Joint action key to media reform: the case of Tunisia اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﺷﺗرك اﻟﻼزم...

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Transcript of Joint action key to media reform: the case of Tunisia اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﺷﺗرك اﻟﻼزم...

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سط +شما) 'فر$ق"انحو 9صال7 #إل5ا3 #لتنظ/مي لإلعال* في #لشر$ #أل! !

-لعمل -لمشتر1 -لال0( إلصال. -إلعال(: حالة تونس

Joint action key to media reform: the case of Tunisia

APRIL 2014

Toward a media regulatory reform in the Middle East and North Africa

ESSAY BY KAMEL LABIDI

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International Media Support (IMS) – Joint action key to media reform: the case of Tunisia

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Toward a media regulatory reform in the Middle East and North Africa On 3-4 November 2013, International Media Support and Forum des Alternatives Maroc brought together in

Casablanca a group of human rights defenders, legal experts, academics, and representatives from journalist

unions and syndicates across the Middle East and North Africa to facilitate dialogue and exchanges of valuable

knowledge on media law reform processes in the region.

This essay by Kamel Labidi is one of three that reflects on some of the discussions at the meeting. Two other

essays are available on International Media Support’s website: Press laws and media freedom: needed

reforms, by Toby Mendel, Executive Director at Centre for Law and Democracy (http://www.i-m-s.dk/wp-

content/uploads/2014/04/press-laws-and-media-reform-essay-tobymendel.pdf) and The responsibility of

the media community, by Yavuz Bayder (http://www.i-m-s.dk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/responsibility-

media-community-essay-yavuzbaydar.pdf).

Joint action key to media reform: the case of Tunisia By Kamel Labidi, journalist, former Chair of the National Commission for Information and Communication Reform, and Cofounder of the Civilian Coalition for the Defense of Freedom of Expression.

The fears and doubt that people live with under autocratic regimes often mean that attempts to protect

the public interest are met with a kind of skepticism and disbelief that almost resembles defeatism.

Tunisians, men and women alike, seem to have gotten rid of these feelings once and for all when past

threats of exclusion, imprisonment, and exile disappeared after former President Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali's

sought refuge in Saudi Arabia in January 2011, at the peak of an unprecedented popular uprising in the Arab

world.

This change had a positive impact on the actions of several independent national commissions1 set up to

repair what had been corrupted over decades of state dominance of civil society and the media since the

country’s independence in 1956. In an environment of unprecedented optimism, openness and

determination, these commissions were charged with leading discussions, and joint actions to push forward

the country’s democratic transition process.

Reform through broad participation

The commission tasked with reform of the media, the National Commission for Information and

Communication Reform2 (www.inric.tn) began its work in March 2011. I had the honour of being selected as

its chairman and to select its members in collaboration with a number of media and human rights

organisations 3 , as well as prominent journalists, bloggers, trade unionists, human rights activists, and

academics known for their independence and commitment to democracy.

It was clear from the outset that this independent commission would not inherit the prerogatives of the

former Ministry of Information. The abolishment of this Ministry4 in February 2011 was highly welcomed by

Tunisians seeking freedom and an end to the censorship and other forms of suppression brought about by

successive secretaries of state and ministries of news, of guidance, of information, and of communication

since the country’s independence.

With a strong participatory approach and in a bid to reform state-owned media outlets and transform them

into public service media institutions committed to professional, ethical, and international standards, the

1 The High Authority for the Achievement of the Objectives of the Revolution, of the Political Reform, and of the Democratic Transition; The National Commission for Information and Communication Reform; The High Independent Authority for Elections; The National Commission for Research about Embezzlement of Public Funds and Corruption 2 Decree-law N° 10 of 2011, dated 2 March 2011, issued 4 March 2011 3 Including The National Syndicate of Tunisian Journalists (SNJT), Tunisian Magistrates Association (AMT), Tunisian National Bar Association (ONAT), Tunisian League for the Defense of Human Rights (LTDH) 4 Ordinance N° 161 of 2011, dated 3 February 2011

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Commission met with a range of state-owned media5 and some of the many journalists from media

confiscated by the government, those belonging to family members of President Ben Ali6, as well as from

private, commercial outlets.

Other meetings gathered journalists, bloggers, human rights activists, and academics, as well as experts in

law and information from Tunisia and from around the world to shed light on the legal framework and the

situation of the print and electronic press, the Tunisian News Agency (Agence Tunis Afrique Presse), and the

audiovisual media. These meetings sought to study and compare experiences worldwide and the ways

Tunisian media might benefit from them.

After only six months, the National Commission for Information and Communication Reform, with its

participatory approach, and through the support of other key players in the transition process7 and a range of

international organisations working to promote and protect freedom of expression, had taken serious steps

toward reforming Tunisia’s media.

One of the most important achievements was the Commission’s endeavour to change the audiovisual

landscape inherited from Ben Ali's era, by submitting recommendations to the Provisional Government to

issue broadcasting authorisations for 12 privately owned radio stations and five TV stations.

The recommendations were based on the opinions of an independent committee set up by the Commission

consisting of experts in information and communication, social, economic, and legal sciences, and followed

from interviews with the media outlets to ensure that they met most of the requirements needed to obtain

broadcasting licenses in democratic countries.

The Commission made all possible efforts to ensure that two decree drafts, number 115 and 116 of 2

November 2011, relating to freedom of the press, printing, and publishing, and freedom of audio visual

communication, and the setting up of the Independent High Authority for Audiovisual Communications met

international standards. Several international organisations, including UNESCO and the UK-based Article 19,

welcomed the two decrees, viewing them as important steps in the process of reforming the Tunisian

information system, rather than as acts that would endanger freedom of the press as alleged by actors with

vested political and financial interests.

A lack of political will

Despite such progress, a lack of political will to reform the country’s media meant that the Commission had

to freeze its activities in July 2012. Resistance to change came in the form of the Troika government, led by

the Islamist Ennahda Movement, who appointed the directors of public information institutions through the

same arbitrary methods practiced by Ben Ali's regime. Furthermore, they blocked the implementation of

decrees 115 and 116, mainly to permit their political partisans to set up radio and TV stations in

contradiction to existing laws and the Commission's recommendations.

The decision to halt the Commission’s operations came as a surprise to everyone involved and was criticised

by some journalists and human rights activists. At the same time, it was welcomed by those in the Ennahda

Movement who opposed the information and media reform process as well as by those close to the former

Ben Ali regime. The decision contributed to the uncovering of feverish and previously hidden attempts to

once again dominate the media and to use it as a means to mislead and to incite against the government’s

opponents and to tarnish their reputations.

5 Including Tunisian News Agency (Agence Tunis Afrique Presse,), the National Radio and Tunisian TV, the five regional radio stations , The National Company for Printing, Press, and Publishing (SNIPE) that issues the two dailies Essahafa and La Presse.!6 Dar Assabah Publishing house that issues Assabah and Le Temps newspapers 7 The High Authority for the Achievement of the Objectives of the Revolution, of the Political Reform, and of the Democratic Transition. Established 15 March 2011 after merging the Authority of the Revolution Safeguard with the Temporary Ccommittee for Political Reform

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Awareness-raising and broad participation

Following this, a series of meetings across Tunisia helped to spread awareness of the increasing danger

threatening the media and information sector. These meetings saw independent human rights defenders,

trade unionists, and members of the academic community discuss the detrimental consequences of reversing

the progress Tunisia had seen thus far. What would it mean to reverse in the areas of press freedom and the

independence of the judiciary, and how would educational and religious institutions incite citizens against

each other through dogmatic and partisan means? We need to look no further than Tunisia’s neighbouring

countries.

Without awareness raising efforts on the importance of joint actions and lobbying for the cause of freedom

of expression, including two general strikes called by the National Syndicate of Tunisian Journalists (SNJT) and

the establishment of the Civilian Coalition for the Defense of Freedom of Expression8, the attempts of the

Ennahda-led Government to abolish decrees 115 and 116, to prevent the creation of the Independent High

Authority for Audiovisual Communications (HAICA), and to impose a constitution ignoring equality between

men and women, restricting freedom of expression, and fettering freedom of information9 would have

succeeded.

!!!

8 Launched in April 2013, The Civilian Coalition for the Defense of Freedom of Expression is composed of: • Tunisian League for the Defense of Human Rights • The Syndicate of Tunisian Journalists • General Trade Union for Culture and Information of the General Tunisian Trade Union • Tunisian Syndicate of Independent and Partisan Press • Tunisian Syndicate of Private Radio Stations • Vigilance Association for Democracy and the Civic State • Tunisia Centre for freedom of the Press 9 The project of constitution of 1 June 2013. The new constitution of Tunisia promulgated on 26 January 2014 has guarantied the protection of human rights under the pressure of Civil Society and the widening circle of joint actions by NGOs and activists.

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