Journal #2 What was the greatest invention that changed the world?
what do you think it takes to make such an invention? Was the Industrial revolution a blessing or disaster? Explain your answer The Industrial Revolution A Major Change industrial agrarian machine-made goods handmade goods
rural industrial machine-made goods urban Revolutionary Changes in
patterns of work social class structure standard of living intl. balance of power Where?When?What? Britain 1780s textiles Timeline Events around IR
1850 1780s 1815 1790 Agricultural Revolution Growth of Atlantic economy 1700 1720 Pop. Boom Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade IR Begins 1650 Timeline the IR IR begins in Britain 1850 1780s 1815 1830
IR reaches the Continent 1820s Labor Movement/Legislation Standard of living after 1850 Causes: Why Britain? Brochure 50 points Top 5 Things needed to industrialize (25)
Small paragraph (5) explaining why for each 5 pictures (printed out) (10) To show an example of your top 5 reasoning Format (10) In color (3) Typed (3) 8x11 page paper Minimum (3) Name of your company (1) What your company does- small explanation (5) Small paragraph explaining why you should industrialize (5) Journal # 3 Pick 1 of the following and describe what you know about the book and how you think it relates to history Grimms Fairy tale Frankenstein Jane Eyre The Three Musketeers Dracula Les Miserables Wutheringheights You may work with a partner
Journal #4 Please label the following and tell me what it is 1. Bo-Bo 2. Ashpan 3. Caboose 4. Dead mans handle 5. Embankment 6. facing 7. Gandy dancer 8. Hotbox 9. infill station 10. jerk a lung or get a knuckle You may work with a partner Why Britain? Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment created culture of progress and research strong cottage industry (proto-industrialization) colonial empire provided raw materials & a large market for finished goods Agricultural Revolution created a large landless, wage-seeking labor force lowered food prices $ to buy manufactured goods natural resources & infrastructure rivers & canals iron & coal Why Britain? sound financial system: government support
strong central bank well-developed credit markets government support stable (vs. France!) high taxes $ for strong navy (protect commerce) & army (suppress worker uprisings) protective tariffs (ex. Navigation Acts) no domestic tariffs While the government did use free market rhetoric, it still played a heavy hand in the economy, such as taxing the people aggressively and installing protective tariffs.Like France, GB also had mercantilist practices (ex. Navigation Acts), but they were less heavy-handed than France, which essentially had a command economy under Louis XIV and Colbert. Canals Tech innovations & early factories (GB textile industry) Textile Industry 1st! cottage industry could not meet growing demand
spinning & weaving inventions textile factories New Raw Material: Cotton
Cotton first imported from India by the British E. India Company started as a luxury good. India and W. Africa then began producing cotton cheaply incentivized GB to develop $-saving machines so British cotton could compete Worked great on new spinning machines (vs. wool and flax did not) James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny (1765)
Spinning Invention #1 James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny (1765) Spinning inventions came 1st b/c spinners couldnt keep up w/ weavers 6-24 spindles Hand-powered used in cottage industry Richard Arkwright Water Frame (ca. 1770)
Spinning Invention #2 Richard Arkwright Water Frame (ca. 1770) 100s of spindles Water-powered factories Samuel Crompton Spinning Mule (1779)
Spinning Invention #3 Samuel Crompton Spinning Mule (1779) - hybrid that solved the water frames problem of spinning only coarse thread (which then had to go through a spinning jenny) this machine worked in factories and didnt require the use of a spinning jenny afterwards Edmund Cartwright Power Loom (1785)
Weaving Invention Edmund Cartwright Power Loom (1785) Incentive was to save $ on paying weavers (weavers wages rose significantly until 1792 b/c there werent enough weavers to keep up w/ the output of the spinning machines) Worked poorly at 1st did not replace handlooms until 1820s Early British textile factories the good and the bad
Pros Cons cotton goods cheaper est. GBs industrial might In 1831 textiles accounted for >1/5 of GBs industrial output terrible working conditions relied heavily on child labor Cripples from factory work, London the IRs most fundamental advance in technology
The steam engine The Energy Problem pre-industrial power sources were insufficient
18th c. Europeans relied mainly on wood for energy, and there was a shortage. due to Ag. Rev. (forests into fields) important for heat & iron-making Preindustrial power sources: humans, animals, wind, water, burning wood Wood was really important in the iron industry (processed into charcoal, it was the energy source for the blast furnaces that processed iron ore) so shortage of wood resulted in stagnation of GBs iron industry in the mid-18th c. The Energy Solution STEAM ENGINE Thomas Savery (1698)
Thomas Newcomen (1705) **JAMES WATT (1769)** Savery and Newcomen developed the steam engine to pump water out of coal mines, as coal had become an important fuel alternative to wood people had started burning it in their homes for heat. Watt made his predecessors engine more efficient by adding a separate condenser Watts Engine Raw material: COAL Importance of the Steam Engine
The steam engine was the Industrial Revolutions most fundamental advance in technology.For the first time in history, humanity had almost unlimited power at its disposal. (McKay 11e, 655) Uses: mills, draining mines, **iron industry**, steamships, railroads Iron Industry Boom major developments:
new fuel: coke, a coal derivative (ca. 1710) steam-driven bellows (1770s) Henry Corts puddling furnace (1780s) coke (from coal) replaced charcoal (from wood) to smelt pig iron (an intermediate product not totally refined, but more refined than iron ore) steam power used to drive bellows in blast furnaces resulted in huge increase in quantity of pig iron puddling furnace used to refine pig iron further also used steam and coke Iron became the cheap, basic, indispensable building block of the economy. (McKay) Puddlers at work Steam-powered transportation George Stephenson Rocket (1829)
Railroads George Stephenson Rocket (1829) 24 mph!!! Railroads 1830= 100 miles of rr 1852=6600 miles of rr
Factors enabling RRs: iron strong rails steam engine locomotive Consequences of the Railroad
shipping cost & uncertainty Diet (railway could now ship milk and frozen meat) larger markets larger factories cheaper goods (economies of scale) expanded labor market (huge demand for unskilled labor to build RRs) change in social values: new obsession with power & speed Being on time / rail time Travel available to middle class Access to spas, casinos, sea side resorts (previously only to princes & nobels) Railroad terminology incorporated into teaching alphabet , board games, paintings, puzzles Railway stations center of urban activity Environmental cost (smog from iron and soot) Railway center of urban activity attracting hotels and stores. Journal #4 answers 1. Bo-Bo: A locomotive with a four-wheel per truck configuration, each individually powered, as opposed to a six-wheel "Co-Co" configuration. 2. Ashpan: A feature of a locomotive which has the some form and purpose as the domestic variety (i.e. to collect the ashes which fall through the bars of the grate). 3. Caboose: A railroad car attached usually to the end of a train, in which railroad workers could ride and monitor track and rolling stock conditions. 4. Dead mans handle: A safety mechanism on a train controller which automatically applies the brake if a lever is released. It is intended to stop a train if the driver is incapacitated. In some forms, this device may be pedal-actuated. 5. Embankment: A raised pathway on which rail tracks are placed to maintain a shallow gradient when passing over depressions in the terrain 6. facing: A turnout that can select which way to diverge a trainthe opposite of trailing 7. Gandy dancer: A track maintenance worker 8. Hotbox: An axle bearing that has become excessively hot due tofriction 9. infill station: A train station built on an existing passenger line to address demand in a location between existing stations 10. jerk a lung or get a knuckle: To break a train in two, usually by shearing the knuckle pin in a coupler, often caused by the application of excessive head end power at startup Shorter Journeys The Great Land Serpent Monets Gare St. Lazare (1877) Turners Rain, Steam and Speed (1844) Crystal Palace Interior Exhibits The first commercial steamboat (traveled the Hudson)
Steamships 1770s first steamships, engineered in France from steam and sailpower from liverpool to boston in 17 days. Began transporting irish cattle and dairy to england The first commercial steamboat (traveled the Hudson) GB: Workshop of the world Statistics Produced: Huge growth, 1780-1851: 2/3 of the worlds coal
of the worlds iron and cotton 20% of the worlds industrial goods in 1860 (vs. 2% in 1750) Huge growth, : GNP x4 pop. x2+ (9 to 21 mil.) Industrialization beyond gb Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913
1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1913 GB 10 16 25 64 87 100 115 Belgium 9 14 28 43 56 88 US 4 21 38 69 126 France 12 20 39 59 Germany 8 15 52 85 A-H 7 11 23 32 Italy 17 26 Russia 6 China 3 India 2 1 Note: All entries are based on an index of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization in Great Britain in 1900 how much industrial product was available, on average, to each person in a given country in a given year. Data Analysis 1750 all countries close together
by 1800 GB gained big lead natl. variations in timing & extent Belgium 1st Western nations (+ Japan) industrial levels vs. non-Western nations Why did the Continent lag until 1815?
Battle of Waterloo The Continent in 1815 CHALLENGES ADVANTAGES GB goods already dominant
tech. too complicated pricey to invest laborers resisted move to factories strong tradition of cottage industry w/ experienced merchant capitalists & skilled artisans borrow existing tech. strongindependent govts. (vs. nonwestern nations) The Continent vs Britain
France Germany Wars, Revolution, Napoleonic Period slowed econ. Growth Population slow growing Inheritance being for all kids = less kids Lack of investors due to Banking Less natural resources Lack of transportation Agricultural development slower Southern France geography Multiple independent states (not united) Virtual monopolies/guilds over products Revolutions of 1848 halted econ. Growth Harvestfailure Spain Lack of transportation Laws that didnt support investments Financial crisis of 1846 Agents of Continental Industrialization
skilled workers entrepreneurs governments protective tariffs funded building of RRs, canals, roads banks limited liability ex. Crdit Mobilier skilled workers ex. William Cockerill and his sons left GB and set up huge industrial enterprise in Belgium entrepreneurs ex. Fritz Harcourt, Germanwho set up enterprise building steam engines in Germany (note: even w/ development of factories in Europe, handicraft industries lived on ex. especially in France, where the growing middle class wanted to spend $ on artisan luxury goods) governments heavy handed, like GB (maybe even more so) Belgium led way w/ RR construction in 1830s-40s banks previously private, conservative, unlimited liability, a few rich clients; became corporations w/ limited liability and therefore many more investors w/ reduced risk (pioneered in Belgium in 1830s Economic Nationalism Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1841) anti-free trade pro-protective tariff An individual, in promoting his own interest, may injure the public interest; a nation, in promoting the general welfare, may check the interest of a part of its members. IR Outside W. Europe IR did hit US and Japan
some countries started industrialization, didnt complete it: ex. Russia, Egypt European colonies and former colonies suffered (couldnt compete w/ cheap European industrial goods, so not only didnt industrialize, but also saw broader destruction of their economies) ex. India (textile industry destroyed), Latin America and Africa (came to rely on cash crops) The Second Industrial Revolution (1860-1914)
steel chemicals oil electricity planes, cars, subs telephone, telegraph movies, radio Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a disaster? Data Collection Get into groups of 7 (one reading per person)
Make a T-chart with blessing on one side and disaster on the other. Collect data to fill in the T-chart.Use information from: Textbook Documents Aspects of the IR to consider: Multiple groups of people affected by the IR: factory workers, factory owners, women, children Multiple aspects of life: living conditions, working conditions, purchasing power, education Thesis Statement Based on the data you collected, write a thesis statement to answer the essential question: Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a disaster? Note: Stick to the historical context that we have studied at this point roughly 1780 to 1850. Journal # 6 Write down everything you notice about the picture
Journal # 6 Write down everything you notice about the picture. What does it say about how things were? Continuities on Land 2-5% of pop were factory workers
Worked part-time in fields Rural unemployment Agricultural wages Landless labors soared England Landowners begun using threshing machines (4 grain) Hired hands w/o work Bread Riots of (1830) Protesters would smash Threshing machines the unbroken and consistent existence or operation of something over a period of time. the furthest east one went the more peasants remainted (paid lords and state still- serfdom) Captain Swing Emerged as a mythical figure symbolizing popular justice
Threats to landowners received were signed Captain swing. Gave impression that laborers were numerous and organized enough to force the landowners to renounce the use of machines. Rebecca riots (1839- in Wales) 1846 in Portugal known as Mary by the fountain. Urbanization Urbanization of European population
By 1850 pop of Britain resided in towns Further east= fewer & smaller towns Industrial suburbs developed Policing for the first time Living conditions Not always connected to water supply Crimes increased No waste disposal (trash in the streets) Shortage of drinking water Poor air quality Disease spreads quickly They would sometimes sleep 6 to a bed The Great Stink Immigration Immigration of peasants & unskilled workers (from marginal agricultural development) Usually knew someone or had relatives Went to Britain or America (thanks to transportation) Mostly Irish Due to Irish Potato Famine ( ) Faced lots of discrimination Reflected in Literature Often portrayed as villains he crop failures were caused bylate blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edibleroots, ortubers, of thepotatoplant. The causative agent of lateblightis thewater moldPhytophthora infestans. almost one-half of the Irish populationbut primarily the rural poorhad come to depend almost exclusively on the potato for their diet, and the rest of the population also consumed it in large quantities. Work and Workers 12-16 hour shifts for 6 days a week
Almost no safety features on machinery or mines No government regulation on conditions Exposed to toxic chemicals Employers often tried to ban traditional festivals from the city Children worked in agriculture too such as caring for farm animals, scaring birds away from crops, gleaning during harvest, preparing wool,raising silkworms, Teen girls would do calico printing Work and Workers Women employed in many industries
Got paid less then men Dual burden of job & domestic work Children work in factories Less expensive Worked as long as adults Compact size useful for fixing or climbing on machinery Often lost fingers or died working in factory By 1830 youth under 21 made up 1/3 of workforce (England) Children worked in agriculture too such as caring for farm animals, scaring birds away from crops, gleaning during harvest, preparing wool,raising silkworms, Teen girls would do calico printing Child Labor Luddites Ned Ludd (could be a legend) was a leader who led people of England to smash a thousand stocking-frames that deprived them of work Followers became luddites Protest the mechanization of trades Cow Economics http://www.eureka.edu/emp/jrodrig/webpage/cows.htm
Economic Systems Socialism: You have two cows. The government takes one and gives it to someone else. Communism: You have two cows. The government takes both of them and evenly distributes the milk. Capitalism: You have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull. Journal # 7 Which economic system do you believe is the most fair? Why? Which economic system do you think would work the best? Which economic system do you like the best? explain Socialism Pure Socialism: You have two cows. The government takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else's cows. You have to take care of all the cows. The government gives you as much milk as you need. Bureaucratic Socialism: You have two cows. The government takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else's cows. They are cared for by ex-chicken farmers. You have to take care of the chickens the government took from the chicken farmers. The government gives you as much milk and as many eggs as its regulations say you should need. Communism Pure Communism: You have two cows. Your neighbors help you take care of them, and you all share the milk. Russian Communism: You have two cows. You have to take care of them, but the government takes all the milk. Communism: You have two cows. The government seizes both and provides you with milk. You wait in line for your share of the milk, but it's so long that the milk is sour by the time you get it. Capitalism Capitalism : You have two cows. You lay one off, and force the other to produce the milk of four cows. You are surprised when she drops dead. Capitalism : You have two cows.You sell one and buy a bull.Your herd multiplies, and the economy grows.You sell them and retire on the income. Worksheet Answers DBQ