Johan Kristiansson, PGHV/High Voltage Surge Arresters ...

© ABBSlide 1November 25, 2016

ABB Africa Channel Partner eventLine Surge Arresters - Contribution to Power Quality: Line Side Protection

Johan Kristiansson, PGHV/High Voltage Surge Arresters - Africa Channel Partner event, 2016


Ludvika

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersCompany Location


A power transmission center

for more than 100 years

2600 employees

Independent laboratories

with latest technology

Your one-stop source for

high voltage products

ABB in Ludvika is a leader in power

transmission technologies that enable

our customers to improve their

performance while lowering

environmental impact.

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersABB in Ludvika - “The High Voltage Valley”


Impossible or uneconomic to

withstand / avoid all overvoltages.

Surge Arresters are needed to

protect other equipment from

insulation failure due to lightning

and switching surges.

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersSurge Overvoltages Can Cause Problems


At each point, the “consumer” of electricity is concerned about

Number and Duration of interruptions (plus associated costs)

SecondarySecondarysubstationsubstation

DistributionDistributionsubstationsubstation

EHV

HV

HV

MV

TransmissionTransmissionsubstationsubstation

Main substationMain substation

LV

TransformerTransformer

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersAvailability of Electric Power Supply


Typically poor overall availability Substation equipment is not the critical factor during normal operation Line and transformer are dominating causes for unavailability

Transmission line

Substation

equipment

S/SPower in Power out

Two lines in parallelTwo transformers

in parallel

Single circuitPower in Power out

Transformer

Double circuit

Lightning is a significant contributing factor to the outage rate Line availability remains critical with common towers Double line failures must be avoided

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersAcceptable Outage Rate - A Moving Target


Transmission Line Surge ArrestersWhy Is Lightning Mitigation Important for Transmission Lines?

App. 65% of non-sheduled outages on transmission lines are related to lightning

Consumers have become more demanding

Computer controlled equipment

Sensitive processes are dependent on constant and reliable energy supply


Lightning in South Africa is responsible for 65% of damage in distribution networks

and 26% of the total number of line faults in transmission networks (1993 - 2009)

Faults on transmission lines in Korea (2001 – 2002)

Examples of plant losses due to lightning-induced electrical outage:

South African South Deep JV mine lost 1 month production (2005)

Porgera JV mine in Papua New Guinea lost 50% of electrical power for more than three

months at a production loss of US$750,000/day (2006)

Tennessee smelter pot line “frozen”. 164 pots have to be dug out by hand. Production is

shut down for seven weeks (2007)

Transmission Voltage Total Faults Lightning caused faults %

66kV 35 17 48.5%

154kV 382 248 64.9%

345 kV 89 53 59.5%

SUM 506 318 62.8%

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersLightning Costs and Losses from Attributed Sources


Transmission Line Surge ArrestersMovie – Increasing Grid Reliability

MovieEnabling Reliable Power Grids

Pexlink_20150922.mp4

Pexlink_20150922.mp4


Risk for interruption minimized by using Line Surge Arresters


Backflashover

High footing resistance

Shielding failure

No OHSW

Poor shielding angle

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersCause of lightning flashovers on HV transmission lines

Induced flashover

Lightning flashes to ground

seldom exceed 200 kV

Neglected on HV transmission

lines due to high LIWL


Transmission Line Surge ArrestersReliability and Availability Improvements Measures

Duplicate system Very expensive and often impractical.

Compromise with two lines on one tower.

Increase insulation Expensive and creates insulation

withstand co-ordination problems

Improve footing impedance Often difficult and expensive

Shield wires Requires low tower footing impedance.

Problems of their own. Difficult to retrofit.

Unlikely to achieve demanded reliability.

Do not improve switching performance.

Protect line insulation Arresters connected in parallel with

by surge arresters line insulators at selected towers.

Line Surge Arresters (LSA)


Arresters installed on selected towers eliminates disturbances caused by

overvoltages

Prevents lightning-induced flashover across line insulators on the tower

Assists to extend line circuit breaker life and maintenance-interval

Controlled switching surge overvoltage profile along the line

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersTransmission Line Protection - Benefits


Increased availabillity of lines

Reduced disturbance for sensitive industries

Reduced number of CB operations

Less stress on substation equipment

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersBenefits to Users


Transmission Line Surge ArrestersProtection Philosophy Against Backflashovers

Locate areas with high footing resistance

Low <20 ohm

High >40 ohm

Very High >100 ohm

Hilly terrain

Location with high lightning density

System study

Determine where to install LSA


Tower and line configuration

Line length

Span length

Single or double circuit

Tower dimensions

Type, location and sag of

phase conductors and ground wires, etc

Mechanical loading

Wind, ice, etc

Environmental

Pollution, altitude, etc

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersDimensioning Data – Mechanical


Existing and desired outage rate

Ground flash density or kerauniclevel

System Uc and TOV

Short-circuit current

Amplitude & duration

Insulation level for line insulation (CFO =critical flashover voltage)

Tower grounding

Earthing/footing resistance

Soil resistivity

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersDimensioning Data – Electrical & Environmental



Mean annual thunderstorm days


Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Secure Supply All the Way


Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Secure Supply All the Way

Assures disturbance-free operation of transmission lines

• Suitable for all voltage levels

• Eliminates disturbances caused by overvoltage

• Prevents lightning-induced flash-over across line insulators

• Controlled switching surge over-voltage profile along the line

• Fail-safe design with visible indication

• Easy to install


Arresters with lower or

higher rated voltages may

be available on request for

special applications

Description PEXLIM R PEXLIM Q PEXLIM P

System voltages [kV] 24 – 170 52 – 420 52 – 550

Rated voltages [kV] 18 – 144 42 – 360 42 – 444

Nominal discharge current [kApeak] 10 10 20

Repetitive charge transfer rating (IEC 60099-4, Ed. 3.0) [C] 1.2 2 3.2

Thermal energy rating (IEC 60099-4, Ed. 3.0) [kJ/kV (Ur)] 5 8 11

Line discharge class (IEC 60099-4, Ed 2.2) Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Silicone-housed Arresters (PEXLIM)


Silicone-housing gives exceptional service performance

Direct vulcanising (bonding) of silicone onto active parts

Active elements sealed along entire length

Total absence of any air between the active elements and the housing

No moisture leakage path

No internal partial discharge

No pressure build up during overload

Unique open-cage design with belt-winding

Short-circuit safe

No collapse after short-circuit

Excellent heat dissipation from MO varistors

High thermal stability threshold



Strength of all connections and hardware must be robust

to avoid mechanically related failures

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Robust Terminations


Disconnecting device

Easy indication of failed arresters

Permits re-energisation after fault without

immediate attendance

Linked to obtain safe physical disconnection

Clamps and conductors

Standard available material can be used

PEXLIM arrester provided with

Line connector clamp

Disconnecting device



Polymer housing is necessary

Light weight

Can be hung on existing towers and strings

Easy transport up the towers & mounting

Non-brittle

Vandal-proof

Safer under failed conditions

Better pollution performance over long periods

Specially true for silicone

High energy capability needed

Transmission lines connected to stations should be protected by “station class” arresters with proven Lightning discharge capability.

H



Brazil:

72 kV

145 kV

245 kV

Argentina: 245 kV

Costa Rica:

145 kV

245 kV

USA:

72 kV

123 kV

800 kV

El Salvador:

52 kV

123 kV

Mexico:

245 kV

420 kV

Chile:

145 kV

245 kV

Canada:

245 kV

550 kV

800 kV

South Africa:

100 kV

145 kV

300 kV

420 kV

Norway:

300 kV

420 kV

Sweden:

52 kV

72 kV

145 kV

420 kV

Finland: 123 kV

Yemen:

145 kV

Russia: 123 kV, 420 kV

Hong Kong (SAR): 145 kV

Philippines:

145 kV

245 kV

Swaziland: 72 kV

Malaysia: 145 kV

Denmark: 72 kV

Poland: 72 kV Romania: 245 kV

Australia:

72 kV

145 kV

Spain: 72 kV

Italy:

170 kV

Peru:

24 kV

72 kV

Croatia:

123 kV

Slovenia: 123 kV

Mauritius: 72 kV

Panama: 52 kVIndonesia: 170kV

Colombia: 245 kV

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: References


Line name

(275 kV)

Line length

(km)

Installation

date

Units

installed

Performance

(Faults/100km/year

Before After

Eiger-Prospect 11.25 2001/02 12 13.33 2.93

Eiger-Fordsburg 19.38 2001/02 12 4.44 1.70

Glockner-Olympus 26.70 1993 9 N/A 6.97

Taunus-Princess 12.83 2003/02 12 14.50 3.90

Esselen-Pelly 100.00 2003/03 33 2.90 2.50

Bighorn-Pluto 65.57 2000 72 13.42 2.44

Hera-Watershed 177.36 2000 45 5.47 3.00

Source: Cigré 5th Southern Africa Regional Conference, October 2005

Conclusion:

Even with limited number of towers protected, the outage rate

for the complete transmission line is greatly improved.

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersExample of Installations – Eskom (South Africa)


Transmission Line Surge ArrestersThe ABB Solution – PEXLINK: Monitoring

Of interest to monitor surges

through individual LSA

Sensor fitted to each LSA

Remote communication

Statistical analysis (software)

Leakage current measurement only of academic interest


Line availability is a critical factor in overall network availability.

Arresters installed on selected towers eliminates disturbances caused by overvoltages

and assists to extend line circuit breaker life and maintenance-interval.

Each point in the network is a ”consumer” of electricity

and the ”acceptable” number of outages is a moving target.

Network operators need to use all available methods

to secure and improve power continuity.

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersSummary


Sensitive processes are all the more dependent

on constant and reliable energy supply

Momentary loss of supply may be as costly as a

prolonged blackout to a process industry

Consumers have become more conscious and

demanding and are likely to be even more so into

the future

Deregulation of the electricity market allows for

performance based contracts with stiff penalties

for Utilities that don’t measure up

Transmission Line Surge ArrestersA Future Necessity to Help Keep the Lights On?


Contacts Details

Johan KristianssonArea Sales ManagerBusiness Development Manager (LSA)

ABB ABHV Components

Lyviksvägen 4, 77180 Ludvika, SwedenPhone: +46 240 783921Mobile: +46 73 8331060Email: [email protected]


Disclaimer

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should

not be construed as a commitment by ABB. ABB assumes no responsibility for

any errors that may appear in this document.

In no event shall ABB be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or

consequential damages of any nature or kind arising from the use of this

document, nor shall ABB be liable for incidental or consequential damages

arising from use of any software or hardware described in this document.

© Copyright 2016 ABB. All rights reserved.

Johan Kristiansson, PGHV/High Voltage Surge Arresters ...

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