Job and opportunities Income and poverty Giancarlo Blangiardo - Università Milano Bicocca Monica...

Job and opportunities Income and poverty

Giancarlo Blangiardo - Università Milano BicoccaMonica Perez - Istat Luciana Quattrociocchi - Istat Roberta Zizza - Banca d’Italia

What kind of integration?

Integration shows three specific characteristics: processuality, multi-dimensionality, and bi-directionality.

a)Integration is a process which always and only develops over time and requires some time.

b)Integration is always a multi-dimensional process, since it concerns different aspects of a migrant person’s life, that is to say, the economic, social, cultural, and political dimension.

c)Integration is always a bi-directional process, even when it is not immediately visible or it is rejected. Migrants must start a process of inclusion in the host society, which may be put into effect in different ways, but in any case obliges them to be confronted with the culture of the host country. The citizens of the host country, in turn, must be confronted with the newcomers and take a stance towards them (rejection, acceptance, mistrust, tolerance, openness, etc.), which may call their lifestyle into question, as well as their idea of their own integration in the society they belong to

Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013

Some Common Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration (*)

• (1) Integration is a dynamic, two-way process of mutual accommodation by all immigrants and residents of Member States (…).

• (3) Employment is a key part of the integration process and is central to the participation of immigrants, to the contributions immigrants make to the host society, and to making such contributions visible

• (6) Access for immigrants (…) to public and private goods and services, on a basis equal to national citizens and in a non-discriminatory way is a critical foundation for better integration.

• (11) Developing clear goals, indicators and evaluation mechanisms are necessary to adjust policy, evaluate progress on integration and to make the exchange of information more effective. (*)

(*) Justice and Home Affairs Council, 2004


Integration measure

How to measure and compare integration levels among migrant

populations (or sub-populations defined according to some specific

features)


The classical macro approach:by

statistical indicators of integration


Indicators on job and living conditions

• Job opportunities Employment rate Unemployment rate Activity rate Permanent/fixed term employment Part time/full time employment Education job-mismatches (over qualification)

…• Income, living conditions, poverty

Household net income People at risk of poverty or social esclusion Peolple living in household with very low work intensity Peolple at risk of poverty after social transfer Severally material deprived people

.....


Main labour market indicators processed on foreigners


Source: Labour Force Survey- Year 2012

Main indicators on living conditions of foreigners

Source: Survey on Living conditions of families with foreigners – Year 2009

Macro data from statistical sources duly processed to produce indicatorsMain sources

•Labour Force Survey

•EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions

•OECD PISA Survey

•Census data

•Etc.Ad hoc Italian surveys

•Survey on Living conditions of families with foreigners

•Survey on Social condition and integration of foreigners

•Survey of the Regional Observatory for Integration and Multiethnicity

(Ismu-Eupolis 2001-2012)


The alternative micro approach: by

individual scores of integration

Very apt to investigate differential aspects of the integration corresponding to local areas or to specific sub-populations

& to control the effects of local or targeted policies


Individual data-base from statistical surveys duly processed

The tools

•1) Individual Census outcomes or Representative samples of the target population•2) A methodology able to assign an integration score, according to a preliminary definition of integration, to every statistical unit of the sample


HOW TO

assign an integration score, according to a preliminary definition of integration, to every statistical unit of the data-base ?

the following steps are required

REMARKIn this example we shall consider the sole topic of labor market integration of TCNs. Anyway a similar procedure can be followed in order to assign individual integration scores regarding both other specific dimensions (education, social exclusion, etc.) and the integration level as a whole


Measuring integration through individual integration scores

• STEP1 Choice of the k integration variables of the dataset (according to a shared definition of integration in the labor market)

• STEP2 Identification of integration scores for each variable by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution of the k variables selected

• STEP3 Assignment the k scores to each statistical unit according to its modality of the variables under consideration

• STEP4 Attribution of the average score of integration at each statistical unit (such score will be considered as an additional variable to the original dataset)

• STEP5 Processing the integration average score in connection with the structural data (personal features, education, social inclusion, etc.)


Example of the application of the procedure

Definition: “a migrant who is employed with a stable/secured job that gives good income and is adequate to his education level can be considered fully integrated into the labor market”

Step 1

Selection of a set of indicators according to a definition of integration in the labor market4 dimensions

EmploymentStability &

job security

Net income from work

Over qualification

Source: PerLa Survey 2009 - Percorsi Lavorativi (Labour Path) 13,006 sample units;Target population: migrants living in Italy who have or had a legal job since 12 months before the surveyMethodology: Centre sampling


Step 2

Identification of integration scores by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution of the variables selected

lowest highest

-1 0 1Employment integration index (score)

(for each of the 4 dimensions)


Step 2 (cont’d)

Identification of integration scores by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution

Sample Frequency %Employment Unemployed 7.1

Employed 92.9Total 100

Stability & Low 0.1

job security Medium 38.6

High 61.3Total 100

Net income <500 € 3.1from work 500-800 € 28.5

800-1200 € 50.91200 – 1500 € 13.51500- 2000 € 2.9

2000- 3000 € 0.9> 3000 e 0.3

Total 100

Over qualification Severely inadequate 4.8(job compared Moderately inadequate 27.2to education) Adequate 68.0

Total 100


Step 2 (cont’d)

Example of identification of integration scores by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution

Sample Frequency % Corresponding Scores

Over qualification Severely inadequate 4.8 [ -27.2 -68.0 ] / 100 = -0.95

(job compared Moderately inadequate 27.2 [+4.8 – 68.0] /100 = -0.63to education) Adequate 68.0 [+4.8 +27.2] /100 = +32.0

Total 100

For each modality the corresponding score is obtained through the difference between the sum of the previous frequencies (relative) less the sum of the following ones. It can be remarked that, for any variable, the mean score for the whole set of sample units will be zero.


Set of scores(for each of the 4 dimensions)

Employment Unemployed -0.93

Employed +0.07

Stability & Low -0.99job security Medium -0.61

High +0.39< 500 € -0.97

Net income 500 – 800 € -0.65

from work 800 – 1200 € 0.141200 – 1500 € 0.781500 – 2000 € 0.952000 – 3000 € 0.99

> 3000 € 1.00

Over qualification Severely inadequate -0.95

(job compared Moderately inadequate -0.63

to education) Adequate 0.32


Steps 3 & 4

Assignment the scores to each statistical unit according to its modality of the variable under consideration (total 13,006 units) & Average of the 4 partial

scores (Final Mean score)Sample unitNo.

EmploymentStability &

job security (*)

Net income from work

(*)

(*) Over qualification

Mean score

Modality Score Modality Score Modality Score Modality Score

1 Employed +0.07 Low -0.99 <500 € -0.97 Severely inadequate

-0.95 - 0.712 Unemploye

d-0.93 High +0.39 500-800€ -0.65 Moderately

inadequate-0.63 -0.45

3 Employed +0.07 Medium -0.61 1500-2000€

+0.95 Adequate +0.32 +0.184 Employed +0.07 Medium -0.61 2000-

3000€+0.99 Severely

inadequate-0.95 -0.12

… …

1,000 Unemployed

-0.93 High +0.39 800-1200€ +0.14 Moderately inadequate

-0.63 -0.26… …

13,006 Employed +0.07 Low -0.99 >3000€ +1.00 Adequate +0.32 +0.10All

sample units

Mean Score

0.00 Mean Score

0.00 Mean Score

0.00 Mean Score

0.00

(*) Present or last jobJob and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013

Steps 5

Processing the integration scores together with structural data (personal features, education, social inclusion, etc.)

Integration Index: final mean scores by year of arrival to Italy and gender

Source: Ismu-PerLa 2009


Additional remark

Positive integration scores seem to be associated to better work conditionsscores

Source: Ismu-PerLa 2009

Work conditions Yes/No Final Mean integration score

Satisfaction for the present job Yes + 0.0341

No -0.1183

In the work place being the victim of aggression, threats, because foreign

Yes -0.0374

No +0.090

Aspects improved in the present work compared to the previous -

Salary / gain Yes +0.0513

No -0.1013

Type of job Yes +0.0429

No -0.0341

Responsibility Yes +0.0545

No -0.0259


A further example

Financial and ‘asset’ integration, based on Bank of Italy’s SHIW (Survey on Household Income and Wealth) biennial survey ran since the 1960’s on a sample of resident households (including foreign citizens)

4 dimensions•Home ownership•Having a current account or deposit•Net income from work•Net wealth per capita


The definition of financial and ‘asset’ integration (*)

“An adult who possesses a current account or a savings deposit with a bank or postal office, who is the owner of his/her dwelling, and has adequate financial resources (obtained by a work) and assets can be considered fully integrated from a financial point of view”.

(*) For economic resources refers to labor income (dependent and independent) for the whole assets to the complex of real assets and net financial assets held by the family and made in per capita terms.


Financial and ‘asset’ integration of foreign migrants (2006; 20-64 yrs)

• Men are more integrated than women, penalised by lower labour income, while they perform better in the other components referred to the household and not to the individual, plausibly reflecting the fact that women are less likely to live in single-person households (14%, versus 27% for men)

• Integration increases with the level of education (especially due to the labour income dimension)

Men

Wom

en

<=7

year

s

8-11

yea

rs

>=12

yea

rs

Com

pulso

ry

Dipl

oma

Terti

ary

educ

.

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

Notes: our elaborations on SHIW data. Caveats are needed due to small sample size.


Financial and ‘asset’ integration - The effects of the crisis

• In 2012 the degree of integration deteriorated wrt 2006 for both men (only due to the wealth component) and women (all dimensions)

Year Men WomenHome ownership 2006 -0.047 0.053

2010 -0.037 -0.008Var. 2010-2006 0.01 -0.061

Having a current account or deposit 2006 -0.011 0.0122010 0.026 -0.047Var. 2010-2006 0.037 -0.059

Net income from work 2006 0.277 -0.3082010 0.311 -0.309Var. 2010-2006 0.034 -0.001

Net wealth per capita 2006 -0.027 0.032010 -0.153 -0.073Var. 2010-2006 -0.126 -0.103

Average index 2006 0.048 -0.0532010 0.035 -0.109Var. 2010-2006 -0.013 -0.0056

Notes: our elaborations on SHIW data. Caveats are needed due to small sample size. Results are shown for the sake of illustration of the methodology.


Conclusions

• Micro and macro approaches can be fully achieved and can be complementary.

• Periodical sample surveys are required to monitor integration levels of foreign population and to assess progress.

• Individual level data from 2011 Census will offer an important opportunity to investigate in detail integration within migrant sub-populations and to compare them to the autochthons’.


Thank you for your attention

Job and opportunities Income and poverty Giancarlo Blangiardo - Università Milano Bicocca Monica...

Documents

Transcript of Job and opportunities Income and poverty Giancarlo Blangiardo - Università Milano Bicocca Monica...