بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

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لن�ه ع�ل�ى� ذ�ات م� و� ح�اح ودسر �ألو�

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14-13القمر

POLYMERIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS

By Hossam Sallam, Ph.D.

By Hossam Sallam, Ph.D.

Zagazig University

Zagazig University

IN

STRUCTURAL JOINTS

ObjectivesObjectives The main goal of this review article is to The main goal of this review article is to

present a sound background regarding present a sound background regarding the development of the understanding of the development of the understanding of the mechanical behavior and the failure the mechanical behavior and the failure modes of the modes of the mechanically fastenedmechanically fastened, , snapsnap, , bondedbonded, , andand hybridhybrid joints in joints in polymeric composite materials. polymeric composite materials.

LAYOUTLAYOUT INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

JOINTSJOINTS ------------ COMPOSITES COMPOSITES MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTSMECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS

KKtt ------------ FAILURE MODES FAILURE MODES SNAP JOINTS SNAP JOINTS BONDED JOINTSBONDED JOINTS

Fusion BondingFusion Bonding for Joining Thermoplastic Matrix for Joining Thermoplastic Matrix CompositesComposites

ADHESIVE BONDEDADHESIVE BONDED SIMILAR/DISSIMILAR MATERIALS. SIMILAR/DISSIMILAR MATERIALS.

HYBRID JOINTSHYBRID JOINTS

IntroductionIntroduction

STRUCTURAL JOINTSSTRUCTURAL JOINTS

IntroduIntroductionctionCOMPOSITE MATERIALSCOMPOSITE MATERIALS

Classification Of

Composite MaterialsW.R.T

Reinforcement FormsW.R.T

Type of Matrix

Discontinuous •Fiber

•LaminateContinuous

•Particle •Polymers•Metals•Ceramics

out out lineline INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTSMECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS SNAP JOINTS SNAP JOINTS BONDED JOINTSBONDED JOINTS HYBRID JOINTSHYBRID JOINTS CONCLOUSIONSCONCLOUSIONS

Single lap bolted jointSingle lap bolted joint

Double Strap bolted jointDouble Strap bolted joint

MECHANICALLY FASTENED MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTSJOINTS

•BOLTED JOINT, BOLT-LOADED HOLE WITH/WITHOUT CLAMP-UP LOAD.

Types of Circular Hole in Tensioned FRP Plates•OPEN-HOLE TENSION•FILLED-HOLE TENSION WITH/WITHOUT A CLAMP-UP LOAD.

WasherStrain Gauge

Load Cell

Specimen

(c)

D

W

Tab

(a) (b)

Dw

W

LoadCell

RigidWasher

WasherNut

Bolt

Tab

Fiber BreakageMatrix Cracking

Delamination

Fiber-Matrix Splitting

FAILURE MODESFAILURE MODES OFOFTENSION PLATESTENSION PLATES

OPEN-HOLEOPEN-HOLE

P

P

P

P

FAILURE MODES OF

Net-Tension

Shear-Out

Transverse

Cleavage

Bearing

Pull-out

splitting

P

BOLTED JOINTS

b = P /(dBt)

SO = PSO /(2et)

N = P /([W-dH]t)

PSO = fult (et) USA PSO=fult (et)/1.2 EuroPSO=fult [0.6(e-dH/2)2t] CAN

f/ o = 0.8 Steelf/ o < 0.5 FRP

e

out lineout line INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTSMECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS SNAP JOINTSSNAP JOINTS BONDED JOINTSBONDED JOINTS HYBRID JOINTSHYBRID JOINTS CONCLOUSIONSCONCLOUSIONS

SNAP JOINTSSNAP JOINTS

(a) Composite Transmission Tower (b) Truss Joint

SNAP JOINTSSNAP JOINTS

out out lineline INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTSMECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS SNAP JOINTSSNAP JOINTS BONDED JOINTSBONDED JOINTS HYBRID JOINTSHYBRID JOINTS CONCLOUSIONSCONCLOUSIONS

Frictional Heating Electromagnetic Heating

Two-stage Techniques

Fusion Bonding TechniquesBulk Heating

Co-consolidation Hot-melt Adhesives Dual Resin Bonding

Spin Welding Vibration Welding Ultrasonic Welding

Induction Welding Microwave Heating Dielectric Heating Resistance Welding

Hot Plate Welding Hot Gas Welding Radiant Welding

Infrared Welding Focused Infrared Welding Laser Welding Solar Energy

BONDED JOINTSBONDED JOINTS ADHESIVE-1ADHESIVE-1

•Double strap

•Double lap

•Single lap

Stepped lap

Double stepped lap

Single scarf

Double scarf

BONDED JOINTSBONDED JOINTS ADHESIVE-2ADHESIVE-2

AL–

6XN

stee

l

T700 carbon/epoxy

The general geometric parameters for a tongue-and-groove joint.

New design with flat, pointed inserts

AA

Wavy-lap joint main dimensions

BONDED JOINTSBONDED JOINTS ADHESIVE-3ADHESIVE-3

Prevention of Prevention of failure in Adhesive Jointsfailure in Adhesive Joints

Peel action

Rivet, bolt or spot weldIncrease stiffness

Increase area Bead end (if possible)

PeelinPeelingg

out lineout line INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTSMECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS SNAP JOINTS SNAP JOINTS BONDED JOINTSBONDED JOINTS HYBRID JOINTSHYBRID JOINTS CONCLOUSIONSCONCLOUSIONS

HYBRID HYBRID JOINTSJOINTS

Retrofitting schemes

out lineout line INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTSMECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS BONDED JOINTSBONDED JOINTS SNAP JOINTSSNAP JOINTS HYBRID JOINTS HYBRID JOINTS CONCLOUSIONSCONCLOUSIONS

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONSS All joining methods present advantages and All joining methods present advantages and

drawbacks, and they may be more or less drawbacks, and they may be more or less suitable to particular application depending on suitable to particular application depending on its specific requirements.its specific requirements.

Well-established joining technologies for Well-established joining technologies for metallic structures are not directly applicable metallic structures are not directly applicable to FRP.to FRP.

Some adhesives are disposed to degradation Some adhesives are disposed to degradation by temperature and humidity.by temperature and humidity.

Hybrid joints give better static as well as Hybrid joints give better static as well as fatigue performance than adhesive joints in fatigue performance than adhesive joints in composites.composites.

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