JJT-022-2014 THERMAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A VERNACULAR … · JJT-022-2014 THERMAL PERFORMANCE...

Journal of Innovative Research and Solution (JIRAS)- A unit of UIIRS

Print- ISSN: 2320 1932 / Online ISSN – 2348 3636 Volume1 – Issue No.1 – Jan – Jun 2014

376

JJT-022-2014

THERMAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A

VERNACULAR RESIDENCE IN THANJAVUR REGION Ar. M. Dhanasekaran

1, Ar. P. Jayasudha

2

1Research Scholar, Department of Architecture, Periyar Maniammai University,

Vallam, Thanjavur.1Email.id: [email protected]

2Associate Prof., Department of Architecture, Periyar Maniammai University,

Vallam, Thanjavur.2Email.Id: [email protected]

Abstract: Globalization has contributed to economic growth, improved standard of living,

and imported trends and fashion throughout the world, with all its advanced technological

developments and faster communication facilities. At the same time, the architectural

characteristics of different regions and climatic zones have started losing their regional

identity and uniqueness, due to globalization. This has resulted in the use of irrelevant

design principles and materials in the built environment, which ultimately leads to

environmental degradation. Buildings today do not have any relevance to their context,

climate, and the user. The building industry at present creates innumerable wastes in terms of

spaces, skills and materials. There is a close connection between energy use in buildings and

the resulted environmental damage. Building sector electricity consumption has increased

from 14% to nearly 33% in 2004-2005 (BEE, 2010). If energy efficiency measures are

incorporated in the buildings judiciously, then the potential for energy savings could be 40%-

50% in these buildings (BEE, 2010). Climate responsive buildings or solar passive buildings

with advanced active systems seem to be most appropriate and efficient solutions to this

problem. The utilization of solar passive methods and techniques in modern buildings to

achieve thermal comfort allows the possibility of decreasing the dependence on fossil energy

as much as possible and realizes sustainability.

Keywords: Globalization, environmental degradation, energy saving, vernacular

architecture, energy efficient.

Introduction Energy conservation is the order of the day

today as energy consumption has increased

tremendously in all the fields. There is a

close connection between energy use in

buildings and the resulted environmental

damage. All the building materials used to

construct the vernacular houses are

available locally. This provides an edge on

environmental front as less energy is

involved in processing and transportation

and henceforth minimal environmental

degradation. Building sector electricity

consumption has increased from 14% to

nearly 33% in 2004-2005 (BEE, 2010). If

energy efficiency measures are

incorporated in the buildings judiciously,

then the potential for energy savings could

be 40%- 50% in these buildings (BEE,

2010). Climate responsive buildings or

solar passive buildings with advanced

active systems seem to be most

appropriate and efficient solutions to this

problem. The utilization of solar passive

methods and techniques in modern

buildings to achieve thermal comfort

allows the possibility of decreasing

thedependence on fossil energy as much as

possible and realizes sustainability.

mailto:[email protected]



377

Research methodology The purpose of this study is to identify and

understand the solar passive techniques

adopted in the vernacular residences of

Thanjavur region. So the study is carried

out by selecting, documenting and

analyzing a case study example in one of

the traditional settlements in this region,

and assessing their appropriateness in the

present context through a thermal

performance analysis using ECOTECT

2011 simulation software. Documentation of The Sample residence

Thanjavur is a traditional town which

dates back to the 3rd

century AD, and is

located in south- east part of India at

10°46′56.99″N latitude and 79°7′52.51″E

longitude with an elevation of 88m MSL.

It is well known for its strong and long

existing vernacular settlements.

Rural vernacular settlements in Thanjavur

region could be divided into two groups.

One is the consciously planned

settlements, which are community-based,

and the other one is the organically grown

settlements which are occupation-based.

Vernacular houses in this region had their

origin from a humble single spaced rural

hut, built by the locals with the available

knowledge of materials and techniques.

Later on, due to the increasing needs and

requirements, and also the exposure to

various applications of the material

resources and technical skills, the

residences have undergone various

changes and transformations at different

stages of development.So, the study was

conducted in a selected sample at Melatur

village and is analysed to identify the solar

passive techniques adopted in the design.

Description of the Sample

The selected sample is 200 years old, and

belongs to one of the headmen’s family,

whose main occupation is agriculture. The

family consisted originally of 15 members

(joint family), but now a single family

consisting of 5 members resides here. The

orientation of the house is North-South

and it faces south. The house abuts the

wide street at its front, and an open yard

with a kitchen garden and outdoor washing

area are located at its rear side. A small pit

in the backyard area is seen where the

kitchen waste and cow dung are stored;

they get decomposed and become compost

– i.e., organic manure. It is a multiple courtyard house (Figure 1

(a&b)), measuring 14.3m x 30.0m. The entire

residence consists of three courtyards of

different sizes, and each courtyard acts as a

core for the spaces and activities around it.

The front part is a semi private area, mainly

used by the male members of the family to

meet and entertain the outsiders and the

strangers. This consists of a double deep raised

platform (thinnai) at the front as the

transitional zone, and a lobby space (Rezhi)

acts as the buffer zone. The middle part of the

residence consists of a large living area and the

private rooms around the main central

courtyard are used both by the family

members and the relatives. The central court is

a larger one

http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Thanjavur&params=10_46_56.99_N_79_7_52.51_E_type:city(222619)_region:IN-TN



378

Figure 1(a&b) Plan and roof plan of the

Sample Residence

Figure 2(a&b) Elevation of the Sample

Residence



379

measuring 5.4m x 6.4m, where the family

functions, religious rituals and domestic

activities are carried out, and thus becomes

the major activity zone of the house.The

rear part of the residence is mainly used by

the female members and the servants,

where the cooking, dining and other

service activities are carried out. This part

of the house has two courtyards. The

kitchen court is almost a square, measuring

1.85m x 2.2m, exclusively meant for the

female members of the family, where daily

rituals by the females were carried out. A

thulsi madam is located in the court to

facilitate the activity which adds a

character to the court.

The service courtyard is a square one

measuring 3m x 3m, where a water well

along with the bathing and washing area,

and storage space are located. The house

has a cattle shed on the eastern side of the

house where there is a large open yard

meant for drying grain and other

agricultural produce.In Melattur, it is row

housing, with wall to wall construction,

and thus, the exposure of the longer side

walls to direct solar radiation is totally

avoided. The deep recessed thinnai

protects the front facade from the harsh

sun during summer, and heavy rains

during the monsoon period.

Thermal Performance Analysis of

the Sample Residence During Critical Month of Summer

Period (May 2013)

The selected sample is a south facing

residence consists of a large central

courtyard and two secondary courtyards.

The living space is located on the west and

northern side of the main central court,

private rooms at the front and kitchen at

the north-west corner with a kitchen

courtyard. The north-east part consists of

the utility area with a service courtyard.

a. This multiple courtyard house shows that

the indoor temperature was relatively

stable, ranges between 320C to 35

0C,

regardless of the fluctuation of outdoor

temperature which varies between 26.70C

to 41.30C.

Figure 4 - Thermal performance analysis

of sample residence at Melattur during

the critical month of Summer period (1st

May, 2013) calculated through Ecotect

Analysis

Figure 5 (a & b) -Thermal performance

analysis of sample residence at Melattur

during the critical month of Summer

period (12th

and 24th

May, 2013)

calculated through Ecotect Analysis



380

b. The maximum temperature of the indoor

spaces for the critical month of summer

period (1st May to 31

st May 2013) is as

follows:

37.40C for rezhi , i.e., 3.9

0C lower than the

maximum outdoor temperature 36.20C for

living space on the northern side, i.e.,5.10C

lower than the maximum outdoor

temperature and 36.30C for living on the

western side, i.e.,50C lower than the

maximum outdoor temperature, 36.90C for

front room, i.e.,4.40C lower than the

maximum outdoor temperature and 37.60C

for kitchen, i.e.,3.70C lower than the

maximum outdoor temperature.

c. It is evident that the living space on the

north and west side of the central court

maintains more or less the same

temperature with a diurnal variation of

1.70C and 1.9

0C respectively which shows

a considerable difference from the outdoor

temperature.

d. The minimum temperature of the indoor

spaces for the critical month of summer

period (1st May to 31

st May 2013) is as

follows:

33.40C for rezhi, i.e., 6.7

0C higher than the

minimum outdoor temperature 34.50C for

living on the northern side, i.e.,7.80C

higher than the minimum outdoor

temperature, 34.40C for living on the

western side, i.e.,7.70C higher than the

minimum outdoor temperature, 36.90C for

front room, i.e.,7.10C higher than the

minimum outdoor temperature and 32.40C

for kitchen, i.e.,5.70C higher than the

minimum outdoor temperature.

e. The temperature fluctuation for the indoor

spaces is 3.20C on an average (4

0C for

zone 1, 1.70C for zone 4, 5.2

0C for zone 5

and 1.90C for zone 9) whereas the

temperature fluctuation for the external

environment is 14.60C.

During Critical Month (January 2013)

Of Winter Period

a. During the month of January, the

indoor temperature of the house ranges

between 24.50C to 30.4

0C whereas the

outdoor temperature ranges between

20.60C to 32.7

0C.



381

b. The maximum temperature of the indoor

spaces for the critical month of Winter

Period (1st January to 31

st January 2013)

is as follows:

29.70C for rezhi , i.e., 3

0C lower than the

maximum outdoor temperature, 28.10C

for living on both the north and southern

side, i.e.,4.60C lower than the maximum

outdoor temperature, 28.60C for front

room, i.e.,4.10C lower than the maximum

outdoor temperature and 30.40C for

kitchen, i.e., 2.30C lower than the

maximum outdoor temperature.

c. The living space on the north and west

side of the central court shows a

considerable temperature difference from

the exterior temperature with a diurnal

variation of 1.50C and 1.6

0C respectively.

d. The minimum temperature of the indoor

spaces for the Winter Period (1st January

to 31st January 2013) is as follows:

Figure 6 (a & b) – Thermal

performance analysis of sample

residence at Melattur during the

critical month of Winter period (1st

and 12th

January, 2013) calculated

through Ecotect Analysis

Figure 7- Thermal performance analysis of

sample residence at Melattur during the

critical month of Winter period (24th

January, 2013) calculated through Ecotect

Analysis



382

25.20C for rezhi, i.e., 4.6

0C higher than the

minimum outdoor temperature, 26.60C for

living on the northern side, i.e.,60C higher

than the minimum outdoor temperature,

26.50C for living on the western side,

i.e.,5.90C higher than the minimum

outdoor temperature, 25.90C for front

room, i.e.,5.30C higher than the minimum

outdoor temperature and 24.50C for

kitchen, i.e.,3.90C higher than the

minimum outdoor temperature.

e. The temperature fluctuation for the

indoor spaces is 3.240C on an average

(4.50C for rezhi, 1.5

0C for living on the

northern side, 1.60C for living on the

western side, 2.70C for front room and

5.90C for kitchen) whereas the

temperature fluctuation for the external

environment is 12.10C.

Analysis

The selected sample residence at Melattur

shows a moderately low temperature

mainly due to the compact arrangement of

spaces around the central courtyard. The

living spaces on the northern and western

side maintains a comparatively lower

temperature than the other habitable spaces

in the house, mainly due to the presence of

movement passage (thazhvaram) around

the court which acts as a buffer zone in

between the courtyard and the living

space. Though the size of the courtyard

(5.4m x 6.4m) is slightly big (14% to the

plinth area of the dwelling), the projected

eaves prevents the entry of direct heat into

the living space. The openings aligned

along the axis facilitate air movement into

the spaces. Also the depth of the courtyard

(0.6m) dissipates most of the incident heat

thus facilitates low internal temperature.

The orientation of the habitable spaces in

the house plays a major role in reducing

indoor temperature. The spaces located on

the eastern and northern side have lower

temperature than the rooms located on the

western and southern side. Provision of

smaller window openings to the rooms

induces the air movement and thus reduces

the internal heat gain.

Solar Passive Techniques Construction Details and Materials Of

Building Components

Walls

The external walls of the houses are

completely shaded on all the four sides,

which is an essential pre requisite, in warm

humid climatic conditions. In a strict row

housing pattern, the wall surface exposed

to the atmosphere is reduced to the

maximum extent, and protects the

structure from radiation and avoids heat

gain considerably.

The walls are heavy and solid with varying

thickness and construction techniques,

which ensure high thermal insulation for

buildings. Flat bricks, mud and lime

mortar are the predominant materials used

for the construction of the foundation and

walls. The variation in wall thickness

makes a significant difference in the

comfort performance of houses. There are

a minimum number of openings in the

walls, which are comparatively smaller in

size and look plain and austere. The flat

brick walls are plastered and smoothly

finished with lime mortar, that reflects a

considerable amount of incident heat.

i. Flat Bricks: High density and high

strength flat bricks (8.5cm x 11cm x 4cm,)

made of sediment soil, are used in the

entire construction. They possess high

compressive strength compared to the

modern country bricks, and are used both

in exterior and interior walls.



383

Figure 8 (a & b) - Wall showing flat bric

construction

ii. Mortar: The sediment soil is mixed

with sand, water and herbal juices (jaggery

or molasses, nutmeg (kadukkai) and amla),

and ground manually to a consistency of a

nice paste, which is nothing but mud

mortar which was used as the main

binding mortar in the selected sample.

iii. Lime: Kankar lime is available in

plenty in this region, which is the main

source of lime production. At the time of

construction, jaggery or molasses, nutmeg

(kadukkai) juice and amla juice were

mixed with the fermented lime which

increases the binding nature of the mortar.

Roof

A sloping roof with tile covering, is the

skyline of almost all the vernacular

settlements in this region. The sloping roof

is made of country wood (such as Enn,

Poovarasu and Pillai Maruthu consists of

more fibre content) or bamboo rafters and

battens, covered with two to three layers of

pan tiles (15cm x 10cm x 1.5cm in size,

with a special locking projection at its

top). As treated materials, these bamboo

rafters exist without any damage for more

than 250 years. The sloping roof is one of

the major climate responsive elements in

the vernacular setting. It plays a significant

role in reducing the incident heat on the

surface, due to its angle of slope (300 -

350), and in reflecting the maximum

amount of heat back. The roof height near

the ridges is 5m, which acts as a major

insulation space and facilitates a good air

flow inside. The eaves project 0.7m

beyond the wall surface, so that it protects

the wall from direct sun light. As the roof

height near the courtyard is very low, it

allows filtered light and dissipated heat

into the spaces around.

Figure 9 : Wooden roof truss with

segmental arch for sloping roof and

Bamboo rafters in

traditional construction



384

Courtyards

Courtyards have a greater impact on the

thermal performance of the residences. It

is an excellent thermal regulator in many

ways. Courtyards play a significant role in

the moderation of the climate in the hot

summer seasons, and provide comfortable

living conditions for the families. The

central courtyard acts as a light well, as

well as an air shaft, bringing both daylight

and air circulation into the rooms around it

(Dili, AS et al, 2010). Due to the incident

solar radiation in the courtyard, the air in

the courtyard becomes warmer and rises

up. To replace it, cool air from the ground

level flows through the louvered openings

of the room, thus producing the air flow.

During the night, the process is reversed.

As the warm roof surface gets cooled by

convection and radiation, a stage is

reached when its surface temperature

equals the dry bulb temperature of the

ambient air. If the roof surfaces are sloped

towards an internal courtyard, the cooled

air sinks into the court, and enters the

living space through the low level

openings, and leaves through the higher

level openings (Meir, I. A et al 1995,

Anupama Sharma et al, 2003). The

passage around the courtyard with proper

light, temperature and air flow, acts as the

space for household activities. It acts as a

buffer space to filter the light to the living

area.

Figure 10 : Air flow facilitated through the

aligned openings and court

The vertical elements (columns / pillars)

located along the edge of the thinnai and

the edge of the courtyards reduce the heat

gain by the spaces, by dissipating the heat

back to the atmosphere.

Openings:

A simple way to reduce the heat-gain of

the building is for the windows to catch

the prevailing breezes. There are two

factors used in determining the openings in

a tropical building; solar shade and size

(Mohammad Arif Kamal 2012). Cross

ventilation is of prime importance in

humid tropical climates, as well as the

solar protection of the roof.



385

Doors, windows are the openings in these

vernacular residences and they are

minimal in number. As the streets have

row housing, the side walls of the

structures are not provided with windows.

The sizes of these openings are small

which regulate the air flow, and control

theamount of light entering the buildings.

All the windows have the same size in this

building. The front and back door

alignment with the courtyard, eases the

wind flow from the exterior to the interior.

The less number of openings are mainly to

maintain the privacy, temperature and

required lighting level. Wherever the

wooden beams come into contact with a

mud wall, the wooden members were

wrapped with lotus leaves and tied with

threads and ropes made of fibres from the

stem of the lotus flowers. This never

allowed the oil content in the wood to be

absorbed by the mud walls.

Advantages of the traditional

construction techniques:

1. The major elements of traditional

construction are compression members.

2. Tension is very minimum in the

structures (2-3%), and is taken care of by

the wooden members.

3. The usage of herbal juices increases the

binding nature of the mortar and

strengthens the structures.

4. No structural element is continuous as

the load is passed through the centre of

5. gravity, and assembling the components

is very easy.

6. To prevent moisture entry through

capillary action, stone bed blocks are

used, where the wall and roof meet.

7. The use of lime reduces the setting time

and thus increases the longevity of the

structures.

Table 1 -Solar Passive Techniques used in Vernacular Residences

Sl.

No.

Architectural aspect Solar Passive Features Effect

1. Settlement planning Compact, moderate

density and low rise

development

Grid iron layout with Wide

streets in east-west

orientation

Presence of a water body

within the settlement

Less exposure to direct solar

radiation and thus reduced heat gain

during summer and heat loss during

winter.

Protection of longer sides of the

built forms on the east and west side

due to row housing.

2. Built form and

orientation

Linear houses with north -

south orientation Reduction of incident heat on the

exposed surfaces

Enhanced air movement

Defined activity spaces with various

degrees of filtered lighting level.

Building components

i. Walls 60 cm thick, solid composite

wall using flat brick core

with laterite stone lining.

Reduces external heat gain due to

the thickness and the materials used.

Exposed laterite stone surface work

very well by absorbing the humidity



386

and helping the building to breathe.

60 cm thick solid flat brick

walls with lime mortar

plastering

Reflection of incident heat due to

the polished surface and reduces

external heat gain due to the

thickness.

ii. Roof

Sloping on all the four

directions with country tile

covering

Reflects most of the solar radiation

back to the atmosphere

Dissipates the heat due to surface

undulation

Provides an excellent insulation

with three layers of tile covering

with air space below.

Increased volume of the space due

to the height at the centre increases

the thermal comfort conditions

iii. Courtyard

Alignment along the axis

with door openings.

Sunken floor level to

dissipate heat

Due to the incident solar radiation,

the air in the courtyard becomes

warmer and rises up and cool air

from the exterior flows into house

thus producing the air flow. Allows

the cool air to sink into the court as

the roof surfaces are sloped towards

the courtyard and enters the living

space through the low level

openings.

Sl.

No.

Architectural aspect Solar Passive Features Effect

iv. Openings

Minimum number of small

window openings with

projecting roofs and eaves.

Low level openings due to

Raised plinth and projecting

eaves.

Doors aligned along the axis

through courtyard.

Clerestory openings in

double height central space

(Typology 3 houses)

Direct entry of heat through window

openings is minimized and allows

required amount of light.

Entry of cool air through the

openings from exterior as well as

from inner open courtyard.

Axial alignment of openings

facilitates easy air movement

through the interior.

Let out the hot air and smoke

(during rituals) easily.

v. Buffer spaces

Filtering the natural light

both from exterior and the

internal court.

Provides different grades of filtered

light to the interior spaces.

Makes the user to get adjusted to the

indoor environment when he enters

the house from bright sunny



387

exterior.

vi. Columns /

Pillars

Row of wood or stone

columns (as both structural

as well as functional

elements) provided along the

building edges both

internally (courtyard) and

externally (Thinnai).

Dissipates the incident solar

radiation and the polished surfaces

of the columns reflects the heat back

to the environment.

vii. Shading

Devices

Eaves projection in the front

and the rear part of the

buildings and into the

internal open courtyard.

Protects the exposed surfaces in the

front and back from direct solar

radiation by shading the walls thus

reducing the heat gain considerably.

Conclusion The study reveals that the identified

sample residence is highly responsive to

the climatic conditions. This is mainly due

to the sustainable principles adopted in the

residences, in terms of the spatial design

and flexibility, energy efficient principles

and thermal performance of the residences.

It is highly necessary to check the

relevance and applicability of these

principles in the present conditions, to

create buildings appropriate to the context.

The settlement is surrounded by dense

vegetation and shady trees, which have a

great impact on the micro climatic

conditions of the settlement.

Normally, the buildings are oriented in

north-south direction, so that the shorter

sides facing north and south are exposed,

and the longer sides facing east and west

are always shaded, as they are in the row

housing pattern. Detached structures (as in

Someshwarapuram) are shaded by means

of dense vegetation all around. Eaves

provide shade to the exposed surface to a

great extent, thus reduces heat gain.

The courtyard is the source of lighting and

ventilation, and makes the house

climatically responsive. The courtyard

aligned along the linear axis, and the

minimum openings ease the air flow

through the building, and ventilate all the

habitable spaces around the court (stack

effect).

The buffer spaces provided to avoid the

direct entry of solar radiation offer a

significant design approach in the

vernacular residences. In addition, they

provide the required level of lighting to

different spaces with different activities,

facilitating energy efficiency.

As the spaces are designed to

accommodate any activity any time,

natural energy sources could be utilized to

the maximum possible extent, thus making

the structure energy efficient.

The use of indigenous materials available

in abundance, leads to the climate

responsive and energy efficient design of

vernacular structures. The thickness of the

walls and their composite construction is

the main reason for their high thermal

insulation property. In Someshwarapuram

houses, the walls are plastered with mud

mortar mixed with broken pieces of pot

tiles, ensuring extra strength to the walls of

these structures.

The round country tile reflects a

reasonable amount of heat, due to its

surface undulation. The attic space helps to



388

reduce the temperature of the ceiling thus

producing comfortable interiors. The size,

projecting eaves, low height roof and

wooden columns along the edge, and the

depth of the courtyard which is around

45cm, prevent direct entry of heat into the

house through the court, dissipate heat,

and allow diffused day light inside.

It is clear from the analysis that, the bond

between the materials and nature, and the

way they react or respond to nature will

never change. It is only the link between

the people and the materials, and the way

they look at the materials and use them

that is getting changed with time, which

has an impact on the architecture. It is

highly essential to respect and learn

valuable lessons from the past, as the

present scenario forces people to get away

from the box-in-box life style, due to

globalization, modernization and

urbanization, at least for a short duration.

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Tiwari, R (2003), ‘Climatic Responsive

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