Problematic eating and its association with early childhood caries among 46-71-month-old children using Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ): a cross sectional study.

Ankit Shah*

ARTICLEAnandakrishna L, Bhargav N, Hegde A, Chandra P, Gaviappa D, Shetty AK.

Indian J Dent Res

2014

25(5)

602-6*

ARTICLEFollows IMRAD format

Year of publication is mentioned

Volume no. is mentioned

Page number is mentioned

Authors attachment mentioned

Designation is not mentioned.

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TITLEIt indicates the focus of the study which is to evaluate efficacy of chemomechanical caries removal in reducing cariogenic microbiota.

The title is meaningful and complete.

It reflects the aim of the study .

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ABSTRACTUnstructured & Concise.

Informative

Gives the gist of the whole article.

Gives the idea of the study

Information given matches the detailed text

Key words are mentioned & are appropriate

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INTRODUCTIONEarly childhood caries (ECC) is defined as the presence of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled teeth in children under 71 months of age.

Rapidly destroy the primary dentition of toddlers and small children, and if left untreated, can lead to pain, acute infection, nutritional insufficiencies, and learning and speech problems.

Risk factors involved are high intake of fermentable carbohydrates, poor oral hygiene, prolonged breast feeding and transmission of S. mutans from mothers to infants*

Low fluoride in drinking water, poor saliva buffering capacity and behavioral factors are other causes hence it is regarded as multifactorial.

Eating behavior in childhood may vary on a continuum ranging from picky eating, irregular eating, overeating, and food refusal, negativistic behavior during eating, slow eating and tantruming during mealtimes.

The fact that the effects of problematic eating behavior including slowness in eating, pouching of food over a long period of time and selective eating has been relatively unexplored in the causation of ECC & has to be considered.*

CEBQ is one of the most comprehensive instruments in assessing childrens behavior. Used for different research purposes like body mass index, to compare appetite preferences in children of lean and obese parents, to discover continuity and stability in childrens eating behavior across time.

The relationship between such eating disorders and ECC has never been established.

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AIMTo determine whether the problematic eating and feeding behavior is associated with ECC in 46-71monthold children in Bengaluru city, India using CEBQ.*

INTRODUCTIONSeminar approach

Built on the existing literature

Need of the study is mentioned

Aim of the study is mentioned

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MATERIALS & METHODSCrosssectional study was carried out in schools of Bengaluru city, Karnataka, India.

City was divided into north and south zone.

From each zone, private and government schools were randomly selected

Sampling method used was Stratified Random Sampling.

All school going children from preschool to first standard from the selected schools were included in the study.

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MATERIALS & METHODSEthical clearance was obtained from Institutional review board of Nitte University.

Permission from the school authorities and informed consent from the parents was obtained to carry out dental examination and also to collect data by questionnaire from the parents.

Selected children were clinically examined for dental caries by a pediatric dentist

Examination was carried out using mouth mirrors, community periodontal index probe under natural light/torch*

The decayed missing filled primary tooth surfaces decayed, missing, filled surfaces Index, as given by Gruebbel A.O. in 1944 was used.

Childs eating behavior was assessed by using CEBQ

Detailed eating behavioral history was recorded from the parents that included food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, food fussiness, and satiety responsiveness, emotional under eating (EUE), desire to drink (DD) and slowness in eating on a dichotomous scale to probe for the presence or absence of each item.*

MATERIALS & METHODSStudy design is mentioned.Study setting mentioned.Sampling is mentioned.Time period is not mentioned.Inclusion criteria mentioned.Exclusion criteria is not mentioned.Calibration and training of examiners is doneEthical approval is taken and informed consent of participants mentioned.Blinding is not mentionedSample size justification is not mentioned

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STATISTICAL ANALYSISThe collected data was analyzed by using Chisquare test.*

RESULTS*

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RESULTSResults are presented but not comprehensively.

Important results are mentioned in tables.

Tables are numbered properly.

Results are based on aims & objectives of the study.

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DISCUSSIONDietary patterns among children have shifted. Milk consumption has decreased, while consumption of soft drinks and juices and drinks has increased. Some meals, such as breakfast, often are skipped altogether.

Teenagers who miss breakfast are more likely to snack during the day and snacks have the highest sugar content.

Children who reject certain types of foods and/or groups of food that parents think are appropriate may be perceived as picky eaters.*

Literature on oral aspects of these disorders occurring in children has been largely empirical and undocumented. Hence, this was an initial attempt to know whether there was any association between such eating behavior in children and its relationship with dental caries.

This was the first time CEBQ was used to assess association with dental caries.

A total of 250 children aged between 46 and 71 months attending both private and government schools were assessed for the study.*

Near equal distribution of gender achieved with 124 boys and 126 girls

Prevalence of ECC was around 34% [Table 2], which is within the range of 19.2-44% reported in other parts of South India.

Satiety responsiveness represents the ability of a child to reduce food intake after eating to regulate its energy intake.

Slow eating is a consequence of lack of enjoyment and interest in food & one of the most frequent problems reported by mothers.*

In response to Factor 1 (satiety responsiveness/slowness in eating) 74.4% of the parents responded that their children did not eat a meal if they have had a snack just before and 69.6% of the parents also reported that their children eat slowly. However 65% of these children were without ECC. No statistical difference was observed between children with or without ECC.

Food fussiness is characterized by a lack of interest in food and slowness in eating. In response to factor 2 (fussiness) highest ECC prevalence of 64.9% was found among the children who were difficult to please with the meals. No statistical significant difference was found between children who had ECC and those without ECC.*

Children do not have a tendency to keep food in their mouth all the time had significantly lesser ECC as compared to those who had this tendency. This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.001). The reason for this could be increased demineralization due to increased exposure to food substances.

It was also observed that those children who did not have a tendency to eat too much had significantly less ECC compared to those who ate too much.

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Emotional overeating was not observed in the sample population. This was in contrast with other studies where most of the children had a tendency to eat more during stress.

It was observed that prevalence of ECC was significantly high in children who ate more when they had nothing else to do compared to those who did not eat more (P = 0.008).

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Prevalence of ECC was highest (41.6%) in children who ate more when they had nothing else to do (52.6%). Also, approximately 84.8% of the children did not have a tendency to eat more when they had nothing to do and 69.3% of these children were caries free. This difference was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.008).*

DISCUSSIONMeaningful.

Highlight important findings.

Enough explanations for significant findings are given.

Authors have compared the current findings with ones already reported with similar studies.

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CONCLUSIONProblematic eating behavior in children was observed as early as 46 months of age.

ECC was more prevalent in children who had the tendency to keep food in their mouth all the time, who ate excessively and who ate more when they had nothing else to do.*

CONCLUSIONMeaningful.

Given separately.

Based on the aim & objective of the study.

They are well supported by the results.

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REFERENCESVancouver Style*

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