Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVI, No 2, March-April 1990

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\ rbJournal of:Dorbcrlanb JRcgrarcDVolume XLVI, No.2 March-Apri11990

FRONT PAGE NEWSWH T IS HAPPENING T OUR PLANET

The following news should have been on the front pages ofyour regular newspapers. Insteadit made asyndicated weekly columnEARTHWEEKADiary of h Planet for the weekof9 Feb1990. The front pages of the regular press were saved for more important stuff like politics.issing WhalesEnvironmentalists and tourist offi-cials are wondering what haJ>paned to thousands of graywhales which normally swlmtothewarm waters off Mexico's BajaCalifornia coast to give birth at histimeofyear. Only 12ofthewhalesfrom Alaska have arrived at theGuerrero Negro area where 2,000adults and 1,200 newborns werecounted last year. The Mexicanenvironmental Group of 100speculated that huge numbers ofwhales may have died on thei r mi-

gratory route which would havebrought them through the area offthe Alaskan coast where theExxon tanker Valdez spilled 11million gallons of oil last April.

Silent SpringScientists also can't explain whathas caused the drastic decline Inthe numberof some fish, sea birdsand whales along Canada's Brit-Ish Columbia coast 'The steel-head are gone. There's a big holeIn the river, saidJoe Saysell, whohas fished the Cowlchan river formore than 30 years. The largesea-going trout has all but dlsaJ>peared from some British Colum-bia rivers, and the population ofnesting cormorants on the westcoast of Vancouver Island Is down70 percent Theories for the de-cline range from the Alaska oil spilland driftnet fishing, to changes Inocean currents and temperatures.

We also have reports ofmassive die-otis of amphibians (frogs and salamanders) around theworld. The major increase in earthquake activity around the Pacific rim cannot go unnoticed.What about the mysterious British crop circles? Why doesn't the media carry on an intelligentoverview of our planetary changes?


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The Journal ofBorderland ResearchTHEJOURNAL.OF BORDERLAND RESEARCH (ISSN0897-0394) is a publication of Borderland SciencesResearch Foundation, Inc., P.O. Box429, Garberville,Califomia 95440-0429 USA. Phone: (707) 986-7211.Contents are @1990 by BSRF, Inc. The Joumal ispublished six issues a year (bi-monthly) with the as-sistance of the BSRF Associates. The Joumal Isissued to members of BSRF.

EDffORThomas Joseph BrownCONTRIBUTINGEDffORSAlison DavidsonPeter UndemannJorge Resines

THE JOURNAL OF BORDERLAND REsEARcH is aFree-Thought Scientific Forum using the imaginationand intuition to probe beyond the borders of thesenses. Donations of pertinent materials are ac-cepted for publication in this Joumal.BOFIJERlN-m SCENCES FESEARCH FOUNlAllON.Inc. Is an organization (Califomla non-profit) ofpeoplewho take an active interest in observation of theirphysical, mertal and spiitual environmert - personaly,globally, and universally. Subjects of inquiry on thisBorderland between the Visible and InvisibleManifestations of Reality include: Archetypal Formsand Forces of Nature and the Useof the Imaginationand Intuition to Perceive Them, Ether Physics andEtherial Forces, Ught and Color, Radionics andRadiesthesia, Dowsing, Orgone Energy, Nikola Tesla& The True Wireless, Viktor Schauberger's WaterTechnology, Octaves of the Elements, Electricity &The EvoMng Soul, Initiation Science, Hollow EarthMysteries, Anomalies and Fortean Phenomena,Hypnosis, Photograptltd the Invisible, a1d UnidentliedFlying Objects.BOFilERLAND SCENCES FESEARCH FOlN>ATIONwas founded by N. Meade Layne in February 1945with the issuanceof the first ROUND ROBIN, originaltitle to The Jc:unal mBorderald Resea.ch. TheFoundation is a non-profit foundation incorporatedunder Califomia law, May 21, 1951.

The Board l Directors is:Thomas Joseph Brown, DirectorAlison Davidson, Secretary-TreasurerPeter A. Undemann, Vice-PresidentBSRF Membership fees are:$25/year worldwide, Regular Membership$15/year, Senior Citizen & Student Membership$50/year, Supporting Membership$1 00/year, Sustaining Membership$1000, Ufetime MembershipAdd $20/year for Air Mail postage on the Joumal

THE MAIN FUNCTlON mBSRF is to act as aneducational clearinghouse for information. Activeresearch is being carried out and resUts ae publishedin The Journal of orderlandResearch The majorityof funding for BSRF come from the sales of researchmaterials and membership fees.All. INFORMATION is Pf'BSBIUd for lnfonnalionaland Research JUPQSBS only. Authors are solely re-sponsible for the opinions they prEMtent. In no wayareBSRF publications, books or equipment to be takenas medical advice or instrumentation. We fully sup-port a person's natural right to research and investi-gate for themselves. We support the questioning ofauthority. BSRF functions on the Universal Principleof the Free Flow of Information and we stand on ourU.S. Constitutional Rights ofFreedom ofSpeech andFreedom of the Press I

TH JOURNALOFBORDERL ANDRESEARCHV o l u m e X L V I No.2March-April1990

TABLE OF CONTENTS NEW CONCEPTS IN POWER GENERATION

Jim Murray 1-9 DE1ECI10N OF STATIONARY ANDDYNAMIC SPACE SUBS1RATUMParamabamsa Tewari 9

DIBLBCIRICITY& CAPACITANCEEric P. Dollard 10-13 FIZIXKORNER

Peter Lindemann 14 EVOLU'I10N OFMATI'ER & EVOLUTION OF

FORCES by Gusbne LeBonBook Review by Gerry Vassilatos 15-17nm VEDAS: Manttas, Mandalsn, 1beKrellHelmet andJohnKeelyJerry W. Decker 18-20

COSMICWEA'DIER REPORTAlison Davidson & Tom Brown 21 BSRFBUILBTlN BOARDLetters, Reviews, Contacts 22-29


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New Concepts inPower eneration

by Jim MurrayA 1RIBUTE TO GENIUSIt s several years before the tum of the century in the city ofBudapest, Hungary. A tall, gaunt man from Serbia struggles to re-gain his health. For months he has been in the grip of a strange andviolent malady that has threatened to take his life. His convalescenceis slow, but his will to live is indomitable. His name is Nikola Testa.Ashisstrength returns, Testa's thoughts tum with eagerness to-wards the resumption of his professional duties at the BudapestTelephone Exchange, and to the solutionofa problem that has vexedhis mind since his secondyear ofengineeringschool- the harnessingof alternating currents.Always having found great fortification of spirit in nature, theweakened Tesla retreats to the city park to enjoy a short outing. Heis in the company of a former classmate, Szigeti. It s late afternoonin February. The year is 1881.The dazzling colors in the prismatic sky announce the coming ofsunset The brilliant spectacle infuses life into Testa's troubled soul.Hisbeing is seized by the contrast between this display of he cosmicwholeness and the integrated essencewhich he perceives as himself.The mysteries of the objective and the subjective realities seem tomerge. Some great truth appears evident; nearly tangible. He isdeeply moved. His sense of the aesthetic escalates to the point ofspontaneous expression and he begins to recite a verse from FaustThe glow retreats, done is the day of toil;It yonder hastens, new fields of ife exploring;

Oh, that no wing can lift me from the soil;Upon its track to follow, follow soaring ..Suddenly, Testa is silent, staring at the orb of the setting sun.Szigeti is alarmed and tries to rouse him, but without success. Thenas i f rom a dream, Tesla speaks. His voice is charged with emotion."Watch mel Watch me reverse it "In a moment of unparalleled lucidity, the mind of a noble manhas merged with the mental fabricofa Higher Consciousness and has.. aptured a grain of truth to share with mankind. During these fewseconds of inspiration, Nikola Testa has discovered the principle ofthe rotating magnetic field, the foundation from which our entirepolyphase electrical technology bas evolved. Testa is 5 years oldI wrote those words n Septemberofl983 aspartof the introduc-tion to a lecture I delivered before the Second International Sympo-sium on Non-Conventional Energy Technology. The paper was en-titled "An Introduction to the Concepts of Energy Resonance."The introduction continues:These events marked the beginning of a career unsurpassed tothis day by any individual in the electrical field.In the remaining 62 years of his life, Testa was awarded 36patents for inventions pertaining to motors and generators, 9 majorpatents involving transmissionofelectrical power, 6 patents concern-ing lighting, 17 patents on the design of high frequency apparatus, 12patents on radio, 7 patents on turbines and similar devices, and manyother patents too numerous to mention.What gift allowed Nikola Testa to stand as a giant among men?How was his thinking different? What secrets permitted him to dis-cover so many truths? Why has no one followed in his footsteps?

I began my lecture on Energy Resonance with an introduction

centering on the life of Nikola Testa because I felt indebted to thisexceptionalman. Likewise, it would not be possible for me todiscussmyresearch in power generation without again giving credit to NikolaTesta. His life has had a great effect upon my own and, in some waysmy investigations have been guided by hisMy first encounter with Tesla'sworkoccurredin1962, when Iwasa sophomore in high school I read an article which debated the fea-sibility of Tesla's plans to light the 1903 International Exhibition inParis with pav. ..;r generated at Niagara Falls and transmitted toEurope by wireless means. The storyhad first appeared in ElectricalWorld and Engineer, March 5,1904, where mention was made ofTesta's intention to combine the art ofwireless communication withthat of wireless transmission of power.In the early sixties, my technical interests were completely di-rected toward the design oflinear particle accelerators. Already I badreceived a first place award in the New England Science TalentSearch and hadmy sights set on scholarships and grants. I bad no timefor ancient inventors However, I remember thinking, "How doesone transmit 10,000 horsepower acrosshalf he globe withoutwires?"The thought lingered in the baclc of my mind for many years anddwells there still.In 1965, my father died suddenly, and withhim, unfortunately,sodid my plans to study physics at M.I.T. The following fall, instead ofattending college I started work as an electrician in asmall NewJerseyshipyard. I was 18 years old.

The years which I spent around New York Harbor and the NewJersey waterfront were filled with incredible experiences. In thosedays there were still steam-powered tug boats in operation. Antiquecoal burning plants provided steam and electricity to many factories.Direct Current machinery over a century oldsaw dailyoperation. Oldlighterage barges were still repaired by carpenters who bad notforgotten how to hew beams by hand. Everywhere there was anatmosphere that resisted change. Constantly I encountered "old tim-ers" with stories to tell, and I was always eager to listen.One morning I boarded an old steam tug just to look over herpropulsion system. Below the decks I found a beautiful old two stagemarine engine, skirted with brass and hard wood and supported by acast iron frame. The cross heads and journals were still shiny andlubricated as i f the engine had only recently been stopped. The oldmachinery was beautiful There was something artistic in its designand I longed for the standards of he past age which had produced itSlowlyI g e s t e the complexityof he engine room. The piping,the brass steam gauges, the old slate control panel crowded withtarnished copper knife switches, racks of corroded batteries, steamvalves, oil coolers and miles of ancient wiring all felt familiar. Sud-denly I realized that I had seen no auxiliary engine, no generator.Knowing that there must be a power source, I traced the main cablesfrom behind the switch board and to my surprise they terminated ata small generator in the upper engine room which was attached to adisk shaped device. I rubbed the brass name plate clean and wasastonished to see ''Moon Turbine Company."Always having had a distinct interest in steam power, I looked upone of he oldest captainsin the yard toask himhow long turbineshadbeen used aboard steam vessels. His response really startled me.

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"Since the early 1900's, about the time of the great turbine war "captain Allen went on to explain that early in the century, all the bigpower companies were struggling to produce a superior turbine andthere was a great demand for such devices in the marketplace.General Electric, Westinghouse and Allis-Chalmerswere all pouringresources into this kind of research, so naturally, many smallerindustrial units like the Moon Turbine Co. followed suit.The next time I was in Manhattan, I made a point to drop by themain branchof the New YorkPublic UbrarywereI did research intothe development of the turbine. To my astonishment, I discoveredthat one of the great contender's in the turbine contest was noneother than Nikola Testa Therewas that name again, the man whowanted to transmit power without wires.With renewed interest, I redirected my investigation towardsNikola Testa himself. I was surprised to find there were precious fewbooks written about this man, but there seemed to be an endlesssupplyofnewspaper andmagazine articlesavailable onmicrofilm. Sonaturally, in a short time, I amaqed a large tile.Later on I acquired and read numerous times the great classic"Prodigal Genius" by John O'Neill. However, my best source of n-formation came from a book entitled "Lectures, Patents, and Ar-ticles" which I imported from Yugoslavia.'lbe more I studied Testa's work and his accomplishments, themore I was convinced that something was wrong somewhere. Whybave so few ofhis experiments been successfully duplicated in mod-em times? Why are his greatestclaims regarded with such an air ofskepticismby today's engineers? How could the same man who gavetheworld the polyphase electricmotor, rotary transformers, robotics,the basis of radio and foundations ofx-ray technology, suddenly beconsidered mad or senile when he spoke ofwireless transmission ofpower or extracting usable energy from the environment?Gradually I learned to ''read between the lines" as I studied his

lectures and patents. Slowly I realized that in many cases Testa wasspeaking aboutvery rare orvery different scientificphenomena withan attitude ofcomplacency as if he felt that "surely everyone under-stands this basic material."But everyone did not understand They were still struggling todigest Testa's earlier concepts.Testa did not trust most of his contemporaries. He neverbothered to adjust his use of semantics to comply with accepteddefinitions. I f he was misunderstood he was unconcerned As aresult, after many years this attitude eventually led to multiple inter-pretations of the meaning and intentof Testa'swork. His statementswere considered enigmatic and eventually meaningful communica-tion between himselfand the scientificcommunity ceased altogether.But Testa continued expounding his discoveries as usual, unawarethat the wisdom in his words fell upon deafears.Animatedby the conviction that great knowledge had been lost,I set out toestablish where Testa had made hisdeparture from recog-nized physics. Guiding myself by intuition, and by the implicationshidden in various projects which he had proposed, I concluded thefollowing:A) There must be more than one kind of resonance and morethan two kinds of induction supported by the laws of nature.B) Testa had discovered somethingvery fundamental about therelationship between energy and power thatstill eludes the rest oftheworldC) Most ofhis later inventions, including the Magnifying Trans-mitter, probably made use of his "secret" knowledge, and therefore,still remain misunderstood by the scientific community as well as thegeneral public.

INTI1ALRESEARCHEarly in 1971, I purchased some property in northern Michiganand set out to establish a research facility geared to rediscovering asmuch of Testa's lost information as possible. Armed with only theenergy ofmy youth and the irresistible force that comes from single-mindedness of purpose, I succeeded in raising nearly $100,000 tofund my venture. I assembled a shop/laboratory combination andquickly went to work.Myplan was basicallya simpleone. I was lookingforsomeanom-alyin the aws ofphysics, and i fmy hunches were correct, I would finditin some forgottenorunknown aspect ofT_sla'swork. As guidelinesfor my efforts, I selected three Testa projectsWhich requireduncom-mon knowledge to complete. They were:1) A new type of D.C. motor which would operate without acommutator.2) Anewkind ofD.C.generatorcapable ofproducing extremelyhigh D.C. voltage.3) A self acting engine that extracts power from the ambient

medium.Anon-commutating D.C. motorwouldhave commercial appealand it soundedsimpler and less expensive to investigate than the highvoltage D.C. machine or the ambientengine, so I chose this as a placeto start my research.Inorder to find a path along which to proceed, I reviewed all thedata in my possession concerning D.C. motors, bearing my goal inmind- the elimination ofthC? commutator. Eventually the obviousbroke into my conscious mind. 'lbe needfor the commutationarisesbecause the concept of polar attraction is used to generate thetwisting force which drives a D.C. motor. 'Ibis necessitates switchingfrom one active pole to the next in order to maintain the angularmotion. However, the only reason why polar forces are used is .because thewinding of acoil produces a powerful concentratedmag-netic field which allows the designer to make use of the ampere-tumconcept thereby obtaining the maximum amount oftlux per ampereconsumed Suppose it was possible to utilize multiple ampere-turnsto develop a field geometry which did not produce a di-pole whenenergized, but rather acircular resultant field which could imitate theconcentration ofmagnetic energy surrounding a single conductor. Insuch acase, therewould be no magnetic pole producedhence no needfor switching, yet powerful forces could still be mustered to performuseful work.'lbe idea was exciting and n o v ~ and it seemed like the sort ofsolution Testa might have envisioned, so I invested the next fewmonths trying to find an embodiment thatwould incorporate the ideain a practical fashion. What was required was the type of fieldgeneratedwithin the confines of a torus or a roland ring. However, itcould notbe surroundedbyconductors, the conductorswould some-how have to be internal to the field 'lbe problem was acutely vexing,and no matter how I approached it, I made no progress.Eventually I realized that I was attempting to navigate in un-chartedwaters Therewas no data available concerning the behaviorof magnetic fields within the interior ofmetallic structures. I wouldhave to supply my own information. So I designed a simple device toallow me tovisually inspect the movement of magnetic tlux throughvarious samples.Basically, it consisted of an aluminum car on rails, which wassituated between two poles of a powerful electromagnet Sampleswere situatedwithin a frame supportedby the car and so aligned as toallow thetluxtopassthrough them inadirection perpendicularto themotion of the car.All samples were prepared by drilling holes in their surfaces into

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which miniature compasses were placed. In this manner, when theflux was turned on, the tiny compass needles would align with it andproduce a literal map of he internal magnetic pattern. Itwaswiththisprimitive device that I made an intriguing discovery which I initiallycalled the ''window effect."Having found the flux motion through wrious homogeneoussamples to be completely uniform, I began to experiment further bymachining holes of different shapes in wrious piecesof metalUpon boring a large round hole in a piece of mild steel, I notedthat a spring-like force appeared in a direction which opposed themotion of he car. Simultaneously, the compasses indicated that theflux was producing a "bowwave" collecting just ahead of the hole inthe direction of the car's motion. This action was most certainly dueto the area of high reluctance which the hole presented to the normalflux path. However, i f he motion persisted, the compasses surround-ing the latter portion of he hole suddenly snapped back to a straightalignment The further the car advanced, the morecompass needlesreacted in this manner indicating the presence of a magnetic ''wake"created by the passage of the hole through lines of fluxThe snapping action of the force lines was intriguing to me so Istudied the phenomena until its nature becameclear. The advancinghole, an area of high resistance to magnetic flow, pushed the lines offlux ahead of it so that they collected in a bunch and behaved likestretcheQ rubber bands. I f he hole was advanced beyond a limitingpoint, then those lines of flux which were most stretched would snapback to the rear of the hole and assume an unstretched position.The most interesting aspect of this phenomenon resided in themet that the lines afflux which were "snapping'' across the boundaryof he hole would, of necessity, travel with a velocity greater than thatof the car. Hence, it occurred to me that the proper placement ofwindings with respect to the hole might cause the induction ofvoltages with magnitudes proportional to the velocity of the fluxrather than the velocity of the carSuch a scheme would represent an amplification of sorts, and Icould not resist the challenge to devise a practical method of imple-menting this unusual magnetic property. I yielded to temptation andsuspended the motor project.Many experiments were tried without success until I recalled anearlier observation. While experimenting with the effects of holesupon the flux, I had learned a curious fBct. I f a rectangular hole wasmachined in a piece of steel and fitted upon the test car, the flux didnot produce the familiar "bowwave" effect. Instead, itwould bunchtogether and slowly cross the rectangular hole by producing an "hy-potenuse" which slowly increased in length until some maximumvaluewas achieved. Then the flux would again snap to the rear. Thissuggested that the flux was "aware" that the hypotenusewas a shorterroute across the reluctance than the path around the perimeter Thiswas the seed ofa novel idea. Why not reverse the roles ofpermeablematerial and the area ofhigh reluctance, thereby confining the flux tothe hypotenuse path. Thiswouldallow the unmanageable elastic "ac-tion" of the flux to be replaced by a definite structure which could bemanipulated in three dimensions relative to the pole piecesNo doubt this idea had its roots in an earlier study I had donewhere the timeaxis ofwrious periodic functionswas replaced with anactual dimensional axis resulting in the generation of unusual geo-metric solids.Applying these techniques to the control of magnetic flux re-sulted in a complex structure, part iron, part aluminum, which tookmany weeks to machine.

Ultimately, the finished rotorwas pressed on a shaft, supportedby bearings and situated between special field poles. Powerwindings

were formed and pressed into place. The finished device wasmounted on a base and belted to a D.C. motor for testing. I haddevised a completely novel form of A C. generatorA fully instrumented panel and the necessary transducers werethen prepared; a surplus magnetron magnetwas bolted into place toprovide an excitation field and the drive motor was brought up tospeed.The AC. volt meter climbed to approximately 100 volts RMSand held steady. I closed the circuit breaker and the circuit indicated2 amps RMS My load was resistive, and while there was a typicaldrop in the terminal voltage with p p l i t i o ~ load, there was noincrease in current drawn by the D.C. motor, curious result. Iremoved the leads from the power resistor and shorted them to-gether. The output current rose to 6 amps, and the currentdrawn bythe D.C. motor decreased nearly a full amp An impossible result,and something I did not understandI spent many long months experimenting with and studying themachine I had created. It was perplexing. I learned a great dealaboutit, but I could not imagine what arrangement of physical Jaw couldaccount for such behavior.Since I had first applieda load to the machine, I noticed a "purr-ing'' sound which only persisted as long as there was a current draw.It was a distinctly mechanical sound and all efforts to locate its sourceinitially failed. However, instinctively felt the source of his noisewasa key to the secret of the device's performance.Ultimately, I mounted strain transducers on the bearing assem-blies and repeated the tests. ~ n d behold, theshaftwas undergo-ing compressive loading in phase relation to the electric current Theanswer was suddenly clear, I had ortho-rotated the I..enz reactionInstead of the load current producing a negative torque upon theshaft, it was producing a thrust load upon the bearings. IncredibleI continued my investigation into the nature of this unusualmachine long enough to discover a major problem. Unlike anordinary generation device, in which the power windings are distrib-uted circumferentially about the stator or the armature in order toachieve the best power output per pound of material, the generatorI was laboring to develop could only have twopowerwindings locatedin special positions with respect to the overall magnetic circuit. Thereason for this limitation has to do with propertieswhich I choose notto discusshere becauseof heir proprietary nature. However, the im-mediate and obvious ramifications were a reduction in availableoutputvoltage and power.

I f he output coils were wound with a large number of turns, theresulting inductive reactance would limit the available current, keep-ing the power yield relatively low. I f coils were wound for highcurrent, the voltagewas inherently low and again the power capabili-ties were restricted.The possibilityof resonating windings of many turns in order toobtain the highest voltage/current combination had occurred to me.However, my feeling at the time was that there had to be a simpleranswer to the problem.I sat hour after hour, studying the magnetic circuits and electriccircuits and reviewing the theoryofoperation I had developed in hopeof being blessed with an inspiration. What other way could there beof eliminating inductive reactance? There must be a method moresuited to my application than the addition of capacitance to thecircuits. Was there a magnetic solution?Somewhere in the reaches of my subconscious mind, a realiza-tion began to stir. I felt the solution was near at hand It had that ''Ishould know the answer to this problem" feeling, and I was deter-mined to wrestle it into awareness. All at once, I saw the answer with

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clarity. It presented itself n the form ofavivid picture, partially literal,partially symbolic, in a manner particular to the collaboration of leftand right brain activity.Quickly,I sketched the mental image, lest Iforget any detail afterthe passing of hat instant of"super perception". Then I leanedbackand surveyed the information before me. There are no words todescribe the elation I felt when the magnitude of the solution struckme. I was overwhelmed.Thereon the scrap ofpaper beforeme was the design fora hybridmachine that incorporated the best features of my earlier generatorwith certain characteristics of an ordinary transformer The designmade use of the properties of transformer coupling toeliminate theeffects of inductive reactance.The idea was complicated but elegant. I wondered i f I couldfactor out the transformer-related concepts, and incorporate theminto a simpler embodiment which would allow me to test their valid-itywithout having todesign and construct the entiremechanism. Theaccomplishment of his task became my next challenge and propelledme into circumstances which I could have never foreseen.TRANSFORMING GENERA TORThe closing months of 1977 found a new prototype in my smalllaboratory. I called it the transforming generator. I twas the result ofmany hours ofmeditation and experimentation and embodied thosetransformer "concepts" which had been presented to me as thesolution to the impedance problem in my earlier A C. machine. Thenewgeneratorwas constructed in such a manner that each coil saw itsmirror image in the other. The result was that a coupling existedbetween windings whichvaried as a function of he load current. Thisresulted in a dynamic source impedance which gave the generatortotally "alien" properties.First, the machine was self-regulating. A change in the amountofcurrentdrawnbytheload automatically increased or decreased theterminal voltage. Thiswas not accomplisheQ by varying the strengthof the D.C. field, but rather by a change in source impedanceprovided by the magnetic coupling. No servo type ofvoltage regula-tor could compete with the speed and accuracy of this magneticmeans. The load current signaled the generator directly regardingthe voltage requirements of the external circuit. There was no timelag in response, and no over-correction to contend with. In fact, theregulation ability of this machine was so fast that an instantaneous100% increase in load current prompted an immediate voltage in-crease from the generator, avirtual step function of potentialwith aninfinite slope and no measurable rise time, a feat not possible withelectronicsSecond, the transforming generator had surprising abilities withrespect to its power transfercharacteristics. I f t was connected to atime-varying load, such as a mercury wpor lamp, it could track theimpedance changes with such speed that no ballast wasnecessary Inaddition, the machine delivered constant power to the load; thevoltage and the current were both square wavesHow does a rotarymachine produce square waves ofpower andwhat are the physical principles which make such a technology pos-sible?The answers to these questions were notcompletely understoodby me in 1977; several more years would pass before such matterswould make total sense to me. There was, however, one additionalmystery which I uncovered in those years the significance of whichwould also have towait.

Once I had completed construction of my largest transforminggenerator, a 750 watt unit, it was of great importance to investigate

the performance characteristics and the overall efficiency of thatmachine. Toaccomplish this, I coupled the generator to a 1H.P.D.C.motor and I measured the D.C. power consumption with calibratedelectrodynamic instruments. The test loads were resistive, and theelements used were non-inductive to assure greater accuracy ofmeasurement.When everything was in readiness, many curves were taken, anda segregated load analysis was performed. The results were mostconfusing. Taking into account all the known losses, friction, wind-age, iron and stray copper as well as the power dissipated in theresistors, I discovered that as the load was jncreased, the conversionefficiency decreased. This meant that with all the known la;sesaccounted for, the power drawn from the D.C. motorwas larger thanthe power dissipated in the load The conversion was less than unity;power was disappearing There was no mistake in measurement orcalculation, the resultswere checked by qualified people all ofwhomdrew the same conclusion: the generatorwas exhibiting a new form ofinefficiency. It was measurable, but non-dissipating, and its naturewas a mystery.CONl


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polarizing magnetic field structure was definitely correct. I hadproven this in many independent experiments. What was actuallyneededwas something which behaved like only"half'' a winding, butwas such a thing possible?I tried various shielding arrangements. I tried engineering exoticwindings which produced asymmetrically distributed magnetic fields.I attempted fantastic schemes in which there was an enormousdifference in the relative torque production between each sideof hesame winding, hopefully resulting in a uni-directional net torque.Nothing worked.Sometime during the closing months of 1981, a final rejectionnoticewas received from Washington. According to the patent attor-neys, I still had the option of a final appeal directly to the patentcommissioner through the patent claims court. 1bat was somewhatuplifting, but, between domestic and international patent applica-tions, the numerous amendments, various fees, penalties and taxes,over $60,000 dollars had been spent on legal costs, and there wasnothing left to fight with. My stockholders were disenchanted andangry because they were not yet millionaires I argued late into thenight trying to convince them that we should not quit, but it was toolate, the human fabrichad frayed beyond repair. I retired, angry andexhausted.Eventually, morning came, as italways does, and I became awareof a peculiar state ofconsciousness. I knew I was no longer sleeping,yetiwas notexactlyawake, either. In the depthsofmy mind an imagewas moving. I focused attention onil Itwas an Indianman seated ona blanket He was stacking golden disks upon a peg. The disks wereof diminishing sizes, and they formed a tapering stack. I recognizedthe image. I had seen it in a book associated with a mathematicalproblem in which a number of disks are moved from one peg toanother in a certain sequence. The solution is said to require moremoves than can be accomplished in a lifetime. But what did this haveto do with anything?I stared at the stackofdisks inmy mind They were gold in color,and that seemed important somehow. My mind moved like coldmolasses. I could not see any connection or relevance between thisimage and my life. I rolled over desiring more sleep. ''Maybe they'rebrass not gold," I thought Suddenly, I sat up fuller alert, there wasthe answer The tapered stacks were brass, not gold

In no time I was down in my shop running the engine lathe. Iwatched the little showerofbrass chips fly from the bar I was turning,and something rang in my mind It was a comment that Testa hadmade in 1933 regarding his new D.C. generator "a peculiar assemblyof brass and aluminum."The little model took nearlyallday to construct, but finally it saton Ute bench before me, a peculiar assembly indeed. Nervously, Iconnected leads from a D.C. power supply. I flipped the switch andslowly increased the current, but nothing happened I increased thecurrent further and suddenly the little device leaped into action,spinning at a great rate of speedI was hypnotized, and elated as I watched the strange little motorspinning without commutating I wondered i f hiswas the same prin-ciple that Testa had discoveredWithout warning, Iwas roused from my mussings by the smell ofsmoke. I quickly glanced at the ammeter, it was registering in excessof20 amps. '' It needs additional armature sections," I thought as Ishut down the supply. The little motor squeaked to a hall Thewindingswere already black, and the plastic portionsof he rotorwerewarped I began to disassemble the device. It won't take long torepair," I figured, "and with this breakthrough surely the stockhold-ers will regain their interest"

I worked late into the night, making new armature sections andwinding the special coils. The last thing I did before I retired for thenightwas to lay out all the parts on the bench. ''I'll assemble that littlebeauty first thing tomorrow," I muttered as I locked up the building.I drove home with renewed confidence and excitementThe next morning I had an early breakfast at the local restaurantand wheeled to the shop. It only took a few seconds to grasp themeaning of the sheriff's notice and the padlock on the shop door.With a sinking heart, sta red through the window at allmy equipmentand the small collectionofodd parts on the edge of he bench. I knewit was time to quit

ENERGY RESONANCEI left Michigannot a moment too soon. My funds were gone, myhair was falling out, I had developed a bleeding ulcer, I was over-weight and I couldn't sleep. I needed a complete overhaul.The companyI was working for was good enough to transfer meto a small mining community in Eastern Pennsylvania. Once I hadgotten established, I promptly joined the Y M.CA where I beganworking out on a regular basis, and I found myself a lovely girlfriendThe last thing I wanted to do was to think about electricityThis attitudewas short lived, however, for there were numerouselectrical problems in the mind which I could not avoid and little bylittle I began thinking about my research again. The situation wascompletely different now though, because I had no shop and noequipment with which to experiment Circumstances forced me tomake my investigations matheJ;ll8tically.It seemedas if here were amillion questions to answer and eachwould require rigorous mathematical analysis. With no models forgenerating data, my options were indeed limited What I needed wasto discover some underlying principle which could tie together all theloose ends and give direction to my research. But where doyou lookfor something which no one else has found?Asking the questions seemed to prompt an answer "how aboutright under your nose?" True, the least obvious spot to hide some-thing is right out in the open. Perhaps what I was looking for was sofundamental and so universal that no one suspected its existence. Ibegan to ponder anew the most elementary of physical concepts:Force, Work, Velocity, Momentum, Newton's Laws and, of course,the Conservation of Energy.I was not interested in simply reviewing problems in physics, butrather in achieving a fresh pointofview on principleswhich I had longago taken for granted, and which I used almost daily through habitrather thanbyreason. To accomplish thisend I began to apply differ-ential and integral calculus to very basic equations in order to bettercomprehend their origins and dimensionalities.

I rambled through hundred of calculations, and while I didgreatly clarify many things in my own mind, I made no earth-shatter-ing discoveries. However, eventually I came upon the basic relation-ship which links work to force and distance:W=FS

This I differentiated with respect to time in order to develop anexpression for power:dW/dt = (FS)/dl Therefore,dW dt = F d(S)/dt, and ....

Here I suddenly paused when I realized that I was solving thisderivative through habit and convenience. I had removed F from theparenthesis without thinking. How did I know that the force wasconstant? In many cases the force is actually a variable. So I started

The Journalo orderlandResearch March-Apri/1990 Page 5


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over:W=FSdW/dt = (FS)/dt ThereforedW/dt = F dS/dt + S dF/dt andp = Fv + s dF/dt

This equation states that ifF s allowed tovary in time, then thepower must consist of two components, Fv, the force times thevelocity,and S dF/dt, the distance times the rate ofchangeof he forcewith respect to time. In other words, not only must the agencysupplying the power pay for moving the force through a minutedistance, dS in some minute time dt, bu t it must also pick up the tabfor the changing force dF/dt over the total distanceS. I stared at thenew relationship P =Fv + S dF/dt. fully aware that something wasgoing to happen. I kept thinking about the transforming generator,about the increased torque necessary to tum it and about the lowconversion efficiency. But another part of my mindwas trying to tellme something else. Something about non-linear rates of change,something about logarithmic functions, something about equation inthe fourth quadrant, something about the derivative of decreasingfunctions Yes, the derivative of a decreasing function is a negativequantityThismeans that ifFweredecreasing in time, then dF/dt would benegative, in which case:

p + Fv + (-S dF/dt) P2,

I

in which case, if P2 represents power entering a system and Plrepresents power leaving the system, then the system would demon-strate a net power gain. But how could such a thing happen if energymust be conserved?It r e q ~ i r e d three more years of mathematical study before Imanaged to isolate and demonstrate a simple mechanical system inwhich such an effect is apparent And I am both proud and relievedto say that conservation ofenergy is not only upheld, but utilized ex-tensively in my proofs. What does develop in a totally new light,however, isconservationofwork. It hasalways been assumed that thework done must equal the change in the available energy under allcircumstances. HOWf,ver, this proves to be true only in traditional

linear systems In non-linear systems, two additional conditions canbe demonstrated:L The work done is greater than the change in available Energy.II. The work done is less than the change in available Energy.Now,ifwe consider a non-linear electrical systemwhich isspecifi-callyengineeredsuch that its parametersvary in time so as to cause analterationof he system between condition landcondition IT, then theenergy will truly OOllatel And if the components are properly de-signed so as to cause the movement of energy to become optimizedrather than the current, then the system will demonstrate EnergyResonanceWith this deeper insight came the understanding that both ear-lier generating devices were exhibiting only half the total picture. Irealized that a standard alternator is really a D.C. machine from the

standpoint of power delivery. For although the voltage and current

both OOllate, the power merely pulsates in amplitude. Hence, thereis a great fallacy in comparing present day generating equipment tothe electric OOllator, particularly if he machine isdriven by a thermalengine ofany kind This stands to reason when you consider the factthat heat engines are thermodynamically irreversible, and therefore,any power returned to the engine would be incapable of even aminute re-conversion into fueL This means that thermal systemscannot support a bi-directional movement of energy, nor can theygive rise to Energy Resonance phenomena of their own accordAfter many yearsof effort and contemplation, I began to see thelight I was absolutely certain that Testa had ventured down a similarpath, although his journey had been much ttlQre expedient than myown to be sure. Perhaps these humble foundations might again leadto the lost principles of the great Magnifying Transmitter, or otherundisclosed secrets sleeping with the master. In September of 1983, I delivered a paper before the SecondInternational Symposium on Unconventional Energy Technology inAtlanta, Georgia. The work was entitled "An Introduction to theConcepts ofEnergy Resonance." With the time slot allotted to me,my delivery did not do justice to the subject matter. However, I didattempt in earnest to acquaint my audience with the basic principlesof he non-linearwork/energy relationships I had discovered and theirimportance as a potential non-nuclear power alternative. I doubtmany people got the point Perhaps my talkwas too mathematical asthe only comment I ever heard concerning it was, ''What the hell didyou say?"Maybe my lecture in Atb,mta was premature but I still leftGeorgia with a renewed sense ofoptimism. I felt for the first time thatmy goal was a visible glimmer on the horizon.TIIE DYNA-FLUXALTERNATORThe fall of 1984 found me again in my native state of New Jersey.Thirteenyears had passed since my departure, and while itwas goodto be home, in many ways it felt quite strange; a great deal hadchangedSlowly I re-established communications with old friends and re-latmns. Human nature being what it is, most people had no ideawhere I had been or what I had been doing. However, a few of mygood friends were genuinely curious.little by little I disclosed the nature of my research to those whowere interested One individualin particularwas greatly excited Iwillidentify him as Mr. K. This gentleman became my first partner in anew endeavor: a practical demonstration of Energy Resonance.There were quite a number of engineering problems to over-come before a design could be considered Most of them centeredaround the non-linear nature of the technology itself and the largenumber ofvariableswhich had to be dealtwith in designing a specificmachine. To make matters worse, scaling factors were also non-linear, so itwas virtually impossible to leap-frog from one successfuldesign to another. All these complications suggested that it would bepremature and financially dangerous to set up another shop. How-ever, it was crystal clear to both of us that an investment in computerequipment would be economically sound and practical. Hundreds ofmathematical models could easily be designed and tested for the costof one mechauical modeLThe next year or so saw a great deal of progress from the mathe-matical standpoint Ofcourse I cheated a bit Someof he non-linearequations I solved by mentally anticipating the results, and some ofthe wave forms for the flux I approximated with complex harmonicsor least square fits. Often it took dozens of printouts to tell mewhichway to "steer'' the numbers.

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One spring afternoon Mr. K. dropped by unexpectedly andfound me in my office buried in printouts. ''Well,where do you stand,professor?" I stared at my visitor over the rims of my glasses insilence. The last thing I wanted to feel likewas a damn professor. Idecided to ignore the remark. ' 'I think we're ready to build one " Iexclaimed. ''What the hell arewe building?" Mr. K. wanted to know."AnEnergy Resonant Generator; a Dyna-:Aux Machine ," I replied.With that remark the die was cast. By mid summer, the designwas solidified, and a new order of business was at hand: fund raising.I approached another friend of mine, Mr. H. and divulged tohim thenature ofmy research. He was impressed and agreed to finance thefirst prototype aswell as the patent expenses for a piece of he action.The ball was rollingI took great pains to ensure each phase of he project was prop-erly completed. The Dyna-:Aux rotor was contour ground and dy-namically balanced. The power coils were hand wound on specialforms and then pressed into position. The field poles were carefullymachined and mounted on special aluminium pedestals. The fieldwindings were prepared by a professional motor shop, then com-pressed upon a steel suspension yoke. Piece by piece the idea wascondensing into reality.To facilitate testing, the generator D.C. field supply was manu-ally adjustable at the main instrument panel, and the voltage andexcitation current were accurately displayed on state of he art digitalmeters.The Dyna-:Aux machine was to be rotated by a 3/4 horse powerD.C. motor. The motor, in turn, could be speed regulated bytachometer feedback via a solid state drive controller. Both themotor input voltage and the current were also monitored on the mainpaneLThe AC. output power was to be directed into a power resistordecade box so that the optimal load point of the machine could bedetermined. The RMS voltage and RMS current delivered by theDyna-:Aux devicewould both be available on the console and backupmeasurement was to be supplied by a calibrated electrodynamicVAWmeter.Space angles would be detected and measured on a dual trace os-cilloscope, where the input from a magnetic proximityswitch could besifnultaneously compared with the generator output current.All the control features as well as the elaborate instrumentationwere absolutely necessary. Thousands of data points would have tobe taken, averaged and plotted with great precision i f he operationalcharacteristics of Dyna-:Aux were to be accurately portrayed.My intention was to follow as closely as possible the IEEE stan-dards for the testing of magnetic machines. Thiswould require opencircuit voltage curves, field current saturation curves, short circuitcurrent curves, iron loss curves, stray copper loss curves, friction andwindage curves and a segregated load analysis. With thisvoluminousdata, the overall system and conversion efficiency could be measuredat any load level. This allowed the optimal load condition of themachine to be discovered.It must be borne in mindalso that for all this data to be meaning-ful, especially in the case ofsuch an unorthodox device, it would haveto be compared against similar data taken from a standard alternator.The test stand which I devised provided for this comparison by usingelectro-mechanical clutches to direct the mechanical power from theD.C. motor to either the Dyna-:AuxAlternator, or the standard alter-nator. The calculating, designing, fabricating, calibrating and testingseemed an endless task, but at long last the entire system wascompleted and ready for operation.Maybe itwas the seven years I spent working alone in Michigan,

or maybe itwas just fear of ailure, butl nsistedon doing the trialrunsin absolute seclusion.It took many hours of work to gather the data and to plot theperformance characteristicsof he standard alternator and the Dyna-:Auxmachine. Compound plots of ix curves were prepared for eachdevice, then scaled and plotted bycomputer. Inbothcases, thefollow-ing parameters were graphed for comparison:1. Load resistance in ohms2 Total input power (watt AVG)3. Actual input power (total input minus losses)4. Load current (AMPS RMS)5 Output power (watts AVG) .J ...6. Efficiency (conversion efficiency)The results were completely astoundingThe efficiency of the standard machine peaked out at the value

of ts optimal load resistance and dropped offsharply thereafter. Theoutput power, the actual input power and the load current curveswere nearly"paralleL" These results werewell within expected limits.The efficiency of the Dyna-:Aux machine remained nearly con-stant for all values of resistance until the optimal load was ap-proached. Then the efficiency began to climb exponentially Theactualinput power curve remainedparallel to the output power curveand increased with it. At the optimal load point however, the actualinput power dropped nearly vertically, dragging the total inputpowerdown with it. Simultaneously, the output power continued to climb,finally leveling off after the optimal load was reached. The outputcurrentrose exponentially ovef-he entire load range, passing throughthe optimal point before leveling off to a constant value. Whatincredible results, despite the enormous increase in output current,the total input power dropped away to 75% of ts previous value. 'lbemachinewas compensating for its own losses and delivering anoma-lous efficiencies at the same time Dyna-:Aux was in Energy Reso-

nanceThe time had come to compute the relative efficiencies ofbothdevices at their optimal load levels. Here is a tabulationof he results:Alternator Standard Dyna-:AuxFull load input power 357.35 watts 404.75 wattsNo load input power 319.80 watts 381.94 wattsActual input power 37.55 watts 22.81 wattsFull load output power 31.77 watts 33.06 wattsConversion efficiency 84.61 % 144.93 %System efficiency 8.82 % 8.16 %

Upon contrasting the results, the first obvious difference is thehigher power consumption rate of the Dyna-:Aux machine as com-pared to the standardmachine. This result was anticipated becausegreat physical differences exist between the two generators. Thestandard machine is laminatedin its construction, hasextremelysmallair gaps, contains six sets of power windings and has an efficiencydesigned magnetic circuit. The Dyna-:Aux machine, on the otherhand, only contains laminations in its rotor, has much largerairgaps,has two sets of power windings and utilizes an antiquated yoke-typemagnetic circuit, a consequence of limited financial resources.All things considered, the Dyna-:Aux prototype does sustainhigher losses. However, despite thishandicap, note the incredibledif-ference in actual input power rates once the losses have been segre-gated; not the higheryield in output power between the twocontest-ants, and note the absolutely unheard of difference in conversionefficiencies, while the system efficiencies are nearly equalTo really appreciate this anomalous conversion efficiency, it isnecessary to understand the meaningof the term. The highest pos-

The Joumal o orderlandResea Ch March-Apri/1990, Page 7


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sible energy conversion for standard Electro-dynamic machinery is100%. 1bis means that after all losses have been accounted for anddeducted, the actual input power should be equal to the load poweri f he circuits have been optimized.In the case of the standard machine some number very close tothe theoretical limit, say 985 or so, could probably have beenachievedi fconjugate impedance matching had been supplied. How-ever, this would have made an already tedious task even more diffi-cult. Conjugate compensation would have had to be calculated foreach load level and then the necessary electrical components ofappropriate value located and inserted into the circuit. 1bis extrawork seemed pointless when it was already evident that the conver-sion efficiencywould never exceed 100%.In the case of the Dyna-Flux, no conjugate compensation wasprovided either, although for totally different reasons. Nonetheless,the results certainly have the appearance ofpure science fiction; howare such numbers possible?Standardpowersystems imitate D.C. machinery in their ultimatefunctioning, that is, their power flow is uni-directional. To supportthis flow ofpower away from the source, an endless supply ofenergymust be awilable. Realization of his fact is embodied in the laws ofthermodynamics as they apply to standard linear systems, i.e. youcannot get out more than you put in.

I f Energy Resonance is to be achieved, then the system givingrise to this phenomenon must be capable of bi-directional energyflow; the energy must oscillate. As a resultof oscillating the energy,the same energy is used over and over again until it is completelydi-minished. The prime mover need only supply enough to keep theoverall volume constant.Ramifications ofoscillating the energy in a system include oscil-lating power, oscillating velocity, oscillating torque, as well as thestandard oscillating voltage and current. Hence, the complexity ofsuch a process is obvious; I seriously doubt i f t could ever have beendiscovered by accident.1bisarticle has been structured to achieve the greatest degreeofopennesspossible without disclosing proprietary information. How-ever, knowing human nature as I do, it is a safe guess to assume thatmany readers upon reaching this point will conclude one of thefollowing:A) The device is a fraudB) There isnoroom in natural law for the results described, theinventor is in error.For those readers who align themselves with conclusion A,please be advised that the Dyna-Flux Alternator has been examinedby the Electrical Engineering Dept. of he UniversityofPennsylvania.Preliminary investigations support author's findings. For those whotend towards conclusion B, please be informed of the followinghistorical facts.In the early 1900's when James aerk Maxwell was formulatinghis theoriesofelectro-magneticwaves,he stated emphatically, ''It'sofgreat importance to determine whether any portion of energy con-veyed by an electric current can be attributed to matter possessinginertia; it is desirable, therefore, that experimentsshould be made onthe subjectwith great care." He then showed that three typesof ex-perimental effects should occur i f rue momentum carriers actuallycomprise as electric current:A) I fa circular coil is freely suspendedby an axial threadwith itsaxis vertical, any change in current flowing within it shouldproduce a rotation of the coil.B) A coil carrying current should exhibit gyroscopic effects.C) When a rapidly rotating coil, part of an unenergized closed

circuit, is suddenlystopped, the inertia of he charge carriersshould produce a current in the circuit.Maxwell performed experiments to detect these effects and allhis results were negative. Accordingly, he concluded, "since noevidence has yet been obtained to support the notion ofcurrentcar-riermomentum, I shall now proceed on the assumption that theydonot exist, or at least that they produce no sensibleeffect.Following the dictates of his line of reasoning, Maxwell went onto develop his theories of electro-magnetism in the belief that allenergy associated with an electric current is coriveyed solely by itselectric and magnetic field structure. J>Nevertheless, all three effects described fJy Maxwell have sincebeen experimentally observed. Barnett successfully measured thegyroscopic effect in 1915. Effect C was observed by :Einstein anddeHaas in 1915 and 1916 respectively, and effect A was detected in1930 again by Barnett.It is interesting to note that no amendments have ever beenmade to basic magneticwave theory to accommodate these findings.

Therefore, it is certainlypossible that our presentday conceptions ofefficiencyand the energy of inductionmay be in error by as much as50%1 We need only identify the nature of this additional energy inorder to avail ourselves of its benefits. Energy resonance appears tobe one mechanism capable of achieving this endA GREATER MYSTERYThesuccessful testing oftheDyna-Flux caused great enthusiasmand activity among the partneis. Mr. K. and Mr. H. began makingplans to raise development capital, while I continued with the theo-retical aspects and the preparation of patent applications. I supposethat I need not mention that I have grave apprehensions concerningthe reactions of the patent office to this invention. The problemsexperienced with the transforming generator were insignificant incomparison to what I expected to encounter withDyna-Flux. There-fore, I toned downmy invention disclosure so that it reflectedonly thenecessary information to show that the device was new and noveL Isubmitted my application and then dismissed all concerns from mymind I absolutely refused to become emotionally involved \\ith thebureaucratic processes which I knew would ensue. My previous ex-periences had been far too damaging. It will interest the reader toknow that at the timeofwriting this, my application has already beenrejected twiceWhile I was attending to the complexitiesof the patent prepara-tion, my partners had also been active. They were identifying andqualifying potential investors, preparing secrecy agreements andother legal documents and laying the strategy for demonstrating thedevicewithout jeopardizing our egal position in theeyesof he patentoffice.Eventually, many prestigious individuals were exposed to thewonders of Dyna-Flux: corporate officers, physicists, engineers andinvestors of all descriptions. Some came out of curiosity, some badtrue interest, and some, no doubt, intended to scoff and discredit theinvention. But, regardlessof heir motives and the differencesin theirprofessional viewpoints, everyone who viewed the presentation re-acted in the same manner; they left in silence never to be heard fromagain.The presentation program continued for nearly a year, andeveryparticipant, without exception, behaved the sameway. It was incred-ible Neitherof my partners ventured an explanation, or evenvoicedany negative comment, butslowly, the enthusiasm began todwindle,and gloom descended over our little group and its activities. I f werea paranoid individual, I might suspect that the government or some

NEW ON EPTS continuednext JQ LPage 8, March-Apri/1990 The oumal ofBotdellandResearch


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DETECTION OF STATIONARY AND DYNAMIC SPACE SUBSTRATUMby Paramahamsa TewariChief Project Engineer, Kaiga ProjectNuclear Power Corporation, Karwar, India

Abstract of paper to be read at the 1ST Borderland Sciences Congress, June 14-17, 1990, Santa Barbara, CaliforniaThe concepts of"stationary'' and "dynamic space"have become outmoded in contemporaryphysics with the introduc-tion of "emptiness" of space around the start of this century. However, recent experiments on the rotation of magnetshavegiven positive proof that the ''Law of conservation of electric charge" andalso the ''Law of conservation of energy" are bothviolatedwithin the conductingbodyof he rotating magnet, though theselaws arefullyvalid when the magnetis not n arotatiligstate, that is, i f here is a relative motion between a magnet and a rotating conductor, and electric poweris drawn from such adevice, the above basic laws are not violated. Direct inference from these repeated experimentsis thattheq.cemediumwithinthe conductingbodyof the magnet when indynamic state of rotation is the source of additional electrical power, and hence theconcepts of "stationary' and "dynamic space" are revalidated through these tests. Latest test results on a Space Power Generator indicateefficiency of power generation339%. Currents larger than2400 Amperes DC are produced at 2.4 Volts DC.SPACE POWER GENERATOR TEST IMAGNET POWER OFFOUTPUT SWITCH OPENSPEED 3500MAGNET POWER 0MOTOR ARMATURE POWER 3875

(500Vx 7.74A)INCREMENTMECHANICAL POWER INCREMENT to000

nONOPEN350010903875

(approx.)1882.5(1882.5 X 0.83) = 1562.502.1860

mONCLOSED341510905757.5

(11.75Ax490V)

RPMWATTSWAITSWATTSWATTS2426.7 AMPERES1990 VOLTS5303.8 WATTS

SPG with 83% motor efficiencyOUTPUT CURRENTGENERATED VOLTAGEGENERATED POWEREFFICIENCY (5303.8) x1 00/1562.5 = 39%SPG Is driven by direct current 5.5 t YtJ variable speed D.C. motor of 83% efficiency.The output from SPG Is direct current In klloamperes at low D.C. voltages.

NEWCONCEPTScontinuetL.powerful cartel was interferingwith our plans, but the more I pon-dered the situation, the more I began to suspect that some othermechanism was at work. Perhaps there is a mystery here far moreintriguing than Energy Resonance, a factor which may greatly affectthe pace at which the human race can evolve its consciousness. Afactor which may explain why Nikola Tesla was not permitted togivehis full complement of knowledge to mankind A factor which mayexplain many forms of prejudice, scientific and otherwise. To eluci-date on this matter, let me paraphrase from James Gleick's provoca-tive l;xx>kChaos''The historianofscience ThomasS. Kuhndescribes a disturbingexperiment conducted by a pair of psychologists in the 1940's. Sub-jects were given glimpses of playing cards one at a time, and asked toname them. There was a trick, of course. A few of the cards werefreakish: for example, a red six of spades, or a black queen ofdiamonds."At high speed the volunteers moved smoothly along. Nothingcould have been simpler. They didn't see the anomalies at all. Butwhen the cards were shown for longer periods, the subjects began tohesitate. They sensed a problem, but were not awareof ts nature. Asubject might say that he had seen something strange, like a redborder around a black heart.''Eventually, as the pace slowed even more, most subjectswouldcatch on, but not all of hem. Some suffered a sense ofdisorientation

that brought real pain. 'I can't make out the suit, whatever it is,' or it

didn't even look like a card that time,' or 'I don't knowwhat color it isnow,' or 'it it's a spade of a heart,' or in an extreme case, 'My god, Ican't even remember what a spade looks like '''Professional scientists, exposed to brief uncertain glimpses ofnature's workings are no less wlnerable to anguish and confusion "Could such a psychological mechanism be at work in the case ofDyna-Flux and other discoveries? I am writingthis article to find out.Since none of you have had a demonstration, you only have mywrittenwords onwhich to form your opinions. Willyou be capable ofgreater open-mindedness on this subject i f its validity is proven toyou? Will your opinions change i fyou ever view the device? B youread these words, canyou envision ways in which Energy Resonancetechnology could be applied for the betterment ofman? Will you cryhoax i f you see the machine in action or dismiss it from yourconsciousmind? There is no reason why these machines cannot be manufac-tured right now. A Dyna-Flux patent has recently been granted inCanada. Do you perceive Dyna-Flux as a non-nuclear alternative?Will you judge it as another perpetual motion machine? I wouldreally like to know the answers to those questions. Infact, I would begreatly interested in any comments pertaining to this article. Pleasefeel free to correspondwith me. I cannot promiseto answerallletters,but I will certainly try. Interested parties should write to:M K H Partners- Mr. MurrayP. 0. Box 8481

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Introduction tDIELECTRICI'I'Y AND A P A C I I ~ C E

by Eric P. DollardCAPACli'ANCBThe phenomena of capacitance is a type of electricalenergy storage in the formof a field in an enclosed space.This space is typically bounded by two parallel metallicplates or two metallic foils on an intervening insulator ordielectric. A nearly infinite variety of more complexstructures can exhibit capacity, as long as a difference inelectricpotential exists between various areas of he struc-ture. The oscillating coil rep-resents one possibility as to acapacitor of more complexform, and will be presentedhere.CAPACITANCE INADE-QUA1ELYEXPLAINED

the conductor with a quantityofmagnetism. But the latterconception, together with the notiO of a quantity ofmagnetism, etc., has vanished since Faraday's representa-tion of the magnetic field by lines of force."1HB LAWS OF LINES OFFORCBAll the lines of magnetic force are closed upon them-selves, alldielectric linesof force terminateon conductors,

but may form closed loops inelectromagnetic radiation.These represent the basiclaws of linesof force. It canbeseen from these laws that anylineof orce cannot just endinspace.FARADAY & LINES OFFORCB IHBORY

The perceptionofcapaci-tance as used today is whollyinadequate for the properunderstanding of this effect.Steinmetz mentions t.Jm in 1mintroductory bookELECI'RICDISCHARGES, W VES NDIMPULSES. To quote, "Un-fortunately, to a large extentin dealing witb. dielectric fieldsthe prehistoric conception ofthe electrostatic charge (elec-tron) on the conductor stillexists, and by its use destroysthe analogy between the twocomponents of the electricfield, the magnetic and thedielectric, and makes the con-sideration of dielectric fieldsunnecessarily complicated."

- Elel'lrie Field of Circuit.

Faraday felt strongly thataction at a distance is notpossible thru empty space, orin other words, ''matter can-not act where it is not." Heconsidered space pervadedwith lines of force. Almost

LINBS OF FORCE ASREPRESENTATION OFDIBLECIRICITY

---

Fig.la everyone is fami1iar with thepatterns formed by iron fil-

Steinmetz continues,''There is obviously no moresense in thinkingof he capac-ity current as current which

- Electric Field of l'onduetur.

ings around a magnet. Thesefilings act as numerous tinyr o p ~ and orientate them-selves along the lines of forceexisting around the poles ofthe magnet. Experiment hasindicated that a magnetic fielddoes possess a fibrous con-struct. By passing a coil ofwire thru a strong magneticfield and listening to the coiloutput in headphones, theexperimenter will notice ascraping noise. J. J. Thompsonperformed further experimentsFig.lb

charges the conductor with a quantity of electricity, thanthere is of speaking of the inductance voltage as charging

involving the ionization ofgases that indicate the field isnot continuous but fibrous ELECTRICITY ND MAT-TER 1906).

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PHYSICAL CHARAcmRIS11CS OF LINES OFFORCEConsider the space between poles of a magnet orcapacitor as full of ines ofelectric force. See Fig.l. Theselines of force act as a quantity of stretched and mutuallyrepellent springs. Anyone who has pushed together thelike poles of wo magnets has felt this springy mass. Ob-serve Fig.2 Notice the lines of force are more dense alongAB in between poles, and that more lines on A are facingB than are projecting outwards to infinity. Consider theeffect of the lines of force onA. These lines are in a stateof tension and pull on A. Because more are pulling on Atowards B than those pulling onA away from B, we have thephenomena of physical attrac-tion. Now observe Fig. 3. No-tice now that the poles are likerather than unlike, more or alllines pull A away from B; thephenomena of physical repul-sion.MASS ASSOCIA'IED Wl1HLINES OF FORCE IN MO-TION1be ine of1brre can be moredearly understood by represent-ing it as a tubeof force or a longthin cylinder. Maxwell presentedthe idea that the tension of atube offorce is representative ofelectric force (volts/inch), andin addition to this tension, there

~ medium through which thesetubes pass. Thereexists a hydro-static pressure against this me-dia or ether. The value of this pressure is one half theproduct of dielectric and magnetic density. Then there isa pressure at right angles to an electric tube of force. Hthrough the growth ofa field the tubes of orce spread side-ways or in width, the broadside drag through the mediumrepresents the magnetic reaction to growth in intensity ofan electric current. However, i fa tube of force is caused tomove endwise, it will glide through the medium with littleor no dragas little surface is offered. Thispossiblyexplainswhy no magnetic field is associated with certain experi-ments performed by Tesla involving the movement of en-ergy with no accompanying magnetic field.INDUCfANCEAS AN ANALOGYTO CAPAcrrYMuch of the mystery surrounding the workings ofcapacity can be clearedby close examination of nductanceand how it can give rise to dielectric phenomena. Induc-tance represents energy storage in space as a magneticfield. The lines offorce orientate themselves in close loops

surrounding the axis of current flow that has given rise tothem. The larger the space between this current and itsimages or reflections, the more energy that can be stored inthe resulting field.MECHANISM OF STORING ENERGY MAGNETI-CAlLYThe process of pushing these lines or loops outward,causing them to stretch, represents storing energy as in arubber band. A given current strength will hold a loop offorce at a given distance from conductdr-assing currenthence no energy movement. H the flow of current in-creases, energy is absorbed bythe field as the loops are then

p m ~ o W W d m a r o r r ~ ~ing velocity. Because energy isin motion anEMFmust accom-pany the current flow in orderfor it to represent power. Themagnitude of this EMF exactlycorresponds to the velocity ofthe field. Then i f the currentFig. 2 ceases changing in magnitudet h ~ r e y becoming constant, noEMFaax>mpanies it, as nopoweris being absorbed. However, i fthe current decreases it repre-sents then a negative velocity offield as the loops contract. Be-cause the EMF correspondsexactly to velocity it reversespolarity and thereby reversespowersoitnowmovesoutofthefield and into the current. SinceFig. 3 no power is required to main-tain a field, only current, thestatic or stationary field, represents stored energy.

1HELIMITS OF ZBRO AND INFINITYMany interesting features of inductancemanifest them-selves in the two limiting cases of trapping the energy orreleasing it instantly. Since the power supply driving thecurrent has resistance, when it is switched off the induc-tance drains its energy into this resistance that converts itinto the form of heat. We will assume a perfect inductorthathas no self resistance. Hwe remove the currentsupplyby shorting the terminals of the inductorwe have isolatedit without interrupting anycurrent. Since the collapse offiekl producesEMFtlm EMFwill tend to JDallibt Howe\lel',a short circuit will not allow an EMF to develop across itas it s zero resistance by definition. No EMF can combinewith current to form power, therefore, the energy willremain in the field. Any attempt to collapse forces in-creased currents which pushes it right back out. This is oneform of storage of energy.

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INSTANT ENERGY RELEASE AS INFINITYVery interesting (and dangerous) phenomena mani-fest themselves when the aurent path is interrupted, therebycausing infinite resistance to appear. In this case resis-tance is best represented by its inverse, conductance. Theconductance is then zero. Because the current vanishesinstantly the field collapses at a velocity approaching thatof light. As EMF is directly related to velocity of flux, ittends towards infinity. Very powerful effects are producedbecause the field is attempting tomaintain current by pro-ducing whatever EMF s required. Ifa considerable amountofenergyexists, say several kilo-watt hours (250 KWH in a light-

the field is produced notby current but voltage. Thisvolt-age must be accompanied by current in order for power toexist. The reaction of capacitance to change of appliedforce is the production of current. The current is directlyproportional to the velocity of field strength. When volt-age increases a reaction current flows into capacitance andthereby energy accumulates. I fvoltage does not change nocurrent flows and the capacitance stores the energywhichproduced the field. If the voltage decreases then thereaction current reverses and ener8t,flows out of the die-lectric field.

As the voltage is withdrawnthe compression within thening stroke), the ensuing dis-charge can produce most pro-found effects and can completelydestroy inadequately protectedapparatus. The energy utilized by anaverage household in the courseof one day.

~ ~ u n f o r t u n a t e l y to a large extent in dealingwith dielectric fields the prehistoric con-ception o the electrostatic charge elec-tron on the conductor still exists ...andmakes the considerationo dielectric fieldsunnecessarily complicated. "

bounded space is relieved. Whenthe energyis fully dissipated thelines of force vanish.AGAIN 1HEL1MITS ZEROAND INFINITYBecause the power supplywhich provided charging volt-age has internal conductance,after it is switched off the cur-NOTHER FORM OF EN-

ERGY APPEARS -- Charles Proteus Steinmetz 1, rent leaking through conduc-Through the rapid dischargeof inductance a new force field ance drains the dielectric en-appears that reduces the rate of nductive EMF formation.This field is also represented by lines of force but these areof a different nature than those of magnetism. These linesof force are not a manifestation of current flow but of anelectric compression or tension. This tension is termedvoltage or potential difference.DlELECIRICENERGYSTORAGBSPATIAILYDF-FBRENT'DIAN MAGNB11C ENERGY STORAGEUnlike magnetism the energy is forced or compressedinwards rather than outwards. Dielectric lines of forcepush inward into internal space and along axis, rather thanpushed outward broadside to axis as in the magnetic field.Because the lines are mutually repellent certain amountsofbroadside or transverse motion canbe expected but thephenomena is basically longitudinaL This gives rise to aninteresting paradox that will be noticed with capacity. Thisis that the smaller the space bounded by the conductingstructure the more energy that can be stored. This is theexact opposite of magnetism. With magnetism, the unitvolume of energy can be though of as working in parallelbut the unit volumes of energy in association with dielec-tricity can be thought of as working in series.VOLTAGE ISTO DIELECIRICI'IYAS CURRENT ISTO MAGNB'l1SMWith inductance the reaction to change of field is theproduction ofvoltage. The current s proportionate to thefield strength only and not velocity of field. With capacity

ergy and converts it to heat. Wewill assume a perfect capacitance having no leak conduc-tance. I fwe completely disconnect the voltage supply byopen circuiting the terminals of the capacitor, no path forcurrent flow exists by definition of an open circuit. I f hefield tends to expand itwill tend towards the production ofcurrent. However, an open circuit will not allow the flowof current as it has zero conductance. Then any attempttowards field expansion raises the voltage which pushesthe field back inwards. Therefore, energy will remainstored in the field. This energy can be drawn for use at anytime. This is another form of energy storage.INSTANTENERGY RELEASE AS INFINITYPhenomena of enormous magnitude manifest them-selves when the criteria for voltage or potential differenceis instantly disrupted, as with a short circuit. The effect isanalogous with the open circuit of nductive aurent Becausethe forcing voltage is instantly withdrawn the field ex-plodes against the bounding conductors with a velocitythat may exceed light. Because the current is directlyrelated to the velocity of field it jumps to infinity in itsattempt to produce finite voltage across zero resistance. I fconsiderable energy had resided in the dielectric forcefield, again letus say several KWH, the resulting explosionhas almost inconceivable violence and can vaporize aconductor of substantial thickness instantly. Dielectricdischarges of great speed and energy represent one of themost unpleasant experiences the electrical engineer en-counters in practice.

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ENBRGYRE1URNS TO MAGNETIC FORMThe powerful currents producedby the sudden expan-sion of a dielectric field naturally give rise to magneticenergy. The inertia of the magnetic field limits the rise ofcurrent to a realisticvalue. The capacitance dumps all itsenergy back iilto the magnetic field and the whole processstarts over again. The inverse of the product of magneticstoragecapacityand dielectric storage capacity representsthefrequency or pitch atwhich this energy interchange oc-curs. Thispitchmayormaynot contain overtones depend-ing on the extent of conductors bounding the energies.CHARACIHRISTIC IMPEDANCE AS RBPRESEN-TA110N OFPULSA110N OF ENERGY FIElDThe ratio of magnetic storage ability to that of thedielectricis called the characteristic impedance. Thisgivesthe ratio of maximum voltage to maximum current in theoscillatory structure. However, as the magnetic energystorage is outward and the dielectric storage is inward thetotal or double energy field pulsates in shape or size. Theaxis of this pulsation of force is the impedance of thesystem displaying oscillations and pulsation occurs at thefrequency of oscillation.ENERGY INTO MATI'BR

As the voltage or impedance is increased the emphasisis on the inward flux. I f he impedance is high and rate ofchange is fast enough (perfect overtone series), it wouldseem possible the compression of the energy would trans-form it into matter and the reconversion of hismatter intoenergy may or may not synchronize with the cycle ofoscillation. This is what may be considered supercapaci-tance, that is, stable long term conversion into matter.MISCONCBPTIONSOFPRESENT1HBORYOFCA-PACffANCEThe misconception that capacitance is the result ofac-cumulating electrons has seriously distorted our view ofdielectric phenomena. Also the theory of the velocity oflight as a limit ofenergy flow, while adequate for magneticforce and materialvelocity, limits our ability to visualize orunderstand certain possibilities in electric phenomena.The true workings of free space capacitance can be bestillustrated by the following example. It has been previ-ouslystated that dielectric lines of force must terminate onconductors. No line of force can end in space. I fwe takeany conductor and remove it to the most remote portion ofthe universe, no lines of force can extend from this elec-trode to other conductors. It can have no free spaceIMPORTANT REFERENCEMATERIAL

capacity, regardless of the size of the electrode, thereforeit can store no energy. This indicates that the free spacecapacitance of an object is the sum mutual capacity of it toall the conducting objects of the universe.FREB SPACE INDUCfANCB IS INFINlTBSteinmetz inhis book on the general or unifiedbehav-ior of electricity THE THEORY ND CALCULATIONOF TR NSIENT ELECTRIC PHENOMENA ND OS-CILLATION points out that the inductqce of any unitlength of an isolated filamentary conductor must be infi-nite. Because no image currents exist to contain themagnetic field it can grow to infinite size. This largequantity ofenergy cannot be quickly retrieved due to thefinite velocity of propagation of the magnetic field. Thisgives a non reactive or energy component to the induc-tance which is called electromagnetic radiation.WORK OF'IESLA, STBINMETZAND FARADAYIn he aforementioned booksofSteinmetzhedevelopssome rather unique equations for capacity. Tesla devotedan enormous portion ofhis efforts to dielectric phenom-ena and made numerous remarkable discoveries in thisarea. Much of this work is yet to be fully uncovered. It ismy contention that the phenomena of dielectricity is wideopen for profound discovery. It is ironic that we haveabandoned the lines of force concept associated with aphenomena measure in the units called farads after Fara-day, whose insight into forces and fields has led to thepossibility of visualization of the electrical phenomena.QUES110N AS TO 1HB VELOCl1Y OFDIELBCIRIC FLUXIt has been stated that all magnetic lines of force mustbe closed upon themselves, and that all dielectric lines offorce must terminate upon a conducting surface. It can beinferred from these two basic laws that no line of orce canterminate in free space. This creates an interesting ques-tion as to the state of dielectric flux lines before the fieldhac; had time to propagate to the neutralconductor. Duringthis time it would seem that the lines of force, not havingreached the distant neutral conductor would end in spaceat their advancing wave front. It could be concluded thateither the lines of force propagate instantly or always existsand are modified or conjugate spaceexistswithin thesameboundaries as ordinary space. The properties of lines offorce within this conjugate space may not obey the laws ofnormally conceived space.

1. ELECTRICJTY ND MATTER J. J. Thompson, New York, 1906, Scnbner's Sons, and 1904, Yale University.2 ELEMENT RYLECTURE ONELECTRIC DISCHARGES WAVES ND IMPULSES ND OTHER TRANSIENTS C. P.Steinmetz, second edition, 1914, McGraw-Hill, reprinted 1989 by BSRF, Garberville CA. 95440. ($19.95 + $250 P&H)3. THEORY ND CALCULATION OF TRANSIENT ELECTRIC PHENOMENA ND OSCILLATIONS C. P. Steinmetz, thirdedition, 1920, McGraw-HiD. Section i l l Transients in Space, Chapter VIll, Velocity of Propagation of Electric Field

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BOOK REVIEW:THE EvoLUTION oF MATIER

T HE EvoLUTION oF FoRcEs2 texts by Gustav Le BonReviewed by Gerry Vassilatos

The work of Dr. Thomas Moray has been so thrilling tomost of us over the years, and it is not without some sense offrustration thatwe often find ourselves grasping for straws inthe face of our own ignoranceas concerns his bas ic premises.Inhis writings and biographieswe oftenhear the name GustavLeBon mentioned with some great degree of mportance- asif to give us strong direction in our quest at reproducing hisdesigns. Studying the writings of Dr. Moray, one does indeedfind clues of every possible kind, and these are often multiplein meaning. I would like to point the serious student ofradio-electric phenomena into the purchase of Prof. Gustav LeBon's two texts: The Evolutiono Matter and The Evolution oForces; now made available to us by Borderland Sciencesthrough the very gracious donation of photocopies obtainedandsafelykeptbyMr. Dan Winter. Mr. Winter has been aninvaluable friend and source of vital information concerningthe Moray Devices, because of his own deep researches andcontacts. As well, he has been a very good friend -althoughwe have never met in person My sincere hopes leanthatway,however, and we thankyou again Mr. Winter for your gift ofthese two vital copies.The two texts were, at one time impossible to obtain, andeven supposedly illegal to possess. In fact, Dr. Moray, onseveral occasions encountered greatdifficulty in obtaining or-dinary hbrary copies of the books- during the war. Thisindicates, as I indeed found, that Dr. LeBon's texts containsecrets -very deep secrets as concerns radioactivity and thevarious means of releasing the intra-atomic energy ofwhichheis the true discoverer. As has been validated, Dr. Morayoftenwould study these texts of Le Bon in order to further pursuehis various directions in the field of materials science and ofviabratorydynamics. Presumably, these topics were advancedfar beyond what we have been told, although we seevery clearindications that Dr. Moray was learning the exact modes ofapplying techniques which Dr. LeBon had begun to utilize inhis Belgian laboratory.There is, as we have subsequently been informed, a thirdtext -virtually impossible to obtain, which Dr. Le Bon hadprinted and published privately. Le Bon's ideas were notreceived at all by the majority of his own contemporaries.Because of these pressures he had been forced to quit thepublishing ofhis groundbreaking discoveries, resorting to theunderground network of questors. This last text is in posses-sion of another researcher, and we have been given permis-sion by him to generate copies for the public. The text isprinted under an assumed name, and deals with some of hismore outlandish assumptionswith proof. This text isentitled

JTheEvolution o Matter nd Energy released under the nameof "Girard Le Beau" - this done under great personal pres-sure. All records ofProfessor LeBon have been strickenfromthe various bastions of our academic monuments. It is as ifthese persons, pathologically affectedby any mention of pres-ence ofLife, instinctivelypurge out the Living Either theyareacting on their own, or they are being used by others whopossess the truth andwho make use of the pathological fearsof the academicians against them. So close to the flame, yetunable to feel the warmth Who to pity most, I do not know.Both these booksdeal with Dr. LeBon's own realizationsand excellent experiments (described for all to reproduce) onthe energyofthe "intra-atomic" structure in matter. Bothhisbasic premise and subsequent experimental evidences in the1890's make him one of tlie planet's greatest minds. Heencountered no end of difficulty in convincing others ofhisown ranks that intra-atomic energywas the future course ofhumankind, but to no avail. These very academicians, oncehaving rid themselves of Le Bon, thenwent about reproduc-ing the experiments in a perverted manner - limiting theresearch to uranium and the uranium series of metals inobtaining freed energy. While LeBon spokeof these radioac-tive materials as intense evidences of universal radioactivity,he did not limit his discussion to them.Le Bon makes strong, repeated statements concerningthe trulyuniversalnature ofmaterialdissociation into ethericfragments; this was his assertion before Becquerel and theCuries. What he maintained was that matter, ordinarily andnaturally, spontaneously dissociated into etheric fragments .Some of he more energetic dissociations were termed "radio-active" by those researchers who had not taken sufficienttimeto notice the various means of which other materials were, infact, dissociating. The majority of substances, he claimed,were equally "radioactive" - and this he both measuredandproved ina marvelous series ofdemonstrations. WhatLe Bonmanaged to do was to bridge the ground between the radionicsresearchers and the inert sciences which have taken the leadinobtaining support of institutions and general acceptance. Bystating that all materials are radioactive, and with such cleardemonstrations, he showed the continuity along the line ofthought which stems from the pre-1880's science. I f inertscience, withall its financialresources and rappingdemands ofrespect and devotion, could ever bring the great fruitfulnesswhich the early etheric sciences of the 1800's had given us,then we would have all

Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVI, No 2, March-April 1990

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Transcript of Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVI, No 2, March-April 1990