John SolieIvan Ortiz-Monasterio Bill RaunCIMMYT Marv Stone Oklahoma State University John SolieIvan...
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Transcript of John SolieIvan Ortiz-Monasterio Bill RaunCIMMYT Marv Stone Oklahoma State University John SolieIvan...
John Solie Ivan Ortiz-MonasterioBill Raun CIMMYTMarv StoneOklahoma State University
John Solie Ivan Ortiz-MonasterioBill Raun CIMMYTMarv StoneOklahoma State University
National Academy of Sciences Committee on Technologies to Benefit Farmers
in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
National Academy of Sciences Committee on Technologies to Benefit Farmers
in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
The science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with object, area, or phenomenon under investigation. Generally, but not exclusively, in the form of electromagnetic radiation
Remote sensed measurements are primarily indirect and consequently confounded
Useful for “Big Picture” management decisions Predicted yield at county to
country level Management of natural resources Land use Drought management Wild fire management
Few,minor farm applications Delays required to process and
transmit information do not permit “real-time” decision making
Information without applications that increase net returns is useless
Farmers will not pay for this information
Allows real-time decision making. Can be interfaced with agricultural machinery to variably apply
inputs in real-time
Variable RateNozzle System
Directionof Travel
Computer andSensor
Assembly
Decision MakingAnd Agronomic Strategy
Plant
Malakoff (Science, 1998) $750,000,000, excess N flowing down the
Mississippi River Africa expenditure on fertilizer N, cereals
$706,000,000 Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) World 33% 20% increase
Worth $10.8 billion US annually
Misuse of Nitrogen Fertilizer is a World Wide Problem
Misuse of Nitrogen Fertilizer is a World Wide Problem
Raun and Johnson, Agron J. 91:357-363
1989-present
April 16, 2007Dr. Norman BorlaugCiudad Obregon, MX
43 Locations, 1998-2006
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
INSEY
Gra
in y
ield
, M
g/h
a
PKNP 1998PKSN 1998TPSN 1998PKNP 1999222 1999301 1999EFAA 1999801 1999502 1999PKNP 2000222 2000301 2000EFAA 2000801 2000502 2000HNAA 2000PKNP 2001222 2001301 2001EFAA 2001801 2001PKNP 2002222 2002301 2002EFAA 2002801 2002HNAA 2002502 2003222 2003EFAA 2003PKNP 2004222 2004301 2004502 200420052006
YP0 = 0.409e258.2 INSEY R2=0.50
YP0 + 1Std Dev = 0.590 e258.2 INSEY
Units: biomass, kg/ha/day, where GDD>0
Winter WheatWinter Wheat Yield
Prediction
INSEY = NDVI(F5)/Days from planting to sensing, GDD>0
20 Locations, 2002-2005Hybrid Corn, Mexico, Nebraska, Iowa,
Oklahoma, Virginia, OhioV8-V10 (44 to 69 days)
y = 19583x1.7916
R2 = 0.71
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
INSEY
Gra
in y
ield
, M
g h
a-1
104-day (2003)
107-day (2003)
111-day (2003)
99-day (2004)
113-day (2004)
105-day (2002)
109-day (2002)
113-day (2002)
113-day (OFIT)
108-day (OFIT)
Efaw (2003)
LCB (2003)
Efaw (2004)
LCB 2004
Mexico (2002)
Shelton (2004)
Ames (2004)
Ohio
CORNCORN
INSEY = NDVI/Cummulative GDD
Wavelength (nm)
Ref
lect
ance
Ref
lect
ance
(%
) (
%)
0.25
VisibleVisibleNear InfraredNear Infrared
450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 1150500 600 700 1000900800 1100
Plant Reflectance
550
670
780870
960
0.5
Calculated from the red and near-infrared bands
Equivalent to a plant physical examination
Correlated with: Plant biomass Crop yield Plant nitrogen Plant chlorophyll Water stress Plant diseases Insect damage
Lightgeneration
Light signal
Lightdetection
Valve settings
Calculate NDVILookup valve settingApply valve settingSend data to UI
“Sensor”
Valves and
Nozzles
SBNRCMexicoIndiaTurkeyChinaZimbabwe ArgentinaAustraliaCanadaUzbekistan
Crop Derived Algorithm to Determine Accurate N Rates
Yield potential or YP0 (changes each year) N Responsiveness or Response Index, RI (changes
each year) YP0 and RI are independent of one another Using yield prediction and N responsiveness we
can predict accurate mid-season fertilizer N rates Fertilizer Rate = N uptake at YPN – N uptake at
YP0/Efficiency Factor
http://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu/SBNRC/SBNRC.php
Ciudad Obregon, MexicoCiudad Obregon, Mexico
200 0 15 30 45 60 75 100 115 200 0 15 30 45 60 75 100 115
N Rate, lb/ac N Rate, lb/ac
200200
001515
3030
200200
RAMP Calibration StripRAMP Calibration Strip
0 N0 N
195 N195 N
Optical Pocket Sensor 3rd world Common Farmer Tool
$4000 US$4000 US
$100 US$100 US
SAA USAPopulation, million 700 300Cereals, million ha 88 56Production, million tons97 364Yield, tons/ha 1.1 6.5Fertilizer N, million tons 1.3 10.9Avg. N rate, kg/ha 4 52% of world N consumed 1.4 13% of world population 10 4
SSA averages 4 kg N/ha for cereal production Seed distribution systems have been a chronic problem
associated with hybrid maize in SSA (CIMMYT) More than 1/3 of all African countries have an economic
growth of >5% (not all are Sudan, Somalia, Zimbabwe and DRC)
CIMMYT’s stress breeding hybrids are better than private company hybrids at all yield levels (Marianne Banziger)
Imidazolinone-resistant maize seed coated with the herbicide have shown good Striga hermonthica control
Production package must be integrated (seed, fertilizer, herbicide, tillage, mechanization, etc.)
Affordable N fertilizer Zero-reduced tillage, build organic matter, soil
nutrients Affordable easy-to-use optical pocket sensor Production sensitive hybrids from CIMMYT
drought stress breeding program, IR resistant seed
Sensor-based N rate algorithms tailored by region and crop, based on predicted yield potential and N responsiveness
Environmentally sensitive system approach Aggressive education/extension program
Farmer training, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico, January 2007Farmer training, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico, January 2007
The foundation's Global Development Program is working with motivated partners to create opportunities for people to lift themselves out of poverty and hunger. Our strategy is focused. Because most of the world's poorest people rely directly on agriculture, we support efforts to help small farmers improve crop production and market access. Because loans, insurance, and savings can help people weather setbacks and build assets, we facilitate access to financial services for the poor. And because information can change lives, we support free public access to computers connected to the Internet.