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UNP Research Journal Vol. XIX January-December 201037

Design and Development of a Gasoline-Fed WeldingMachine An Alternate for Oxy-Acetylene Welding

Nelson A. a!et" MA#

Man$el A. a!et %r." &d.D.

Norma A. &sg$erra" D'A

A(stract

The gasoline-fed welding machine an alternative for oxy-acetylene welding

was designed and fabricated using metal working concepts. The fume reservoirfuel tank and accessories, including welding torch assembly were fabricated. The

proposed gadget a gasoline fed welding machine as an alternative to

oxyacetylene-fed welding was conceptualized to considerably decrease the fuel

consumption in welding without sacrificing the quality of the finished product with

what is already acceptable to the market the oxyacetylene-fed welding machine.

Qualitative testing were made to identify the capacity of the set-up as to the

type of material connected as well as the purposed of the welding connection,

adjustments needed per type of material and purpose; observations as to the

machines performance when wielding the identified materials, application to

different filler rods, as well as position and motion to the torch.

nterpreting the observed results per applied pressure and temperature, with

the type of material connected, the following could be derived! light color of flame

suggest a pressure of ".# psi $%.&'(a) and temperature close to %*&+o.

rightfaint red flame indicated that a pressure from / psi to % psi $*%.0*1 to

/".2/& '(a) and a temperature close to %/1"o is already attained. 3luminum

melts a %&%o 3nd would attain a sound weld when connected to another

aluminum materials at this temperature.

The gas-fed welding machine is only capable of producing light and full red

color of flames, while oxy-acetylene could produce three flame qualities, light, dull

red and brightfaint red. The machine could not weld steel material to itself, and

to other materials, specifically aluminium and copper.


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38 UNP Research Journal Vol. XIX January-December 2010

Technical fields where gasoline-fed welding machine is advisable for

refrigeration and air conditioning electrical shop, automotive shop and goldsmith

bracing 4oints of copper tubes and soldering of splitter and 4oints. t is also for

repair of leaks, broken and 4oints of clutch, steering wheels and brake piping

systems of automobiles. 3nd finally for broken gold 4ewelry repairs, gold smithing

and welding of gold bars.

)ntrod$ction

ac*gro$nd of the +t$dy

Industries have been dubbed as the backbone of economy. In a country where the

economy is at stake, industries play a significant role in spurring economic activities.

Industries are further supported by technologies which facilitate the operation of machinesand processing of raw materials.

Occupying the basic foundation of technologies are scientists and inventors. It is

their prime role to continuously search for facilitative gadgets to improve productivity in

terms of minimied use of resources.

!reativity is a human capacity to conceptualie mechanisms from abstraction to

actualiation. "eed has been the driving force to cause people to develop their creative

thoughts.

#elding is presently the most handy method of fastening structural members in

construction, as well as in working with building accessories, farm gadgets, and other

domestic appurtenances by the metal working industry. $his is the process of joining

materials %usually metals& by heating them to suitable temperatures such that the materials

coalesce into one material %'almon and (ohnson, )**+ )*&. In structural undertaking,

fastening members in the joint of a truss could be done by means of filler materials and

connecting plates, the most common of which is the gusset plate. ecause of the heat

re/uirement, the fastened members have to be subjected to heat to sufficiently melt thejoining members. $his is the role of the o0y-acetylene, the fuel most fre/uently used to

operate welding machines globally.

1ue to the fast increase of oil prices, the cost of oil products, which are the key to

the operation of mechanied gadgets, have continuously rose. $heir presence is inevitable,

thus, industries totally depend upon oil to operate. $his now causes the dilemma of

industries, small and big alike. 2owever, the small businessmen and entrepreneurs are

more affected by the increase in oil prices. $hus, the need to design low-consuming yet


3/26

Des!n an" De#elo$men% o& a 'asolne-(e" )el"n! *achne3+

comparably performing industrial gadgets would somehow ease up oil-related investments

of industries.

$his proposed gadget- a gasoline-fed welding machine as an alternate to

o0yacetylene-fed welding, has been conceived to considerably decrease the fuel

consumption in welding, without sacrificing the /uality of the finished product with what

is already acceptable to the market- the o0yacetylene-fed welding machine.

O(!ectives

3enerally, this research work came out with the design of a gasoline-fed welding

machine that would comparatively perform as an o0yacetylene-fed welding machine, with

identified limitations as to types of material used and the purposes the welding is intended

for.

2aving attained the main objective, the following specific objectives were realied

). 4abricated the fume reservoir and fuel tank and accessories, including welding

torch assembly.

5. $ested the performance of the connected major parts for three types of

materials a& aluminum, b& copper, and c& steel when connected to similar

materials, as well as the performance when different materials are welded

together.

6. Identified the specific purposes in the use of the materials under consideration

where its performance is e/ually comparable to the o0y-acetylene-fed gadget.

7. 8mphasied the economic advantages of the proposed gadget vis-9-vis the o0y-

acetylene welding.

:. 'et the welding specifications.

,oncept$al Frameor*

$he design of the gasoline-fed welding machine proceeded through the following

paradigm. It is operated manually %pedalled& to produce a certain pressure and a

corresponding flame /uality that would join selected materials out of fusion. $he welding

specification shall be formulated resulting from the trials conducted, as to which flame

/uality and pressure combinations would produce sound joints.


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,0 UNP Research Journal Vol. XIX January-December 2010

Fig$re. #he /esearch 'aradigm

/elated 0iterat$re

$he following concepts are tools used by the researchers to develop the mechanism

proposed herein.

#he Oxy-Acetylene Welding

O0y-cetylene welding uses the principle that when acetylene is mi0ed witho0ygen in correct proportions and ignited, the resulting flame is one of the elements for

burning. $his flame which reaches a temperature of +6o4 melts all commercial metals so

completely that metals to be joined actually flow together to form a complete bond without

the application of any mechanical pressure or hammering. In most instances, some e0trametal in the form of a wire rod is added to the molten metal in order to build up the seam

slightly for greater strength. In very thin materials, the edges are usually flanged and just

melted together. In either case, if the weld is performed correctly, the section where the

bond is made will be as strong as the based metal itself.

$he o0y-acetylene flame is employed for a variety of other purposes, notably for

cutting metal, case hardening, and annealing. s a matter of fact, it can be used in

practically any situation which involves joining metal parts.

O0yacetylene welding, commonly referred to as gas welding, is a process which

relies on combustion of o0ygen and acetylene. #hen mi0ed together in correct proportions

within a hand-held torch or blowpipe, a relatively hot flame is produced with a temperature

3asoline $ank

#elding $orch

ssembly

4lameQuality

$ype < 'ie of

!onn. =aterials

#elding

'pecification

s

>ressure

4oot-driven


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"eutral 4lame O0idiing 4lame !arburiing 4lame

Des!n an" De#elo$men% o& a 'asolne-(e" )el"n! *achne,1

of about 6,5o!. $he chemical action of the o0yacetylene flame can be adjusted by

changing the ratio of the volume of o0ygen to acetylene.

$hree distinct flame settings are used, neutral, o0idiing and carburiing.

#elding is generally carried out using the neutral flame setting which has e/ual

/uantities of o0ygen and acetylene. $he o0idiing flame is obtained by increasing just the

o0ygen flow rate while the carburiing flame is achieved by increasing acetylene flow in

relation to o0ygen flow. ecause steel melts at a temperature above ),: o!, the mi0ture of

o0ygen and acetylene is used as it is the only gas combination with enough heat to weld

steel. %http??www.twi.co.uk?j65k?protected?band@6?jk6.html&

#he lo #orch

low torch is a common name for a simple heating torch,which burns li/uid fuel

with ambient atmospheric airafter vaporiing it using a coiled tube passing through the

flame. $he blow torch is operated by air pressure and gasoline fuel. Its principle of

operation uses gasoline as the primary fuel to brae copper tubes and metals. ir pressure isintroduced inside the sealed tank with gasoline. %http??en.wikipedia.org?wiki?blowtorch&

$he welding device is one of the most important tools for refrigeration and

automotive technicians, electricians, tinsmitry and other allied works.

Operational Definition of #erms

$o provide the reader a clearer understanding about the study, key words and

phrases are defined as they were used in the research.

Acetylene. colorless, highly flammable or e0plosive gas, !525, used for metal

welding and cutting and as an illuminant. lso called ethyne It is the resulting gas from the

chemical reaction between calcium carbide added to water.

%http??www.answers.com?topic?acetyleneAcatBhealth&
http://www.twi.co.uk/j32k/protected/band_3/jk3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blowtorchhttp://www.answers.com/topic/acetylene?cat=healthhttp://www.twi.co.uk/j32k/protected/band_3/jk3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blowtorchhttp://www.answers.com/topic/acetylene?cat=health


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,2 UNP Research Journal Vol. XIX January-December 2010

Alloy. homogeneous mi0ture or solid solution of two or more metals.

%http??www.answers.com?alloyAcatBhealth&

Al$mini$m. silvery-white, ductile metallic element, the most abundant in the

earthCs crust but found only in combination.

ron1e.n alloy of copper and tin.

,opper.It is a soft, tough and ductile metal which could not be heat-treated butwill harden when cold-worked.

,ollapse $nder its on eight. $he tendency of a joined metal to melt

disallowing itself to be connected due to its e0posure to a relatively high temperature, while

the other joint metal has not yet reached its melting point.

Filler /od. material that acts as paste to facilitate the joining of metals when

heated. 4or joining aluminum to another aluminum material, an aluminum filler rod and

flu0 are re/uired, for joining aluminum to copper, aluminum to steel copper alloy for strong

bond; for copper, silver or brone filler rod and bora0 flu0 is re/uired for copper to copper

connection, brone to copper connection, copper to steel and copper to copper steel alloy

for strong bond.

Flame 2$ality. $he visual description of the temperature and pressurecombination produced by the process of burning when o0ygen and acetylene are combined

in e/ual proportions, which could be a& light, b& dull red, and c& bright?faint red.

a& Dight color E flame is balanced %o0ygen and acetylene& the molten metal flowssmoothly like syrup, with very few sparks, cleanse clear

b& 1ull Fed !olor E white?light cone becomes short and the color changes to dull

red or purpush hue. $he flame burns with a decided roar.

c& right?4aint Fed E white cone appears at the tip enveloped by another fan-

shaped cone which has a feathered edge. =etal melts. It has a tendency to boil.

'ress$re.4orce e0erted per unit area.

+o$nd eld. /uality of welded materials where proper fusion of connected

materials is attained, characteried by smooth and uniform lining of the edges.

+teel. generally hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy of iron and carbon, usuallycontaining between .5 and ).: percent carbon, often with other constituents such as
http://www.answers.com/alloy?cat=healthhttp://www.answers.com/alloy?cat=health


7/26

Des!n an" De#elo$men% o& a 'asolne-(e" )el"n! *achne,3

manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, cobalt, or silicon, depending

on the desired alloy properties, and widely used as a structural material.

%http??www.answers.com?steel&

Welding. is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or

thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. %http??en.wikipedia.org?wiki?#elding&

Methodology

$his study made use of the e0perimental type of research in three phases

'hase . 1esign and fabrication of gasoline

receiver tank, fume gas reservoir tank and the weldingtorch to be used in undertaking the observations by

combining the principle of the o0yacetylene and the blow

torch discussed earlier.

>hase 5. Qualitative testing to identify the

capacity of the set-up as to the type of material

connected, as well as the purpose of the welding

connection, adjustments needed per type of material and

purpose; observations as to the machineGs performance

when welding the identified materials, application todifferent filler rods, as well as position and motion of

the torch.

>hase 6. 8conomic comparison of the proposed

gadget with the o0y-acetylene welding.
http://www.answers.com/steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrication_(metal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescence_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldinghttp://www.answers.com/steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrication_(metal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescence_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding


8/26


9/26

connection was made with the dull red flame, and not uniform thinning and cutting resulted

when the flame was bright?faint red.


10/26

Table 1. The Performance of the Gas Fed Welding Machine per Type of Material

Type of MaterialConnected

Compressed Air+ Gasoline

Pressure Fume!

"i#e$ Thic%ness ofConnected &od or

Tube' in inches

Flame(uality

Welding (uality &emar%s

A. Aluminum

A.1. Aluminum toAluminum

0.5 to 1 psi 1/16 to 3/16Light Sound Weld Good jointing result

Dull red Collapse under its on eight Destro!ed "melted#

A.$. Aluminium to Copper 0 .5 to 1 psi 1/16 to 3/16

Light Sound Weld %or 1/16 to 1/&' diam Good jointing result

Dull redAluminium (ollapses under its on eight Aluminum melts) (opper is

still in pla(e.

A.3. Aluminum to Stee l 0 .5 to 1 psi 1/16 to 3/16

Light *o %usion+em,ers (ould not join /the attained pressure

Dull red *o %usionAluminum melts) steel retainsits original appearan(e

). Copper

-.1. Copper toAluminum

"similar to A.$#0.5 to 1 psi 1/16 to 3/16

Light Sound Weld %or 1/16 to 1/&' diam Good joints result

Dull ed Sound Weld %or 3/16' ,ut not %or ' Aluminum melts

-.$. Copper to Copper 0.5 to 1 psi 1/16 to 3/16

Light *o %usion +em,ers (ould not join /the attained pressure

Dull ed Sound eld) good joint results Good jointing result

-.3. Copper to Steel 0.5 to 1 psi 1/16 to 3/16

Light*o %usion

+em,ers (ould not join /the attained pressure

Dull ed *o %usion Copper melts

C. "teel

C.1. Steelto Aluminum "similar to A.3#

0.5 to 1 psi 1/16 to 3/16Light Sound Weld %or 1/16 to 1/&' diameter Good joints result

Dull ed Sound Weld %or 3/16' ,ut not %or ' Aluminum melts

C.$. Steelto Copper

"similar to -.3#

0.5 to 1 psi 1/16 to 3/16Light *o %usion +em,ers (ould not join

Dull ed *o %usion Copper melts

C.$. Steel to Steel

0.5 to 1 psi 1/16 to 3/16

Light*o %usion


Dull ed*o %usion



11/26

Table *. The Performance of the ,y-acetylene per Type of Material.


,ygenPressure

AcetylenePressure

"i#e$Thic%ness ofConn. &od or

Tube

Flame(uality


A. Aluminum

A.1. Aluminum to

Aluminum 1 to $ psi 1 to $ psi 1/16 to 3/16

Light Sound Weld

Good jointing result %orpressuried tu,e s!stem %ore%rigeration2 Air (onditioning2Automotie 4 le(tri(al ors

Dull red Collapse under its oneight

+em,ers melt

-right/7aint red

Collapse under its oneight

+em,ers melt

A.$. Aluminium toCopper

1 to $ psi 1 to $ psi 1/16 to 3/16

LightSound Weld ,etter result/ smooth ripples

Good jointing result

Dull ed

8he aluminum (ollapsesunder its on eighthile metalli( ring unitesith (opper.

Aluminum melts

-right/%aint

9n a se(ond aluminum(ollapsed hile (opper isdestro!ed in appearan(edue to some part ill ,e(ut

Aluminum melts

A.3. Aluminum to Stee l $ to 3 psi $ to 3 psi 1/16 to '

Light ed 8he aluminium melts ith

smooth ripples2 ,ut thesteel doesn:t

*o joining result

Dull ed Aluminun (ollapse underits on eight hile steelturns red ith metalli( ring.

Aluminum melts

-right/%aint Aluminium (ollapse hilesteel turns to red (olor andthinning its appearan(e

Aluminum melts


12/26

Table * continued


,ygenPressure

AcetylenePressure


Tube

Flame(uality


). Copper

-.1. Copper toAluminum

1 to $ psi 1 to $ psi 1/16 to 1/;

Light ed Sound Weld ,etter result/ smooth ripples

Good jointing result

Du ll ed 8he aluminum (ollapsesunder its on eight

hile metalli( ring unitesith (opper.

Aluminum melts

-right/ %aint 9n a se(ond aluminum(ollapsed hile (opper isdestro!ed in appearan(edue to some part ill ,e(ut

Aluminum melts

-.$. Copper to Copper 1 to $ psi 1 to $ psi 1/16 to 1/;

Light ed *o %usion . 8he joinedmaterials turn ,la(

*o %usion.

Dull ed Sound eld.


13/26

Table * continued


,ygenPressure

AcetylenePressure


Tube

Flame(uality


C. "teel

C.1. Steel to

Aluminum $ to 3 psi $ to 3 psi 1/16 to '

Light ed Sound eld/ good %usion/ smooth ripples

Good =ointing result

Dul l ed Aluminun (ol lapse underits on eight hile(opper steel allo! turns

,la( ith metalli( ring.

Aluminum melts

-right/%aint Aluminium (ollapse ile(opper steel turn to red(olor and thinning itsappearan(e

Aluminum melts

C.$. Steel toCopper

1 to $ psi 1 to $ psi 1/16 to 1/;

Light ed *o %usion. 8he joinedmaterials turn ,la(

*o %usion.

Dull ed Sound eld.


14/26

Des!n an" De#elo$men% o& a 'asolne-(e" )el"n! *achne,+

). Ksing the same sies of copper and steel materials to be connected; only the

dull red flame produced a successful joint.

5. 'imilarly, connected steel materials with diameters ranging from )?)+H to JH

were only successful with the dull red flame.

Findings

$he following findings were found to be significant

a. From the Gasoline-fed elding machine

). luminum re/uires just a light color of flame to be welded to another

aluminum.5. luminium re/uires just a light color of flame to attain a sound weld with

copper.

6. luminium could not be welded to steel in any of the two flame /ualities

produced by the gasoline-fed welding machine.

7. !opper materials re/uire dull red flame to fuse, thus, they could not attain any

fusion with just a light color flame.

:. !opper and steel materials could not be welded.

+. 'teel materials could not be welded together.

(. From the Oxy-acetylene Welding Machine

). luminum re/uires just a light color of flame to be welded to another

aluminum.

5. luminium re/uires just a light color of flame to attain a sound weld with

copper.

6. luminium could not be welded to steel in any of the three flame /ualities

produced by the gasoline-fed welding machine.

7. !opper materials re/uire dull red flame to fuse, thus, they could not attain any

fusion with just a light color flame.

:. !opper and steel materials are welded soundly at dull red flame /uality.

+. >erfect fusion occurred in connecting steel materials.


15/26


c. &conomic ,omparison eteen the Gasoline Fed Welding and the Oxy-

acetylene Welding Machine

In terms of financially comparing which of the two gadgets are more economical,

the following computations were arrived at

'arameters Gasoline-fed Oxy-acetylene-fed

Investment !ost > :, > 6:,

!onsumption >h >75.L:, or one %)& liter

per hr of continuous

welding

>)6. per hr of continuous welding

!ost of O0ygen per tank E >),5 %rate of

consumption B )?)+ of the tank per hr

!ost of cetylene per tank E >L %rate of

consumption B )?) of the tank per hr

,oncl$sions

Interpreting the observed results per applied pressure and temperature, with the

type of material connected, the following conclusions could be derived

). Dight color of flame suggests a pressure of .: psi %6.7:7 M>a& and temperature

close to 6)7*o!

5. 1ull red flame suggests a pressure of ) psi %+.* M>a& and temperature close

to 655o!

6. right?faint red flame indicates that a pressure from 5 psi to 6 psi %)6.)+ to

5.L57 M>a& and a temperature close to 65+o! is already attained.

7. luminium melts at 676o!, and would attain a sound weld when connected to

another aluminium material at this temperature.

:. $he gas-fed welding machine is only capable of producing light and dull red

color of flames, while the o0y-acytelene could produce three flame /ualities light, dull red

and bright?faint red.

+. $he proposed set-up could not connect steel materials to itself, and to other

materials, specifically aluminium and copper.

/ecommendations

In view of the above conclusions, the following recommendations are advanced.

$able 6 below summaries the specific technical field where the gasoline-fed welding

performs e/ually well in comparison to that of o0y-acetylene welding as well as the

assessed advantages to be derived in its use.


16/26

Des!n an" De#elo$men% o& a 'asolne-(e" )el"n! *achne1

#a(le 3. )dentified #echnical Fields Where Gasoline Fed Welding is Advisa(le

+pecific #echnical

Field

'$rpose Advantage over

Oxy-acetylene

a. Fefrigeration

and ir

!onditioning

4or covering leaks and bracing joints, as well

as for new installations using copper and

aluminum tubes and wirings, like in the pipingsystem of refrigerators, freeers, car aircons,

split-type and window aircons.

Dighter

=ore handy for home

services=ore economical

b. 8lectrical 'hop

#orks

4or bracing?soldering of splices and joints of

copper and aluminium wires which arecommon activities in electric motor repair and

rewinding works.

It is also advisable for interior and e0terior

house wiring installations.

=ore economical

c. utomotive

'hops

4or the repair of leaks, broken end joints of

clutch, steering wheels and brake piping

systems of automobiles.

=ore economical

d. 3old 'mith4or broken gold jewelry repairs, gold

smithing and melting of gold bars=ore economical

/eferences

(effues, Darry, )***. #elding >rinciples and pplications. "ew Nork lbany 1elmar >ublishers.

'elf, !harles. )*5. 1o Nour Own >rofessional #elding. K' $ ooks Inc.

rumbangle, (ames ndel. )*+. #elders 3uide, "ew Nork =acmillan >ublishing !ompany.

'almon, !harles 3. and (ohn 8 (ohnson. 'teel 'tructures 1esign and ehaviour, 5nd8d. "ew Nork

2arper < Fow >ublishers.

http??www.twi.co.uk?j65k?protected?band@6?jk6.html

http??en.wikipedia.org?wiki?low@torch

http??www.answers.com?topic?acetyleneAcatBhealth

http??www.answers.com?alloyAcatBhealth

http??www.answers.com?steel

http??en.wikipedia.org?wiki?#elding
http://www.twi.co.uk/j32k/protected/band_3/jk3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_torchhttp://www.answers.com/topic/acetylene?cat=healthhttp://www.answers.com/alloy?cat=healthhttp://www.answers.com/steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldinghttp://www.twi.co.uk/j32k/protected/band_3/jk3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_torchhttp://www.answers.com/topic/acetylene?cat=healthhttp://www.answers.com/alloy?cat=healthhttp://www.answers.com/steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding


17/26


Analysis on the +trength of 45 ,6 ith Oyster +hell

as ,omponent of the Aggregates

Alfredo /. /a(ena" 'h.D.

Nelia 7. Aman" &d.D.

A(stract

This study explored the possibility of using oyster shells as component of

aggregates in the production of #5 6 by determining its compressive strength

and comparing this to the strength of #5 6 taken from the construction site.

Twelve $*/) samples using different proportions were produced byresearchers and another three $%) samples were taken from the construction.

3ll the samples brought to the testing laboratory are below the required

compressive strength for non-load bearing concrete hollow blocks. 6owever, it is

noteworthy that the samples with oyster shells have higher compressive strength

compared with the samples taken from the construction site.

t was also found out that the lesser the number of pieces of 6 produced

the higher is the compressive strength.

There are also significant differences among and between the #5 6

produced using different proportions including the samples taken from theconstruction site.

)ntrod$ction

ac*gro$nd of the +t$dy

In the >hilippines, concrete hollow blocks %!2& are commonly used for e0terior

and interior walls of buildings especially residential projects. It is also used for perimeter

fence, tank, septic vault, drainage canal and many more.

$he growing demands of housing projects have led to the increase of construction

materials, particularly the cement and aggregates. 'ince concrete hollow blocks is made of

cement and aggregates, it follows that an increase of one material will affect the cost of

!2. !onsidering the present economic crisis, the low income household especially those


18/26

nalyss on %he /%ren!%h o& 4%h 5ys%er /hell3

from the coastal areas will be deprived from having houses made of concrete hollow

blocks. $he researchers were, then, prompted to develop a new component in the

production of concrete hollow blocks which are available from the available area and can

be taken for free to reduce the cost of concrete hollow blocks.

'ignificant researches were already conducted on many different materials for

aggregate substitute such as granulated coal ash, blast furnace slag or various solid wastes

including fiberglass waste materials, granulated plastics, paper and wood products?wastes

sintered sludge, pellets, burnt bagasse ash and others. 2owever, the researchersG concern isto look for materials in the coastal area which can be used as component of the aggregates

for !2 production which is not e0pensive but with e/ual or greater compressive strength

as the commercial !2 or !2 with ) aggregates.

Oyster shells %rassostrea gigas& are abundant in the coastal areas of the Ilocos

Fegion. 'ome shells are being brought back to the hatchery to produce larvae, but the

e0cess of the oyster shells are filed along the coastal areas which if not recycled become

garbage. $he researchers were challenged to conduct a study on other way to recycle the

oyster shells which could benefit the oyster growers and the community and in same

manner will reduce the cost of !2 needed for low-cost housing.

proportion of oyster shells and aggregates were mi0ed with cement to produce a

:H !2 to determine the compressive stress and compare this with :H !2 using )

aggregates and the :H !2 which are available in the market.

$he result of the laboratory test can be used as basis for other proportions which

could meet the desired compressive stress for non-load bearing :H !2. $hus, mi0tures

which will be developed can be recommended for the production of :H !2 for theconstruction of low cost housing. In effect, the problem of waste disposal along the coastal

areas will be minimied.

O(!ectives of the +t$dy

$he main objective of this study is to determine ways to recycle oyster shells thatwould benefit the oyster shell growers and the environment. $he following are the specific

objectives

). 1etermine the compressive strength of :H !2 using different proportions

5. 1etermine the number of :H !2 produced per bag of cement using

different proportions

6. 1etermine the unit cost of :H !2 using different proportions

7. !ompare the compressive strength of :H !2 using different proportions


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, UNP Research Journal Vol. XIX January-December 2010

+ignificance of the +t$dy

!oncrete hollow blocks, being one of the most commonly used construction

materials for buildings, has resulted to the increase of its cost. $he use of additional

material which are abundant and can be ac/uired for free can reduce the cost of concrete

hollow blocks.

$he researchers were prompted to conduct a study on the analysis on the

strength of :H !2 wall with oyster shell as component of the aggregates because

oyster shells are abundant in the coastal area and it is believed that the cost ofproduction is cheaper. Dikewise, problem on waste disposal will be minimied. It

can also be a great help to oyster growers because the e0cess oyster shells can now

be used to build their houses, fences tanks and canals at a cheaper cost.

/evie of /elated 0iterat$re

!oncrete hollow blocks are classified as bearing and non-bearing blocks. Doad

bearing blocks are those which thickness ranges from ): cm. to 5 cm. and are used tocarry load aside from its own weight. "on-bearing blocks on the other hand, are blocks

which are intended for walls, partitions fences or dividers carrying its own weight which

thickness ranges from L.: cm. to ) cm. %4ajardo, 5&

$he compressive strength of hollow blocks for non load bearing is 6: psi for

individual and 6 psi for an average of : !2s. %>$' ++)-*)*+&

!oncrete hollow blocks has three whole cells and two one-half cells at both ends

having a total of four. $hese cells vary in sies as there are different manufacturers using

different moulds.

ll concrete masonry units are modular in sie. $he largest units, called blocks,

have nominal face dimension of inches in height by )+ inches in length and nominal

thickness of 7, +, ,) or )5 inches. $he actual dimension is in all cases 6?H to allow for

the thickness of the joint. >ermissible dimension tolerance is )?H but the practical

deviation rarely e0ceeds )?65H %mistad, et.al., )**+&.

In the study of mistad, et.al. %)**+& on the !ompressive 'trength $est of

!oncrete 2ollow locks =anufactured in Ilocos 'ur, it revealed that out of )6L samples,only two %5& surpassed the allowed crushing strength of 6 psi for an average of :H !2s.

Dikewise, the crushing strength has no significant difference among and between the

commercial sies taken from each manufacturer.


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nalyss on %he /%ren!%h o& 4%h 5ys%er /hell

$he result on the study of 'abalburo, et. al. %5*& showed that the compressive

strength is higher for proportions with lesser !2 produced. 4urthermore, the lesser the

number of pieces of !2 produced the higher is the unit cost per !2.

+cope and Delimitation of the +t$dy

$he scope of the study covered the testing of strength of :H !2 produced using

the proportions )) %) bag cement, cuft aggregates and ) cuft oyster shells grind into

aggregate sie&; )* %) bag cement, * cuft aggregates&; )5 %) bag cement, cuft

aggregates and 5 cuft oyster shells grind into aggregate sie&; )) %) bag cement, ) cuft

aggregates& and :H !2 produced commercially.

6ypothesis

$he researchers hypothesied at .: level of significance that

$here are no significant differences among and between the compressive strength

of samples produced using different proportions and taken from the construction site.

Methodology

$his section presents the research design, sample, data gathering procedure.

/esearch Design. $his study utilied the descriptive method of research. Out of

the data gathered, findings were summaried, analyed, and interpreted.

+ample. $he samples used in this study are %):& fifteen pieces. :H !2 withdifferent proportions. $he researchers hired laborers to produce :H !2 using various

proportions identified by the researchers. 'amples of :H !2 were taken from the

construction site for testing as basis for comparison. Oyster shells were taken from the

coastal area of !aoayan, Ilocos 'ur.

'roced$re

). Oyster shells taken from !aoayan were rinsed with clean water and broken in

sies same as the aggregates.


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5. ggregates and oyster shells were mi0ed with cement as to desired proportions

using the following proportions

'amples >roportions

!ement %bag& ggregates %cuft& Oyster 'hells %cuft&

) )

) *

! ) 5

1 ) )8 commercial

6. $he mi0ed cement, aggregates and oyster shells were placed in a :H !2

molder tamped and properly compacted.

7. =olded !2 is then placed on a flat surface and cured for 5 days. 'ampleswere sprinkled with water twice a day.

:. fter 5 days the three samples for each mi0ture were brought to I>

3eotechnical and =aterials $esting 8ngineers, an accredited testing laboratory

by the 1epartment of >ublic #orks and 2ighways and tested for compressive

strength using the Kniversal $esting =achine.+. $he researchers also took :H!2 from a construction site and brought to the

same laboratory for testing.

L. $he average compressive strength were computed and used as basis for

analysis.

Disc$ssion of /es$lts

$able ) presents the compressive strength of :H !2 using different proportions. It

can be seen that 'ample proportioned at ) bag of cement and * cuft gravel has the highestcompressive strength, followed by sample 1 proportioned at ) bag cement and ) cuft

aggregates.

It is to be noted that sample proportioned at ) bag cement cuft aggregates and

) cuft oyster shells has a higher compressive strength %57.)5 psi& than 'ample 8 which is

a commercial :H !2 %)L.:5 psi&.


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nalyss on %he /%ren!%h o& 4%h 5ys%er /hell7

#a(le . ,ompressive +trength of 45 ,6 8sing Different 'roportions

+amples Average ,ompressive +trength

9psi:

57.)5

665.LL

! )LL.5

1 575.

8 )L.:5

2owever, all samples have compressive strength which is below the re/uired

compressive strength for non-load bearing hollow blocks which is e/ual to 6: psi.

It is noteworthy that on the study of mistad, et.al. %)**+&, only two samples out of)6L samples taken from the manufacturer passed the allowed compressive strength.

$his finding implies that concrete hollow blocks being used for building

construction have compressive strength below the re/uired strength for non-load bearing

concrete hollow blocks which is 6: psi.

Fig$re . N$m(er of 45 ,6 'rod$ced 8sing Different 'roportions

It is reflected in 4igure ) that 'amples ! and 1 has 7 pcs. :H !2 each produced

per bag of cement while 'amples and has 7 pcs :H !2 each.


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'ample 8 which is a commercial :H !2 has no data on the number of pieces

produced per bag, since this is produced in bulk taken from the construction site and the

supplier was not identified.

$he researchers have also noted the unit cost of :H !2 produced using different

proportions. mong the first four samples produced and proportioned by the researchers,

sample has the highest unit cost and sample 1 has the lowest unit cost.

ased on the result of the compressive strength it is to be noted that sample hasthe highest compressive strength and sample 1 has the lowest compressive strength.

#a(le ;. 8nit ,ost of 45 ,6 'rod$ced 8sing 7ario$s 'roportions

+amplesNo. of

'ieces

,ost 8nit

,ost!ement ggregates Dabor $otal

7 5: 5*L.77 ) +5.77 ):.+?pc

7 5: 667.+5 ) +6*.+5 ):.**?pc

! 7 5: 6L). ) +L+. )7.)?pc

1 7 5: 5*L.77 ) +5.77 )5.::?pc

8 *.:?pc.

$his confirms the study of 'abalburo et al %5*& that the compressive strength is

higher for !2 samples with higher unit cost.

#a(le 3. ANO7A #a(le on the ,ompressive +trength of 45 ,6 'rod$ced $sing

Different proportions

+o$rce of 7ariation +$m of +


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nalyss on %he /%ren!%h o& 4%h 5ys%er /hell+

In order to determine which pair of group means were significantly different or not,

the 'cheffeG =ethod of Deast 'ignificant 1ifference or D'1 was employed. $he computed

4 value was compared with the critical 4-value at the .: level of significance.

#a(le =. M$ltiple ,omparison of the ,ompressive +trength of 45 ,6 'rod$ced

$sing Different proportions

,omparison F-test ,omparison F-test

versus 5.7) versus 1 )*.7*7 versus ! .)7: versus 8 5+L.5L)

versus 1 )+.7+ ! versus 1 75.:5L6

versus 8 +.6:+ ! versus 8 .)65

versus ! 5L.67:7 1 versus 8 7).))+

$he 'cheffeGs $est yielded that there are significant differences on the compressive

strengths between the five groups as revealed in $able 7. It can be seen on the result that

almost all the ratio are high which implies that there is a highly significant difference on

means of each samples specifically between sample 8 %commercial& and the other samples

prepared by the researchers.

'ample with the highest average compressive strength and sample ! with the

lowest average compressive strength showed a highly significant difference.

,oncl$sions

ased on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn

). $he compressive strengths of the samples produced using different proportions

and the samples taken from the construction site is below the re/uired strength for non-load

bearing concrete hollow blocks.

5. 'ample with oyster shells proportioned at )) has a higher compressive

strength than the sample taken from the construction site.

6. $he higher the compressive strength of :H !2 the lower is the number of :H

!2 produced.

7. $here were significant differences on the compressive strengths of the samples

using different proportions.


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Journal Body 2

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