OSHT 106John W. Maynard, CSP

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OBJECTIVESJob Hazard Analysis (JHA) is an important method of identifying hazards and safety concerns prior to their actually resulting in accidents. Job Hazard Analysis can be used by businesses of all sizes and types.

This Job Hazard Analysis training program is intended to accomplish the following:

Explain what a JHA is and its applications in an effective safety program.   Outline the benefits of JHA’s to employee management and to

productivity.   Explain how to perform a JHA and how to apply the results.   Familiarize the Trainee with what questions to ask while performing a

JHA.   Encourage Management to become familiar with the JHA methods

and train their personnel in the JHA methodology.2

DefinitionJob Hazard Analysis (JHA) is a procedure for identifying

hazards associated with each step of a job. It aids in developing solutions to the removal or control of each exposure to a hazard.

 The JHA is basically a modified version of Task Analysis -- a

common tool used to develop job descriptions and job qualification tests. Only with a JHA, special attention is given to the safety and health aspects of the job or task. Therefore, it can be used as a part of a total employee selection process and can be used to strengthen written job descriptions developed using Task Analysis.

 A JHA can identify hazards associated with equipment

design or use, work processes, work and plant layout, worker assignment, and standard operating procedures and policies.

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Benefits

A JHA helps management identify unsafe and inefficient steps in work processes and often leads to improvements in the safety of the total job while improving efficiency. A JHA forces management to make a judgment as to:

1. the need for each step in a job, 2. whether each step is the safest way to

do the job, and 3. what can go wrong at each step.

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Benefits

Better work planning may result from completion of a thorough JHA.

 Supervisors develop a stronger

understanding of the jobs which they supervise.

 Policies and procedures are often improved

after doing a JHA. 

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Benefits

A properly done JHA will improve the selection of competent, qualified workers to perform the job. The JHA will identify the:

1. physical requirements of the task, 2. mental requirements of the job, and 3. psychological requirements of the job.

 JHAs will help to identify training needs to ensure selected workers perform the job in the safest and most efficient manner possible.

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Benefits

A JHA will identify what personal protective equipment is required:

1. Hearing Protection 2. Eye Protection 3. Hand Protection 4. Body Protection 5. Foot Protection 6. Respiratory Protection 7. Material Handling Aids

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Benefits

A JHA will identify what types and sources of energy may need to be controlled or protected against.

  1. Chemical Energy 2. Kinetic Energy 3. Thermal Energy

4. Potential Energy Gravity Hydraulic Pneumatic Mechanical Centrifugal

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Benefits

Job Hazard Analysis is one part of a participatory employee safety program. It gets workers active in the safety process. Communications between management and

workers can improve as the workers are consulted during the JHA process.

A JHA telegraphs management's interest in the safety of the individual worker.

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Selecting a Job to Analyze

Jobs which are good candidates for a JHA would include jobs which:

1. have a high frequency of accidents, 2. have resulted in a disabling injury, 3. have the potential for causing serious

injury, 4. are new or have undergone significant

changes in procedures or equipment, or 5. are done seasonally or infrequently, but

may have a potential for causing severe injury.

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Questions to Ask1.Can the job be done in a totally different

way that removes the hazards?

What is the goal of the job and what is the safest way of achieving that goal?

2.What changes in the physical aspects of the job can make it safer?

This could include changes in tools, materials, equipment, location, or worksite layout.

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Questions to Ask3. How can procedures be changed to remove or

reduce the hazards? What actions the worker should or should not do to

remove or reduce the hazard? What additional worker training may be required?

4. What policies should be changed or strengthened to reduce the exposure to hazards or unsafe practices?

Determine if worker selection or assignment creates problems.

Review policies relating to equipment or vehicle maintenance.

Review policies concerning hazardous materials.12

Questions to Ask5. Can the frequency of the task or job be

reduced to remove or lessen the amount of exposure to the hazards? Determine if hazardous maintenance

activities can be reduced. Review material handling activities to see if

they can be reduced in frequency if they cannot be eliminated.

Ensure that adequate pre-task training is given for infrequently performed tasks.

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Questions to Ask6. Can potential exposure to energy types or

sources be removed or reduced? Remove or guard moving equipment parts.

Provide adequate warnings. Develop effective policies and procedures

controlling exposures to energy sources. Properly train workers in the safe use of

chemicals, power tools, equipment, etc.. Require that proper lockout/tagout

procedures be followed.

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Questions to Ask7. What major loss causes (accident types,

types of injuries) are associated with the job?

Determine exposures to falling, straining, being caught in or between objects, being struck by or against objects, slipping, health hazards, etc..

8. Can the job steps be done in a different order that would make the job less hazardous?

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Questions to Ask9. Do proposed changes improve productivity by

improving efficiency? 

Safety and improvements and efficiency should be considered linked. Identifying improvements in productivity brought about by the JHA helps in selling the results of the JHA to management. The question also forces the person doing the JHA to devise practical solutions.

10. What departments need information gathered during the JHA?

The Personnel Department must know what physical, mental, and psychological requirements must be included in job descriptions. Purchasing must know what equipment and material are required to perform the jobs safely. Maintenance should be familiar with identified hazards associated with the equipment that it might be servicing.

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What to do after the JHA?Whenever there is an accident involving a job

that has had a Job Hazard Analysis done on it, the JHA should be reviewed to determine whether or not it needs to be revised.

 If an accident occurs as a result of not

following procedures developed by the JHA, the facts should be discussed with the workers who do the job. It should be pointed out that following the JHA would have prevented the accident.

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What to do after the JHA?The JHA should be used as starting and focal

points around which to build a training program.

On-the-job training must follow the guidelines spelled out in the JHA.

Supervisors should use JHAs as subjects for both planned and unplanned safety contacts (talks) with the workers.

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What to do after the JHA?Workers should be observed in order to

identify behavior that is out of line with procedures as listed in the JHA.

Non-conforming, unsafe behavior should be corrected.

Non-conforming behavior that appears to be an improvement on the JHA work practice should be evaluated and incorporated into a revised JHA.

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Job Hazard Analysis GuideSequence of Basic Job Steps

Break the job down into steps -- what is done first, second, third, ...

You can do this by:

1. Observing the job,2. Discussing it with the supervisor and/or the

worker performing the job or task,3. Drawing upon your knowledge of the job,4. A combination of these approaches.

Record the job steps in their normal order.

Describe what is done, not the details of how it is done.

Three- or four-word descriptions should be enough.

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Job Hazard Analysis GuidePotential Accidents or Hazards

For each job step, ask what accidents could happen to the person doing the job step. You can do this by:

1. Observing the job,2. Talking to the worker,3. Studying reports of past accidents, 4.Consulting with subject experts, or5. Or a combination of these approaches.

Ask the following questions. Can the worker:

1. be struck by or against anything? 2. be caught in, on or between anything? 3. fall? 4. strain or over-exert? 5. be exposed to injurious chemicals, radiation, or

substances? 6. be exposed to hazardous energy sources? 21

Job Hazard Analysis GuideRecommended Safe Job Practices

For each potential hazard or accident cause, ask how the worker could avoid the hazard or how it might be eliminated or reduced.

1. Observe the job for possible changes to be made,2. Discuss possible precautions or changes with the worker,3. Draw upon your own knowledge and experience of the task or potential hazards.4. Any combination of the above.

 Use "action verbs." Do not use general, non-descript

statements. Be concise, yet complete. Recommendations should be numbered the same as the hazards they address.

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WORKER NAME: JOB/TASK: DATE:

WORKER TITLE: SUPERVISOR: JHA DONE BY:

DEPT.: Work GROUP: JHA REVIEWED BY:

REQUIRED/RECOMMENDED PPE: JHA APPROVED BY:

BASIC JOB STEP SEQUENCE: POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS OR HAZARD:

RECOMMENDED SAFE JOB PROCEDURE:

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS GUIDE

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Be Aware of the Following Accident Types

While performing a JHA, it is important to keep in mind the types of accidents that can occur and their causes. Below is a list of accident types of which you should be aware.Overexertion -- lifting, pulling, pushing, bending,

twisting, straining.Cumulative Trauma -- awkward positions or

repetitive movements, use of undue pressure or force, use of tools which don't fit the user or the job

Stress -- high output work involving production quotas, a great deal of mental concentration, or other sources of outside pressure which cannot be relieved quickly or normally 24

Be Aware of the Following Accident Types

Caught In, Between, or Under -- moving equipment, in-running nip points, work underneath moving equipment or materials

Struck By -- falling, flying, or moving objects and equipment, work in open trenches or excavations (cave-ins)

Struck Against -- bump into or kick objects, be pushed or thrown against something

Fall to Lower Level -- Fall from equipment, stool, ladder, stairs, floor opening, etc.

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Be Aware of the Following Accident Types

Fall on Same Level -- slip on liquids or grease, slip on ice, trip over obstacles, trip on rug or floor covering/surface

Rubbed or Abraded -- by pressure, vibration, or friction

Contact with Toxic Substances -- caustics, acids, poisons, chemical irritants, diseases, allergenic agents, radiation, toxic chemicals in general

Contact with Temperature Extremes -- environments which are too hot, cold, or wet, hot or cold objects, liquids, gases, or other substances

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Be Aware of the Following Accident Types

Bodily Reaction -- normal bodily motion or involuntary motion induced by sudden noise, fright, or loss of balance

Contact with Electrical Current -- use of power hand tools, use of electrical tools and machines in wet or moist environments, use of un-insulated or grounded equipment, arc welding

Hazardous Environments -- work in confined spaces, work in presence of flammable atmospheres (especially with electrical equipment or potential sources of ignition), work on oxygen deficient atmospheres

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RECOMMENDED SAFE BEHAVIORS1. Never use tools or work with equipment that you

are not knowledgeable of or have not been trained to use.

2. Always use proper lockout and tagout procedures to prevent unexpected movement or operation of equipment being repaired, unclogged, or setup.

3. Shut off equipment before adjusting, cleaning, repairing, or oiling it. Use Lockout and Tagout procedures for potentially hazardous activities. (See LOTO Procedure.)

4. Always follow warning signs, labels, tags, signals, barricades, etc. Speak up if you see someone working in a potentially unsafe manner -- look out for each other.

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RECOMMENDED SAFE BEHAVIORS5. Do not walk, run, or drive equipment too fast

for the surrounding conditions -- congestion, work force present, weather conditions, etc.

6. Pass materials or tools to each other, do not throw or toss them. This is important especially for heavy, sharp or awkwardly shaped objects.

7. Avoid jumping from elevations such as ladders, platforms, steps, truck beds, etc. or between surface levels. Use stairs, steps, ladders, etc. to safely lower yourself.

Remember to use the 3-point contact rule -- always use either 2 hands and a foot or one hand and two feet to support or secure you while moving the other hand or foot. A four foot fall can generate about 800 pounds of force for a 175 pound person.

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RECOMMENDED SAFE BEHAVIORS8. NEVER remove, inactivate, or in anyway

tamper with safety guards, interlocks, or other safety devices. They are there to protect you.

9. Report damaged or defective safety devices immediately for repair.

10. Never knowingly use damaged or defective equipment. Report or turn in such equipment for repair or replacement

11. Always use the proper tool for the job. Never use a tool for a job that it was not designed for.

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RECOMMENDED SAFE BEHAVIORS12. NEVER remove, inactivate, or in anyway

tamper with safety guards, interlocks, or other safety devices. They are there to protect you.

13. Get assistance, either mechanical or human, before trying to lift or carry loads which are too heavy.

14. Avoid lifting from awkward or unbalanced positions.

15. Never operate or ride on equipment without authorization or training. Passengers are not permitted on fork lifts.

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RECOMMENDED SAFE BEHAVIORS16. Always wear the personal protective

clothing or equipment (goggles, gloves, shoes, aprons, etc.) required by the task being performed.

17. Shut off electrical current before cleaning, repairing or adjusting electrical apparatus.

18. Do not wear loose fitting, defective, worn, or unsuitable clothing or apparel for job. For most work shorts are not acceptable.

19. Do not attempt to do work for which you are not physically capable of performing.

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RECOMMENDED SAFE BEHAVIORS20. Inspect your tools and equipment regularly

before use to ensure that they are in safe condition.

21. MAINTAIN GOOD HOUSEKEEPING IN YOUR WORK AREA. Poor housekeeping could lead to serious falls.

22. Wear slip-resistant footwear. Wet areas can be very slippery and may be difficult to see.

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TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS1. Using tools or equipment without

adequate knowledge of or training in their proper use.

2. Failing to lock, b1ock or secure materials and equipment against an unexpected movement.

3. Failure to shut off machine before oiling, adjusting or repairing or when not being used.

4. Failure to warn others of or place warning signs, signals, tags, barricades, on, in, or around hazardous agencies.

5. Moving too fast through congested areas or in confined quarters.

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TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS6. Throwing materials instead of carrying

or passing them. 7. Jumping from elevations, such as ladders,

platforms, steps, etc. or between surfaces. 8. Removing safety devices or making

safety device inoperative. 9. Inadequate maintenance and/or

adjustment of safety devices. 10. Using defective equipment.

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TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS

11. Using wrong tool for the job or not using tool as intended.

12. Using hand instead of hand tools provided for job.

13. Failure to secure a firm grip before moving.

14. Overloading of trays, shelves, carts, etc.15. Performing unfamiliar tasks without

authority, knowledge or training.

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TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS16. Lifting or carrying too heavy loads, failure

to obtain assistance.17. Unauthorized riding of equipment.18. Lifting from awkward or unbalanced

position.19. Failure to wear personal protective

clothing or equipment (goggles, gloves, shoes, aprons, etc.) required by operation.

20. Failure to shut off electrical current before cleaning, repairing or adjusting electrical apparatus.

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TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS21. Wearing defective, worn, or unsuitable

clothing or apparel for job.22. Attempting to do work for which one is not

physically suited.23. Failure to maintain systematic and

periodic physical inspections of tools, equipment, and work areas.

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Questions?

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