Journal of International - JIARM · jiarm volume 1 issue 4 (may 2013) issn : 2320 – 5083 220 ...

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JIARM VOLUME 1 ISSUE 4 (MAY 2013) ISSN : 2320 – 5083

220 www.jiarm.com

MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SOME SPECIES OF COMPOSITAE

BABLU ROY*

BIDYUT KUMAR JANA** SOBHAN KR. MUKHERJEE***

*Dynobondhu Mahavidyalaya, Bongao, North -24 pargana, West Bengal, India.

**Dept of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. ***Dept. of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India.

ABSTRACT This papers deals with the detail microscopic characters of 8 species of

compositae, with the help of light microscope. These microscopic characters are very

use ful for their separation. Special attentions are taken to the anthers, style, stigma,

hairs, pappus ets. There is a greit diversity of microscopic characters, among the

studied species.

KEY WORDS: Microscopic Characters, Compositae. INTRODUCTION

The family compositae is nested high in the Angiosperm phylogeny in

Asterales. The family contains largest number of described, accepted species of

24000 under 1600-1700 genera. The family comprises of 12 subfamilies and 43 tribes

(Funk et al., 2009). In Compositae , several micromorphological features have been

used for characterization of taxa as additional source of information together with

other morphological features. Perusal of available literature regarding the

micromorphological characters of Compositae (Robinson, 2006; Scott ,1985; Paria &

Chinya,2002; Sen & Mukherjee, 2007; Mukherjee & Nordenstam, 2008) revealed that

the micromorphplogical characters have immense value for better understanding of

taxa specially for the family Compositae.


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MATERIALS: For this study eight species under eight genera of the family Compositae have been collected. S 1. Ageratum conizoides L. ( From Neulia , Nadia, W. B.)

2. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. ( From Neulia , Nadia, W. B.)

3. Eleutheranthera ruderalis (SW.) Sch.-Bip. ( From Kalyani, Nadia, W.B.)

4. Sonchous wightianas DC. (From Kalyani, Nadia, W.B.)

5. Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Ex DC. ( From Neulia, Nadia, W.B.)

6. Synedrella nodiflora(L.) Gaertn. ( From Neulia, Nadia, W.B.)

7. Tridax procumbens L. ( From Neulia, Nadia, W.B.)

8.Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. (From Neulia, Nadia, W.B.) METHODS:

Fresh plant materials were used for the study of micromorphological character

of eight species of Compositae. For each species at least five capitulum were collected

from different plants to study the range of variations within the taxon. The capitulum

were fixed in FAA solution. At least ten florets from different capitula were taken

randomly and washed in water. Then the florets were kept in 2% NaOH solution for

5-7 days for soften and clearing the tissue. Then the florets were washed in water and

dissected under stereo dissecting binocular microscope and stamen, style and pappus

were separated out carefully and stained with 0.5% aqueous safranin. After proper

staining, dissected parts were mounted in 70% phenol glycerin solution and sealed

with wax for semi-permanent preservation. Stamens, styles and pappus were studied

with the aid of compound microscope. Anther and styler features were drawn by the

prism type of camera lucida. Measurements were facilitated by stage and ocular

micrometer. Pictures were taken by microscopic attachment Olympus imaging corp

camera.


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RESULTS Name of the Species Anther Anther collar

Ageratum conizoides L. Anther 5, syngenecious, 0.8mm x 0.1mm to 1mm x 0.1mm, ecalcarate.

Absent

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Anther 5, syngenecious, 0.5 mm x 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm x 0.15 mm, calcarate, ecaudate, tails unequal.

0.3 mm x 0.09 mm to 0.4 mm x 0.1 mm, constructed by 7-8 vertical and 15-17 horizontal rows of thick walled cells.

Eleutheranthera ruderalis (SW.) Sch.-Bip.

Anther 5 or 6, syngenecious, 1 mm x 0.1 mm to 1.2 mm x 0.2mm, calcarate, ecaudate, tails equal.

0.15 mm x 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm x 0.1 mm, 4-5 vertical and 8-9 horizontal rows of thick walled cells.

Sonchous wightianas DC. Anther 5, syngenecious, 1.5 mm x 1 mm to 2 mm x 0.12 mm, calcarate, caudate, tails equal.

0.1 mm x 0.06 mm to 0.12 mm x 0.07 mm, 4-6 vertical rows and 9-12 horizontal rows of thick walled cells.

Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Ex DC.

Anther 5 , syngenecious, 0.5 mm x 0.22 mm to 0.6 mm x 0.25 mm, calcarate, ecaudate, tails unequal.


Synedrella nodiflora(L.) Gaertn.

Anther 5 or 6, syngenecious, 0.9 mm x 0.1mm to 1 mm x 0.12 mm, calcarate, ecaudate, tails unequal.

0.15 mm x 0.08 mm to 0.18 mm x 0.1 mm, 5-6vertical rows and 7-10 horizontal rows of thick walled cells.

Tridax procumbens L. Anther 5, syngenecious, 2mm x 0.2 mm to 2.5 mm x 0.25 mm, calcarate, caudate, tails unequal.


Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Anther 5, syngenecious, 1.3 mm x 0.25 mm to 1.4 mm x 0.3 mm, calcarate, ecaudate.

Absent


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Name of the Species Anther appendage Ageratum conizoides L. Apical dome shaped, sterile appendage, size

varies 0.3mm x 0.2mm to 0.3mm x 0.3mm. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Apical rounded, sterile appendage, size

varies 0.33mm x 0.3mm to 0.34mm x 0.33mm

Eleutheranthera ruderalis (SW.) Sch.-Bip. Apical dome shaped, sterile appendage, size varies 0.2mm x 0.1mm to 0.15mm x 0.1mm.

Sonchous wightianas DC. Apical dome shaped or ovate, sterile appendage, size varies 0.1mm x 0.08mm to 0.15mm x0.1mm.

Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Ex DC. Apical dome shaped, sterile appendage, size varies 0.1mm x 0.13mm to 0.12mm x 0.13mm.

Synedrella nodiflora(L.) Gaertn. Apical dome shaped, sterile appendage, size varies 0.2mm x 0.12mm to 0.25mm x 0.15mm.

Tridax procumbens L. Sterile triangular apical appendage, sizes varies 0.5mm x0.2mm to0.06mm x 0.03mm

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Sterile, more or less triangular apical appendage, size varies 0.2mm x0.15mm to0.3mm x 0.2mm

Name of the Species Style Ageratum conizoides L. Style long, thin, 3.5 mm– 4.2mm long,

acutely bifurcate, bifurcation 1.7mm -2mm, tangentially oriented in relation to capitulum

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Style thin, 1 mm– 1.3mm long, bifurcate, bifurcation 0.3mm -0.4mm, radially oriented in relation to capitulum

Eleutheranthera ruderalis (SW.) Sch.-Bip. Style long, thin, 3 mm– 3.5mm long, obtusely bifurcate, bifurcation 0.8mm -1mm, radially oriented.

Sonchous wightianas DC. Style long, thin, 9 mm– 12mm long, acutely bifurcate, bifurcation 1mm -1.5mm, tangentially oriented.

Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Ex DC. Style , thin, 1 mm– 1.3mm long, acutely bifurcate, bifurcation 0.3mm -0.45mm, radially oriented.

Synedrella nodiflora(L.) Gaertn. Style medium, thin, 3.8 mm– 4.2mm long, acutely bifurcate, bifurcation 1.5mm -2mm, radially oriented.

Tridax procumbens L. Style long, thin,8mm– 9mm long, acutely bifurcate, bifurcation 1mm -1.5mm, tangentially oriented .

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Style long, thin, 5 mm– 6mm long, acutely bifurcate, bifurcation 1mm -1.5mm, tangentially oriented in relation to capitulum


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Name of the Species Stigma Ageratum conizoides L. Stigmatic zone up to the style bifurcation Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Stigmatic zone up to the style bifurcation Eleutheranthera ruderalis (SW.) Sch.-Bip. Stigmatic zone up to the style bifurcation,

apex obtuse. Sonchous wightianas DC. Stigmatic zone up to below the style

bifurcation, acute apex. Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Ex DC. Stigmatic zone up to the style bifurcation,

blunt apex Synedrella nodiflora(L.) Gaertn. Stigmatic zone up to the style bifurcation,

acute apex Tridax procumbens L. Stigmatic zone up to the style bifurcation,

acute apex Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Stigmatic zone up to below the style

bifurcation, acute apex

Name of the Species Sweeping hairs Ageratum conizoides L. Sweeping hairs distributed up to the

bifurcation, minute, short, equal Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Sweeping hairs distributed up to the

bifurcation, minute, conical, equal. Eleutheranthera ruderalis (SW.) Sch.-Bip. Sweeping hairs distributed up to the

bifurcation, minute, conical, unequal. Sonchous wightianas DC. Sweeping hairs distributed well below the

bifurcation, minute, conical, equal. Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Ex DC. Sweeping hairs distributed up to the

bifurcation, minute, conical, unequal. Synedrella nodiflora(L.) Gaertn. Sweeping hairs up to the bifurcation,

minute,conical to oblong unequal. Tridax procumbens L. Sweeping hairs distributed up to the

bifurcation, minute, conical, unequa, acute . Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Sweeping hairs distributed up to below the

bifurcation, minute, conical or hairy, unequal.

Name of the Species Pappus

Ageratum conizoides L. Awn like scales, 5 or six, equal, 2.2mm-2.8mm long.

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Minute hairy, aristate corona,2 toothed, teeth 0.2mm-0.3mm.

Eleutheranthera ruderalis (SW.) Sch.-Bip. Small lacerate, Crown with hairs. Sonchous wightianas DC. Serulate setose,pappus bristles numerous,

arranged in two or more rows, long,6mm-9mm.

Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Ex DC. Awn like, 1 or 2, small, 0.4mm-0.6mm. Synedrella nodiflora(L.) Gaertn. Awn , 2 to 5 in numbers, unequal, 2mm-

5mm long. Tridax procumbens L. Serulate setose, pappus bristles numerous,

arranged in two or more rows, long , 3mm-7mm.

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Barbellate type, arranged in two or more rows, inner rows small and outer row longer.


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A B C D

E F G H

Figure 1: Staminal morphology; A. Ageratum conizoides, B. Eclipta prostrarta, C. Eleutheranthera ruderalis D. Sonchous wightianas, E. Spilanthes paniculata, F. Synedrelle nodiflora, G. Tridax procumbens, H. Verninia cinerea

A

B C D E F

G H I J K L M

Figure-2: Stlyar morphology; A. Ageratum conizoides, B. Eclipta prostrarta, C-D. Eleutheranthera ruderalis E.Sonchous wightianas, F. S. paniculata, Ray, G-H.Spilanthes paniculata Disc ,I. Synedrella nodiflora Disc, J. S. nodiflora Ray, K. Tridax procumbens,L-M.Verninia cinerea


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A B C

D E F

G H Plate-1: Stigmatic appendage showing sweeping hairs; A. Ageratum conizoides, B. Eclipta prostrarta, C. Eleutheranthera ruderalis D.Sonchous wightianas, E. Spilanthes paniculata F. Synedrella nodiflora, G. Tridax procumbens, H. Verninia cinerea.

A -I A-II B-I


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B-II C- I C-II

D-I D-II E

F- I F-II G-I

G-II H-I H-II Plate-2: Anther appendage and anther bases, A-I, A-II. Ageratum conizoides, B-I& B-II. Eclipta prostrarta, C-I & C-II. Eleutheranthera ruderalis D-I & D-II.Sonchous


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wightianas, E. Spilanthes paniculata F-I & F-II. Synedrelle nodiflora, G-I & G-II. Tridax procumbens, H-I & H-II. Verninia cinerea. DISCUSSION:

Among the studied species Eclipta prostrate , Spilanthes paniculata,

Synedrella nodiflora, Tridax procumbens are heterogamous, i.e. capitulum with ray

and disc florets and rest are homogamous i.e. capitulum with disc florets only. In all

cases ray florets are unisexual female and disc florets are bisexual. Anthers are

syngenecious in all the studied speciesand five in number. But variation in numbers

are found in Eleutheranthera and Synedrilla where five or six anthers are found per

disc florets. Anthers are usually calcarate i.e. pollen bearing theca are prolonged

below the point of attachment of anther with filament. But ecalcarate anthers are

found in Ageratum. Calcarate anthers are again of two categories; cordate anthers are

seen in Sonchous and Tridax, where sterile cells are found at the base of the theca,

other anthers are ecordate i.e. sterile base of anther are absent. Anther collar are seen

in all the studied species except Ageratum and Vernonia. Thickness and mode of

distribution of collar cells are taxonomically important. In Eclipta collar cells are

arranged in 15-17 horizontal rows, which is minimum in Synnedrilla with only 5-6

horizontal rows. Apical part of anther usually has sterile anther appendage. The shape

and structure of the appendages is also important. Appendages in Sonchous are very

thin and there has no clear demarcation between anther lobes and appendage.other

taxa have dome shaped(Ageratum, Eleutheranthera, Spilanthes) or rounded (Eclipta )

or ovate (Synnedrilla ) or tringular (Tridax, Vernonia). Micromorphology of style and

stigma are very important for characterization of tribes of Compositae.

Robinson(1984) stated that orentation of stylar arms in relation to the capitulum has

some information on taxa. Studied taxa can be divided into two broad categories;

style arms are tangentially oriented in Sonchous and Vernonia, whereas in others

style arms are radially oriented in relation to capitulum. Length of styles are variable

among the studied taxa. Style is very long in Sonchous (9-12mm) and Tridax (8-

9mm), but short in Eclipta(1-1.3mm) and Spilanthes(1-1.3mm). All the studied

species have sweeping hairs on the style arms, i.e. stigmatic zone and their

distribution has great taxonomic significance. In majority of taxa sweeping hairs are

distributed up to the bifurcation of style but in Vernonia sweeping hairs are

disrtibuted on style below the bifercation. Sweeping hairs are more or less equal in

Ageratum, Eclipta, Sonchous and Synedrilla but unequal in Eleutheranthera,


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Spilanthes, Tridax and Vernonia . Among the studied species there found different

types of pappus. Ageratum conizoides, Spilanthes paniculata, and Synedrella

nodiflora has awn like pappus but nmber of bristles are varying. In Eclipta alba

pappus is aristate corona, Eleutheranthera ruderalis posses hairy corona.In Sonchous

wightianas and Tridax procumbens pappus are serrulosose setose type. And Vernonia

cinerea posses barbellate pappus. CONCLUSSION:

Therefore on the basis of micromorphological characters of stamens, styles

and pappus , different taxa of Compositae can be easily distinguished. Thus features

may provide new dimension in the field of taxonomic studies in Compositae.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We are thankful to Prof. G. G. Maiti, for his kind help during this study. REFERENCES:

1. Funk, V.A., Susanna, A., stuessy, T.F. & Bayer, R.J. 2009.Systematics,

Evolution and Biogeography of Compositae. IAPT, Vienna.

2. Mukherjee, S.K. & Nordenstam, B. 2008. Diversity of pappusstructures in

some tribes of the Asteraceae Phytotaxonomy 8 : 32-46.

3. Paria, N. & Chinya, S. 2002. Floral micromorphplogy of some Indian

Asteraceae and its implications in taxonomy In Das, A.P. (ed.)

Perspective of Plant Biodiversity, pp.451-479.

4. Robinson, H. 1984.Style rotation in the asteraceae. Taxon 33: 400-404.

5. Robinson, H. 2006. An introduction to micro-characters of the asteraceae. The

International Compositae Alliance, Barcelona, p.5.

6. Scott, R.W. 1985. Micro characters as generic markers in Eupatorieae. Taxon

34: 26-30.

7. Sen, S. & Mukherjee, S.K. 2007. Stylae features of some common taxa in

Asteraceae. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 31: 478-486.

Journal of International - JIARM · jiarm volume 1 issue 4 (may 2013) issn : 2320 – 5083 220 ...

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