John. A. Porco, Jr. - Boston...
Transcript of John. A. Porco, Jr. - Boston...
This is incorrect (Figure 1.4 in text)
Review of Lecture 1: Atomic Structure: Electron Configurations
• Ground-state electron configuration of an atom lists orbitals occupied by its electrons. Rules:
• 1. Lowest-energy orbitals fill first: 1s → 2s → 2p →3s → 3p → 4s → 3d (Aufbau (“build-up”) principle)
• 2. Electron spin can have only two orientations, up ↑and down ↓. Only two electrons can occupy an orbital, and they must be of opposite spin (Pauli exclusion principle)
• 3. If two or more empty orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons occupy each with spins parallel until all orbitals have one electron (Hund's rule).
What do ``shared'' electrons actually look like?
1) 2)
The sequence shows how electron density changes as two H atoms are brought closer together until they reach their true bond length
3)
Hybridization: sp3 Orbitals and the Structure of Methane
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons (2s2 2p2) • In CH4, all C–H bonds are identical (tetrahedral) • sp3 hybrid orbitals: s orbital and three p orbitals
combine to form four equivalent, unsymmetrical, tetrahedral orbitals (sppp = sp3), Pauling (1931)
Hybridization: sp2 Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene
• sp2 hybrid orbitals: 2s orbital combines with two2p orbitals, giving 3 orbitals (spp = sp2)
• sp2 orbitals are in a plane with 120° angles • Remaining p orbital is perpendicular to the plane
90° 120°
Hybridization: sp Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene
• C-C a triple bond sharing six electrons• Carbon 2s orbital hybridizes with a single p orbital
giving two sp hybrids– two p orbitals remain unchanged
• sp orbitals are linear, 180° apart on x-axis• Two p orbitals are perpendicular on the y-axis and
the z-axis
Orbitals of Acetylene• Two sp hybrid orbitals from each C form sp–sp σ
bond• pz orbitals from each C form a pz–pz π bond by
sideways overlap and py orbitals overlap similarly
The Periodic Table and Electronegativity
Bond PolaritiesBond Diff in EN Negative atom Type of Bond
H - H 0.0 N/A pure covalent
C - H 0.4 C (weakly) polar covalent
O - H 1.4 O polar covalent
H - F 1.9 F polar covalent
S - O 1.0 O polar covalent
C - O 1.0 O polar covalent
Al - C 1.0 C polar covalent
Na - Cl 2.1 Cl ionic
Li - F 3.0 F ionic
Mg - O 2.3 O ionic
Mg - C 1.3 C polar covalent
Less than 0.5 difference in EN : Nonpolar covalent0.5 to 2 EN units – Polar covalentGreater than 2 EN units - Ionic
ct{ 2-03
C b . , h c a h o n /
lzcLure
ttt i
3 A
4 E
7 y
7 s
Lck& # Z
ql;/ oJ?o8
Corf'ahon fv- v^ lo s L
C4wvnrical $oJ s
Sl"e,tl tt'*f'rl s
a- An e- o c l^e'+, T ' t n
EP"ct ^f
n fh.. or krwosL
shb , l , )
lncofrcct-)
T. I
. o , l s ' ? s z z p ( .
3sz 3 f t
Y s " 3 d I
f i o ( ie Io
l r o - f g A t s 2 - Z s z Z f I
ohwi c # U
tt t.t TJ fl+ l - ' - G r, r v
J! .-!l 1$J-L
-g- .1 ' N€o n
Abw,s C lo S< . r b h i l lQ - o f
f nDd t c khk - ^ ch ru i< { " z . i , by
Jt"^ fln1 e- S '
? sl^ate-ol e- bo^J
Cov a l .n L h ' , . J -S ( n vo( ve s l , -o ' rcm/
o f e - t l * l ^ ^ ' < ' 1 ^ , ' h > w t f l ' " ' f u f u t t
t ( I t . . , - {l ruo(z-c. l tas
t ) col laehon uf ofuL'^ ' r
hp(d, h3illa*r \ covatk '^-F b"--d 1. '
Lf P +- | Ht ttLo(zc uQ. )
Hz fuol-cu le
H . + - H - -.>
Skovt f €^5 oF VaQ a"cz. Sl4ll
CH rt btr,ok-cu (C-
H: t ltu-1^--
le.uisoLo f-
Sfwcfurz?+
o- ll ̂ H
L(ekvQ
Sln c.lu.e-
CIr's b"+Jybuelo*)
L
H iH -C-Ff
a r l
H
,' ? ' t t H ,
Ho a
- ) [ t ; C ' .e 3
hc, . svr voUecL e-s
-* tP'
= VpA",o frtA
Ll LaoJ s
7e,- C clta-a4
h"4 =
Irrv-NohU b^ t
" c^f ixK r s o r
ockL .rh ,.*l
Vakncs. I "f o
r - O
q Jh o s
6r*s
S r x
lr'o
Va-Qa-<
bo^J s
vwoz- aT)
zsz Lp V
H-- g-.. H( ne.ds z
2 H
+-
a a
, 1 . A 'a a t Dr L . V .
Ha .
;? '
VaQ.ac ts " fIV
7
,F l\)
"vt
h,-S
firv*. t
fit''e-Ioo^J (.
t / . r \
vae ra.-ca e-f \Zs L Zpt )
e , g H 3
] - - H : N : Ha a
A,&nh^ ,on (<
n Ol\- l'2 p4tr ^ ? o f
(st"e,- pair €-- 5
ntr{-- U SoA (.r, bo4;^3
j H .
HybnJ ( i - - ' ho n oF ohwi c ohJ* l s
d , f f . Qt*c.a-( Q u-l f
cl n
srh tL(
t'rJ!_1v
rA\ (-{ o v*ettlf
Ayv tvc&z . l '
--* s fbt h^t f
- r . orbrb l
o rhrL^'l f
r arz
t{fhr r-.rr-
\ e
?-g
l S
n-p
f,ir CH rl
Cl , r L (
k" obl"h ^
t s
h r Y , t t 6 ' ^It lr
h '1hn&t %, 'A on
1 ^ l (
r t o ) .
h lbnJ
C-F{ ho4 r qC-
Ho u, i I flt-* 7
t*. L4,r or{t t k( r
Cot*-hrrx- f i p
4kraai c o4rt^/7
t
l s - t
'"( I* IFL+A, I, 'e
/ L{-" k'c\h/ ( / o( sf 3 o'bb't r
tIn*.a,-l9f7 hvb nlJ
5f1 v.Vt, o/r C
gnA-/' tna w'lL*( ; o t u r L l t
an-! L q
td<-..lvc^ | c Ft bo-l t
{
sflu"Hor'. l{
S f 3 o r b r u r - l s oArH L o . * !
q d r y U o F ̂
( n d"-.cL +{^e
{*he* +t
l o n 4 . C f , 5 r " . c ) ) h r^J
At rccL t ,l r c rOvt 4- f fkXr o f ,
nt rOb i
s p 2' h.rbn4 saarhon
Yh.A^\'1 tvn orln ̂ L
LJ,\r,oh C ahrn^ f
vah' - q^ "$1'g2
l.t' L =c/Fi
hto(e er* S e>( | SL | ,r
,^o'q-. FA.^* LZ-S
Oaaa sq
IL*tr<.
a,lo rn"
.(Llh"e/ \| ' u
h r -
.
t t ,
c : : ct
. l
3rn *{.tt S Cot t<-
Lav-lat.^"J lA'/. I't-
' t -p Drhrl- ' ; l 5h 1 h n J f + o n . .
1r"
.S o'.h a l-'l
\o ? t = c a/
- \
h\ -,1=:1 )rts'c
H \-'l L t ' c
L
7
- , ) sp- vrtd^q^y, P
, f t ,A - )
h c b " 4 f n r t ^ Jb 1 , f t - s F z
- . , \ ) r , t ^ " 1 k n J ' 1 e J
y t r ( f f ) bu^J
o rh ,kJr
z ?
6 t-c r(* p
@frr h^
j f b o ^ d J h " t € { L l e - J
^ n c !
f r^s c - c d o - b Q b o , ^ . r !
ISf hrbr td r t '<h on
\ ' n o /Vr t .^ t\ ^ y \ n n d
H ' , C : : : c ; H
h - ' a l C - HS--)l S o o
3..1 Ut, ̂ , J d A
Ca,r bon u''-- o'f f o
{or'^ 'r. h fr| ,* *il
bv sL*^n'.3 0 [ g-,
( , *.., {-
o Sf - l^-th rt) ' r*' A
jo , *z- l I 'Y rP-sP
a^-\ Z'fl- load S
c^
ff
tuI ,n- . . -oQ.c-Qa- ec(u,J
f1rI^/ 'Q hoJ
,ruA
q l^ \.^- J Trlh,rJL
bo,- ,J o 'h"$n I
orb' hl
S ph1b4 JSu tn
bo,*d UyA C ft")
l z o
r33
tE+
l o ' t u ,
C = L
C = C
C * C
o'b, l^l-r
fto*l,J + e-
Sechon I , l l
**drerr
t^,e- r,'t ll fr Lv S sr
voUn Lt bu*d
( h1b . , d o ,h rz , i c
Accour, (_ ft n
Pw\ =
/^ O 1-r* e *) ) q lt . otp p.o^ "t,
I a v,E(.rt ,. 3 t4^a,l* a orh, ̂ |
(e v*la t .., -.h a- oF
*J* t tc oLtL. \ - i
ho {o, o^ ltn o bc tLq.r o-btl='/r
ofProactus oh
&ua
Sl*re
CI^ 'F i . . - r L ' , f o (a r C tu+Qa l
Bo^ls -b f tc iJs E ' 6q1.cS
S k , p s c c h o n s L , Z r Z , l 3
9.obb,^ t t-l.,
8 , q t ( o l l 5 ) 2 5 , 3 a t 3 3 1 3 1 ,
3t , 3$ t71 , 4D 1L{ ( rq?) tV , €s , r ( ,Ic 5 gI
Cl^op h,r
k i J s
L .I
tI
/e e {ar
$ " P s
( o u o Q n l * $ o , ^ J s -
t+X
Lt
l s z Zs
Ftsz 7r' zf '
P ote.^( o d a b * l '
bo^ l#
l D ^ i C
Ct -rt ck ri o^ ,c b o^ l i
t vJ
l C i \ ( C -
b o ̂ /
9 . o
F
el*lrlrrcJah*"b
[ ^
v X
/; r@
\y
..-tn * h' ul4t* cl e- t
t ^ { . * S , t * S * b ' t ' \ o F ' ' ^
( arb,ho^l Sc*t+\
, t i k - J o * C f r S t A '
h)* Fn,- l&l
h o r . ( o . . ) u F W
l . o
Li fJe. c l') 0
wr hc^ I
F ?r (t )
t q e r t * V 5
F 4 \cr I6 r l
L {
l,^ 1,fctw A7 EN I( ^ v * h , o C c * f t
Co (,rr-rr ( lnh^) oa hr*v6,tf ui la( ial t t
Cn d4Lf , l'gf,oul- -
lm+r1 f*r. uf e's t $ l4cf '
Et.lh*l' f, ' '- 1[*6. oF (+' r.uclr vt
X O XS y,'n* ,
co v* le aL
b o ^ )
L , 3 .
h H
a b.a,^7 c S
St'qrrl e 6v^ll1
b1 t6vt..) Ca l o * l
El r . {T " t jLwl
f ^( (e^Y t
Y L n o d ' c
a"A t o r ^ t u f A