Joint AIRAPT-18 & HPCC-11 Beijing, China -- 23-27 July 2001
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Transcript of Joint AIRAPT-18 & HPCC-11 Beijing, China -- 23-27 July 2001
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Joint AIRAPT-18 & HPCC-11Beijing, China -- 23-27 July 2001
High Pressure
and the Origin of Life
High Pressure
and the Origin of Life
Robert Hazen, Nabil Boctor, Jay A. Brandes, George D. Cody, Russell J. Hemley, James Scott,
Anurag Sharma, and Hatten S. Yoder, Jr. Carnegie Institution of Washington
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High-Pressure and the Origin of Life
High-Pressure and the Origin of Life
• What is the nature and distribution of life at high pressures?
• What are the extreme pressure limits to cellular life?• How might biomolecules adapt to high
pressure?•What roles might pressure have played
in prebiotic organic synthesis?
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High-Pressure LifeHigh-Pressure Life
HMS Challenger – 1870s
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High-Pressure LifeHigh-Pressure Life
1972
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High-Pressure LifeHigh-Pressure Life
Deep-Sea HydrothermalVents -- 1979
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High-Pressure LifeHigh-Pressure Life
Discoveries of Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems
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High-Pressure LifeHigh-Pressure Life
Discoveries of Life in Crustal Rocks – 1990s
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High-Pressure LifeHigh-Pressure Life
Discoveries of life in extreme environments – 1990s
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High-Pressure LifeHigh-Pressure Life
Methane ice worms -- 1999
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Life at High Pressureson other Worlds?
Life at High Pressureson other Worlds?
Deep, wet environments may exist on Mars, Europa, etc.
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Pressure Limits of Life Pressure Limits of Life
Isolation and Culture of High-Pressure Microbes – 1980s
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Pressure Limits of Life Pressure Limits of Life
Isolation and Culture of High-Pressure Microbes – 1990s
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Pressure Limits of Life Pressure Limits of Life
Isolation and Culture of Microbes at 1 GPa – 2001
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Pressure Limits of LifePressure Limits of Life
Microbes continueto reduce formateat pressures above 10,000 atmospheres
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Effects of Pressure on BiomoleculesEffects of Pressure on Biomolecules
Pressure induces phase transitions in membrane-forming lipid molecules.
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Effects of Pressure on BiomoleculesEffects of Pressure on BiomoleculesHigh-pressure cell membranes employModified lipids with unsaturated bonds.
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Effects of Pressure on WaterEffects of Pressure on Water
Pressure dramatically alters the thermalstability and physical properties of water.
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Hydrothermal Organic SynthesisThree techniques
Hydrothermal Organic SynthesisThree techniques
Gold tube reactors
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Hydrothermal Organic SynthesisThree techniques
Hydrothermal Organic SynthesisThree techniques
• Hydrothermal Diamond
Anvil Cell
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Hydrothermal Organic SynthesisThree techniques
Hydrothermal Organic SynthesisThree techniques
Flow-through Reactor
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Hydrothermal F-T SynthesisHydrothermal F-T Synthesis
• Reactants:
CO2 + H2 + H2O
• Catalyst:
Iron metal• Conditions:
300oC
500 atm
24 hours
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Pyruvic AcidPyruvic Acid
• Reactants:Pyruvic acid + CO2 + H2O
• Conditions:200
oC
2,000 atm2 hours
• Products:A diverse suite of organic molecules
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Hydrothermal Organic SynthesisResearch Strategy
Hydrothermal Organic SynthesisResearch Strategy
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The Formation of C-C Bonds Under High-P Hydrothermal Conditions
The Formation of C-C Bonds Under High-P Hydrothermal Conditions
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The Formation of C-C Bonds Under High-P Hydrothermal Conditions
The Formation of C-C Bonds Under High-P Hydrothermal Conditions
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The Formation of C-C Bonds Under High-P Hydrothermal Conditions
The Formation of C-C Bonds Under High-P Hydrothermal Conditions
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Thomas Gold’s Hypothesis:Organic Synthesis in the Mantle
Thomas Gold’s Hypothesis:Organic Synthesis in the Mantle
Thomas Gold (1999) NY:Springer-Verlag.
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ConclusionsConclusions
• Deep life is abundant and richly varied.
• Cellular life can exist at pressures exceeding 1 GPa.
• We have much to learn about the pressure adaptations of biomolecules.
• High pressure facilitates and enhances many hydrothermal organic reactions, because pressure increases the temperature stability of the aqueous phase.