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Transcript of John P. May, MD, FACP Armor Correctional Health Services American Correctional Association Congress...
Physician’s Role in Gun Violence Prevention
John P. May, MD, FACPArmor Correctional Health Services
American Correctional AssociationCongress of CorrectionsHarbor Point, MarylandAugust 10, 2013
Ig Nobel
American parody the Nobel Prize for unusual or trivial achievements in research or science.
The Ig Nobel Prizes honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think.
The Stinker
Ig Nobel Finalist
Public Health Approach
Injury is no
accident
The Public Health Approach: Multidisciplinary Scientific Method Directed to Prevention
Individual Behaviors
andAttitudes
Disease or Injury
Socialand
Physical Environments
Intentional◦ Assault◦ Suicide◦ Homicide
Unintentional◦ Motor Vehicle Crash◦ Sport injury◦ Slip and fall
Types of Injury, examples
Leading Injury Deaths, USA, 2010
Motor Vehicle Crash Firearms
MVC0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Firearms0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Reducing Injury of Motor Vehicle Crashesdesignated driver, airbags, shatter resistant windshields, highway lighting, roadway design and repair, seatbelt campaigns, child restraint seats, trauma systems
Firearm Mortality by Country
USA
Finla
nd
Switzer
land
Franc
e
Belgi
um
Portu
gal
Austri
aIs
rael
Italy
Canad
a
Norway
Sweden
Irela
nd
Denm
ark
New Z
eala
nd
Germ
any
Austra
lia
Spain
Nethe
rland
s
Engla
nd&W
ales
Scotla
nd
Japa
n
S Kor
ea0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
De
ath
s p
er
10
0,0
00
Pe
rso
ns
11,078 Homicide19,392 Suicide1,201 Other
Firearm Deaths, USA 2010
International Rates of Homicide2010, World Health Organization
USA India Lebanon Finland Israel Ireland Italy Sweden Japan0
1
2
3
4
5
6
16,259 Homicides• 77% male (perpetrator 89% male)• 50% black, 46% white and hispanic, 4% other• 67% killed by firearms, usually handgun• Most victims under influence of alcohol or drugs• Most during arguments or fights, not violent crime• When perpetrator is known:
54% known to victim 25% family member
Homicide, USA, 2010
A woman’s risk of domestic homicide
7 times more likely, if gun in the home.
Source: Bailey, JE, et al., Archives of Internal Medicine, 1997
RISKS OF HOMICIDE
• Usually killed by someone known to victim
• Usually killed by someone of the same race
• Usually killed during an argument or fight
• Usually killed in an environment of drugs or alcohol
• Usually killed with a handgun
In urban areas…More than half of homicide victims had prior criminal records
In 1st year after gun purchase, suicide is
leading cause of death.Source: Wintemute GJ, Parham CA, Beaumont JJ, Wright M, and Drake C. Mortality among recent purchasers of handguns. NEJM, 1999.
SUICIDE RISK AND GUN OWNERSHIP
Source: Kellerman AL, Rivara FP, Somes G, et al., NEJM 1992
1
3
5.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Handgun Long Gun No Gun
1
3.3
9.2
0123456789
10
Loaded Gun Unloaded Gun No Gun
NoIncreased
Risk
Odds Ratio
NoIncreased
Risk
In 1st week after gun purchase,suicide risk increases 57 times.
Source: Wintemute GJ, Parham CA, Beaumont JJ, Wright M, and Drake C. Mortality among recent purchasers of handguns. NEJM, 1999.
Source: Kellerman AL, Rivara FP, Somes G, et al., NEJM 1992
In homes with firearms,a gun was the method chosen in 86% of the
cases. In homes where firearms were not
usually kept, only 6% of the cases killed
themselves with a gun.
Source: Kellerman AL, Rivara FP, Somes G, et al., NEJM 1992
Guns Kept in the Home:Suicide Risk 5 Times
Greater
15-19 20-24 25-34 34-44
Unintentional Injuries
(40.9%)
Unintentional Injuries
(41.7)
Unintentional Injuries
(26.1%)
Unintentional Injuries
(22.9%)
Homicide
(20.1%)
Homicide
(18.1%)
Suicide
(14.7%)
Heart Disease
(16.6%)
Suicide
(16.5%)
Suicide
(16.1%)
Homicide
(11.9%)
Cancer
(11.6%)
Leading Causes of Deathby Age Group, All Males, USA 2009www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.htm 2013
15-19 20-24 25-34 34-44
Homicide
(50.4%)
Homicide
(49.2%)
Homicide
(32.8%)
Heart Disease
(20.7%%)
Unintentional Injuries
(20.9%)
Unintentional Injuries
(17.9%)
Unintentional Injuries
(19.7%)
Unintentional Injuries
(14.1%)
Suicide
(6.5%)
Suicide
(7.8%)
Heart Disease
(9.3%)
Homicide
(11.3%)
Leading Causes of Deathby Age Group, Black Males, USA 2009
Leading Causes of Death, USA, 2009African American Males, Age 15-34
Homicide MVC Heart Suicide0
500100015002000250030003500400045005000
Goal of Healthy People 2010
"The future health of the nation will be determined to a large extent by how effectively we work with communities to reduce and eliminate health disparities between non-minority and minority populations experiencing disproportionate burdens of disease, disability, and premature death."
~ Guiding Principle for Improving Minority Health
Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
A Role for the Primary Care Physician in Counseling Young African American Men About
Homicide Prevention
May JP, Martin KL. Journal of General Internal Medicine, July 1993; 8:380-382
The number one cause of death for African American men age 15-34: Homicide
THE PROBLEM:
Is there a role for the primary care physician in preventing death by homicide?
THE QUESTION:
There is a role for the primary care physician in preventing homicide similar to other preventive medicine issues.
THE HYPOTHESIS:
THE STUDY:
53 African American males, aged 15-34, who presented to the Cook County Hospital Ambulatory Screening Clinic were treated for their presenting complaint by the study’s resident physician.
During the encounter, the physician counseled each patient about six preventive medicine issues: smoking, alcohol, drugs, safe sex, seat belts, and firearms.
THE STUDY
After the encounter the patients participated in a short post-visit interview which evaluated their impression of the visit and the issues which they recalled.
THE STUDY (Con’t):
Question 1: Before today have you been to a doctor in
the past six months?
YES 31 (58.5%) NO 22 (41.5%)
THE RESULTS:
Question 2: Have you ever tried to change a behavior
that could be harmful to your health because a doctor recommended it:• YES 17 (32.1%)
• YES 21 (37.7%) but not because of a physician’s recommendation
• NO 16 (30.2%)
THE RESULTS:
Question 3: Were you satisfied today that your problem
was taken care of?
YES 53 (100%) NO 0 ( 0.0%)
THE RESULTS:
Question 4:• Which health care issues did the doctor discuss
with you?
THE RESULTS:
GUNS SAFE SEX ALCHOHOL SMOKING DRUGS SEAT BELTS0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PATIENT RECALL OF PREVENTIVE HEALTH ISSUES DISCUSSED WITH DOCTOR
Question 5: Which of these is most important?
THE RESULTS:
ALL GUNS SAFE SEX DRUGS SMOKING ALCOHOL SEAT BELTS0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
14.7
34.4
31.1
11.5
4.93.7
0
Issue Viewed as Most Important by Patient
ISSUE(S) VIEWED AS MOST IMPORTANT BY PATIENT
Question 6: Do you think it is important for a doctor to
talk with you about guns?
YES 43 (81.1%) NO 10 (18.9%)
THE RESULTS:
Question 7:• Do you think anything the doctor said will change
the way you try to take care of yourself:
Yes 50 (94.3%) No 3 ( 5.7%)
THE RESULTS:
Question 8:• What do you think you can do to reduce your risk
of being shot?
THE RESULTS:
avoid wrong crowds-live a clean life-don’t respond to aggression-avoid wrong areas-don’t own a pistol-keep a positive attitude-avoid gangs-don’t look for trouble-get a car-keep out of trouble-don’t stay out late-bullet proof vest-mind your own business-change entire life to positive surroundings-hang out with good people-avoid drug spots-don’t wear hats-don’t go out much-be careful who you talk to-stay off street corners-don’t sell drugs-be careful-avoid alcohol-be careful who you talk to-keep your mouth shut-avoid loan sharks-keep to yourself-stay in school-avoid conflicts-stay in your own territory-call police-don’t commit crimes-pray-never fight more than one person
ACTIVITIES MENTIONED BY PATIENTS WHICH REDUCE THEIR CHANGE OF BEING SHOT
Question 9:• Do you believe that you have any control in
whether or not you are shot?
Yes 16 (30.2%) No 37 (69.8%)
THE RESULTS:
Summary Discussing firearms with the population
most at risk was accomplished in a brief period of time and was well received. Patients recalled and were impacted by the issue of firearms more than any other issue.
THE RESULTS:
Not discussing firearms with the population most at risk represents a missed opportunity. Patients are interested in the topic, impacted by the discussion, and identify certain behavior modifications as preventive. Health care providers can and should be part of the solution to the problem of homicide.
THE CONCLUSIONS
Jail and Prison
Incarceration may be the biggest risk factor for prediction of violent-related injury
How many persons are wounded each year with firearms?
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS).
2129 male detainees were queried at intake of 5 jails of different geographic locations. Six of the 2129 refused to interview. Of the men completing the survey, 307, or 14.5% reported having been shot. Among the detainees who had been shot, 277 (91%) reported going to the hospital the most recent time they were shot
Do Criminals Go to Hospital after being Shot?May JP, Hemenway D, Hall A. Injury Prevention 2002;8:236-238
Site of Jail Facility Number Percentage
Baltimore, MD 58/341 17%
Lawrenceville, GA 9/80 11%
Las Vegas, NV 68/518 13%
Santa Rita, CA 153/969 16%
Summit County, OH 19/215 9%
Total 307/2123 14.5%
Detainees reporting prior gunshot wounds
Source: Health Service Interviews, 1999
Prior Gunshot Wounds in Detainees of a Large Urban JailCook County Department of Corrections, 1995 May JP, Ferguson MG, Ferguson R, Cronin K. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1995;6(2):162-175.
A survey of 582 randomly selected detainees entering the Cook County Department of Corrections during the summer of 1994 found that 51 percent had previously entered hospitals for violence-related injuries, and 26 percent survived prior gunshot wounds.
Prior Gunshot Wounds in Detainees of a Large Urban JailCook County Department of Corrections, 1995 May JP, Ferguson MG, Ferguson R, Cronin K. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1995;6(2):162-175.
Risk factors◦ Access to a gun◦ Gang-related tattoo◦ Witnessed violence at
early age◦ Prior STI◦ Prior incarceration
Original Article
When Criminals Are Shot: A Survey of Washington, DC, Jail Detainees
June 28, 2000John P. May, MD, FACP, Medical Director, Fulton County Jail, Atlanta, Georgia
• David Hemenway, PhD, Professor on Health Policy, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Roger Oen, MPH, Medical Student, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health, Washington, DC
Khalid Pitts, MPH, Quality Assurance Coordinator, Central Detention Facility, Washington, DC Medscape General Medicine 2(2), 2000. © 2000 Medscape Portals, Inc
Abstract and Introduction
AbstractIntroduction: Criminals are at high risk of being victims of violence, but little is known about their victimization.Methods: A screen of Washington, DC, detainees found that 1 in 4 had been wounded in events that appear unrelated to their incarceration. Extensive interviews were conducted with 79 men entering the city jail from March through June 1997; the men reported 93 prior events in which they had been shot within the past 5 years.Results: Eighty-three percent had personally witnessed someone being shot, and 46% had a family member killed with a gun. In the incidents in which they were shot, most were victims of robberies, assaults, and crossfires. The shootings were serious -- 35% were hit by more than 1 bullet, more than 90% went to the hospital, and 40% still had some disability from the wounds. These detainees report being shot by other criminals rather than by law-abiding citizens. Ninety percent would prefer to live in a world without easy access to firearms.Conclusion: These young men live in a violent world of gunplay. The overwhelming majority would prefer that firearms were not so readily available.
Robbery 24%
Crossfire 21%
Assault 21%
Retaliation 18%
Argument 6%
Accident 6%
Police 4%
Circumstance of Shooting,N=93
Hit with > 1 bullet (n = 88) 35%
Hit in head or torso (n = 87) 54%
Bullet(s) still in body (n = 89) 34%
Carrying gun when shot (n = 90) 8%
Detainees with prior GSW
The respondent was 16 years old, standing on a corner in an unfamiliar part of town near a group that was selling cocaine. He was high on PCP. Suddenly, shots started to "pour out" toward the crowd. He saw 2 or 3 people shooting guns. He started to run. It all happened so fast, but he doesn't believe that they were aiming for him. He felt "something like a rock" hit him in his leg as he ran. The bullet is still in his leg. He never went to a hospital. He has never liked guns, and had no desire to have one then, or now. He says, "I'm not into guns...I'm only into getting high." He wishes it were harder for people to get guns. His 19-year-old cousin was killed by a gunshot wound to the back of the head during an argument.
Crossfire
The respondent was 17 years old when he was shot. He was high on PCP and walking down a familiar street when a stranger approached him and pulled a gun. The person asked for money, which the respondent gave him, but still the robber shot him as he ran. He was hit in the right shoulder with a .38 caliber bullet. He spent 2 days in the hospital. He believes that if he had a gun during the robbery, the robber would have killed him so that he couldn't retaliate. The shooting, however, makes him more likely to carry a gun because he believes it would protect him.
Robbery
The respondent was standing in an alley when he was approached by 3 strangers. They asked him for money, but he refused. He grabbed 1 of the strangers and wrestled him to the ground. He tried to run, but they pulled out guns. He was hit by 3 bullets from 2 different guns. The assaulters ran off in the other direction, and the respondent was able to flag the police, who called an ambulance
Robbery
The 17-year-old respondent was in a carry-out restaurant when suddenly 3 people wearing masks began shooting at him through the windows. The glass shattered everywhere, and he tried ducking. He "faked" that he had a gun by pointing his hand, trying to get them to stop. He wished that he had his real gun, which was stashed in some bushes not too far away. He did not know who these people were. A friend who was with him did not get hit. Ten to 15 bullets were fired, but only 1 struck him in the arm. He started carrying a gun with him, in part because his arm injury made it more difficult to run fast. He said, "All these 70s babies...all they think about is guns."
Assault
The respondent was 33 years old, sitting in a car, when he noticed 2 strangers in the rear view mirror. He attempted to drive away, but they started shooting. He was hit with 4 bullets in the head, 1 in the neck, and 1 in the hand. He spent 2 weeks in the hospital. He believes they were trying to shoot his brother, who was also in the car. He frequently has flashbacks about the event, and wishes he had his gun with him that evening to shoot back. When he was younger, he was frequently "caught up with guns and stuff" and admits to shooting at other people. Another brother of his had been shot in the back by police and died at age 29.
Assault
The respondent was 18 years old, walking down a familiar street, when 3 people came by in a car. He knew 1 of them as the brother of a woman who said she was pregnant with his baby. Suddenly all 3 pulled out guns and started shooting at him. Many bullets were fired, and 1 hit him in the back. He went to the hospital for treatment, but the wound was treated in the emergency room and he was released. He believes that if he had been carrying a gun, they would have been more likely to have "gotten him good."
Retaliation
The respondent was 17 years old when he got into a pushing and shoving fight with other youth at a "go-go club." The next day, he and a friend were walking to a car from a basketball tournament at his school. About 10 individuals approached them, and 1 pulled out a .357 Magnum and shot him in the chest. His friend put him in a car and drove him to the hospital. He had a collapsed lung and spent more than a month in the hospital.
Retaliation
The respondent was 22 years old and on the street. He started arguing with a guy he didn't know over a girl. He says it was "something real small, real dumb." They started pushing each other and the shooter pulled out an automatic handgun and shot him twice in the abdomen. He spent 3 weeks in the hospital and had major surgery. Now his digestive system is "messed up," and it is difficult for him to use the bathroom. He started carrying a gun after this event "because someone almost took my life. I need it for protection." He stated that his cousin retaliated and shot the person who had shot him.
Argument
The respondent was 17 years old and trying to buy ice cream at an ice cream truck when he was approached by a person he recognized, but did not know very well. This person began name calling, and it escalated into an argument. He was shot at close range with a .38 caliber handgun. He was hit by 3 bullets in the neck, chest, and leg. He states he was "dead on arrival" at the hospital but recovered after open heart surgery. The event left him with a partial stroke and weakness on one side of his body. He is now 19 years old and believes the threat of being shotby the police causes many people to carry
Argument
The respondent was 18 years old and was carrying a 9-mm semiautomatic handgun in his pants pocket. A "dude" appeared from around the corner and the respondent felt threatened. He grabbed for his gun, but it went off in his pocket. The bullet went into his right leg as the man ran away. He decided not to go to the hospital. He cleaned the wound himself at home, covered it with an ace bandage, and used a cane for walking. Four months later, the bullet came close to the surface, and he cut it out with a razor blade. The experience made him decide not to carry the gun anymore.
Unintentional
The respondent was 47 years old when he was shot unintentionally by his brother. The respondent is addicted to heroin, and he and his brother were outside. They began arguing because the respondent wanted to get some drugs. His brother had a gun and tried to scare him by shooting into the ground. The bullet ricocheted from the concrete and hit him. The bullet destroyed part of his stomach. He spent 40 days in the hospital and continues to have digestive problems.
Unintentional
The respondent was shot by the police when he was 25 years old. He was in an alley with someone who had a gun and was shooting it in the air. The respondent claims that he did not have a gun. The police came and shone a flashlight on him and shot him. He was hit once in the leg with a bullet from a 9-mm. He stayed in the hospital for 4 days under police custody. He says the incident makes him less likely to trust people because he believes the police were wrong for shooting him. He says he is now more likely to carry a gun for protection.
Police
The respondent was 20 years old and in an argument. Someone called the police, and the respondent fled, with a gun in his hand. Two officers chased him, and 1 fired a shot that hit him in the leg. It missed the bone, and he spent less than a day in the hospital.
(This same individual has been shot on 3 separate occasions)
Police
Gun Identification SurveyCentral Detention Facility, Washington DC, 1997Institute of Medicine
Percentage of Guns Correctly IdentifiedGun Identification SurveyCentral Detention Facility, Washington DC, 1997
15-24 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50 - above
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Gun Features Most AdmiredIndiana Department of CorrectionsYear: 2000 Inmates Surveyed: 388
24 and younger: Rapid fire Way it looks Spits more rounds “auto” written on it Air holes, breather
25 and older: Accurate
Hits hard Stopping power Small Easy to conceal
The Cycle of Violence
Sims DW, Biuins BA, Obeid FN, Horst HM, Sorensen VJ, Fath JJ. Urban trauma: a chronic recurrent disease. J Trauma. 1989 Jul;29(7):940-946.
Violence behaves as a chronic disease with an ominous prognosis.
One study found that, among patients admitted to a trauma center for assault-related injuries, 44% had recurrent trauma and 20% were dead within 5 years.
The trauma of witnessing violent events can also impact a person’s life. Children who are exposed to violence, either as a victim or by witnessing a violent injury or death, can develop post-traumatic stress syndrome. Violent victimization can diminish a person’s sense of self, reduce hope for the future, and impair the ability to form trusting interpersonal relationships. Many youth, especially boys, who witness violence turn to weapon carrying for protection.
Witnessing Violence
Prisoner Rates of Death in USA
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
GeneralPopulation
Prison Parole
Safer in prison than the streets
Fewer homicides in prison than streets
Higher parolee deaths: guns, car crash, HIV, drug overdose
May J. In Management and Administration of Correctional Health Care; Moore J., CRI 2003
SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Smoking By Pregnant Women May Result in Fetal Injury, Premature Birth, and Low Birth Weight.
Public Health Approach toInjury Prevention
Handguns
Fatal
- AIDS - Use condoms - Do not share needles - Multiple sex partners increase risk
- Firearm Injuries - Lock all guns - Store ammunition separately - Guns in home increase risk
PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
Health ProblemExamples of Individual
Behavior and Attitude Changes
PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
- Improvement in sanitation, nutrition,housing
- Attention to overcrowded areas
- Creation of youth activity programs- Developing suicide prevention
networks- Address gun “machismo”
Health ProblemExamples of Social
Environment Modifications
- Tuberculosis
- Firearm Injuries
PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
Health ProblemExamples of Physical
Environment Modifications
- Motor vehicle crashes- Airbags- Roadway construction and lighting
- Metal detectors in schools - Improve lighting and limit
building entrances- Reduce accessibility of guns
- Motor vehicle crashes
- Firearm Injuries
Primary PreventionPrevent injury or disease before it happens
PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
- Vaccines - Conflict resolution training- Smoking education - Prevent access- Diet and exercise (locks, background checks)
- Counseling for alternation means of protection
Primary Prevention Firearms
PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
Secondary Prevention Minimizing the effects of disease or injury in progress
- Treating hypertension - Registration of guns- Smoking cessation - Bulletproof vests- Reducing air pollution - Less destructive firearm
power and ammunition
Secondary Prevention Firearms
PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
Tertiary PreventionResponding after the injury or disease has occurred
Tertiary Prevention Firearms
- Treating lung cancer- Coronary artery bypass- Chelation therapy for lead poisoning
- Trauma network - Spinal cord injury rehabilitation- Counseling programs for victims
Handguns, like cigarettes,
can be deglamorized.
Rx: Public Messages
Source: Chicago Project for Violence
Public Health and Individual Rights
Smoke-free Environments
Mandatory Seat BeltsMotorcycle Helmets
Childhood ImmunizationsFirearms
• Child proofing
• Loading indicators
• Longer barrels
• Less destructive ammunition
• Prohibit semi-automatics
Rx: Product Liability Opportunities for Safety
• Personalized triggers
• Tracers on explosives
• Truth in advertising
• Control distribution
• Regulate manufacturers
Rx: Address Social Inequalities and Conditions that Fuel Violence
In a survey of 364 male and female inmates in Chicago who had been hospitalized at any time for violence-related injuries, fewer than half recalled anything said by their doctor or nurse. Of those, only one-quarter recalled any reassuring words, such as, “Do you have a safe place to stay?”, while others recalled negative comments, such as, “Stop complaining that it hurts!”
May JP. Addressing the gun violence epidemic. Presentation to the 18th National Conference of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care, San Diego. Sept 1994.
Rx: Jail and Prison
S: Reassure the patient that he is now SAFE and will be okay.
U: Be certain to UNDERSTAND the circumstances of the injury.
T: TEACH about the risks for violence-related injuries.
U: URGE nonviolent resolutions to conflict. R: Inquire about and discourage thoughts of violent
RETALIATION. E: Provide EMPATHY about the event, and
ENCOURAGE safer options.
SUTURE
Injury Surveillance• Intentional vs. unintentional
Documentation• Prior history on Problem List
Identification of High Risks• Example: prior incarceration, witnessing violence,
gang-related tattoo, prior STD, easy access to semiautomatic weapon
Counseling patients
Rx: Jail and Prison
COUNSELING PATIENTS ABOUT GUNS
COUNSELING PATIENTS ABOUT GUNS
COUNSELING PATIENTS ABOUT GUNS
COUNSELING PATIENTS ABOUT GUNS
COUNSELING PATIENTS ABOUT GUNS
School age children at homeSadness, depression, mental illnessSeen acts of violence
Talk to your patients about
guns and violence.