JournalA student who has not attended class all of cycle one, asks a teacher for work so he/she can pass. The teacher adamantly refuses, because he/she strongly believes that a student must be in class and complete all work in order for him/her to pass.

He/she explains that he/she has not been in school because his/her mother was recently diagnosed with Terminal Cancer, his/her father was just laid off and ACS just came to begin an investigation as to why he/she has not been attending school.

Question for Thought:How is the teacher using ethos, or trustworthiness, authority and reputation, to substantiate his/her argument?How is this student using emotion, or pathos to appeal to the teacher to pass Cycle 1?

Inquiry: How can the examination of ethos further complicate the use of

pathos in argumentation?

Mini Lesson: Ethos

Ethos = credibility or trust

• Derived from the word “Ethical”• Deals with reputation or character

Inquiry: How can the examination of ethos further complicate the use of

pathos in argumentation?

Establishing Ethos1. Trustworthiness Does your audience believe

you are a good person who can be trusted to tell the truth?

2. Similarity Does your audience identify with you?

3. Authority Do you have formal or informal authority relative to your audience?

4. Reputation How much expertise does your audience think you have in this field?

Inquiry: How can the examination of ethos further complicate the use of

pathos in argumentation?

Mini Lesson: Pathos

Pathos = emotion or imagination

• Derived from the Greek meaning “Suffering” or “Experience”

• Language affects audience's emotional response

• Emotional appeal can effectively enhance an

argument.

Inquiry: How can the examination of ethos further complicate the use of

pathos in argumentation?

PATHOS: A CLOSER LOOK

1. Pathos appeals to the audience's SYMPATHIES and IMAGINATION.

2. An appeal to pathos causes an audience not just to respond emotionally but to IDENTIFY WITH the writer's POINT OF VIEW--to feel what the writer feels.

3. Perhaps the most common way of conveying a pathetic appeal is through NARRATIVE or story, which can turn the abstractions of logic into something palpable and present.

4. Pathos thus refers to both the EMOTIONAL and the IMAGINATIVE impact of the message on an audience, and the power with which the writer's message moves the audience to decision or action.

Inquiry: How can the examination of ethos further complicate the use of

pathos in argumentation?

Establishing Pathos

1. How are vivid examples, details and images used to engage the reader’s emotions and imagination?

2. How does the writer appeal to the values and beliefs of the reader?

3. Why are these examples or images effective?4. How do these examples relate to the

audience and the things they care about?

Inquiry: How can the examination of ethos further complicate the use of

pathos in argumentation?