JOURNAL 4/28

“What enterprise is more noble and more profitable than the reclamation from barbarism of fertile regions and large populations.” – Winston Churchill

What can this quotation tell you about Europeans’ attitudes toward foreign nations that have not become westernized?

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CHAPTER 26 VOCAB

• Afrikaans• Shaka• Boer War• Paternalism• Assimilation• Meiji Restoration• Sino-Japanese War• Treaty of Shimonoseki• Platt Amendment• Panama Canal• Roosevelt Corollary

• Imperialism• Settlement

Colonies• Dependent

Colonies• Protectorates• Spheres of

Influence• Suez Canal• Fashoda Crisis• Samory Toure• Leopold II• Boers

OBJECTIVES

Explain what imperialism is and how imperialists sought to control other groups of people.

Identify the economic causes of Western imperialism.

Explore the ways in which Western imperialism was a product of cultural differences.

WESTERN IMPERIALISMChapter 26 section 1

MODERN IMPERIALISM

During the 1800's, Europeans continued their expansion.

Little influence in new territories

By 1870 - began to take control of new territories

1870 - 1914 = the height of imperialism

When one country takes control of another.

IMPERIALISMOne country may control the other's:

Government, trade, or culture (nothing new)

New = strength of the modern nations

Europe, Japan, & the U.S. controlled almost the entire world by 1914.

Europeans would develop areas for their benefit.

TYPES OF CONTROL

Settlement colonies - people from one country living together in a new place.

Australia

Dependent colonies - European officials ruled the non-European people.

India

Protectorates - the local ruler kept his title, however Europeans really controlled the area. Other nations were kept out.

Spheres of influence - an area in which one nation had a special interest. Other nations agreed to respect those special interest.

NATIONAL RIVALS

Nations believed colonies = respect

Colonies = bigger troops

Small islands were highly important

Strategic locations for coal refueling for naval ships

1914 - bitter rivalries had grown among the imperial powers.

Huge armies and navies

Created hatred among colonized people

Led to world conflict

$$$$$$$$$$$

Industrialization

Need for copper, rubber, and other raw materials for new industries.

Competition to control areas with a lot of raw material resources.

Production of large quantities now possible.

Looked to open up markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

$$$$$$$

Some imperialists believed they could open new markets by changing people's habits.

Try to convince people of central Africa to wear shirts and ties.

Rapid population growth

Estimated that population doubled between 1800 & 1900.

Europe could not provide enough jobs for the rising population

Many left their home countries

Populations of North America, South America, and Australia swelled with new settlers.

CULTURAL MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM

Industrialized nations thought they had a duty to spread western ideas & knowledge around the world.

People were lacking if their culture or religion differed from the west.

"THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"

A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling in favor of British imperialism.

" Take up the white man's burden-

Send forth the best he breed-

Go bind your sons in exile

To serve your captives' need;

To wait in heavy harness,

On fluttered folk and wild-

Your new- caught, sullen peoples,

Half devil and half child."

Represents western attitude towards non-western people

Many Europeans agreed with Kipling

Thought non-western people were primitive & they were "helping" or "improving" them.

Justified imposing their own ideas on other people

MISSIONARIES

Christian missionaries were very Clive during the age of imperialism.

Churches in Europe and the U.S. sent a growing number of people to colonies.

Not only tried to convert people, but also did other work.

Teachers, built schools, medical assistance, but hospitals, etc.

Helped spread knowledge of hygiene, medicine, sanitation, and Christianity.

Cultural – White Man’s Burden & Christian missionaries

Political – imperialists viewed colonies as sources of troops

GROUP ACTIVITY

2-4 people per group

Draw up a plan for persuading people in non-industrialized areas to buy a good manufactured by Europeans or Americans during this time. (may require some research).

The plan should focus on one specific region

Ex) Southern Africa, India, Pacific Islands

Demonstrate a knowledge of the region’s culture, climate, and any other factors that would affect what goods inhabitants might be interested in; and include compelling marketing plans. (will require research)

Illustrate your plan with a marketing poster towards the targeted region.

EUROPEAN CLAIMS IN

AFRICAChapter 26 section 2 &

3

THE FRENCH

1830 - occupied Algiers, a Muslim state of the Ottoman Empire

Continuous rebellions against the French.

Settled many colonists there

Took control of Tunis in 1881 becoming a French protectorate.

Morocco became a sphere of influence for France

Deal made with Britain, Spain, & Italy

NORTH AFRICA

Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire, though the empire was weakening.

1864 - the Egyptian gov't allowed the French to start building a canal.

The Suez Canal - connect Mediterranean Sea & Red Sea

It cost Egypt a lot of money, to avoid bankruptcy they sold their stock to Britain.

Now controlled by Britain

THE FASHODA CRISIS

Great Britain & France were interested in Sudan (south of Egypt).

France - already controlled colonies in the area.

Britain - wanted to build dams on the Nile.

France sent troops to the area around the upper Nile at Fashoda.

British troops arrived two months later.

French knew they could not defeat the British & gave in to them.

Great Britain & Egypt had joint control

Anglo - Egyptian Sudan

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Europeans began to push inland by the late 1800's.

Eager to control the sources of the products they traded.

Often met resistance

French wanted control of Senegal but a fierce revolt was led by Samory Touré.

The French eventually won and gained control of a a vast area known as French West Africa.

By the early 1900's, France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, and Portugal claimed almost all of West Africa.

CENTRAL AND EAST AFRICA

A journalist from the New York Herald was sent to find a missing missionary in central Africa.

The journalist thought Europeans should develop the area he explored.

He tried but failed to interest the British gov't.

He turned to King Leopold II of Belgium.

He carved out a personal colony of 900,000

East Africa was divided among European nations.

A famine helped them colonize because the people were too weak to resist the Europeans.

SOUTHERN AFRICA

Dutch settlers founded Cape Town as a supply station for ships sailing to the East Indies.

Grew into a large colony called Cape Colony

In the early 1800’s the British took control of Cape Colony and many people left the colony going east and north (the Great Trek).

These people were known as the Boers, spoke their own language known as Afrikaans.

They came into contact with the Zulu, under the leader Shaka and they fought for control of the region

THE BOER WAR

In 1879 the British joined the war, defeating the Zulu and destroying their empire.

In 1899 the South African War broke out, known as the Boer War between the Boers and the British.

The British allowed the Boers to keep their language and culture to bring peace.

United Cape Colony and the three Boer colonies (the Union of South Africa).

EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISM ON AFRICA

In most areas Europeans controlled all levels of government and the laws of the people.

They believed that Africans were not capable of ruling themselves = paternalism.

Africans did get some benefits:

New crops and new ways of farming

Medicine

Roads and Railroads – improved trading and communication

Some African leaders even sought alliances with Europeans to benefit their countries.

EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISM ON AFRICA

Most other African nations wanted to stop the invasion of Europeans but could not resist them.

They insisted on maintaining their own identity and did not accept European culture even though the Europeans wanted them to.

The French even hoped for complete assimilation, which happens when people give up their own culture and adopt another.