Q')!'01*&D0>'0)U!i$2)!.2!PD$?-"E'!%$2)D>'&2

2''Q! ?DP'&!2'.&%L!.0-!O&D%'22!%D2)2!ER!2D$&%*0K! *0HD&>.)*D0!.0-!>.Q*0K

.&&.0K'>'0)2!'?'%)&D0*%.??RF!LD)'?2!P*2L!)D!)&*>!)L'!%D2)!DH!-*2)&*E$)*D0U

40! )L*2! 2'02'F! D0?*0'! &'2'&1.)*D0! %.0! E'! ?'22! 'VO'02*1'! )L.0! O&D%'22*0K

EDDQ*0K2!)L&D$KL!D)L'&!)&.-*)*D0.?!%L.00'?2F!O.&)*%$?.&?R!PL'0!.!%D>>*22*D0

Page 132: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#"

.&,&(7,5-<(.&/-?

*2!*01D?1'-F!E'%.$2'!%D>>*22*D02!%D0)&*E$)'!)D!.!%$2)D>'&2r!L*KL'&!2'02*)*1*)R

)D!%D2)U!\L$2F!)L'!40)'&0')!DHH'&2!)L'!LD)'?! *0-$2)&R!.!O&D>*2*0K!-*2)&*E$)*D0

%L.00'?! )L.)!'0.E?'2!%$2)D>'&2!PD&?-P*-'! )D!EDDQ!LD)'?! &DD>2!.0-! ?'.&0

.ED$)!LD)'?!H.%*?*)*'2F!.0-!%D>O.&'!O&*%'2!P*)LD$)!%D0).%)*0K!.!LD)'?r2!2.?'2

&'O&'2'0).)*1'U

40!)'&>!DH!.))&.%)*0K!%?*'0)2!)L&D$KL!LD)'?!P'E2*)'2F!BD&D2.0!.0-!i'D0K!M[ZZ8N

DE2'&1'-!)L.)!LD)'?2!L.1'!E''0!$2*0K!.!1.&*')R!DH!)DD?2!)D!.))&.%)!)&.1'?'&2!)D

)L'!LD)'?"DP0'-!P'E!2*)'2U!5D>'!DH!)L'2'!)DD?2!*0%?$-'!?DP'2)!K$.&.0)''-

&.)'2F! *0!PL*%L!LD)'?2! %?.*>! )L.)! )L'! ?DP'2)! &.)'2!D0! )L'! 40)'&0')! .&'!D0?R

.1.*?.E?'!D0!)L'*&!P'E!2*)'2F!-*&'%)!%D00'%)*D02!P*)L!.K'0%*'2!.0-!%D&OD&.)'

%?*'0)2F!*0!PL*%L!LD)'?2!)&R!)D!%D01*0%'!%D&OD&.)'!%?*'0)2!)D!1*2*)!)L'!LD)'?"DP0'-

P'E!2*)'2U!eDP'1'&F!.??!)L'2'!2)&.)'K*'2!.-DO)'-!ER!)L'!LD)'?!*0-$2)&R!*0-$%'-

2$E2).0)*.?!>D-*H*%.)*D02! *0! %D>O.0*'2r!>.&Q')*0K!>*VF! O.&)*%$?.&?R! *0

-*2)&*E$)*D0U

6'1'&)L'?'22F!2'??*0K!&DD>2!)L&D$KL!)L*&-"O.&)R!P'E!2*)'2!DH)'0!>'.02!-''O

-*2%D$0)*0KF!&'2$?)*0K!*0!E&.0-!'&D2*D0!.0-!&.)'!*>O.&*)R!.>D0K!LD)'?!-*2)&*E$)*D0

%L.00'?2U!\D!.1D*-!)L*2F!LD)'?2!'0%D$&.K'-!)&.1'?'&2!)D!>.Q'!-*&'%)!D0?*0'

&'2'&1.)*D02!D0!LD)'?"DP0'-!P'E!2*)'2U!\L*2!2)&.)'KR!*2!.-1.0).K'D$2!HD&!LD)'?2

*0!)L'!2'02'!)L.)!LD)'?2!'0.E?'!)&.1'?'&2!)D!E&DP2'!D0?R!)L'*&!T'E!2*)'!HD&!)L'*&

)&.02.%)*D02U!#R!ERO.22*0K!)L*&-"O.&)R!%D>O.0*'2!.0-!&'?R*0K!>D2)?R!D0!-*&'%)

-*2)&*E$)*D0!%L.00'?2F!)L'!%D2)!DH!-*2)&*E$)*D0!%.0!E'!-*>*0*2L'-U

\$&*0K!)D!H.%)D&2!.HH'%)*0K!)L'!LD)'?2r!>.0.K'&*.?!40)'0)*D0!)D!$2'!)L'*&!P'E2*)'2

.2!>.&Q')*0K!)DD?F!'>O*&*%.?!2)$-*'2!H&D>!ED)L!.%.-'>*%2!.0-!O&.%)*)*D0'&2

2$KK'2)'-!2D>'!*>OD&).0)!1.&*.E?'2F!)D!E'!.2!O&*>.&R!%D02)&$%)2!.22D%*.)'-

P*)L!.!H*&>r2!*0)'0)*D0!MLD)'?2!*0!D$&!%.2'N!2$%L!.2!O'&%'*1'-!$2'H$?0'22F!.E*?*)R

)D! E$*?-! LD)'?! E&.0-F! 40)'&0')! *0H&.2)&$%)$&'F! O'&%'*1'-! %D2)F! %D>O')*)D&

O&'22$&'2F!)DO!>.0.K'>'0)!2$OOD&)F!.0-!'VO'&*'0%'!P*)L!40)'&0')!M2''!\'D

-:(&%X![ZZ:n!BD&D2.0!v!i'D0K![ZZ8NU!\L$2F!*)!%.0!E'!2).)'-!)L.)!)L'&'!*2!.

%?'.&!0''-!)D!2)$-R!)L'2'!H.%)D&2F!2D!)L.)!LD)'?2!*0!D$&!?D%.?!>.&Q')!%.0!E'))'&

HD&>$?.)'!)L'*&!>.&Q')*0K!2)&.)'K*'2!)D!.))&.%)!>D&'!%$2)D>'&2U

A%G5'(45N5'%7F5&#("&G(;525"+63(B,7%#35252

\L'!>.JD&! )L'>'2!'>'&K*0K! *0! )L'! HD&'KD*0K!&'1*'P!DH! &'?'1.0)! ?*)'&.)$&'2

HD&>'-!)L'!)L'D&')*%.?!E.2*2!DH!)L'!O&DOD2'-!>D-'?!)L.)!*2!K&.OL*%.??R!O&'2'0)'-

*0!X*K$&'!4U

Page 133: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!##

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

L*$X(gX(.,-(4-'-&/+,()"<-%(&3<(*:'(':/#+:#/&%(/-%&:*"3',*C'

BD&'! 2O'%*H*%.??RF! )L'! 1.&*.E?'2! DH! )L'! &'2'.&%L!>D-'?! .&'! -'&*1'-! H&D>

%D>E*0*0K!*02*KL)2!H&D>!*0"-'O)L!*0)'&1*'P2!DH!)L'!O&'?*>*0.&R!2)$-R!P*)L!.

%D>O&'L'02*1'! &'1*'P!DH! )L'! &'?'1.0)! 2)$-*'2! .2!P'??! .2! Q0DP?'-K'!.0-

'VO'&*'0%'!K.*0'-!*0!1*2*)*0K!LD)'?!P'E2*)'2U!\L'!2)&$%)$&.?!O.)L2!_2/"5(Ug(:"

Umb!DH!)L'!&'2'.&%L!>D-'?!2LDP0!*0!)L'!O&'1*D$2!X*K$&'!&'O&'2'0)!)L'!HD??DP*0K

LROD)L'2'2!)D!E'!)'2)'-+

Egl(E":-%'\(*3:-3:*"3(:"(#'-(:,-*/(W-I'*:-(&'(5&/?-:*3$(:""%(*'(C"'*:*9-%;

&''"+*&:-<(W*:,(:,-(2"%%"W*3$(2&+:"/'l

Eg&l(U-/+-*9-<(#'-2#%3-''(_U

gb

EgIl(U-/+-*9-<(%"W-/(+"':(_U

`b

Eg+l(."C(5&3&$-5-3:('#CC"/:(_U

Zb

Eg<l(7I*%*:;(:"(I#*%<(,":-%(I/&3<(_U

db

Eg-l(1#22*+*-3:%;("2(=3:-/3-:(*32/&':/#+:#/-(_U

cb

Eg2l(J"5C-:*:"/'(C/-''#/-(_U

cb

Eg$l(>TC-/*-3+-(W*:,(=3:-/3-:(_U

mb

E`l( -6'&%-'( "2( ,":-%'( "C-/&:*3$( *3( :,-(>$;C:*&3(5&/?-:( *'( C"'*:*9-%;

&''"+*&:-<(W*:,(=3:-3:*"3(:"(#'-(:,-*/(W-I'*:-'(&'(5&/?-:*3$(:""%(_UebX

P8

^* 0)+!B.0.K'&*.?!40)'0)*D0!)D!$2'!LD)'?

P'E2*)'!.2!.!>.&Q')*0K!)DD?

/+ I'&%'*1'-!$2'H$?0'22 I7

a+ I'&%'*1'-!?DP'&!aD2) I[

B+ \DO!B.0.K'>'0)!5$OOD&) I<

#+ =E*?*)R!)D!E$*?-!LD)'?!E&.0- I9

4+ 40)'&0')!*0H&.2)&$%)$&' Is

I aD>O')*)D&!O&'22$&'2 Iw

,+ ,VO'&*'0%'!P*)L!40)'&0') I;

'"2.?'2

Page 134: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#&

.&,&(7,5-<(.&/-?

#.2'-!D0!)L'2'!.&K$>'0)2!.!>.)L'>.)*%!>D-'?!P.2!-'1'?DO'-F!.2!2R0)L'2*o'-

*0! )L'! HD??DP*0K!>$?)*O?'! &'K&'22*D0!'m$.)*D0! M>~gNF! )D! )'2)! %D??'%)*1'?R! )L'

&'2'.&%L!LROD)L'2'2!O&'2'0)'-!'.&?*'&!.0-!.22D%*.)'-!&'?.)*D02L*O2F!.2!P'??

.2!m$.0)*).)*1'?R!O&'-*%)!)L'!O&DE.E*?*)R!DH!$2*0K!LD)'?!P'E2*)'2+

H^SB

k*3:(}(&�(I

8(8(�(I

J(J(�(I

.(.(�(I

D(D(�(I

=(=(�(I

U(U(�(I

>(>(�(-

],-/-+

k*3:

)&3&$-/*&%(*3:-3:*"3(:"(#'-(,":-%(W-I'*:-

&l J"3':&3:(9&%#-(_*3:-/+-C:b

8l U-/+-*9-<(#'-2#%3-''

Jl U-/+-*9-<(%"W-/(+"':

.l ."C(5&3&$-5-3:('#CC"/:

Dl 7I*%*:;(:"(I#*%<(,":-%(I/&3<

=l 1#22*+*-3:%;("2(=3:-/3-:(*32/&':/#+:#/-

Ul J"5C-:*:"/'(C/-''#/-

> >TC-/*-3+-(W*:,(=3:-/3-:

-l >//"/(:-/5

A5#3%G%'%.,

#'HD&'!D$)?*0*0K!)L'!>')LD-D?DK*%.?!.OO&D.%L!*)!*2!0'%'22.&R!)D!%*)'!)L.)!)L'

O&'2'0)!O.O'&!P.2!%.&&*'-!D$)!)D!*-'0)*HR!)L'!OD)'0)*.?!Q'R2!H.%)D&2!.HH'%)*0K

)L'!>.0.K'&*.?!LD)'?!40)'0)*D0F!.22'22*0K!*)2!*>O?*%.)*D0!D0!LD)'?!'"2.?'2U!\L$2

)L'!%$&&'0)!/-'-&/+,(C/"+-''!*0%?$-'-!)L'!HD??DP*0K!2)'O2+

\L'!:&/$-:(C"C#%&:*"3!HD&!)L*2!O.O'&!%D02*2)2!DH!?$V$&R!LD)'?2!MH*1'!.0-!HD$&"2).&N

DO'&.)*0K!*0!)L'!>.JD&!,KRO)*.0!)D$&*2)!%*)*'2!Ma.*&DF!=?'V.0-&*.F!e$&K.-.F!.0-

5L.&>!,?!5L'QLNU!4)!*2!.22$>'-F!)L.)!)L'2'!LD)'?2!.&'!K?DE.??R!DO'&.)*0K!*0

>D&'!%D>O')*)*1'!'01*&D0>'0)F!.0-!L'0%'!)'0-!)D!L.1'!.!&'?.)*1'?R!.P.&'0'22

.ED$)!D0?*0'!2'&1*%'2U!XD&!O&D1*-*0K!.!%D>O&'L'02*1'!'&5C%-(2/&5-!)L'!2)$-R

.%%'22'-!)L'!.%)*1'!LD)'?2!P'E2*)'!MWWWX&%%6,":-%'X+"5p&2/*+&p-$;C:NF!$2*0K

.!%D>O?')'!'0$>'&.)*D0F!.2!.??!'?'>'0)2!)L.)!>.Q'!$O!)L'!2)$-R!ODO$?.)*D0

L.1'!E''0!*01'2)*K.)'-U

\L'!/-'-&/+,(<-'*$3(HD&!)L*2!PD&Q!P.2!.!%&D22"2'%)*D0.?F!.0-!&'2'.&%L!%.&&*'-

D$)! *0! )PD! 2).K'2! *01D?1'-!Y#&3:*:&:*9-! .0-!Y#&%*:&:*9-!>')LD-D?DK*'2! )D

'HH'%)*1'?R!>'')! )L'!%$&&'0)!2)$-R!DEJ'%)*1'2U!\L'! H*&2)! 2).K'!P.2! =36<-C:,

*3:-/9*-W'! )L.)! P'&'! %D0-$%)'-! D0! .! D0'"D0'! E.2*2F! .0-! L'?-! P*)L! .

%D01'0*'0%'!2.>O?'!)D!K')!*02*KL)2!.0-!O&D1*-'!.!K&'.)'&!-'O)L!DH!-.).U!\L'

Page 135: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

2'%D0-!2).K'!P.2!.!m$.0)*).)*1'!&'2'.&%L!*0!HD&>!DH!m$'2)*D00.*&'2!'#/9-;F

PL*%L!P.2!%D0-$%)'-!H&D>!i$0'!)D!5'O)'>E'&F![ZZ8U

\L'!Y#-':*"33&*/-!P.2!-'1'?DO'-!*0!P*)L!%D1'&*0K!?'))'&!2).)'-!)L'!O$&OD2'2

DH!)L'!O&'2'0)!&'2'.&%LU!40!)'&>!DH!.%%$&.%R!.0-!%?.&*)R!)L'!m$'2)*D00.*&'!P.2

C/-6:-':-<!.>D0K!2D>'!Q'R!O&.%)*)*D0'&2F!.0-!P.2!.%%D&-*0K?R!&'1*2'-U!\L'0

m$'2)*D00.*&'2!P'&'!.->*0*2)&.)'-!*0!O'&2D0.?!*0)'&1*'P2!P*)L!&'2OD0-'0)2U

WH!7[Z!m$'2)*D00.*&'2!-*2)&*E$)'-F!;w!P'&'!K.)L'&'-!&'O&'2'0)'-!.!&'2OD02'

&.)'!DH!w<U<!O'&%'0)U!=>D0K!)L'!&'%'*1'-!m$'2)*D00.*&'2F!9!&'2OD02'2!P'&'

-*2%.&-'-F!-$'!)D!*0%D>O?')'0'22U!\L'!&'>.*0*0K!;7!m$'2)*D00.*&'2!$2'-!HD&

-.).!.0.?R2*2F!&'O&'2'0)'-!s:U7w!O'&%'0)!#'&I%-(/-'C"3'-(/&:'2U

B'.2$&'>'0)!O&D%'22!*01D?1'-!.-DO)*0K!>D&'!)L.0!D0'!Q*0-!DH!2%.?'2U!\L'

+"3:-3:(9&%*<*:;!DH!)L'!2%.?'2!P.2!'2).E?*2L'-!ER!&'1*'P*0K!?*)'&.)$&'F!)D!'02$&'

)L.)!)L'!2%.?'!*)'>2!.-'m$.)'?R!%D1'&'-!)L'!>.JD&!.2O'%)2!DH!)L'!)DO*%!E'*0K

>'.2$&'-U!\L'!&'?*.E*?*)R!DH!.??!*02)&$>'0)2!$2'-!*0!)L'!2)$-R!P.2!.22'22'-!ER

a&D0E.%L!.?OL.!&'?*.E*?*)R!%D'HH*%*'0)U!\L'!.?OL.!%D'HH*%*'0)2!&.0K'-!H&D>!ZU;w

)D!ZU:ZF!PL*%L!'VL*E*)'-!.0!.%%'O).E?'! ?'1'?!DH! &'?*.E*?*)R! M.?OL.!�!ZU;ZN! *0

2$&1'R!2)$-*'2!M2''!i.1.?K*!-:(&%X![ZZwNU

4"#"("&"',2$2("&G(F%G5'(#52#$&.

I&'O.&.)*D0!O&D%'22!HD&!-.).!.0.?R2*2!P.2!$0-'&).Q'0!.H)'&!%D??'%)*0K!-.).

H&D>!)L'!H*'?-F!*)!*01D?1'-!%L'%Q*0KF!%D-*0K!.0-!)&.02%&*E*0K!)L'!%D-'-!-.).

-*&'%)?R!*0)D!%D>O$)'&F!$2*0K!2).)*2)*%.?!2DH)P.&'!O.%Q.K'2!M1U11NU!5*0%'!D$&

D1'&.??! DEJ'%)*1'! *2! )D! )'2)! )L'! &'2'.&%L!>D-'?! .0-! )L'! .22D%*.)'-! 2')! DH

LROD)L'2'2F!)L'!HD??DP*0K!2).)*2)*%.?!)'%L0*m$'2!P'&'!$)*?*o'-!HD&!-.).!.0.?R2*2+

.X()#%:*C%-(/-$/-''*"3(&3&%;'*'(P.2!%D0-$%)'-!)D!-')'&>*0'!LDP!>$%L!DH!)L'

1.&*.)*D0! *0! %&*)'&*D0! 1.&*.E?'! M^*0)N! %.0! E'! 'VO?.*0'-! ER! %'&).*0! O&'-*%)D&

1.&*.E?'2+!80(J0(.0(D0( =0(U(.0-!>U! 40!.--*)*D0F!O&'-*%)! )L'!O&DE.E*?*)R!DH! )L'

%&*)'&*D0!1.&*.E?'2!D%%$&&*0K(H&D>!2')!DH!O&'-*%)D&!1.&*.E?'2!*0)&D-$%'-!.ED1'U

X*0.??RF! -'1'?DO! )L'! H*0.?!>.)L'>.)*%.?! PL*%L! %.0! O&'%*2'?R! &'H?'%)! )L'

&'?.)*D02L*O!)L.)!>.R!'V*2)!.>D0K!1.&*.E?'2U

EU!5).)*2)*%2!.22D%*.)'-!)'2)2!P'&'!%D0-$%)'-!HD&!)'2)*0K!)L'!D1'&.??!&'K&'22*D0

'm$.)*D02!ML(:-':N!.2!P'??!.2!2O'%*H*%!O.&)*.?!&'K&'22*D0!%D'HH*%*'0)2!M:(

:-':("3(INU

%U!I&D-$%)!>D>'0)! %D&&'?.)*D0! %D'HH*%*'0)2!P'&'! %D0-$%)! )D! 'V.>*0'! )L'

2)&'0K)L!DH!)L'!LROD)L'2*o'-!&'?.)*D02L*O!O&'2'0)'-!*0!2)&$%)$&.?!O.)L!8U

\D!-')'&>*0'!PL')L'&!.0R!5#%:*+"%%*3-&/*:;!'HH'%)2!'V*2)'-F!%D&&'?.)*D0!>.)&*V

P.2!&'1*'P'-!*0"-'O)L!)D!?DDQ!HD&!)L'!O&'2'0%'!DH!.0R!L*KL!*0)'&"%D&&'?.)*D0

Page 136: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#(

.&,&(7,5-<(.&/-?

.>D0K!*0-'O'0-'0)!1.&*.E?'2!*0%?$-'-!*0!)L'!&'K&'22*D0!'m$.)*D0U!\L'!&'2$?)2

2LDP'-!)L'&'!P.2!0D!'1*-'0%'!DH!2$%L!>$)?*%D??*0'.&*)RU!40!E&*'HF!)L'!&'2$?)2!DH

)'2)*0K!'.%L!DH!)L'!)L&''!LROD)L'2'2!.&'!K*1'0!E'?DPU

/-."<.)%';)"$6";.);+E&"-?D$;-.)+)"NS"(EA"+;)");<%,;%<('"D(;-)

\L'!2).)*2)*%.?!2$>>.&R!D$)O$)2!DH!)L'!>$?)*O?'!&'K&'22*D0!.0.?R2*2!*0!\.E?'(=

2LDP!.!2)&D0K!2$OOD&)!HD&!Eg!P*)L!*)2!2)&$%)$&.?!O.)L2!MU

g!)D!U

mb!.2!HD??DP2+

.&IX(g(1#55&/;("#:C#:("2(:,-(5#%:*C%-(/-$/-''*"3(&3&%;'*'

((((((((((((((((((-%5EE$6$5&#2(!!!!!

(((@,F*%'2 H"'152

;5.+522$%&(@#"#$2#$62

B$?)*O?'!%D&&'?.)*D0!%D'HH*%*'0) B$?)*O?'!G ZU88w9s<[Z[

aD'HH*%*'0)!DH!>$?)*O?'!-')'&>*0.)*D0 G[

ZU;8s;::[;:

=-J$2)'-!G!5m$.&' =-J$2)'-!G[

ZU;w7:::7::

5).0-.&-!,&&D& 5, ZU;w[9Z[:;9

WE2'&1.)*D02!M2.>O?'!2*o'N 6 ;7

<!9H<

G'K&'22*D0 55&'K

7<9U<<89;9

G'2*-$.? 55&'2

<wUw7:[;[s

\D).? 55)D).?

7;ZU:s;;9w

X")'2)!D1'&.??!>D-'? X <<UZ7wwws<}

C'K&''2!DH!H&''-D> -H7F!-H

[;F!w<

!(J/*:-/*"3(9&/*&I%-l(k

**3:

n1*$3*2*+&3:(&:("""""}([X[g

=2!2''0!H&D>!)L'!\.E?'!.!2)&D0K!.22D%*.)*D0!L.2!E''0!HD$0-'-!E')P''0!)L'

LD)'?2r!>.0.K'&*.?!40)'0)*D0!_k*3:b!.0-!%'&).*0!O&'-*%)D&!1.&*.E?'2!M80(J0(.0(D0(=0

U(.0-!>NF!&'O&'2'0)*0K!H.%)D&2!.HH'%)*0K!2$%L!40)'0)*D0!_)#%:*C%-(4}([Xe`aeedbU

\L'2'!X.%)D&2!*0%?$-'-!*0!)L'!&'2'.&%L!>D-'?!2$%%''-'-!)D!'VO?.*0!)L'!>.JD&

O&DOD&)*D0! M;8Us;xN! DH! )L'! 1.&*.E*?*)R! *0!k*3:! M.,-( +"-22*+*-3:( "2(5#%:*C%-

<-:-/5*3&:*"3(4`}ZU;8s;::[;:bU!\L'!D1'&.??!&'?.)*D02L*O!DH!)L'!>D-'?!*2!L*KL?R

2*K0*H*%.0)!.)!"}!ZUZ7!P*)L!;.0-!w<!-'K&''2!DH!H&''-D>(_L}<<UZ7wwws<bU!W0)L'!D)L'&!L.0-F!)L'!%D>O.&*2D0!E')P''0!)L'!2$>!DH!2m$.&'2!'VO?.*0'-!ER

&'K&'22*D0!_11/-$}7<9U<<89;9b".0-!)L'!)D).?!2$>!DH!2m$.&'2F!)D).?!1.&*.)*D0F

_11:":&%

}7;ZU:s;;9wb"&'1'.?'-!)L.)!)L'!.--*)*D02!DH!.0R!D)L'&!O&'-*%)D&!1.&*.E?'2

-D!0D)! 2).)*2)*%.??R!>.Q'!>$%L! %D0)&*E$)*D0F! .2! 0D! 2*K0*H*%.0)! *0%&'>'0).?

'VO?.0.)D&R!1.?$'!%D$?-!E'!.%L*'1'-

Page 137: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

#.2'-!D0!\.E?'(̀ (D<.A+,;+K."._%(;+$E!_>B`bF!PL*%L!%.0!O&'-*%)!)L'!'VO'%)'-

*>O?'>'0).)*D0!H&D>!2')!DH!O&'-*%)D&!1.&*.E?'2!*0)&D-$%'-!.ED1'!%.0!'2)*>.)'-

.2!K*1'0!E'?DP+

.&IX(`X(j&/*&I%-'(*3+%#<-<(*3(:,-(/-'-&/+,(5"<-%(-Y#&:*"3

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!((((="6#%+2((((((((((((((((((((((;5.+522$%&(-%5EE$6$5&#((((((((((((((((((#/#52#2

@,F*%'2 H"'152 ((@,F*%'2 H"'152

8l!I'&%'*1'-!$2'H$?0'22 E/

ZUw;7[;:; )!D0!E/

<UZ8<s;;<;}

Jl!I'&%'*1'-!?DP'&!%D2) Ea

ZU7s::s88 )!D0!Ea

[U<9<:9:<}}

)l!\DO!>.0.K'>'0)!2$OOD&) EB

ZU7Z;7s:: )!D0!EB

<UZ;Z[8w:;}

Dl!=E*?*)R!)D!E$*?-!LD)'?!E&.0- E#

ZU7w9Zs[: )!D0!E#

[U<s7[999}}

=l!5$HH*%*'0)?R!DH!40)'&0')

*0H&.2)&$%)$&' E4

ZUZ:77[s< )!D0!E4

ZU9w89wZww

Ul!aD>O')*)D&2!O&'22$&' EI

ZU77[8[7Z )!D0!EI

7UZ<78w<97

>l!,VO'&*'0%'!P*)L!40)'&0') E,

ZUZ;<[w7< )!D0!E,

ZUw7w<:8<w

40)'&%'O) . ZU[w77;77

-H 0"Q"7 w<

6D)'2+

0|2.>O?'!2*o'

Q|!6DU!DH!*0-'O'0-'0)!1

}!5*K0*H*%.0)!.)!"""""|!ZUZ7}}!5*K0*H*%.0)!.)!"""""|!ZUZs

/-."D<.A+,;+K."._%(;+$EB"H^TB

k*3:|!ZU![w�([Xms(8(�([Xgs(J(�([Xgg()(�([Xsg(D(�([X[a(=(�([[gg(U(�([X[m(>

\L'!2*K0*H*%.0%'!)'2)*0K!DH!&'K&'22*D0!%D'HH*%*'0)2!M:(:-':("3(IN!&'1'.?!)L.)!D0?R

HD$&!H.%)D&2!M80(J0()(.0-(DN!2''>!)D!E'!%&*)*%.?!*0!O&'-*%)*0K!)L'!LD)'?2r!40)'0)*D0

*0!)L'!?D%.?!>.&Q')F!)L'R!.&'!2).)*2)*%.??R!2*K0*H*%.0)F!'*)L'&!.)!"}!ZUZ7!M)!D0!E#!|

<UZ8<s;;<;F!.0-!)!D0!E)!|!<UZ;Z[8w:;N!D&!"}!ZUZs!M)!D0!E

J!|![U<9<:9:<F!.0-

)!D0!ED(|![U<s7[999N!P*)L!w<!-'K&''2!DH!H&''-D>U

/-."<.)%';)"$6";.);+E&"-?D$;-.)+)"NT

eROD)L'2*2!E`!P.2!.?2D!2$OOD&)'-!*0!)L'!&'2'.&%L!E.2'-!$OD0!)L'!D$)%D>'2

DH!%D&&'?.)*D0!.0.?R2*2!.0-!*)2!.22D%*.)'-!2).)*2)*%.?!2*K0*H*%.0%'!)'2)2!O&'2'0)'-

*0!.&I%-(Z

Page 138: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#*

.&,&(7,5-<(.&/-?

.&IX(ZX(^#:+"5-'('#55&/;("2(+"//-%&:*"3(&3&%;'*'(&3<(*:'(&''"+*&:-<('*$3*2*+&3+-

:-':'

((-%++5'"#$%&(*5#h55&(Z+E;("&G(.`)('. @,F*%' H"'15

aD&&'?.)*D0!aD'HH*%*'0) / ZU;9s;7s[:7

;";.);"$E"<

)!D0!/ :U[:;7w:8Z7}

-H!|!C'K&''2!DH!H&''-D> 0!"![

6D)'2+

0|2.>O?'!2*o'

}!5*K0*H*%.0)!.)!"""""|!ZUZ7

\L'! 1.?$'2!DH! )L'!O&D-$%)">D>'0)! %D&&'?.)*D0! %D'HH*%*'0)2! &'H'&! )D! .! L*KL

OD2*)*1'!.22D%*.)*D0!E')P''0!LD)'?2n!40)'0)*D0!)D!$2'!)L'*&!P'E2*)'2!.!>.&Q')*0K

)DD?!.0-!LD)'?!'"2.?'2!1*.!)L'!40)'&0')!_/(}!ZU!ZU;9s;7s[:7bU!\L*2!&'?.)*D02L*O

HD$0-!)D!E'!2).)*2)*%.??R!2*K0*H*%.0)!P*)L!%D0H*-'0%'!?'1'?!DH!)'2)!|!::xF!.2!)L'

%.?%$?.)'-!::-':("3(/

!1.?$'2!H.&!'V%''-'-!)L'!%&*)*%.?!1.?$'!.)!" }!ZUZ7!P*)L!w:-'K&''2!DH!H&''-D>U!G.-.&!%L.&)!*0!L*$#/-(̀ !*??$2)&.)'2!K&.OL*%.??R!)L*2!2*K0*H*%.0)

&'?.)*D02L*O!>D2)!1.?$'2!.&'!&'?.)*1'?R!)'0-'-!)DP.&-!)L'!?*H)!2*-'F!&'O&'2'0)*0K

)L'!L*KL!OD2*)*1'!.22D%*.)*D0U

0

2

4

6

8653221354817

25343323234332313244132356441

3236

3464132556532465464746

5641

L*$X(`l(.,-(,*$,(C"'*:*9-(&''"+*&:*"3(I-:W--3(k*3:(&3<(-6'&%-'("3(:,-(/&<&/(+,&/:'0

4$26122$%&2("&G(-%&6'12$%&2

\L'!%$&&'0)!PD&Q!L*KL?*KL)'-!)L'!K&DP*0K!*>OD&).0%'!$2*0K!)L'!LD)'?!P'E2*)'2

*0!)L'!>.&Q')*0K!O&.%)*%'2U!\L'!&'2$?)2!DH!)L'!'>O*&*%.?!.0.?R2*2!&'1'.?'-!.

%?'.&!0D).E?'!'HH'%)!DH!2D>'!H.%)D&2!*0H?$'0%*0K!eD)'?r2!40)'0)*D0!)D!$2'!)L'*&

P'E2*)'2!.2!.0!'?'%)&D0*%!>.&Q')*0K! )DD?! HD&!.))&.%)*0K!%$2)D>'&2F!2$%L!.2

O'&%'*1'-! $2'H$?0'22F! .E*?*)R! )D! E$*?-! LD)'?! E&.0-F! 40)'&0')! *0H&.2)&$%)$&'F

Page 139: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!#+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

O'&%'*1'-! %D2)F! %D>O')*)D&! O&'22$&'2F! )DO!>.0.K'>'0)! 2$OOD&)F! .0-

'VO'&*'0%'!P*)L!40)'&0')U

4)!HD$0-!)L.)!)LD2'!H.%)D&2!'VO?.*0!)L'!>.JD&!O&DOD&)*D0!DH!)L'!1.&*.E*?*)R!DE2'&1'-

*0!>.0.K'&*.?!40)'0)*D0!.>D0K!LD)'?2!DO'&.)*0K!*0!)L'!,KRO)*.0!>.&Q')F!>D&'

2O'%*H*%.??R! M;8Us;xN!P*)L! %D0H*-'0%'! ?'1'?! DH! |::xU!eDP'1'&! )L'! &'2$?)2

*0-*%.)'-! D0?R! HD$&! H.%)D&2! MO'&%'*1'-! $2'H$?0'220(O'&%'*1'-! %D2)F! )DO

>.0.K'>'0)!2$OOD&)(.0-(.E*?*)R!)D!E$*?-!LD)'?!E&.0-N!2''>!)D!E'!%&*)*%.?!*0

O&'-*%)*0K!)L'!LD)'?2r!40)'0)*D0!*0!)L'!?D%.?!>.&Q')

=?2DF! )L'!H*0-*0K2!.&*2*0K!H&D>!.0.?R2*2!L.1'!'0.E?'-!)D!2).)'!)L.)!.!L*KL

OD2*)*1'! .22D%*.)*D0! E')P''0! LD)'?2n! 40)'0)*D0! )D! $2'! )L'*&! P'E2*)'2! .

>.&Q')*0K! )DD?!.0-!LD)'?!'"2.?'2!1*.! )L'! 40)'&0')F!.0-! )L*2! &'?.)*D02L*O! *2

L*KL?R!2).)*2)*%.??R!2*K0*H*%.0)U

X*0.??RF! )L'! O&'2'0)! &'2'.&%L! L.2! O&'2'0)'-! .! O&DOD2'-!>D-'?F! PL*%L

*0%D&OD&.)'-!>.0R!DH!)L'!&'?'1.0)!H'.)$&'2!DH!*-'0)*H*'-!*0!)L'!?*)'&.)$&'!.0-

.OO?*'-!)L'2'!)D!D0?*0'!LD)'?!2'&1*%'2!%D0)'V)U!5$%L!.!>D-'?!%.0!O&'-*%)!)L&D$KL

*)2!>.)L'>.)*%.?! HD&>2! )L'!O&DE.E*?*)R! DH! )L'!LD)'?r2! 40)'0)*D0! )D! $2'! )L'*&

P'E2*)'2!H&D>!2')!DH!%'&).*0!H.%)D&2U

A"&".5+$"'(?F7'$6"#$%&2("&G(;56%FF5&G"#$%&2

j*1'0!)L'!-'.&)L!DH!PD&Q2!-'.?*0K!P*)L!)L*2!.&'.!DH!2)$-RF!)L'!&'2$?)2!DH!)L'

O&'2'0)! O.O'&!>*KL)! E'! 2''0! .2! $2'H$?! %D0)&*E$)*D0! )D! )L'! 2O'%*.?*o'-

?*)'&.)$&'! %D0%'&0*0K! )L*2! *22$'U! 5*>*?.&?RF! 2D>'! *>OD&).0)!>.0.K'&*.?

*>O?*%.)*D02!%.0!E'!-&.P0!H&D>!)L'!&'2$?)2!HD&!O&.%)*)*D0'&2!.2!LD)'?!>.0K'&2

D&!>.&Q')*0K!>.0.K'&2U

X*&2)F!*)!P*??!%D0)&*E$)'F!)D!2D>'!'V)'0)n!)D!)LD2'!O&.%)*)*D0'&2!*0!>.Q*0K!-'%*2*D02

DH!LDP!E'2)!OD2*)*D0!)L'*&!P'E2*)'2!5'%D0-?R!)L'!H*0-*0K2!L*KL?*KL)!.22'&)'-

)L.)!>.0.K'&*.?!40)'0)*D0!)D!$2'!LD)'?!P'E2*)'2!.2!'?'%)&D0*%!>.&Q')*0K!)DD?2

HD&!.))&.%)*0K!%$2)D>'&2!%D$?-!E'!'V.>*0'-!ER!.!>.)L'>.)*%.?!>D-'?U!].2)F

)L'! H*0-*0K2!DH! )L*2!2)$-R!2$KK'2)! )L.)!LD)'?!>.&Q')'&2! *0!D$&! ?D%.?!>.&Q')

2LD$?-!HD%$2!>D&'!*0!)L'*&!LD)'?!P'E2*)'2!)D!.))&.%)!>D&'!%$2)D>'&2U

)$F$#"#$%&2("&G(=1+#35+(+525"+63

\$&0*0K!)D!)L'!%*5*:&:*"3'!DH!)L'!%$&&'0)!PD&QF!P'!>$2)!OD*0)!D$)!)L.)!.?)LD$KL

)L'!>.JD&*)R!DH!)L'!O&DOD2.?!&'?.)*D02L*O2!P'&'!1.?*-.)'-F!.0-!2*K0*H*%.0)F!)L'

?'1'?!DH!4`!DE).*0'-!2LDP2!)L.)!)L'&'!.&'!D)L'&!1.&*.E?'2!)L.)!>.R!*0H?$'0%'

D$&!H*0-*0KU!aD02'm$'0)?RF!*)!*2!0'%'22.&R!)D!-'1'?DO!>D&'!%D>O?'V!>D-'?2

PL*%L!>.R!*0)&D-$%'!.?)'&0.)*1'!1.&*.E?'2U!5$%L!>D-'?2!>*KL)!DO'0! 2#:#/-

/-'-&/+,! ?*0'2U!6'1'&)L'?'22F!H$&)L'&!&'2'.&%L'2!%D$?-!H$&)L'&!'V.>*0'!)L'

Page 140: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&,

.&,&(7,5-<(.&/-?

%$&&'0)!O&DOD2'-!>D-'?!*0!D)L'&!%D$0)&*'2F!)D!2''!PL')L'&!*)!%.0!E'!.OO?*'-F

D&!'VO.0-*0K!)L'!O&'2'0)!2)$-R!)D!D)L'&!E$2*0'22!2'K>'0)2!)D!*0H'&!>D&'!.ED$)

)L'! *0-$2)&R"P*2'! -*HH'&'0%'2U! X*0.??RF! H$)$&'! 2)$-*'2! %.0! $2'! -*HH'&'0)

>')LD-D?DK*'2!.0-!2.>O?'2!)D!)'2)!PL')L'&!*)!>.Q'2!2'02'U

;C=C;C!-C@

#=]Wj]/F!5U!.0-!I,ha=6F!̂ U!M[ZZwNF!.,-(W-I'*:-(<-'*$3(&3<(=3:-/3-:('*:-(5&/?-:*3$(C/&+:*+-'

"2(#C'+&%-(&3<(%#T#/;(,":-%'(*3(.#/?-;F!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F![;F!7;7"7;w

#W5,F!4U!.0-!ae,6F!�UF!M[ZZ:NF!~#&3:*:&:*9-(5"<-%'(2"/(<*/-+:(5&/?-:*3$l(7(/-9*-W(2/"5(';':-5'

C-/'C-+:*9-0!,$&DO'.0!iD$&0.?!DH!WO'&.)*D0.?!G'2'.&%LF!7s:F!7"7wU

e/=6jF!]UF!ae,6F!hU!.0-!T/F!̂ U!M[ZZ:NF!],&:(?*3<("2(5&/?-:*3$(<*':/*I#:*"3(5*T(+&3(5&T*5*@-

/-9-3#-'l(.,-(W,"%-'&%-/(:/&9-%(&$-3+*-'\(C-/'C-+:*9-q!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F!=&)*%?'

*0!O&'22

i=A=]j4F!GUF!B=G\46F!aU!.0-!^W/6jF!GU!M[ZZwNF!)&/?-:*3$(/-'-&/+,0(5&/?-:("/*-3:&:*"3

&3<( +#':"5-/( /-%&:*"3',*C(5&3&$-5-3:l(7( 2/&5-W"/?( &3<( *5C%*+&:*"3'( 2"/( '-/9*+-

C/"9*<-/'0(iD$&0.?!DH!5'&1*%'2!B.&Q')*0K0![Z!M7NF!7["[<U

h4BF!TUF!B=F!�!.0-!h4BF!CUF!M[ZZwNF!!-:-/5*3&3:'("2(J,*3-'-(,":-%(+#':"5-/'\(-6'&:*'2&+:*"3

&3<(C#/+,&'-(*3:-3:*"3'F!\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F![;F!8:Z":ZZ

hWB/]=46,6F!eUF!B=46,]=F!\UF!\�e\46,6F!iU!.0-!/]h/64,B4F!IUF!M[ZZ;NF!4-:&*%-/'\(<*22-/-3:

9&%#-(C-/+-C:*"3'("2(5"I*%-(&<9-/:*'*3$('-/9*+-0(40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!5'&1*%'!40-$2)&R

B.0.K'>'0)F!78F!<w8"<:<

]4\A46F!5UF!jW]C5B4\eF!G!.0-!I=6F!#U!M[ZZ8NF!>%-+:/"3*+(W"/<6"265"#:,(*3(,"'C*:&%*:;(&3<

:"#/*'5(5&3&$-5-3:0(\D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)F![:F!9s8S9w8

BWGW5=6F!aU!.0-!i,W6jF!BUF!M[ZZ8NF!8'-/'\(C-/+-C:*"3'("2(:W"(:;C-'("2(,":-%(/-'-/9&:*"3

]-I('*:-'0(40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!eD2O*).?*)R!B.0.K'>'0)0![;F![89S[:[

GW6jF!iUF!]4F!jU!.0-!]=TF!GU!M[ZZ:NF!7(+"3:/&':(&3&%;'*'("2("3%*3-(,":-%(W-I('-/9*+-(C#/+,&'-/'

&3<(I/"W'-/'0(40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!eD2O*).?*)R!B.0.K'>'0)F!=&)*%?'!*0!O&'22U

5aeB4C\F!5UF!a=6\=]]WI5F!=UF! .0-!5=6\W5F!aUF! M[ZZ:NF!.,-( +,&/&+:-/*':*+'( "2( ,":-%

W-I'*:-'( &3<( :,-*/( *5C%*+&:*"3'( 2"/(W-I'*:-( -22-+:*9-3-''F! 40)'&0.)*D0.?! iD$&0.?! DH

eD2O*).?*)R!B.0.K'>'0)F!=&)*%?'!*0!O&'22U

\,WF!\UF!]46F!5U!.0-!]=4F!hUF!M[ZZ:NF!7<"C:-/'(&3<(3"36&<"C:-/'("2(-6C/"+#/-5-3:(*3(1*3$&C"/-l

73(-5C*/*+&%(':#<;0(W>'K.F!<;F!:;[�:8;

A,GB,/],6F! 4U! .0-!5,,j,G5F!CUF! M[ZZ:NF!./*-<(&3<( :-':-<l(.,-( *5C&+:( "2( "3%*3-(,":-%

/-9*-W'("3(+"3'#5-/(+"3'*<-/&:*"3F!40)'&0.)*D0.?!iD$&0.?!DH!eD2O*).?*)R!B.0.K'>'0)F

<ZF!7[<S7[;

Page 141: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

>BC(;9)C(9=( ?!>C;!<>?9!<)(@09;>?!D(CHC!>@( ?!( >BC

0)<-C(A<;^C>?!D(<->?H?>[(9=(4CR;C-C!( iB:!D<;[k

IO:$<">3P*94!"P$';OE"#98Z7

44

9:);<(,;"=3(`[[m0(:,-(-+,"-'(W-/-(%"3$(/-9-/I-/&:*3$(&2:-/(:,-(&33"#3+-5-3:(:,&:

!-I/-+-3(W"#%<('#I5*:(*:'(I*<(:"(,"':(:,-(2*/':(=3:-/3&:*"3&%(k"#:,(^%;5C*+($&5-'(:"

I-(,-%<(*3(`[g[X(],*%-(:,-(I*<(C/"9-<(:"(I-(#3'#++-''2#%(_&3<(:,-(+*:;(<*<(3":(-9-3

Y#&%*2;(*3:"(:,-('-+"3<(/"#3<("2(:,-(+&3<*<&:-'b0(:,*'(-9-3:'(3-9-/:,-%-''(,*$,%*$,:-<

:,-(2&+:(:,&:("9-/(:,-(C/-+-<*3$(C-/*"<("2("3-(<-+&<-0(!-I/-+-3(,&'(I-+"5-("3-("2

:,-('C"/:*3$(-9-3:'(+&C*:&%'("2(:,-(+"#3:/;0(W,-/-I;(*:(,"':-<(5"/-(:,&3(:-3(>#/"C-&3

&3<(]"/%<(J,&5C*"3',*C'X(.,-(&*5("2(:,*'(C&C-/(*'(:"(-T&5*3-(,"W(<*<(:,-(+*:;(#'-

:,-'-(-9-3:'(*3(*:'("W3(+"55#3*+&:*"3(&+:*9*:;X

>.?"@$<A)B"'C"/:*3$(-9-3:'0(C%&+-(5&/?-:*3$0(!-I/-+-3

?&#+%G16#$%&

I&D1*-*0K!.!1'0$'!HD&! *0)'&0.)*D0.?!_>'K."'1'0)2q!M'UKU!%$?)$&.?!D&!2OD&)*0K

'1'0)2F!%D0H'&'0%'2N!L.2!&'%'0)?R!E'%D>'!D0'!DH!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!DEJ'%)*1'2

DH! )L'! O?.%'!>.&Q')*0K! .%)*1*)*'2! DH! %*)*'2! Mj&.))D0!-:( &%X! [ZZsn!eD&0'!v

B.0o'0&'*)'&![ZZwn!i$0!v!]''![ZZ;n!].P!7::9NF!*0!)L'!E.%QK&D$0-!DH!PL*%L

P'!%.0!H*0-!1.&*D$2!H.%)D&2+

" )L'2'!'1'0)2!K'0'&.)'!2*K0*H*%.0)!-*&'%)!H*0.0%*.?!*0%D>'2n

" )L'!>'-*.! *0)'&'2)! .%%D>O.0R*0K! )L'>!%.0!>.Q'! )L'!K*1'0! 2'))?'>'0)

P'??"Q0DP0!*0!.!2LD&)!)*>'n

" )L'! *0H&.2)&$%)$&.?! -'1'?DO>'0)2! &'?.)'-! )D! )L'!'1'0)! .?2D!'0L.0%'! )L'

%D>O')*)*1'0'22!DH!)L'!%*)R!*0!D)L'&!H*'?-2n

" )L'! 2$%%'22H$?! D&K.0*o.)*D0! DH! )L'2'! '1'0)2! .--2! )D! )L'! O&*-'! .0-

2'?H"%D02%*D$20'22!DH!)L'!?D%.?!ODO$?.)*D0U

X&D>!.>D0K!)L'!>'K."'1'0)2F!.!2O'%*.?!&D?'!*2!O?.R'-!ER!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2F

PL*%L!DHH'&!H$&)L'&!.-1.0).K'2!*0!.--*)*D0!)D!)L'!.ED1'!M=1&.L.>!v!h'))'&

[ZZ8n!#'&QDP*)o!-:(&%X![ZZ;n!e.??!7::[n!G'*0!v!5L*'?-2![ZZ;n!T.&-!7::8N+

" )L'R!2)&'0K)L'0!)L'!&'?.)*D02L*O!E')P''0!)L'!O&*1.)'!.0-!)L'!O$E?*%!2'%)D&2n

" -$'!)D!)L'*&!>D&'!ODO$?.&!0.)$&'F!)L'!K'0'&.?!O$E?*%!.%%'O)2!)L'>!E'))'&

)L.0!)L'!D)L'&!)RO'2!DH!'1'0)2n

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, Vol. II, No. 2, 2009, p. 141-

}}( 83*9-/'*:;( "2( !-I/-+-30( !-I/-+-30( E#3$&/;

}}!."#/*32"/5(^22*+-(!-I/-+-30(!-I/-+-30(E#3$&/;

Page 142: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&"

BGI"/(F"@5& 0(h"%:G3(!&3;*

" )L'R!.?2D!L.1'!.!?D0K")'&>!*>O.%)!D0!)D$&*2>+!2O'%).)D&2!.0-!O.&)*%*O.0)2

DH!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2F!*0!%.2'!DH!H.1D$&.E?'!*>O&'22*D02F!>.R!&'1*2*)!)L'!K*1'0

2'))?'>'0)!?.)'&n

" )L'!1D?$0)''&2!.22*2)*0K!*0!)L'!D&K.0*o.)*D0!DH!)L'!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!%D>'

H&D>!1.&*D$2! ?.R'&2!DH! 2D%*')RF!.0-! )L'!'1'0)! %D0%'&0'-!.?2D!O&D>D)'2

0')PD&Q*0K!E')P''0!)L'>n

" )L'!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!O?.R!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!&D?'!*0!)L'!E&.0-*0K!.%)*1*)R!%.&&*'-!D$)

ER!)L'!%*)*'2n

" .P.&'0'22!.0-!)L'!ODO$?.&*)R!DH!)L'!E&.0%L'2!DH!2OD&)!%D0%'&0'-!*0%&'.2'2

.)!)L'!2'))?'>'0)U

\L'!O$&OD2'!DH!)L*2!O&'2'0).)*D0!*2!)L'!'V.>*0.)*D0!DH!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!2OD&)*0K

'1'0)2! *0! O?.%'!>.&Q')*0K!.%)*1*)R! DH!C'E&'%'0F! )L'! 2'%D0-! ?.&K'2)! %*)R! DH

e$0K.&R!MX*K$&'!7NF!PL*%L!L.2!.?2D!E'%D>'!D0'!DH!)L'!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)!%.O*).?2

DH!)L'!%D$0)R+

" *)!O&D1*-'-!)L'!1'0$'!HD&!>D&'!)L.0!7Z!,$&DO'.0!.0-!PD&?-!%L.>O*D02L*O2

M\.E?'!7NF

" *0![ZZ:F!)L'!%*)R!LD2)'-!HD&!)L'!s<&-!)*>'!)L'!_#D%2Q.*!42)1c0q!40)'&0.)*D0.?

#DV*0K!\D$&0.>'0)F!PL*%L!*2!D0'!DH!)L'!>D2)!2*K0*H*%.0)!e$0K.&*.0!.0-

,$&DO'.0!EDV*0K!%D>O')*)*D0!.0-!>D&'!)L.0!D0%'!*0!)L'!O.2)!H'P!R'.&2!*)

2LDP%.2'-! .0! '1'0! 2)&D0K'&! ODD?! DH! O.&)*%*O.0)2! )L.0! )L'!,$&DO'.0

aL.>O*D02L*On

" *0![ZZ;!C'E&'%'0!2$E>*))'-!.0!S!.?E'*)!'1'0)$.??R!$02$%%'22H$?!S!E*-!)D

LD2)!)L'!H*&2)!^D$)L!W?R>O*%2!j.>'2!)D!E'!L'?-!*0![Z7ZU

L*$X(gl(.,-(%"+&:*"3("2(!-I/-+-3

Page 143: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

.&IX(gX(=3:-/3&:*"3&%('C"/:*3$(-9-3:'("/$&3*'-<(*3(!-I/-+-3(`[[g6`[[e

[5"+ ((((((((((((((((((((((CN5&#2 !1F*5+(%E !1F*5+(%E !1F*5+(%E

6%1&#+$52 7"+#$6$7"&#2 2756#"#%+2

[ZZ7 4==X!TD&?-!^D$)L!aL.>O*D02L*O2

!*0!=)L?')*%2 7wZ 7F<<Z <;FsZZ

[ZZ[ <w)L!TD&?-!jR>0.2)*%2!aL.>O*D0"

2L*O2 sw :7[ 7wFZZZ

[ZZ< <&-!X4j!5OD&)2!='&DE*%2!,$&D"

O'.0!aL.>O*D02L*O2 [7 [[Z wFZZZ

[ZZ9 44eX!TD&?-!/78!aL.>O*D02L*O

C*1*2*D0 w 78Z 7[FZZZ

[ZZ9 w)L!TD>'0r2!e.0-E.??!,$&D"

O'.0!aL.>O*D02L*O2 9�w 78Z 7<FZZZ

[ZZs 44eX!TD&?-!aL.>O*D02L*O!"

C*1*2*D0!4 w 78Z 7<FZZZ

[ZZs ,\/!C$.)L?D0!,$&DO'.0

aL.>O*D02L*O2 [; <8Z 8FZZZ

[ZZs 72)!B.0!.0-!TD>.0!,$&DO'.0

jR>0.2)*%2!aL.>O*D02L*O2 <8 [9: 8FZZZ

[ZZs ,$&DO'.0!i$-D!aL.>O*D02L*O2

HD&!\'.>2F!B'0!.0-!TD>'0 s 7Zw [FsZZ

[ZZs 79)L!X=4!,$&DO'.0!eD)!=*&

#.??DD0!aL.>O*D02L*O [s 87 0U.

[ZZw 72)!4==X!TD&?-!GD.-!G$00*0K

aL.>O*D02L*O2 <: 7w; [FsZZ

[ZZ; w)L!,$&DO'.0!=)L?')*%2!/[<

aL.>O*D02L*O2 99 :Z9 7[FZZZ

[ZZ; 77)L!],6!5LD&)!aD$&2'

5P*>>*0K!,$&DO'.0

aL.>O*D02L*O2 <: 9;Z 8FsZZ

[ZZ8 /78!B'0r2!#.2Q')E.??

,$&DO'.0!aL.>O*D02L*O

C*1*2*D0!# [Z <ZZ <FZZZ

1"#/+-l(!-I/-+-3(1C"/:(J-3:/-(1-/9*+-(U#I%*+(8:*%*:;(J"X

T*)L!&'2O'%)!)D!)L'!>'.0*0KY-'H*0*)*D0!DH!O?.%'!>.&Q')*0KF!)L'&'!.&'!1.&*D$2

DO*0*D02!*0!)L'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!?*)'&.)$&'!M=2LPD&)L!v!ADDK-F!7::Zn!hD)?'&F!')!.?UF

7::<n!hDo>.F![ZZwNF!E$)!.!2*K0*H*%.0)!O&DOD&)*D0!DH!)L'!&'2'.&%L'&2!LD?-!)L.)

Page 144: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&&

BGI"/(F"@5& 0(h"%:G3(!&3;*

O?.%'!>.&Q')*0K!*0%?$-'2!)L'!2.>'!.%)*1*)*'2!)L.)!%D0)&*E$)'!)D!)L'!&'.?*o.)*D0

DH!)L'!HD??DP*0K!).2Q2!.>D0K!)L'!)L&''!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!).&K')!K&D$O2+

" -+"3"5*+(C&/:*+*C&3:'+!)L'!?D%.?!KD1'&>'0)2!>$2)!'0-'.1D$&!)D!O&D>D)'

)L'!H$&)L'&!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!)L'!%D>O.0*'2!.?&'.-R!DO'&.)*0K!D0!)L'*&!.&'.F

)D!2$OOD&)!)L'!2).&)*0K!DH!2>.??!'0)'&O&*2'2!.0-!)D!.))&.%)!0'P!%D>O.0*'2F

" :"#/*':'+!)L'!?D%.?!KD1'&0>'0)2!>$2)!'0-'.1D$&!)D!.22$&'!)L'!2.)*2H.%)*D0

DH!)L'!-'>.0-2!DH!1*2*)*0K!)D$&*2)2!.0-!)D!.))&.%)!0'P!)D$&*2)2F

" *3,&I*:&3:'+! )L'! ?D%.?! KD1'&0>'0)2!>$2)! '0-'.1D$&! )D! *0)'02*HR! )L'

2.)*2H.%)*D0!?'1'?!DH!?D%.?!*0L.E*).0)2!.0-!)D!.))&.%)!ODO$?.)*D0!K&D$O2!PL*%L

.&'!O&DH*).E?'!HD&!)L'!2'))?'>'0)U

>35(+%'5(%E(5N5&#2($&(#35(F"+Y5#$&.("6#$N$#,(%E(#35(6$#,

4H!P'!.0.?Ro'!)L'!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!H&D>!)L'!OD*0)!DH!1*'P!DH!)L'!.ED1'F!P'!%.0

2).)'!)L.)!)L'R!L.1'!O?.R'-!.0!*>OD&).0)!&D?'!*0!)L'!>.&Q')*0K!.%)*1*)R!DH!)L'

%*)R!.>D0K!)L'!)L&''!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!).&K')2!K&D$O2!>'0)*D0'-!.ED1'U

4)!*2!P*)L!&'2O'%)!)D!:"#/*':'()L.)!)L'!>D2)!-*&'%)!?*0Q!E')P''0!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2

.0-!O?.%'!>.&Q')*0K!%.0!E'!*-'0)*H*'-U!W0!)L'!D0'!L.0-F!.2!2O'%).)D&2F!)L'R

.?2D!.--'-!)D!)L'!0$>E'&!DH!1*2*)D&2!)D!)L'!%*)RU!=%%D&-*0K!)D!)L'!-.).!O&D1*-'-

ER!)L'!D&K.0*o'&2!DH!)L'!'1'0)2F!)L'&'!P'&'!.OO&DV*>.)'?R!7sZFZZZ!1*2*)D&2!*0

)D).?! .))'0-*0K! )L'!'1'0)2F! DH!PLD>!7Zx!P'&'! HD&'*K0'&2! .0-!<Zx!P'&'

e$0K.&*.0!%*)*o'02!H&D>!2'))?'>'0)2!D)L'&!)L.0!C'E&'%'0U

W0!)L'!D)L'&!L.0-F!*0!)L'!O.2)!H'P!R'.&2F!HD&!)L'!2.Q'!DH!2$%%'22H$??R!D&K.0*o*0K

)L'!'1'0)2F! )L'&'!P'&'!%D02*-'&.E?'! *0H&.2)&$%)$&.?! *01'2)>'0)2! &'.?*2'-! *0

C'E&'%'0!?*0Q'-!'*)L'&!-*&'%)?R!D&!*0-*&'%)?R!)D!)L'!2OD&)!'1'0)2U

4)!P.2!*0!)L'!H&.>'PD&Q!DH!)L'!4==X!TD&?-!^D$)L!aL.>O*D02L*O2!*0!=)L?')*%2

)L.)!)L'!W?cL!jcED&!5)&'')!=)L?')*%!5).-*$>!P.2!&'0D1.)'-!M8"?.0'!&'%D&).0

)&.%QF!0'P!2'&1*%'!E$*?-*0KNF!PL*%L!PD0!)L'!)*)?'!DH!4==X!40)'&0.)*D0.?!\&.*0*0K

a'0)'&!*0![ZZ<F!.0-!)L'0!*0![ZZw!P.2!0.>'-!42)1c0!jR$?.*!=)L?')*%!5).-*$>

.0-!\&.*0*0K!a'0)'&!MILD)D!7NU

U,":"(gl(=':9G3(B;#%&*(7:,%-:*+(1:&<*#5(&3<(./&*3*3$(J-3:-/

Page 145: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&'

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

\L'! 2'%D0-! ?.&K'2)! '1'0)2! L.??! DH! )L'! %D$0)&RF! X�0*V!e.??! MILD)D![NF!P.2

%D02)&$%)'-!*0![ZZ[!*0!J$2)!8!>D0)L2F!.H)'&!)L'!2$%%'22H$?!E*-!DH!)L'!%*)R!)D

2).K'!)L'!<w)L!TD&?-!jR>0.2)*%2!aL.>O*D02L*O2!M)L*2!&*KL)!)D!LD2)!)L*2!'1'0)

P.2!D&*K*0.??R!K*1'0!)D!#$-.O'2)F!E$)!.H)'&!)L'!#$-.O'2)!=&'0.!E$&0)!-DP0F

)L'&'!P.2!0D!O&DO'&!1'0$'!)D!E'!HD$0-!*0!)L'!%.O*).?!%*)RNU!\L'!44eX!TD&?-!/78

aL.>O*D02L*O!C*1*2*D0!44!P.2!)L'!'1'0)!)D!PL*%L!)L'!'&'%)*D0!DH!)L'!C'E&'%'0

4%'!e.??!MILD)D!<N!%.0!E'!?*0Q'-!M*)!2'&1'-!.2!)L'!)&.*0*0K!1'0$'!HD&!)'.>2

P.&>*0K!$O!HD&!)L'!>.)%L'2NU!\L'!?.)'2)!?.&K'"2%.?'!*01'2)>'0)!*0!)L'!H*'?-!DH

2OD&)2!)DDQ!O?.%'!*0![ZZw"[ZZ;F!PL'0!)L'!C'E&'%'0!40-DD&!5OD&)2!5P*>>*0K

IDD?!P.2!%D02)&$%)'-!.H)'&!)L'!%*)R!PD0!)L'!&*KL)!)D!D&K.0*o'!)L'!77)L!],6

5LD&)!aD$&2'!5P*>>*0K!,$&DO'.0!aL.>O*D02L*O2!MILD)D!9NU

U,":"(`l(L{3*T(E&%%

U,":"(Zl(!-I/-+-3(=+-(E&%%

Page 146: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&(

BGI"/(F"@5& 0(h"%:G3(!&3;*

\L'! LD)'?! -'1'?DO>'0)2! O?.R! .0! D$)2).0-*0K! &D?'! .>D0K! )L'! *0-*&'%)

*01'2)>'0)2!M\.E?'![NF!D$)!DH!PL*%L!)L'!&'0D1.)*D0!DH!)L'!5OD&)!eD)'?!MILD)D

sNF!PL*%L!?*'2!1'&R!%?D2'!)D!)L'!1'0$'2!DH!)L'!'1'0)2!.0-!2'&1'2!>D2)!DH!.??!)L'

*0)'&'2)2!DH!)L'!.)L?')'2F!>.R!E'!>'0)*D0'-!*0!)L'!H*&2)!O?.%'U

U,":"(dl"!-I/-+-3(=3<""/(1C"/:'(1W*55*3$(U""%

.&I%-(`X(!&:&("3(:,-(,*$,(Y#&%*:;(,":-%'("2(!-I/-+-3(*3(`[[[(&3<(`[[e

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(((=%1+/2#"+(3%#5'2 (((((((((((((=$N5/2#"+(3%#5'2

6$>E'&!DH 6$>E'&!DH 6$>E'&!DH 6$>E'&!DH

LD)'?2 E'-2 LD)'?2 E'-2

[ZZZ [ [9s Z Z

[ZZ8 w :9w 7 <w[

1"#/+-l(E#3$&/*&3(1:&:*':*+&%(^22*+-

\L'!.ED1'!>'0)*D0'-!*01'2)>'0)2!O&D>D)'-!)L'!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!)D$&*2>!.0-

)L'! .))&.%)*D0! DH!>D&'! )D$&*2)2! *0!>.0R! &'2O'%)2U! X*&2)! DH! .??F! )L'! 2OD&)

'2).E?*2L>'0)2!%D02)&$%)'-! HD&! )L'!K*1'0!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)!%D0)&*E$)'-! )D! )L'

K.*0*0K!DH!)L'!&*KL)2!)D!D&K.0*o'!D)L'&!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2F!)L'!E'2)!'V.>O?'!HD&

PL*%L!*2!&'O&'2'0)'-!ER!)L'!X�0*V!e.??U!5'%D0-?RF!.2!.!%D02'm$'0%'!DH!)L'

'V%'??'0)!%*&%$>2).0%'2!.0-!2$%%'22H$?!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2F!)L'!%*)R!E'%.>'!&'.??R

ODO$?.&!HD&!)L'!.)L?')'2!O.&)*%*O.)*0K!*0!)L'!)&.*0*0K!%.>O2U!=0!$O2$&K'!*0!)L'2'

2).&)'-!P*)L! )L'! &'%D02)&$%)*D0!DH!5OD&)2!eD)'?! *0! [ZZ9F! .0-! )L'0! )L'! &'.?

E&'.Q)L&D$KLF!O&DE.E?R!.2!)L'!&'2$?)!DH!)L'!*0%&'.2'-!.P.&'0'22F!D%%$&&'-!*0

[ZZ;!MX*K$&'![NU

Page 147: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&)

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

#$ #%

%!$I

!

#!

$!

%!

&!

$!!" $!!J $!!K $!!I

U,":"(cl(1C"/:(E":-%

L*$X(`l(.,-(3#5I-/("2(:/&*3*3$(+&5C'(,-%<(*3(!-I/-+-3(I-:W--3(`[[c(&3<(`[[e

1"#/+-l(!-I/-+-3(1C"/:(J-3:/-(1-/9*+-(U#I%*+(8:*%*:;(J"X

T*)L! )L'!.OO'.&.0%'!.0-!2O&'.-!DH! )&.*0*0K!%.>O2F! )L'!0$>E'&!DH!O'DO?'

.&&*1*0K!)D!C'E&'%'0!P*)L!)L*2!DEJ'%)*1'!.?2D!*0%&'.2'-!*0!.!O.&.??'?!P.R!M\.E?'!<NU

.&IX(ZX(.,-(3#5I-/("2($#-':(3*$,:'('C-3:(*3(1C"/:(E":-%(*3(+"33-+:*"3(W*:,(:/&*3*3$

+&5C'

KLLa KLLd KLLf KLLQ

\&.*0*0K!%.>O2 9Z< 7Us;s [U9:; 9U8[8

=)L?')'2!H&D>

=&.E*%!%D$0)&*'2 [8[ 7U[77 7Us[w :7<

5OD&)2!.22D%*.)*D02!*0

C'E&'%'0 <Z9 Z Z Z

\D).? :8: [U;8w 9UZ[< sU;97

1"#/+-l(!-I/-+-3(1C"/:(J-3:/-(1-/9*+-(U#I%*+(8:*%*:;(J"X

Page 148: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&*

BGI"/(F"@5& 0(h"%:G3(!&3;*

\L*&-?RF!)L'!*01'2)>'0)2!*0%&'.2'-!)L'!%D>O')*)*1'0'22!DH!)L'!%*)R!D0!)L'!.&'.2

0D)!&'?.)'-!)D!2OD&)2F!)DDU!40!)L*2!&'2O'%)!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!H&D>!.>D0K!)L'

-'1'?DO>'0)2!P.2!)L'!%D02)&$%)*D0!DH!X�0*V!e.??!*0![ZZ[F!PL*%L!P.2!)L'!?.&K'2)

'1'0)2!L.??!DH!e$0K.&R!HD&!.!PL*?'F!.0-!%D0)*0$'2!)D!E'!)L'!?.&K'2)!2$%L!H.%*?*)R

D$)2*-'!DH!)L'!%.O*).?!%*)RU!\L.0Q2!)D!)L*2!-'1'?DO>'0)F!C'E&'%'0!L.2!E'%D>'

%.O.E?'!DH!LD2)*0K!'1'0)2!P*)L!.!2%DO'!DH!.))&.%)*D0!)L.)!*2!0D)!J$2)!?D%.?F!E$)

'1'0! DH! 0.)*D0.?! 2%.?'F! .0-! *0! %'&).*0! %.2'2! '1'0! &'.%L*0K! E'RD0-! )L'

ED$0-.&*'2!DH!)L'!%D$0)&R!)D!%D1'&!)L'!'0)*&'!'.2)'&0!O.&)!DH!)L'!a.&O.)L*.0

#.2*0+

" '02$&*0K! )L'! %D0-*)*D02! HD&! D&K.0*o*0K! %D>>'&%*.?")RO'! '1'0)2! M'UKU

'VL*E*)*D02!.0-!H.*&2N!.)!.!L*KL'&!2).0-.&-!MILD)D!wNn

" D&K.0*o*0K!%$?)$&.?!'1'0)2+

!" [ZZ9+!=?OL.1*??'!%D0%'&)

!" [ZZs+!G*%L.&-!a?.R-'&>.0!%D0%'&)F!C.1*-!aDOO'&H*'?-r2!2LDP

!" [ZZw+!#&R.0!=-.>2!%D0%'&)

!" [ZZ8+!e.&?'>!j?DE')&D))'&2!2LDPF!5).)$2!~$D!%D0%'&)

!" [ZZ:+!i'.0!B*%L'?!i.&&'!%D0%'&)F!]'00R!h&.1*)o!%D0%'&)U

\L'!D$)2).0-*0K!&D?'!DH!X�0*V!e.??!*2!P'??!&'H?'%)'-!*0!)L'!$)*?*o.)*D0!-.).!DH!)L'

H.%*?*)R!.2!P'??!M\.E?'!9NU!\L'!L*KL!m$.?*)R!.0-!&'K*D0.?!*>OD&).0%'!DH!X�0*V

e.??!*2!.?2D!2LDP0!ER!)L'!H.%)!)L.)!*0!B.R![ZZ:!*)!E'%.>'!.!>'>E'&!DH!)L'

,$&DO'.0!=&'0.2!=22D%*.)*D0F!PL*%L! *2! .0! D&K.0*o.)*D0! HD&! )L'! ?'.-*0K

>$?)*H$0%)*D0.?!.&'0.2!DH!)L'!%D0)*0'0)U

U,":"(sl(E&P<wvC(D#*%<*3$(J"3':/#+:*"3(&3<(=3:-/*"/(!-'*$3(./&<-(1,"W

"/$&3*'-<(*3(L{3*T(E&%%

Page 149: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!&+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

.&IX(dX(.,-(#:*%*@&:*"3(*3<-T-'("2(L{3*T(E&%%(*3(:,-(C-/*"<(I-:W--3(`[[Z(&3<(`[[e

'1'0)2 '1'0)!-.R2 0$>E'&!DH!1*2*)D&2

aD0%'&) <8 <8 0U.U

,VL*E*)*D0 <[ 8w 0U.U

aD0H'&'0%' [[ w< 0U.U

5OD&)2!'1'0) 8Z 7w7 0U.U

W)L'&!'1'0) 8< 79Z 0U.U

\D).? [ss 988 7F99ZF<wZ

1"#/+-l(L{3*T(>9-3:'(^/$&3*'*3$(QU^

T*)L!&'2O'%)!)D!-+"3"5*+(&+:"/'(*)!2LD$?-!E'!'>OL.2*o'-!)L.)!%D>O.0*'2!*0

)L'!L*KL!.--'-!1.?$'!*0-$2)&*'2F!PL*%L!%D02)*)$)'!)L'!O&*>.&R!).&K')!K&D$O!HD&

)L'!%*)R! *0! )L'!0'P!>*??'00*$>F!%D02*-'&! )L'!2D"%.??'-!2DH)! ?D%.)*D0! H.%)D&2

M2$%L!.2!.0!.))&.%)*1'!0.)$&.?!'01*&D0>'0)F!2$*).E?'!DOOD&)$0*)*'2!HD&!&'%&'.)*D0N

DH!L*KL!2*K0*H*%.0%'U!40!)L'!?*KL)!DH!)L*2F!D0!)L'!D0'!L.0-F!)L'!'1'0)2!)L'>2'?1'2

M.2!OD)'0)*.?!DOOD&)$0*)*'2!HD&!&'%&'.)*D0NF!.0-!D0!)L'!D)L'&!L.0-!)L'!H.%*?*)*'2

)L.)!P'&'!%D02)&$%)'-!*0!)L'!*0)'&'2)!DH!2).K*0K!)L'>!M'UKU!)L'!2OD&)2!2P*>>*0K

ODD?!S!OD)'0)*.?!HD&!O$&2$*0K!2OD&)2!*0!.!L*KL"m$.?*)R!'01*&D0>'0)n!X�0*V!e.??!S

.!1'0$'!HD&!L*KL"m$.?*)R!%$?)$&.?!'1'0)2N!.?2D!'0L.0%'-!)L'!.))&.%)*1'0'22!DH

)L'!%*)R!HD&!)L'>U

X&D>!)L'!OD*0)!DH!1*'P!DH!ED)L!DH!)L'!.ED1'!).&K')!K&D$O2F!P'!%.0!&'K.&-!*)!.2

.!1'&R!*>OD&).0)!H.%)D&!)L.)F!)L'!%*)R!L.2!E''0!O?.%'-!D0!)L'!>.O!DH!,$&DO'!)D

2D>'!'V)'0)F!.0-!)L*2!P*??!'.2'!)L'!2$E2'm$'0)!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!.%)*1*)*'2U

X*&2)?RF!)L.0Q2!)D!)L'!2$%%'22H$?!D&K.0*o.)*D0!DH!)L'!'1'0)2!MHD&!'V.>O?'F!#&$0D

j&.0-*F!)L'!O&'2*-'0)!DH!)L'!40)'&0.)*D0.?!jR>0.2)*%2!X'-'&.)*D0F!%.??'-!)L'

<w)L!TD&?-!jR>0.2)*%2!aL.>O*D02L*O2! )L'!>D2)! 2$%%'22H$?! KR>0.2)*%2

%L.>O*D02L*O2!DH!.??!)*>'2F!PL*?'!e.02J�&K!T*&oF!)L'!O&'2*-'0)!DH!)L'!,$&DO'.0

=)L?')*%!=22D%*.)*D0!)L.0Q'-!C'E&'%'0!HD&!)L'!'V%'??'0)!D&K.0*o.)*D0!D0!)L'

%?D2*0K!-.R!DH!)L'!w)L!,$&DO'.0!=)L?')*%2!/[<!aL.>O*D02L*O2NF!)L'!O.&)*%*O.0)2

L.-!1'&R!OD2*)*1'!'VO'&*'0%'2!*0!C'E&'%'0!M\.E?'!sNF!PL*%L!?.&K'?R!%D0)&*E$)'-

)D!O$))*0K!C'E&'%'0!M.0-!P*)L!1'&R!OD2*)*1'!.22D%*.)*D02N!D0!)L'!>'0).?!>.O

DH!)L'!O'DO?'!*0!)L'*&!LD>'!%D$0)&*'2U

Page 150: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!',

BGI"/(F"@5& 0(h"%:G3(!&3;*

.&IX(cX(.,-(/-'#%:'("2(:,-('#/9-;(+"3+-/3*3$(:,-(-9-3:'("/$&3*'&:*"3(&'C-+:'("2(:,-

gd:,(L7=(E":(7*/(D&%%""3(J,&5C*"3',*C(_dm("#:("2(:,-(eg(+"5C-:*:"/'(/-'C"3<-<bX

=&'!RD$!2.)*2H*'-!P*)L!)L'!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!O&D%'22!M'0)&R!HD&>2F

*0HD&>.)*D0F!P'E"2*)'2F!')%N!E'HD&'!)L'!,1'0)u w:U9x

W0%'!*0!C'E&'%'0F!.&'!RD$!2.)*2H*'-!P*)L!)L'!&'%'O)*D0!M&DD>

.22*K0>'0)F!P'?%D>'!-'2QF!')%N!DH!)L'!,1'0)!D&K.0*2'&2u wsUsx

=&'!RD$!2.)*2H*'-!P*)L!)L'!L.0-?*0K!DH!RD$&!*0-*1*-$.?!P*2L'2

M&'0).?!%.&!&'2'&1.)*D02F!E.??DD0!&'0)*0KF!L'?*$>!2$OO?RF!')%Nu ;:U9x

=&'!RD$!2.)*2H*'-!P*)L!)L'!%D>O')*)*D0!L'.-m$.&)'&2!H.%*?*)*'2u :<UZx

=&'!RD$!2.)*2H*'-!P*)L!)L'!&'H$'??*0K!H.%*?*)*'2u w:U7x

T.2!)L'!%D>>$0*%.)*D0!O&D%'22!-$&*0K!)L'!'1'0)!M)*>*0K2!HD&

_2D%*.?q!'1'0)2F!H$&)L'&!2%L'-$?'N!2$HH*%*'0)u w7Usx

1"#/+-l(,::ClppI&%%"3X,#p9-/'-3;p-I`[[cX,:5

5'%D0-?RF!)L'!2*K0*H*%.0)!0$>E'&!DH!&'OD&)'&2!.0-!JD$&0.?*2)2!.&&*1*0K!H&D>!>D&'

)L.0!<Z!%D$0)&*'2!M\.E?'!wN!K.1'!1D*%'!)D!)L'*&!2.)*2H.%)*D0!D0!2'1'&.?!-*HH'&'0)

HD&$>2F!PL*%L! *2! O&*>.&*?R! .-1.0).K'D$2! HD&!C'E&'%'0! *0! )L'! ?*KL)! DH! )L'*&

2$E2'm$'0)! %D>>$0*%.)*D0! .%)*1*)*'2U! \L*&-?RF! )L'! ?.&K'&! '1'0)2! P'&'

E&D.-%.2)'-!ER!0D)!D0?R!)L'!e$0K.&*.0!E$)!.?2D!ER!HD&'*K0!)'?'1*2*D0!%D>O.0*'2

M\.E?'!;NF!PL*%L!.?2D!%D0)&*E$)'-!)D!)L'!&.*2*0K!DH!.P.&'0'22!.ED$)!)L'!%*)R!DH

C'E&'%'0U

.&IX(sX(.,-(3#5I-/("2(2"/-*$3(P"#/3&%*':'(/-C"/:*3$("3(-&+,("2(:,-('C"/:*3$(-9-3:'(*3

&(I/-&?<"W3(&++"/<*3$(:"(+"#3:/*-'

< R < R

=$2)&*. [ s j'&>.0R <: 8

#'?.&$2 Z 7 6D&P.R Z 7

#$?K.&*. 7 Z 4).?R s s

C'0>.&Q 7 Z G$22*. < Z

X*0?.0- < 7 ID&)$K.? [ 7

X&.0%' 8 77 GD>.0*. << Z

j&''%' 7 7 5O.*0 [ Z

\L'!6')L'&?.0-2 78 w 5P*)o'&?.0- 7< 7

a&D.)*. 7 [ 5P'-'0 < <

i.O.0 9 Z 5'&E*. Z <

ID?.0- 7 s 5?D1.Q*. [ <

j&'.)"#&*).*0 [ 7 5?D1'0*. 8 9

1"#/+-l(!-I/-+-3(1C"/:(J-3:/-(1-/9*+-(U#I%*+(8:*%*:;(J"X

Page 151: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!'!

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

=!"!72)!B.0!.0-!TD>.0!,$&DO'.0!jR>0.2)*%2!aL.>O*D02L*O2F!#!"!77)L!],6

5LD&)!aD$&2'!5P*>>*0K!,$&DO'.0!aL.>O*D02L*O2

\.Q*0K!*0)D!%D02*-'&.)*D0!)L'!.ED1'!0.>'-!H.%)D&2F!*)!*2!0D)!2$&O&*2*0K!)L.)!)L'

%*)R! 2)&D1'! )D! $)*?*2'! )L'! '1'0)2! *0! *)2! %D>>$0*%.)*D0! .%)*1*)*'2F! )DDU! \L'

E&D%L$&'2!ED)L! HD&! )L'!'%D0D>*%!.%)D&2!.0-! HD&! )L'! )D$&*2)2! &'H'&! )D! )L'2'

'1'0)2! MILD)D! ;N! *0! D&-'&! )D! O&D1'! )L'! L*KL! m$.?*)R! %D0-*)*D02! DHH'&'-! ER

)L'!%*)RU

40!%.2'!DH!)L'!*0L.E*).0)2F!*)!*2!>.*0?R!)L'!.*>!DH!*0%&'.2*0K!DH!2.)*2H.%)*D0!?'1'?

DH!?D%.?!*0L.E*).0)2!)L.)!%D$?-!E'!'>OL.2*o'-+!D0!)L'!D0'!L.0-F!)L'!'1'0)2

)L'>2'?1'2!&'O&'2'0)'-!&'%&'.)*D0.?!DOOD&)$0*)*'2!HD&!)L'>!.2!P'??!M.%%D&-*0K

)D!2$&1'R2F!.OO&DV*>.)'?R!wZx!DH!)L'!2O'%).)D&2!.)!)L'!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2!.&'

?D%.?!&'2*-'0)2!DH!C'E&'%'0NF!.0-!D0!)L'!D)L'&!L.0-F!)L'!0'P!H.%*?*)*'2!>.-'!*)

OD22*E?'!)D!O$&2$'!%'&).*0!E&.0%L'2!DH!2OD&)!M'UKU!2P*>>*0KF!*%'!LD%Q'RN!.)!.

>$%L!L*KL'&!?'1'?!)L.0!E'HD&'U

.&IX(mX(L"/-*$3(:-%-9*'*"3(+,&33-%'(&3<(+"#3:/*-'(I/"&<+&':*3$(+-/:&*3('C"/:*3$

-9-3:'("/$&3*'-<(*3(!-I/-+-3

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!((((@7%+#$&.(5N5&#2 (=%+5$.&(#5'5N$2$%&(63"&&5'2("&G

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((6%1&#+$52

4==X!TD&?-!^D$)L!aL.>O*D02L*O2!*0 ,$&D2OD&)

=)L?')*%2

<w)L!TD&?-!jR>0.2)*%2!aL.>O*D02L*O2 ,$&D2OD&)

44eX!TD&?-!aL.>O*D02L*O!"!C*1*2*D0!4 ID?.0-F!6D&P.RF!5P'-'0

72)!B.0!.0-!TD>.0!,$&DO'.0!jR>0.2)*%2 ,$&D2OD&)

aL.>O*D02L*O2

72)!4==X!TD&?-!GD.-!G$00*0K ,$&D2OD&)

aL.>O*D02L*O2

w)L!,$&DO'.0!=)L?')*%2!/[<!aL.>O*D02L*O2 ,$&D2OD&)F! 4).?RF! #'?K*$>F!G$22*.F

aRO&$2

77)L!],6!5LD&)!aD$&2'!5P*>>*0K ,$&D2OD&)F!ID?.0-F!5?D1'0*.F!/Q&.*0'F

,$&DO'.0!aL.>O*D02L*O2 4).?RF! X*0?.0-F!=$2)&*.F! \L'!6')L'&"

?.0-2F!j'&>.0R

1"#/+-l(!-I/-+-3(1C"/:(J-3:/-(1-/9*+-(U#I%*+(8:*%*:;(J"X

Page 152: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!'"

BGI"/(F"@5& 0(h"%:G3(!&3;*

U,":"(ml(U*+:#/-(2"/5(:,-(I/"+,#/-("2(!-I/-+-3(Mk"#/(+,"*+-(6(^#/('#++-''A

:&/$-:*3$(C":-3:*&%(*39-':"/'

-%&6'12$%&2

40!2$>F!*)!>.R!E'!'2).E?*2L'-!)L.)!*0!)L'!O.2)!)'0!R'.&2F!C'E&'%'0!L.2!>.-'

&'.??R!%D02*-'&.E?'!'HHD&)2!)D!.))&.%)!&'>.&Q.E?'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!2OD&)*0K!'1'0)2

)D!)L'!%*)R!.0-!*0!)L'!%D$&2'!DH!*)2!>.&Q')*0K!.%)*1*)*'2!*)!2)&D1'!)D!>.V*>.??R

$)*?*2'!)L'!.-1.0).K'2!DHH'&'-!ER!)L'2'!'1'0)2U

;C=C;C!-C@

=5eTWG\eF!jUiU!.0-!AWWjCF!eU!M7::ZNU!1-%%*3$(:,-(J*:;l()&/?-:*3$(7CC/"&+,-'(*3(U#I%*+

1-+:"/(8/I&3(U%&33*3$U!]D0-D0+!#'?L.1'0!I&'22U

=AG=e=BF!,U! .0-!h,\\,GF!,U! M[ZZ8NF!)-<*&(1:/&:-$*-'( 2"/()&/?-:*3$(U%&+-'( *3(J/*'*'l

=5C/"9*3$( :,-( =5&$-( "2(J*:*-'0(J"#3:/*-'( &3<( ."#/*'5(!-':*3&:*"3'U! =>2)'&-.>+

#$))'&PD&)L"e'*0'>.00F!,?2'1*'&!I&'22U

#,GhWT4\gF!IUn!ji,GB=6WF!jUn!],,F!jU!.0-!5ae=X,GF!jU!M[ZZ;NF!D/&3<(J,*3&l(8'*3$

:,-( `[[e(^%;5C*+( $&5-'( :"( -3,&3+-(J,*3&\'( *5&$-X! I?.%'!#&.0-*0K! .0-!I$E?*%

C*O?D>.%RF!<!M[NF!7w9"7;8U

jG=\\W6F!aUn!5e4#]4F!5U!.0-!aW],B=6F!GUF!M[ZZsNU!1C"/:(&3<(>+"3"5*+(4-$-3-/&:*"3(*3

J*:*-'U!/&E.0!5)$-*'2F!9[!MsYwNF!:8s":::U

e=]]F!aUBUF!M7::[NF!E&%%5&/?(."#/*':(>9-3:'l(=5C&+:'0()&3&$-5-3:(&3<(U%&33*3$U!]D0-D0+

#'?L.1'0!I&'22U

eWG6,F! iU! .0-!B=6g,6G,4\,G!TU!'-2UF! M[ZZwNF!1C"/:'()-$&6>9-3:'l(1"+*&%(1+*-3:*2*+

73&%;'-'("2(&(B%"I&%(U,-3"5-3"3U!B.?-'0+!#?.%QP'??!I$E?*2L*0K!])-U

i/6F!iUTU!.0-!],,F!eUBU!M[ZZ;NF!>3,&3+*3$($%"I&%6'+&%-(9*'*I*%*:;(&3<(2&5*%*&/*:;l(.,-(*5C&+:

"2(]"/%<( D&'-I&%%( J%&''*+( "3( C&/:*+*C&:*3$( +"#3:/*-'X(I?.%'!#&.0-*0K! .0-!I$E?*%

C*O?D>.%RF!<!M7NF!9["s[U

Page 153: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!'#

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

hW\],GF!IUn!e=4C,GF!eUeU!.0-!G,46F! 4U! M7::<NF!)&/?-:*3$(U%&+-'l(7::/&+:*3$( =39-':5-3:0

=3<#':/;0(&3<(."#/*'5(:"(J*:*-'0(1:&:-'(&3<(Q&:*"3'U!6'P!^D&Q+!\L'!X&''!I&'22U

hWgB=F!jU!M[ZZwNU!U%&+-()&/?-:*3$U!C'E&'%'0+!hD22$)L!/0*1'&2*)R!I&'22U

]=TF!aU! M7::9NU!)&3+,-':-/'(D*<( 2"/( :,-()*%%-33*#5(^%;5C*+(B&5-'U!j'DK&.OLRF!;:! M<NF

[[["[<7U

G,46F!4U!.0-!5e4,]C5F!#U!M[ZZ;NF!U%&+-(I/&3<*3$('C"/:l(1:/&:-$*-'(2"/(<*22-/-3:*&:*3$(-5-/$*3$0

:/&3'*:*"3&%0(3-$&:*9-%;(9*-W-<(&3<(3-W%;( *3<#':/*&%*'-<(3&:*"3'U!I?.%'!#&.0-*0K!.0-

I$E?*%!C*O?D>.%RF!<!M7NF!;<"8sU

A.0!-'0!#'&KF!]Un!#&.$0F!,U!.0-!W)K..&F!=UeUiU!'-2UF!M[ZZ[NF!1C"/:'(&3<(J*:;()&/?-:*3$( *3

>#/"C-&3(J*:*-'U!=?-'&2LD)+!=2LK.)'!I$E?*2L*0K!])-U

T=GCF!5UAU! M7::8NU!1-%%*3$(U%&+-'l( .,-()&/?-:*3$( &3<(U/"5":*"3( "2( ."W3'( &3<(J*:*-'

gec[6`[[[U!]D0-D0+!,!&!X6!5OD0F!GD$)?'-K'!I&'22U

Page 154: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!'&

><*:"/*&%(D"&/<

Page 155: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!''

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

CG$#%+$"'(R%"+G

l

?*+"3$F(<#"'",!*2!I&DH'22D&!.)!#$%.!,-$%.)*D0!X.%$?)R!C'O.&)>'0)!DH!j'DK&.OLRF

CDQ$o!,R?$?!/0*1'&2*)R!*0!4o>*&U!e'!&'%'*1'-!)L'!ILC!H&D>!42).0E$?!/0*1'&2*)R!M7:;<NU

e'!P.2!.OOD*0)'-!.2!.!K'D>D&OLD?DK*2)!)D!T.)'&2L'-!B.0.K'>'0)!,)$-'"I&DJ'%)

C*&'%)D&R!DH!XD&'2)&R!B*0*2)&RF!)&.02H'&&'-!)D!=).)$&Q!/0*1'&2*)R!M7:;sN!.0-!E'%.>'

=22D%*.)'!I&DH!M7:;8NF!H$??!I&DHU!M7:8;NU!=).?.R!>.-'!>.0R!&'2'.&%L!*0!K'DK&.OLRF

K'D>D&OLD?DKRF!)D$&*2>F!2D*?!DH!\$&Q'RU!e'!.))'0-'-!)L'!%?*>.)*%!%L.0K'!O&DK&.>>'

2$OOD&)'-!ER!40)'&0.)*D0.?!j'D?DK*%!aD&&'?.)*D0!I&DK&.>>'!M4jaINF!.0-!O&'O.&'-

)L'!O.?'D>.O2!DH![ZQ!.0-!7ZQ!DH!)L'!TD&?-U!=).?.R!)&.1'??'-!>D2)!O.&)!DH!)L'!TD&?-

H&D>!=$2)&.?*.!)D!40-*.F!\*E')*.0!I?.)'.$!.0-!aL*0.F!5D$)L!hD&'.F!H&D>!5D$)L!=H&*%.!)D

B'-*)'&&.0'.0!G'K*D0F! .??! %D$0)&*'2! DH!,$&DO'F! H&D>!=&K'0)*0.! )L&D$KL!=0-'.0

BD$0).*02F!a$E.! )D!/5=! -$&*0K! )L'! *0)'&0.)*D0.?! 2R>OD2*$>F! %D0K&'22'2! .0-

2'>*0.&2U!I&DHU!=).?.R!P.2!.P.&-'-!_I&DH'22D&!eD0D&*2!a.$2.q!)*)?'!ER!#$%L.&'2)

/0*1'&2*)R!*0![ZZ<U!I&DHU!=).?.R!*2!)L'!.$)LD&!DH!>D&'!)L.0!7ZZ!.&)*%?'2F!.0-!>D&'!)L.0

sZ!)'V)EDDQ!.0-!&'2'.&%L!EDDQ2U!a$&&'0)?R!=).?.R!*2!)L'!-*&'%)D&!DH!)L'!402)*)$)'!DH

,-$%.)*D0.?!5%*'0%'2!.0-!?'%)$&'&!DH!)L'!!C'O.&)>'0)!DH!j'DK&.OLRU!=).?.R!'0JDR2

2P*>>*0KF!H*'?-!&$00*0K!.0-!L.2!)PD!%L*?-&'0U!,">.*?+!*E&.L*>U.).?.Rp-'$U'-$U)&

4"&(Rm'#5"&1! *2! .0! '01*&D0>'0).?! K'DK&.OL'&! *01D?1'-! *0! )L'! L$>.0!S! 0.)$&'

.22'22>'0)!.)!?D%.?!.0-!&'K*D0.?!?'1'?U!e'(*2!.(%D&&'2OD0-*0K!>'>E'&!DH!\L'!GD>.0*.0

=%.-'>RF!O&'2*-'0)!DH!\L'!GD>.0*.0!6.)*D0.?!aD>>*))''!DH!j'DK&.OLR!.0-!L'!*2

.$)LD&!DH!7sZ!O.O'&2!P*)L!.!P*-'!&.0K'!DH!)DO*%2!*0%?$-*0K!'%DS)D$&*2>!.0-!%?*>.)'

%L.0K'F! '01*&D0>'0).?! %L.0K'! .0-! ?.0-! -'K&.-.)*D0U!C.0!#3?)'.0$! *2! .! 2'0*D&

&'2'.&%L'&!.)!)L'!402)*)$)'!DH!j'DK&.OLRF!.0-!O&DH'22D&!.)!)L'!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!#$%L.&'2)

.0-!L'!).$KL)!K'DK&.OLR!%D$&2'2!.2!1*2*)*0K!O&DH'22D&2!.)!-*HH'&'0)!$0*1'&2*)*'2! *0

4).?RF!X&.0%'F!i.O.0F!=$2)&*.!.0-!a&D.)*.U!I&DHU!C.0!#3?)'.0$!*2!.!X$?E&*KL)!!=?$>0$2

DH!)L'!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!aD?D&.-DF!#D$?-'&!.0-!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!T.2L*0K)D0F!5'.))?'!.0-!L'!*2

*01D?1'-!*0!2'1'&.?!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!O&DK&.>2!.0-!O&DJ'%)2U

z

4%+$"&%(-"2#"'G$&$!*2!I&DH'22D&!DH!ILR2*%.?!j'DK&.OLR!.0-!j'D>D&OLD?DKR!.)!)L'

,.&)L!5%*'0%'2!C'O.&)>'0)!DH!)L'!X.%$?)R!DH!5%*'0%'2!DH!BD-'0.!.0-!G'KK*D!,>*?*.

/0*1'&2*)RU!e'!L.2!E''0!I&'2*-'0)!DH!)L'!C'K&''!aD$&2'2!DH!H*&2)!.0-!2'%D0-!?'1'?!DH

j'D?DK*%.?!5%*'0%'2U!e'!*2!%DD&-*0.)D&!DH!5D%&.)'2!Y!,&.2>$2!I&DK&.>>'!P*)L!2D>'

,$&DO'.0!/0*1'&2*)*'2! MW&.-'.F!#.E'("#D?R.*!DH!a?$J!6.OD%.F!#$%L.&'2)F!]*2ED0F

=HRD0NU!\L'!#.E'("#D?R.*!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!a?$J!6.OD%.!MGD>.0*.N!%D0H'&'-!)D!L*>!)L'

I&DH'22D&!eD0D&*2!a.$2.!)*)?'!D0!j'DK&.OLRU!40![ZZ8!L'!L.2!E''0!'VO'&)"&'1*'P'&!DH

)L'!6/Ga!M6.)*D0.?!/0*1'&2*)R!G'2'.&%L!aD$0%*?N!DH!GD>.0*.U!e'!P.2!=22D%*.)'

I&DH'22D&!.)! )L'!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!I*2.!M4).?RN! *0!7::[":s!.0-!A*2*)*0K!I&DH'22D&!.)! )L'

/0*1'&2*)*'2!DH!]*2ED0!MID&)$K.?NF!W&.-'.!MGD>.0*.NF!#.J.!a.?*HD&0*.!5$&!M].!I.oF

B'V*%DNU!B'>E'&! DH! 6.)*D0.?! .0-! 40)'&0.)*D0.?! 5%*'0)*H*%! =22D%*.)*D02! M4).?*.0

=22D%*.)*D0!DH!ILR2*%.?!j'DK&.OLR!.0-!j'D>D&OLD?DKRF!4).?*.0!j'D?DK*%.?!5D%*')RF

40)'&0.)*D0.?!=22D%*.)*D0!DH!j'D>D&OLD?DK*2)2F!,$&DO'.0!a'0)&'!D0!j'D>D&OLD?DK*%.?

G*2Q2NU! e'! *2! 'VO'&)! *0! j'D>D&OLD?DK*%.?!>.OO*0KF! X?$1*.?! j'D>D&OLD?DKRF

j'D>D&OLD?DKR! .0-! ,01*&D0>'0).?! 4>O.%)! =22'22>'0)F! j'D)D$&*2>U

Page 156: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!'(

><*:"/*&%(D"&/<

j'D>D&OLD?DK*%.?!L.o.&-2!.0-!5'*2>*%!L.o.&-U!e'!L.2!).Q'0!O.&)!*0!6.)*D0.?!.0-

,$&DO'.0!O&DJ'%)2U!=$)LD&!DH!.ED$)!79Z!O.O'&2!O$E?*2L'-!*0!0.)*D0.?!.0-!*0)'&0.)*D0.?

JD$&0.?2U

<G+$"&(-$%"6m!*2!I&DH'22D&!.)!)L'!_5O*&$!e.&')q!/0*1'&2*)R!*0!#$%L.&'2)F!5%LDD?!DH

j'DK&.OLRU!,1'&! 2*0%'!L*2! K&.-$.)*D0!DH! )L'!5%LDD?! DH!j'DK&.OLRF!/0*1'&2*)R! DH

#$%L.&'2)!.0-!)*??!L'!JD*0'-!)L'!)'.%L*0K!2).HH!DH!_5O*&$!e.&')q!/0*1'&2*)R!M7::;NF!L'

PD&Q'-!HD&!)L'!I'-.KDK*%.?!402)*)$)'!.0-!)L'!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!#$%L.&'2)U!#')P''0!7:;;

.0-![ZZ[!L'!PD&Q'-!.2!2%*'0)*H*%!&'2'.&%L'&! HD&! )L'!402)*)$)'!DH!j'DK&.OLR!DH! )L'

GD>.0*.0!=%.-'>R!.0-!P.2!.P.&-'-!L*2!ILC!*0!K'DK&.OLR!ER! )L'!_=?U! 4U!a$o.q

/0*1'&2*)RF!4.(*U!40![ZZ[!L'!P.2!K$'2)!?'%)$&'&!.)!_5DOL*.!=0)*OD?*2q!*0!6*%'F!P*)L!)L'

_,2O.%'!')!a$?)$&'q!C'O.&)>'0)U!e'!L.2!%.&&*'-!D$)!)&.*0*0K!2'22*D02!*0!>D$0).*0

K'DK&.OLR! MID?.0-F!aL*0.NF!-&D$KL)!.&'.2! M42&.'?NF! )L'! *>O.%)!DH!K'D>D&OLD?DK*%

O&D%'22'2!D0!)L'!'01*&D0>'0)!.0-!D0!0.)$&.?!O&D)'%)'-!.&'.2!MX&.0%'F!aL*0.NF!PL'&'

L'!.?2D!.))'0-'-!%D$0)?'22!%D0H'&'0%'2U!e'!L.2!O$E?*2L'-!D1'&!7[Z!O.O'&2!D0!&'K*D0.?

K'DK&.OLRF!K'D>D&OLD?DKRF!0.)$&.?!L.o.&-2!.0-!)D$&*2>!K'DK&.OLRF!.0-!7;!O.O'&2

*0! O&'2)*K*D$2! O$E?*%.)*D02! .E&D.-F! .2!P'??! .2! wZ! O.O'&2! *0! )L'!>'-*.F! .*>'-!.)

2O&'.-*0K!K'DK&.OL*%.?!Q0DP?'-K'!.>D0K!)L'!P*-'!O$E?*%U!e'!*2!)L'!.$)LD&!DH!8!EDDQ2

D0! K'DK&.OLR! M1D?$>'2F! %D$&2'! 0D)'2F! L.0-EDDQ2F! )D$&*2)! K$*-'2NU! ,">.*?+

.%*D.%.pK>.*?U%D>

)n+o&#(4oN$G!P.2!ED&0! *0!e$0K.&RF! K&.-$.)'-! *0!e*2)D&RF!j'DK&.OLRF!,$&DO'.0

5)$-*'2!.0-!\D$&*2>U!e'!*2!.!%D??'K'!O&DH'22D&!*0!\D$&*2>!.)!hc&D?R!GbE'&)!aD??'K'F

jR�0KR�2F!.0-!.!eD0D&.&R!=22D%*.)'!I&DH'22D&!.)!5o'0)!42)1c0!/0*1'&2*)RF!j�-�??�

*0!e$0K.&RU!e'!L.2!?D0K2).0-*0K!)'.%L*0KF!O$E?*%.)*D0!.0-!&'2'.&%L!*0)'&'2)2!*0!)D$&*2>F

&'K*D0.?! -'1'?DO>'0)! .0-! '01*&D0>'0).?! 2)$-*'2U!BD&'! &'%'0)?R! L'! L.2! E''0

$0-'&).Q*0K!&'2'.&%L!D0!)D$&*2>!>.0.K'>'0)U!e'!*2!)L'!.$)LD&!.0-!'-*)D&!DH!D1'&

7Z!EDDQ2! .2!P'??! .2! D1'&! 7ZZ! JD$&0.?! .&)*%?'2! .0-!EDDQ! %L.O)'&2! .0-!L.2! E''0

.%)*1'! *0! .! 0$>E'&! DH! *0)'&0.)*D0.?! &'2'.&%L! .0-! )'.%L*0K! .22D%*.)*D02U

,">.*?!-.1*-?DpQ.&D?R&DE'&)UL$

=+pGp+$6(4$F"&635(*2!B.&Q')*0K!I&DH'22D&!.0-!HD$0-*0K!-*&'%)D&!DH!ED)L!)L'!a'0)&'

HD&! \D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)! .0-! )L'!B5%! *0! 5)&.)'K*%! \D$&*2>!B.0.K'>'0)U!C&U

C*>.0%L'!L.2!O$E?*2L'-!0$>'&D$2!)D$&*2>!&'2'.&%L!.&)*%?'2!.0-!L.2!E''0!.0!.%)*1'

%D02$?).0)!.0-!2O'.Q'&F!PD&Q*0K!HD&!1.&*D$2!D&K.0*o.)*D02!*0!=H&*%.F!=2*.F!,$&DO'F

.0-!)L'!/5=U!=!2O'.Q'&!.)!TD&?-!\D$&*2>!W&K.0*2.)*D0!%D0H'&'0%'2F!X&'-'&*%!*2!.?2D

.!ED.&-!>'>E'&!DH! )L'!\&.1'?!.0-!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%L!=22D%*.)*D0!,$&DO'!.0-!.

>'>E'&!DH! ! )L'! 40)'&0.)*D0.?!=22D%*.)*D0!DH!5%*'0)*H*%!,VO'&)2! *0!\D$&*2>U!,">.*?+

H&'-'&*%U-*>.0%L'p%'&.>UH&

A$3"5'"(@%E$"(4$&1! *2! I&DH'22D&! .)! )L'!GD>.0*.0!=>'&*%.0!/0*1'&2*)R! MG=/NF

#$%L.&'2)F!5%LDD?!DH!CD>'2)*%!.0-!40)'&0.)*D0.?!\D$&*2>!.0-!5%LDD?!DH!,%D0D>*%

,$&DO'.0!40)'K&.)*D0U!5L'!)'.%L'2!\D$&*2>!j'DK&.OLRF!BD$0).*0!\D$&*2>F!,%D)D$&*2>

.0-!G$&.?! \D$&*2>F!B.0.K'>'0)! DH! \D$&*2>!C'2)*0.)*D02F! .0-! )L'!,%D0D>R!DH

,$&DO'.0!/0*D0U!5L'!K&.-$.)'-!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!#$%L.&'2)F!.0-!DE).*0'-!L'&!IeUC!H&D>

)L'! 402)*)$)'!DH!j'DK&.OLRF!GD>.0*.0!=%.-'>RF!PL*?'!PD&Q*0K! )L'&'!.2!.!5'0*D&

Page 157: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!')

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

G'2'.&%L'&U!C*0$!*2!.$)LD&!DH!D1'&!7sZ!&'2'.&%L!O.O'&2!O$E?*2L'-!*0!JD$&0.?2!.0-

O&D%''-*0K2!DH!)L'!*>OD&).0)!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'2!*0!ID?.0-F!aL*0.F!4).?RF!X&.0%'F

i.O.0F!5?D1.Q*.F!#D20*."e'&o'KD1*0.F!\$&Q'RF!5D$)L!=H&*%.F!j'&>.0RF!42&.'?U!5L'

L.2!.$)LD&'-!2'1'&.?!EDDQ2!*0%?$-*0K!_j'DK&.OLR!DH!\D$&*2>qF!_j'DK&.OLR!DH!\D$&*2>

*0!GD>.0*.qF!_,%D)D$&*2>!"!,)L*%.?!aD-'2!.0-!aD-'2!DH!aD0-$%)q!M[ZZwNF!.0-!_\D$&*2>

*0-*%.)D&2q!M[ZZ;NU!5L'!*2!)L'!I&'2*-'0)!DH!GD>.0*.0!=>'&*%.0!=22D%*.)*D0!DH!I&DJ'%)

B.0.K'&2!HD&!,-$%.)*D0!.0-!G'2'.&%L!.0-!A*%'"I&'2*-'0)!DH!GD>.0*.0!=>'&*%.0

XD$0-.)*D0!HD&!,-$%.)*D0!.0-!a$?)$&'U!5L'!L.2!.?2D!2'&1'-!D0!)L'!'-*)D&*.?!ED.&-2!DH

HD$&!JD$&0.?2!.0-!%D0)*0$'2!)D!2'&1'!.2!.0D0R>D$2!&'1*'P'&U!5L'!%D0-$%)'-!.!2'&*'2

DH!&'2'.&%L!.2!O.&)!DH!0.)*D0.?!K&.0)2F!.0-!O.&)*%*O.)'-!.2!.!>'>E'&!*0!*0)'&0.)*D0.?

K&.0)2U!=2!.!>'>E'&!DH!)L'!,1.?$.)*D0!aD>>*22*D0!DH!)L'!B*0*2)&R!DH!,-$%.)*D0!.0-

G'2'.&%LF!C&!C*0$! *2! 1'&R!.%)*1'! *0!L'&! H*'?-!DH! &'2'.&%LU!5L'! *2!.?2D! *01D?1'-! *0

O$E?*2L*0K!O.O'&2!*0!.!>D0)L?R! JD$&0.?!P*)L!.!HD%$2!D0!'01*&D0>'0).?!.0-!)D$&*2>

'-$%.)*D0U!G'%'0)!O&DJ'%)2!*0%?$-'!2)$-*'2!HD&!)D$&*2>!*0!0.)*D0.?!O.&Q2!.0-!0.)$&.?

O&D)'%)'-!.&'.2F!>D$0).*0! )D$&*2>!.2!P'??!.2!2$2).*0.E?'! )D$&*2>!-'1'?DO>'0)! *0

2>.??!Y!&$&.?!.&'.2U!,">.*?+!>*L.'?.-*0$[ZZ<pR.LDDU%D>U

@#5E"&(4%F*",( *2!%$&&'0)?R!=22D%*.)'!I&DH'22D&!.)!#.E'(!#D?R.*!/0*1'&2*)RF!a?$J

6.OD%.U!e*2!*0)'&'2)!?*'2!*0!&'2'.&%L!D0!K'0'&.?!K'DK&.OLR!DH!)D$&*2>F!*0)'&0.)*D0.?

)D$&*2>F! 1D?%.0D! &'?*'HF! &'?.)*D02L*O2!E')P''0! )D$&*2>!.0-! &'?*'HU!CD%)D&!CD>E.R

O&'2'0)'-!L*2!PD&Q!P*)L*0!2'1'&.?!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'2!*0!e$0K.&RF!X&.0%'F!,KRO)U

e'!P.2!.P.&-'-!.0!LD0D&.&R!-'K&''!HD&!L*2!%D0)&*E$)*D0!)D!)L'!-'1'?DO>'0)!DH!#.E'(

#D?R.*!/0*1'&2*)RU!CD>E.R! *2!.!>'>E'&!DH! )L'!#D.&-! HD&!,$&DO'.0! 40)'K&.)*D0!DH

hD-D?c0R*!/0*1'&2*)R!aD??'K'!M5odQ'2H'Ld&1c&N!.0-!>'>E'&!DH!)L'!TD&?-!&'2'.&%L

W&K.0*2.)*D0!*0!a.*&DF!,KRO)U!,">.*?+!-D>E.RU*2)1.0pK>.*?U%D>

!$+N"&"(A%3"F5G(A%Y3#"+(B"++"e!*2!C'.0!DH!5*0.*!e*KL!402)*)$)'!HD&!\D$&*2>!.0-

eD)'?2F!G.2!5'-&F!5D$)L!5*0.*U!5L'!L.2!E''0!-'1'?DO*0K!.%.-'>*%! %DDO'&.)*D0

E')P''0!X.%$?)R!DH!\D$&*2>!v!eD)'?2F!e'?P.0!/0*1'&2*)R!.0-!)L'!X&'0%L!aL.>E'&!DH

aD>>'&%'!*0!a.*&D!.0-!O.&)*%*O.)'-!*0!?D%.?!.0-!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'2!D0!)D$&*2>

L'?-! *0! 2'1'&.?! %D$0)&*'2! *0%?$-*0K!/5=F!X&.0%'F!j&''%'F!,0K?.0-F!\$&Q'RU!=2!.

O&DH'22D&!.)!5*0.*!e*KL!402)*)$)'F!C&U!6*&1.0.!D&K.0*o'-!2'1'&.?!2%*'0)*H*%!%D0H'&'0%'2

*0!)L'!H*'?-!DH!)D$&*2>!.0-!LD2O*).?*)R!*0!,KRO)U!5L'!*2!'-*)D&*.?!2'%&').&R!.)!)L'!,KRO)*.0

iD$&0.?!HD&!\D$&*2>!.0-!eD2O*).?*)RF!a.*&DU!I&DH'22D&!6*&1.0.!*2!.!>'>E'&!DH!5D%*')R

DH!2%*'0)*H*%!,VO'&)2!*0!\D$&*2>F!DH!\D$&*2>!402)*)$)'!.0-!=0)*m$*)*'2!5'%)D&F!B*0*2)&R!DH

e*KL'&!,-$%.)*D0F! DH!G'K*D0.?! X'-'&.)*D0! HD&!5D$)L!5*0.*!5D%*')*'2! .0-! .!A*%'

aL.*&>.0! .)! B*2&! 5*0.*! 5D%*')R! HD&! \D$&*2)! C'1'?DO>'0)U! ,">.*?+

-'.0p2*0.*02)*)$)'UD&KF!6*&1.0.p2*0.*02)*)$)'UD&K

?%"&(?"&%qI(ILCF!*2!.!O&DH'22D&!.)!)L'!X.%$?)R!DH!j'DK&.OLRF!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!#$%L.&'2)U

e'!*2!.!>'>E'&!DH(�/&E.0!C'1'?DO>'0)!.0-!/&E.0!]*H'q!M40)'&0.)*D0.?!j'DK&.OL*%.?

/0*D0NF! DH! )L'!GD>.0*.0!6.)*D0.?! aD>>*))''! DH!j'DK&.OLRF! I&'2*-'0)! DH! )L'

I&DH'22*D0.?! =22D%*.)*D0! DH! )L'!GD>.0*.0!j'DK&.OL'&2F! 1*%'! O&'2*-'0)! DH! )L'

GD>.0*.0!j'DK&.OL*%.?!5D%*')R! .0-!.0!.%)*1'!>'>E'&! *0! )L'! '-*)D&*.?! ED.&-! DH

2%*'0)*H*%!&'1*'P2!?*Q'+!G'1$'!GD$>.*0'!-'!j'DK&.OL*'F!GD>.0*.0!G'1*'P!DH!G'K*D0.?

Page 158: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!'*

><*:"/*&%(D"&/<

j'DK&.OLRF!]r,2O.%'!KdDK&.OL*m$'F!j'DK&.OL*.!\*>*2*'02*2F!.0-!.!?D%.?!'VO'&)!*0

0$>'&D$2! &'2'.&%L!O&DK&.>2! *0!GD>.0*.U!e'! *2! *01D?1'-! *0! &'2'.&%L!.%)*1*)*'2! *0

-*HH'&'0)!.&'.2F!2$%L!.2!)'&&*)D&*.?!-R0.>*%2F!&'K*D0.?!.0.?R2'2!.0-!-'1'?DO>'0)F!$&E.0

.0-! &$&.?! -'1'?DO>'0)F! '%D0D>*%.?! K'DK&.OLR!.0-!-$'! )D! L*2! O.22*D0! HD&! )L'2'

-D>.*02F!L'!O.&)*%*O.)'-!.)!>D&'!)L.0!9Z!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'2F!2'>*0.&2!.0-

PD&Q2LDO2F!P&D)'!>D&'!)L.0!<Z!EDDQ2!D0!L*2!DP0!D&!%D??.ED&.)*0K!P*)L!L*2!%D??'.K$'2F

.0-!>D&'!)L.0!7sZ!2%*'0)*H*%!.&)*%?'2U

@"$G()"GY$(L.2!O$&2$'-!L*2!%D??'K'!2)$-*'2!*0!)L'!/0*)'-!5).)'2U!40!7::<F!L'!%D>O?')'-

)L'!&'m$*&'>'0)2!DH!L*2!ILUCU!H&D>!A*&K*0*.!\'%LU!e'!*2!%$&&'0)?R!.!%L.*&!O&DH'22D&!.)

)L'! ]'E.0'2'!=>'&*%.0!/0*1'&2*)RU!=2! O.&)! DH! L*2! &'2'.&%L!PD&QF!C&U! ].-Q*! L.2

O$E?*2L'-![<!2%*'0)*H*%!O.O'&2!*0!?'.-*0K!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!JD$&0.?2!DH!L*2!H*'?-F!.2!P'??!.2

79!.&)*%?'2!*0!)L'!O&D%''-*0K2!DH!)L'!>D2)!*>OD&).0)!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'2U!e'!L.2

.?2D! 2'&1'-!D0! )L'! '-*)D&*.?! ED.&-2! DH! )L&''! JD$&0.?2F! .0-! %D0)*0$'2! )D! 2'&1'!.2

.0D0R>D$2!&'1*'P'&!HD&!0.>'-!JD$&0.?2!DH!L*2!H*'?-U!5*>*?.&?RF!.2!.0!.%)*1'!O&DH'22*D0.?

*0!L*2! H*'?-F!C&U!].-Q*!2'&1'2!D0!1.&*D$2! )D$&*2>!ED.&-2!.0-!%D02$?)2!P*)L!1.&*D$2

LD2O*).?*)R!.0-!)D$&*2>!H*&>2!*0!]'E.0D0!.0-!)L'!B*--?'!,.2)U!,">.*?+!2?.-Q*p?.$U'-$U?E

4+J(8%2573()5F"!*2!.0!.22*2).0)!O&DH'22D&!.0-!K&.-$.)'!.-1*2D&!HD&!)L'!eD2O*).?*)R

B.0.K'>'0)!O&DK&.>!*0!)L'!5%LDD?!DH!\'%L0D?DKR!.0-!I&DH'22*D0.?!5)$-*'2!.)!C&'V'?

/0*1'&2*)R!*0!IL*?.-'?OL*.F!I=U!e'!?'%)$&'2F!%D02$?)2F!.0-!%D0-$%)2!&'2'.&%L!*0!)L'

.&'.!DH!LD2O*).?*)R!.0-! )D$&*2>!2'&1*%'2U!C&U!]'>.!2'&1'2!D0!0$>'&D$2!'-*)D&*.?

&'1*'P!ED.&-2!.?D0K!P*)L!>'>E'&2L*O!*0!)L'!?'.-*0K!LD2O*).?*)R!.0-!)D$&*2>!*0-$2)&R

.22D%*.)*D02U

!,>..-!L.2!PD&Q'-!*0!1.&*D$2!2'%)D&2!*0!)L'!)&.1'?!.0-!)D$&*2>!2'%)D&F!.0-!)L'&'.H)'&

Do*%+(A$63"'Yn!*2!.!2'0*D&!&'2'.&%L!H'??DPF!LD?-2!.!B.2)'&!-'K&''!*0!e*2)D&R!.0-

j'DK&.OLR!M/0*1'&2*)R!DH!C'E&'%'0N!.0-!.!ILC!*0!j'DK&.OLR!M/0*1'&2*)R!DH!C'E&'%'0NU

e'!*2!%$&&'0)?R!.!O&DH'22D&!DH!)D$&*2>!.)!hD-D?c0R*!/0*1'&2*)R!aD??'K'!M5odQ'2H'Ld&1c&N

.0-!1*2*)*0K!O&DH'22D&!.)!#.E'(S#D?R.*!/0*1'&2*)R!Ma?$J"6.OD%.F!GD>.0*.NU!G'%'0)

&'2'.&%L!*0)'&'2)2!*0%?$-'!$&E.0!)D$&*2>F!2LDOO*0K!)D$&*2>F!L$>.0!'%D?DKR!DH!)D$&*2>

.0-!)L'!&'?.)*D02L*O!E')P''0!)D$&*2>!.0-!m$.?*)R!DH!?*H'U!e*2!>.*0!&'2'.&%L!O&DJ'%)2

M5D%*.?!K'DK&.OL*%.?!.2O'%)2!DH!)D$&*2>!*0!#$-.O'2)n!G'K*D0.?!-*HH'&'0%'2!DH!2LDOO*0K

)D$&*2>!*0!e$0K.&Rn!j'DK&.OLR!DH!)D$&*2>!*0!e$0K.&R+!>D-'&0!.OO&D.%L*0Kn!e'.?)L

)D$&*2>!.0-!~$.?*)R!DH!]*H'!*0!e$0K.&RN!.&'!2$OOD&)'-!ER!e$0K.&*.0!5%*'0)*H*%!G'2'.&%L

X$0-U!,">.*?+!>*%L.?QDpL'?Q.U**HUL$

>"F"+"(;o#e! *2!e'.-!DH! )L'!\D$&*2>!C'O.&)>'0)! .)!hD-D?c0R*! ic0D2!/0*1'&2*)R

aD??'K'F!5odQ'2H'Ld&1c&F!e$0K.&RU!5L'!L.2!.$)LD&'-!D&!%D".$)LD&'-!2*V!EDDQ2!.0-

.ED$)!8Z!O.O'&2!D0!.!P*-'!&.0K'!DH!)DO*%2!*0%?$-*0K!)L'!*>O.%)2!DH!)D$&*2>F!*0)'&%$?)$&.?

.2O'%)2! DH! )D$&*2>! -'1'?DO>'0)F! ,$&DO'.0! )D$&*2>F! .0-! .))&.%)*D0! .0-! 1*2*)D&

>.0.K'>'0)U!e'&!%$&&'0)!&'2'.&%L!*0)'&'2)2!*0%?$-'!)L'!&'?.)*D02L*O!DH!L'.?)L!)D$&*2>

.0-!m$.?*)R!DH!?*H'F!.0-!)L'!&D?'!DH!)D$&*2>!.2!.!%.).?R2)!*0!,$&DO'.0!*0)'K&.)*D0U!5L'!*2

,-*)D&*.?!#D.&-!>'>E'&!DH!,$&DO'.0!iD$&0.?!DH!\D$&*2>!G'2'.&%LF!\$&*o>$2!#$??')*0

.0-!TD&?-!iD$&0.?!DH!,%D)D$&*2>F!.0-!,-*)D&*.?!G'1*'P!#D.&-!>'>E'&!DH!=0.)D?*.+

=0! 40)'&0.)*D0.?! iD$&0.?! DH! \D$&*2>! .0-! eD2O*).?*)R! G'2'.&%LU! ,">.*?+

)&.)op$&.0D2UQD-D?.0R*UL$

Page 159: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

!'+

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

4%1.'"2(A$635'5(>1+6%( *2!=22D%*.)'!I&DH'22D&! DH!5OD&)!B.0.K'>'0)! .)!C&'V'?

/0*1'&2*)R!*0!IL*?.-'?OL*.U!e'!&'%'*1'-!)L'!ILUCU!H&D>!)L'!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!6'P!B'V*%D

.0-!BU5U!.0-!#U5U!-'K&''2!H&D>!)L'!/0*1'&2*)R!DH!T*2%D02*0!.)!].a&D22'U!I&*D&!)D

.&&*1*0K!.)!C&'V'?!/0*1'&2*)RF!\$&%D!).$KL)!2OD&)!.0-!)D$&*2>!%D$&2'2!.)!4??*0D*2!5).)'

/0*1'&2*)RF!PL'&'!L'!P.2!0.>'-!)L'!/0*1'&2*)Rr2!W$)2).0-*0K!\'.%L'&!*0![ZZ[F!.0-

.)!C'5.?'2!/0*1'&2*)RF!PL'&'!L'!&'%'*1'-!)PD!)'.%L*0K!.P.&-2U!\$&%D!*2!)L'!.$)LD&!DH

D1'&!9Z!&'2'.&%L!.&)*%?'2!*0!JD$&0.?2!*0%?$-*0K!5OD&)!B.&Q')*0K!~$.&)'&?RF!40)'&0.)*D0.?

iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)!B.0.K'>'0)F!iD$&0.?!DH!\&.1'?!G'2'.&%LF!.0-!)L'!iD$&0.?!DH!5OD&)

.0-!\D$&*2>U!e'!L.2!.$)LD&'-!2'1'&.?!EDDQ2F! *0%?$-*0K!5OD&)! )D$&*2>!M[ZZ[N!.0-

5OD&)!.0-!'1'0)!>.&Q')*0K!M[ZZ7NF!.0-!L.2!O&'2'0)'-!.)!%D0H'&'0%'2! *0!a.0.-.F

5D$)L!hD&'.F!5D$)L!=H&*%.F!j'&>.0RF!aRO&$2F!5O.*0F!ID?.0-F!e$0K.&RF!.0-!ID&)$K.?U

G'%'0)!O&DJ'%)2!*0%?$-'!2)$-*'2!HD&!)L'![ZZ8!#'*J*0K!W?R>O*%U!j.>'2F![ZZ;!a&*%Q')

TD&?-!a$OF![Z7Z!X4X=!TD&?-!a$OF!.0-![ZZs!]*))?'!]'.K$'!TD&?-!5'&*'2U!=2!)*>'!.0-

P'.)L'&!O'&>*)F!\$&%D!'0JDR2!&$00*0KF!)'00*2F!0D&-*%!2Q**0KF!.0-!20DP2LD'*0KU!e'

.0-!L*2!P*H'!.0-!)L&''!%L*?-&'0!&'2*-'!*0!#')L?'L'>U!,">.*?+!-D$K?.2U)$&%Dp-&'V'?U'-$U

8%3&(@"55( *2! %$&&'0)?R! )L'!I&DH'22D&! DH! 40)'&0.)*D0.?!#$2*0'22! *0! )L'!X.%$?)R! DH

#$2*0'22!.0-!,0)'&O&*2'!F!5P*0E$&0'!/0*1'&2*)R!B'?ED$&0'!=$2)&.?*.U!I&DH'22D&!5.''

*2!.!&'1*'P'&!HD&!>.JD&!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!.%.-'>*%!.22D%*.)*D02r!*0)'&0.)*D0.?!%D0H'&'0%'

O&D%''-*0K2!.0-!O$E?*%.)*D02F!*0%?$-*0K!=%.-'>R!DH!40)'&0.)*D0.?!#$2*0'22F!=%.-'>R

DH!B.0.K'>'0)F!=22D%*.)*D0!DH!B.0.K'>'0)"40)'&0.)*D0.?!=22D%*.)*D0!DH!B.0.K'>'0)F

T'2)'&0!=%.-'>R!DH!B.0.K'>'0)F!40)'&0.)*D0.?*2*0K!,0)&'O&'0'$&2L*O!\&.*0*0K!.0-

,-$%.)*D0!=22D%*.)*D0F!.0-!)L'!e*KL'&!,-$%.)*D0!G'2'.&%L!C'1'?DO>'0)!5D%*')R!DH

=$2)&.?*.!Me,GC5=NU!I&DH'22D&!5.''!L.2!.$)LD&'-!>D&'!)L.0!D0'!L$0-&'-!&'2'.&%L

O$E?*%.)*D02!>.-'!$O!DH!EDDQ2F!EDDQ!%L.O)'&2!.0-! &'2'.&%L!.&)*%?'2F!PL*%L!L.1'

E''0!O$E?*2L'-! *0! .%.-'>*%!.0-!O&DH'22*D0.?! JD$&0.?2! .0-! &'H'&''-! *0)'&0.)*D0.?

%D0H'&'0%'! O&D%''-*0K2! *0! =$2)&.?*.F! ,$&DO'F! =2*.! .0-! )L'! /5=U! ,">.*?+

J2.''p2P*0U'-$U.$

A$63"5'(@%E5+I(*2!'%D0D>*%!K'DK&.OL'&!?'%)$&'&!*0!)L'!C'O.&)>'0)!DH!j'DK&.OLR!.)

#.&"4?.0!/0*1'&2*)R!\'?!=1*1F!42&.'?U!e*2!&'2'.&%L!H*'?-2!HD%$2!D0!*22$'2!DH!?D%.?!.0-

&'K*D0.?!-'1'?DO>'0)F!P*)L!2O'%*H*%!*0)'&'2)!*0!'%D0D>*%!)&.02HD&>.)*D0!DH!)L'!&$&.?

2O.%'F! &'K*D0.?! -'1'?DO>'0)! *0! -'1'?DO'-! .0-! -'1'?DO*0K! %D$0)&*'2F! .0-

*0-$2)&*.?*o.)*D0!.0-!'0)&'O&'0'$&*.?!O&D%'22'2!*0!O'&*OL'&.?!.&'.2U!!=)!)L'!*0)'&0.)*D0.?

?'1'?F!L'! *2!'V)'02*1'?R! *01D?1'-! *0! )L'!.%)*1*)*'2!DH! )L'! 40)'&0.)*D0.?!j'DK&.OL*%.?

/0*D0F!.2!%L.*&>.0!DH!)L'!aD>>*22*D0!D0!]D%.?!C'1'?DO>'0)U!e'!*2!.?2D!.!>'>E'&

DH! )L'!6.)*D0.?!j'DK&.OLR!aD$0%*?! .0-! 2'&1'2! .2! .! %D"?D%.?! D&K.0*o'&! DH! )L'

40)'&0.)*D0.?!j'DK&.OL*%.?!/0*D0!%D0K&'22F!)D!E'!L'?-!*0!42&.'?!*0![Z7ZU!5*0%'!>*-

[ZZs! L'! L.2! 2'&1'-! .2! %D"'-*)D&! HD&! )L'! *0)'&0.)*D0.?! JD$&0.?+! iD$&0.?! DH!G$&.?

aDDO'&.)*D0U!,">.*?+!2DH'&>7pK>.*?U%D>

<'5]"&G+"(r*1635"(*2!%$&&'0)?R!]'%)$&'&!.)!)L'!C'O.&)>'0)!DH!aD>>$0*%.)*D02!.0-

I$E?*%!G'?.)*D02!DH! )L'!6.)*D0.?!5%LDD?! DH!ID?*)*%.?! .0-!=->*0*2)&.)*1'!5)$-*'2! *0

#$%L.&'2)U!5L'!*2!*01D?1'-!*0!&'2'.&%L!O&DJ'%)2!D0!>.&Q')*0KF!%D>>$0*%.)*D02F!)D$&*2>

>.&Q')*0KF!2$2).*0.E?'!-'1'?DO>'0)!.0-!>.&Q')*0K!HD&!0D0O&DH*)2U!=?'V.0-&.!gE$%L'.

Page 160: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

160

Editorial Board

has participated in congresses, conferences and seminars in Romania, Thailand,Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Croatia, Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy,and in the United States. She received the Fulbright award twice in the last 5 years.E-mail: [email protected]

Editing Team:

ªerban Dragomirescu, senior researcher, Institute of Geography of the RomanianAcademy, was involved in the organisation of the first five symposia devoted to theGeography of Tourism (1968-1976), organized by the Institute of Geography incooperation with the Ministry of Tourism. In the last two decades, he devoted hisactivity to the standardization of geographical names at national and internationallevel. Dragomirescu is member of the United Nations Group of Experts forGeographical Names (GENUNG). In 2008 he was elected honour member of Societede Geographie de Paris. Recently, he surveyed the issue of Romanian version of theReader�’s Digest World Geographycal Atlas.

Olivia Mariana Radu is a graduate of Geography of Tourism, University of Bucharest.She is involved in teaching activities on ecotourism, rural tourism, agrotourism, andthe geography of tourism. Her interest in tourism is emphasized by the national andinternational research programs she has been a member of, as well her involvementin various activities of rural tourism, spa tourism, ecotourism, hotel management,concept and branding in tourism.

Elena Vãduva is an active researcher in the field of engineering. After graduatingthe Faculty of Electric Engineering, �“Valachia�” University, Târgoviºte, she enrolledas a PhD student. During the years, she was a part of the organizing committees ofseveral national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Being awell organized person, Elena graduated courses of Project Management, QualityManagement and Training Domestic Auditors in the field of Information SecurityManagement.

Page 161: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

161

Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends

Evaluation and acceptance

• Sound academic grounding: use of consistent and appropriate methodology, basedon the latest sources and published research in the respective fields;

• Originality and innovation: innovative and original approaches are favoured in acomprehensive perspective encompassing imitation, assimilation, experimentation,continuous improvement and research-based activities;

• Correlation with current practices in the field: articles should tackle urgent and up-to-date issues and challenges currently manifest in the respective fields, as wellas identify relevant trends and developments in this respect;

• Practical focus and bearing: submissions are encouraged to be practice-orientedand be applicable in the respective fields, they should be both descriptive andhave a relevance and scope beyond the specific situations under analysis;

• Relevance to the topic of the issue: each call for papers shall comprise a new topicfor every issue, as well as the submission guidelines to be observed.

Application procedure

Submitted papers should not have been previously published nor be currently underconsideration for publication elsewhere. All papers are refereed through a peer reviewprocess. Authors are kindly invited to send their papers to [email protected],pending revision and refereeing from board members. For any additional informationyou may contact the board at e-mail addresses specific in each call for papers.

Reference for reviewers

If you are interested and experienced in the field, you may become part of the journalreviewing team. Send us a half-page proposal and your CV at [email protected]

Subscription

JTCT is a biannual academic publication. Members of the editorial board andreviewers are from universities from all over the world, as well as the authors. Eachissue of the journal is dedicated to a topic of interest both for academics andprofessionals. Consently, each issue benefits from the contribution of scholars aswell as practitioners.

Subscriptions are for one calendar year only and must be pre-paid. Therefore,payment must be made until March of the year considered for subscription. Paymentsby bank transfer are accepted.

Individual issues can also be purchased all year long.

Page 162: Journal of Tourism Vol II nr 2 - WordPress.com · 2013-01-13 · Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends!

162

Editorial Board

Rates:

- annual subscription: 50 Euros / 75 USD

- price per issue: 30 Euros / 45 USD

Shipping rates, different upon country, are not included.

Please use the following details for bank tranfer:

Bank: ALPHA Bank Romania, Sucursala Dorobanti

Remittee: ARAMPEC �– Asociatia Romano Americana a Managerilor de Proiectedin Educaþie ºi Cercetare

Account No. for Euros: RO 39 BUCU 046888882511 EU 01

Account No. for USD: RO 96 BUCU 046888882511 US 01

For inquiries and further details, please contact us: [email protected]