Joints- anatomy lecture

7/27/2019 Joints- anatomy lecture

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JOINTS



Joints

• Articulation (arthrosis)

• Functions:

–

Holds bones and the like together• Bone to bone

• Bone to cartilage

• Bone to teeth – Flexibility to skeleton – allow movement



Classification of Joints: Functional

• Functional - based on degree of movement

– Synarthroses – immovable

– Amphiarthroses –

slightly movable

– Diarthroses – freely movable



Classification of Joints: Structural

• Structural – based on what is between

articulating bones; presence of a cavity

–Fibrous

– Cartilaginous

– Synovial



Fibrous Structural Joints

• Bones joined by fibrous tissue (dense CT)

• Little or no movement

• 3 types –

sutures, syndesmoses, andgomphoses



Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures

• Irregular edges of bone interlock

• Connected by short dense CT fibers

•Example: Skull (Synarthroses)


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/joints-anatomy-lecture 7/38Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.

Dense

fibrous

connective

tissue

Suture

line

(a) Suture

Joint held together with very short,

interconnecting fibers, and bone edges

interlock. Found only in the skull.



Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses

• Connected by short ligaments or sheets of

dense CT fibers

• Examples: Tibia/fibula at distal end(Amphiarthroses)



Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.

Fibula

Tibia

Ligament

(b) Syndesmosis

Joint held together by a ligament.

Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but

is longer than in sutures.



Fibrous Structural Joints: Gomphoses

• Peg-in-socket

• Fibrous joint between a tooth and its

alveolar socket (socket in mandible ormaxillae)

• Example: Periodontal ligament



Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.

Root of

tooth

Socket of

alveolar process

Periodontal

ligament

(c) Gomphosis

“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal

ligament holds tooth in socket.



Cartilaginous Joints

• Connected by plate or pad of cartilage

(hyaline or fibrocartilage)

• 2 types –

synchondroses and symphyses



Cartilaginous Joints:

Synchondroses

• Hyaline cartilage

• Immovable (synarthroses)

• Examples: – Epiphyseal plate

– Costal cartilage between rib/sternum



Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.

Epiphyseal

plate (temporary

hyaline cartilage

joint)

Sternum

(manubrium)

Joint between

first rib and

sternum

(immovable)

(a) Synchondroses

Bones united by hyaline cartilage



Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

• Fibrocartilage (broad, flat disc) – strength +

flexibility

• Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)• Examples:

– Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis,

meniscus



Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.

Fibrocartilaginous

intervertebral

disc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

(b) Symphyses

Bones united by fibrocartilage



Synovial Joints

• Joint cavity

• Freely movable (diarthroses)

• Examples: knee, hip, shoulder, elbow

• Sacrifice stability for mobility (knee!)

S i l J i t G l



Synovial Joints: General

Structure

–Joint cavity (fluid-filled space betweenbones)

– Articular cartilage (hyaline) on bone surfaces

– Synovial fluid• Lubricate, decrease friction

(Slippery, weight-bearing film)

• Uncooked egg white

• Supply nutrients/remove wastes from

avascular articular cartilage



Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.

Periosteum

Ligament

Fibrouscapsule

Synovialmembrane

Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)

Articular (hyaline)cartilage

Articular capsule



• Reinforced with ligaments + tendons

• Bursae – fluid-filled sacs between

–

Skin + bone – Tendon + bone

– Muscles + bone

– Ligaments + bone(Cushions movement over each other)



(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint

Femur

Tendon of quadriceps femoris

Suprapatellar bursa

Patella Subcutaneous

prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity

Lateral meniscus

Posterior cruciate ligament

Infrapatellar fat pad

Deep infrapatellar bursa

Patellar ligament

Articular capsule

Lateralmeniscus

Anterior

cruciate ligament

Tibia

Figure 8.8a The knee joint.



Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.11a The elbow joint.

Articular capsule

Synovial

membrane

Synovial cavity

Articular cartilage

Coronoid process

Tendon of brachialis muscle

Ulna

Humerus

Fat pad

Tendon of tricepsmuscle

Bursa

Trochlea Articular cartilageof the trochlear notch

(a) Median sagittal section through right elbow (lateral view)




Figure 8.8c The knee joint.

Quadriceps

femoris muscle

Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle

Patella

Lateral patellar retinaculum

Medial patellar retinaculum

Tibial collateralligament

Tibia

Fibular

collateral ligament

Fibula

(c) Anterior view of right knee

Patellar ligament




Figure 8.8d The knee joint.

Articular capsule

Oblique poplitealligament

Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle

Fibular collateralligament

Arcuate popliteal

ligament

Tibia

Femur

Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle

Tendon of semimembranosusmuscle

(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,

including ligaments

Popliteus

muscle (cut)

Tendon of adductor magnus

Bursa

Tibial collateralligament




Figure 8.10c The shoulder joint.

Acromion

Coracoacromialligament

Subacromialbursa

Coracohumeralligament

Greater tubercle of humerus

Transversehumeral ligament

Tendon sheath

Tendon of longhead of biceps brachii muscle

Articular capsule reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments

Subscapular

bursa

Tendon of thesubscapularis muscle

Scapula

Coracoidprocess

(c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule

i 8 0d h h ld j i




Figure 8.10d The shoulder joint.

Acromion Coracoid process Articular capsule Glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum

Tendon of long headof biceps brachii muscle

Glenohumeral ligaments

Tendon of the

subscapularis muscle

Scapula Poster ior Anter ior (d) Lateral view of socket of right shoulder joint,

humerus removed

Fi 8 11b Th lb j i t




Figure 8.11b The elbow joint.

Humerus

Lateralepicondyle

Articular capsule

Radialcollateral

ligament Olecranonprocess

Anular ligament

Radius

Ulna

(b) Lateral view of right elbow joint

Fi 8 11d Th lb j i t




Figure 8.11d The elbow joint.

Articular

capsule

Anular

ligament

Coronoid

process

(d) Medial view of right elbow

Radius

Humerus

Medial

epicondyle

Ulnar

collateral

ligament

Ulna

Figure 8 12a The hip joint




Figure 8.12a The hip joint.

Articular cartilage Coxal (hip) bone Ligament of

the head of the femur (ligamentumteres)

Synovial cavity Articular capsule

Acetabular labrum

Femur

(a) Frontal section through the right hip joint

Figure 8 12c The hip joint




Figure 8.12c The hip joint.

Ischium Iliofemoralligament

Ischiofemoralligament

Greater

trochanter of femur

(c) Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place

Figure 8 12d The hip joint




Figure 8.12d The hip joint.

Anterior inferior

iliac spine

Iliofemoral

ligament

Pubofemoral

ligament

Greater

trochanter

(d) Anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place



• Fibrocartilage pads within capsule (knee)

• Nerves

– Pain

– Stretch info

Figure 8 8b The knee joint




Figure 8.8b The knee joint.

(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing

the menisci and cruciate ligaments

Medialmeniscus

Articular cartilageon medialtibial

condyle

Anter ior

Anterior

cruciateligament Articular cartilage onlateral tibialcondyle

Lateral

meniscus Posterior cruciateligament

Figure 8 8e The knee joint




Fibular collateral ligament

Posterior cruciateligament Medial condyle Tibial collateralligament Anterior cruciateligament Medial meniscus Patellar ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon

Lateral condyleof femur Lateralmeniscus

Fibula

Tibia

(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate

ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps

tendon cut and reflected distally)

Figure 8.8e The knee joint.

Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.




Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.

Lateral Medial

Patella(outline)

Tibial collateral

ligament (torn)

Medialmeniscus (torn)

Anterior cruciate ligament (torn)

Hockey puck



Effects of Age

• Arthritis - Symptoms include pain, stiffness,and swelling of a joint

• Decrease production of synovial fluid

• Thinner articular cartilage• Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken

– Lose flexibility

–Intervertebral discs - more likely toherniate

• Genetic factors contribute

• Wear + tear effects



REVIEW QUESTIONS

#1-4, 8-9, 13, 15-16, 18

Joints- anatomy lecture

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