John m. Murrin, et al. Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People
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Transcript of John m. Murrin, et al. Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People
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John m. Murrin, et al.
Liberty, Equality, PowerA History of the American People
Chapter 20
An Industrial Society, 1900-1920
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Scientific ManagementFredrick Taylor
Focused on the productivity of the individual worker
‘One best way’ to perform every task
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Assembly Line
Henry Ford
Mass Production
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Automobile Changes America Economic Impact
Direct Employment in industry Raw materials and suppliers Support industries 10% of GDP today
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Automobile Changes America Social Impact
Mobility & Freedom Demographic Changes
Interstate migration Suburbanization
1 Million Dead = 1951 “House of Prostitution
on Wheels”
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Eugenics
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William M. “Boss” Tweed
Political Machines Unofficial city organization
designed to keep a particular party (mostly Democratic) or group in power
Offered support (social) services to immigrant groups
Corrupt – politics for profit Example: Tammany Hall in
NYC – Run by Boss Tweed Thomas Nast – Influential
cartoonist attacking political machines and other ‘corrupt’ influences
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Labor UnionsAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
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Ludlow Massacre
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Population shift – 4 of 10 lived in cities
Segregation by race and class
Offered diversity unseen before
The Urban Frontier
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Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000
Name Population
1 Cordova, Spain 450,000
2 Kaifeng, China 400,000
3 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 300,000
4 Angkor, Cambodia 200,000
5 Kyoto, Japan 175,000
6 Cairo, Egypt 135,000
7 Baghdad, Iraq 125,000
8 Nishapur (Neyshabur), Iran 125,000
9 Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia 110,000
10 Patan (Anhilwara), India 100,000
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Top 10 Cities of the Year 1500
Name Population
1 Beijing, China 672,000
2 Vijayanagar, India 500,000
3 Cairo, Egypt 400,000
4 Hangzhou, China 250,000
5 Tabriz, Iran 250,000
6 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 200,000
7 Gaur, India 200,000
8 Paris, France 185,000
9 Guangzhou, China 150,000
10 Nanjing, China 147,000
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Top 10 Cities of the Year 1800
Name Population
1 Beijing, China 1,100,000
2 London, United Kingdom 861,000
3 Guangzhou, China 800,000
4 Edo (Tokyo), Japan 685,000
5 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 570,000
6 Paris, France 547,000
7 Naples, Italy 430,000
8 Hangzhou, China 387,000
9 Osaka, Japan 383,000
10 Kyoto, Japan 377,000
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Top 10 Cities of the Year 1900
Name Population
1 London, United Kingdom 6,480,000
2 New York, United States 4,242,000
3 Paris, France 3,330,000
4 Berlin, Germany 2,707,000
5 Chicago, United States 1,717,000
6 Vienna, Austria 1,698,000
7 Tokyo, Japan 1,497,000
8 St. Petersburg, Russia 1,439,000
9 Manchester, United Kingdom 1,435,000
10 Philadelphia, United States 1,418,000
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Top 10 Cities of the Year 1950
Name Population
1 New York, United States 12,463,000
2 London, United Kingdom 8,860,000
3 Tokyo, Japan 7,000,000
4 Paris, France 5,900,000
5 Shanghai, China 5,406,000
6 Moscow, Russia 5,100,000
7 Buenos Aires, Argentina 5,000,000
8 Chicago, United States 4,906,000
9 Ruhr, Germany 4,900,000
10 Kolkata, India 4,800,000
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Top 10 Cities of the Year 2000
Name Population
1 Tokoyo, Japan 26,400,000
2 Mumbai, India 18,100,000
Mexico City, Mexico 18,100,000
4 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17,800,000
5 New York, USA 16,600,000
6 Lagos, Nigeria 13,400,000
7 Los Angeles, USA 13,100,000
8 Shanghai, China 12,900,000
Kolkata, India 12,900,000
10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12,600,000
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Problems of Urban LifeCrime Impure waterUncollected garbageAnimal wasteDiseaseOver crowding
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Dumbbell TenementsArchitecture contributed to
urban problems
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Jacob Riis, 1914
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New Immigration From Southern and
Eastern Europe Not Protestant
(Catholic and Orthodox) and Jewish
Most did not know English or illiterate & no industrial skills
Used to more authoritarian governments
More difficult to unionize
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“Little Italy” Mulberry Street, Manhattan, NYC circa 1900
The Immigrant Experience Ethnic Neighborhoods: areas in cities where immigrants settled
with others from the ‘old country’ to ease transition and preserve heritage
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The Immigrant Experience Employment –
menial labor or manufacturing found either through political machines or ethnic connections
Standard of living – low by US standards, but better than impoverished conditions in European cities
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The Immigrant ExperienceTriangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Building (New York) March 25, 1911. Fighting the Fire
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www.authentichistory.com
• Select “Early 1900s” tab on the left• Select “Survivor Accounts & Victim List”
Listen to two survivor accounts of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire.
Read over the “List of Victims” & make three general demographic observations about the victims based on the information provided
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Reaction All levels of government (except local)
ignored immigrants plight Political Machines – helped immigrants
in return for votes Some churches preached the ‘Social
Gospel’ – others reflected the wealth and conservatism of its members
Settlement Houses Community center / boarding house to aid
immigrants Hull House – Chicago (1889) Jane Adams
The Immigrant Experience
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Reaction American Protective Association
Nativists & Labor Union Support Immigration Restrictions based on:
nationality, literacy tests, paupers, criminals, insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, people, carrying contagious diseases
The Immigrant Experience
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Religion & New ImmigrationNew Numbers
150 religious denominations in 1890 Salvation Army & Christian Science Catholics top other denominations in
attendance YMCA / YWCA Darwinism
Lasting legacy
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Contemporary Religious Diversity 81% of American adults identify themselves with a specific religion:
76.5% (159 million) of Americans identify themselves as Christian. This is a major slide from 86.2% in 1990. Identification with Christianity has suffered a loss of 9.7 percentage points in 11 years -- about 0.9 percentage points per year. This decline is identical to that observed in Canada between 1981 and 2001. If this trend has continued, then:
at the present time (2007-MAY), only 71% of American adults consider themselves Christians
The percentage will dip below 70% in 2008 By about the year 2042, non-Christians will outnumber the Christians in the U.S.
52% of Americans identified themselves as Protestant. 24.5% are Roman Catholic. 1.3% are Jewish. 0.5% are Muslim, followers of Islam.
14.1% do not follow any organized religion. This is an unusually rapid increase -- almost a doubling -- from only 8% in 1990. There are more Americans who say they are not affiliated with any organized religion than there are Episcopalians, Methodists, and Lutherans taken together.
The unaffiliated vary from a low of 3% in North Dakota to 25% in Washington. "The six states with the highest percentage of people saying they have no religion are all Western states, with the exception of Vermont at 22%."
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Education Compulsory elementary education in many states Normal (teacher) schools established Segregated Universities – HBU’s
Howard, Clark, Atlanta, Morehouse, Southern, Grambling Private Universities related to Robber Barons
(oops… I mean Captains of Industry) Duke, Stanford, Carnegie Melon, Cornell, Vanderbilt, Chicago
Johns Hopkins – first ‘world class’ graduate program Changing curriculum @ universities Morril Act (1862)
states given federal lands to sell and establish agricultural colleges
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Women & The Gilded Age Increase in divorce & use of birth control More women working & voting (Wyoming) Comstock Law – allowed confiscation of ‘obscene material’ Urbanization and the family Margaret Sanger Charlotte Gilman – feminist and author
Women and Economics & The Yellow Wallpaper
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National American Women Suffrage Association Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B.
Anthony Antilynching campaign
Ida B. Wells National Prohibition Party & Woman’s
Christian Temperance Union Carrie Nation
American Red Cross Clara Barton
Carrie Nation
Women & The Gilded Age
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Tudor
CraftsmanRichardsonian
Victorian Gothic Queen Anne
Architecture
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Brooklyn Bridge
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"Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door“
"The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus (on pedestal of statue)
Statue of Liberty