Jim Crow & Civil Jim Crow & Civil RightsRights

Unit IIUnit II

How to Address The How to Address The End of SlaveryEnd of Slavery Slavery has Ended Due to The Slavery has Ended Due to The

Results of the Civil War. The Results of the Civil War. The Government has Tasked You With Government has Tasked You With Creating A Strategy To Handle All Creating A Strategy To Handle All These Freed Slaves In The SouthThese Freed Slaves In The South

Each Table GroupEach Table Group

Create a List of Create a List of 4 to 5 MAJOR 4 to 5 MAJOR problems problems That Can Come From Freed That Can Come From Freed Slaves. Slaves. Explain Why Explain Why It’s a ProblemIt’s a Problem

Develop A Solution to Each Of the Develop A Solution to Each Of the Problems And Explain Problems And Explain How It Will WorkHow It Will Work

Be prepared to present to Class & Be prepared to present to Class & Defend Your AnswersDefend Your Answers

Discussion Question 2/23:Discussion Question 2/23:What Political Party Do What Political Party Do Blacks Usually Support? Blacks Usually Support? Why?Why?

ReconstructionReconstructionPart IPart I

End of an EraEnd of an Era

Civil War Ends & Slaves are FreeCivil War Ends & Slaves are Free

Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau– To Provide Relief for Southerners & To Provide Relief for Southerners &

Assistance to Former SlavesAssistance to Former Slaves

Goal: LandownershipGoal: Landownership– What Challenges Faced Former Slaves In What Challenges Faced Former Slaves In

This Area?This Area?

Reconstruction, ItselfReconstruction, Itself

To Build the South BackTo Build the South Back

Lincoln (R)Lincoln (R)– Ten Percent PlanTen Percent Plan– STRONG OppositionSTRONG Opposition

What Did This Lead To? How Would It Have What Did This Lead To? How Would It Have Affected Blacks?Affected Blacks?

Johnson (D) Johnson (D) – BLACK CODES (Jim Crow)BLACK CODES (Jim Crow)

Reconstruction PoliticsReconstruction Politics

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans– AGAINST JohnsonAGAINST Johnson– Passed Civil Rights Act of 1866Passed Civil Rights Act of 1866

Constitutional AmendmentsConstitutional Amendments– 1414thth (Granted Citizenship) (Granted Citizenship)

What Did THIS Overturn?What Did THIS Overturn?

– 1515thth (Suffrage for Black Men) (Suffrage for Black Men)

The Growth of BLACK The Growth of BLACK POWER!POWER!

Blacks Begin to Be Blacks Begin to Be Elected to Political Office Elected to Political Office – Under Which Party?Under Which Party?

Many Were Elected to Many Were Elected to U.S. House & SenateU.S. House & Senate– Why Were Almost All of Why Were Almost All of

These From the South?These From the South?

Other ExamplesOther Examples– Creation of Black Creation of Black

CollegesColleges– Established Black Established Black

ChurchChurch

Dark DaysDark Days

Southern Whites Southern Whites Opposed ALL of Opposed ALL of ReconstructionReconstruction– Fought Back Violently Fought Back Violently

(KKK)(KKK) How Did This Group How Did This Group

Intimidate People?Intimidate People?

Rise in Rise in Sharecropping & Sharecropping & Tenant FarmingTenant Farming– Working to One Day Working to One Day

Own the LandOwn the Land What Are Problems What Are Problems

With This?With This?

End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction

Violence in the South Made Violence in the South Made Reconstruction Lose Support in Reconstruction Lose Support in CongressCongress– Democrats Begin to Take Control of Democrats Begin to Take Control of

CongressCongress

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877– Federal Troops REMOVED From SouthFederal Troops REMOVED From South

Why Might This Have Been a BIG Problem?Why Might This Have Been a BIG Problem?

Discussion Question Discussion Question 2/272/27

Do We Still Segregate Do We Still Segregate Ourselves Today? How So?Ourselves Today? How So?

Part IIPart IIThe RISE of Jim CrowThe RISE of Jim Crow

Solving the ‘Race” Solving the ‘Race” ProblemProblem IntegrationIntegration

– Mix Races Together; Equal Playing FieldMix Races Together; Equal Playing Field Would the Playing Field Be Equal? Why or Why Would the Playing Field Be Equal? Why or Why

Not?Not?

SegregationSegregation– Separate the RacesSeparate the Races– Argued for By Whites and MANY BlacksArgued for By Whites and MANY Blacks

Why Would Blacks Argue FOR Segregation?Why Would Blacks Argue FOR Segregation?

Segregation MontageSegregation Montage

Jim Crow’s CreationJim Crow’s Creation

Jim Crow OriginJim Crow Origin– A Character in BLACKFACE A Character in BLACKFACE

Redeemer Lawmakers (D)Redeemer Lawmakers (D)– Goal Was to Redeem The SouthGoal Was to Redeem The South– Passed Laws that Separated the Races in Passed Laws that Separated the Races in

Public & Private FacilitiesPublic & Private Facilities What Are Some Legal/Constitutional Problems What Are Some Legal/Constitutional Problems

Here?Here?

The Courts Support The Courts Support SegregationSegregation The Slaughterhouse CasesThe Slaughterhouse Cases

– Business Owners Fought LA Over 14Business Owners Fought LA Over 14thth Amendment RightsAmendment Rights

– Court Argued CITIZENSHIP is ALL That’s Court Argued CITIZENSHIP is ALL That’s Guaranteed, Not RightsGuaranteed, Not Rights

How Does Impact Blacks?How Does Impact Blacks?

PLESSY v FERGUSONPLESSY v FERGUSON– 1/8 Black Argued Right to Sit in White 1/8 Black Argued Right to Sit in White

SectionSection– Courts: Separate AND Equal is OkCourts: Separate AND Equal is Ok

What is the “One-Drop Rule”?What is the “One-Drop Rule”?

Blocking the VoteBlocking the Vote

Many Tactics Were Used to Keep Many Tactics Were Used to Keep Blacks From VotingBlacks From Voting

Poll TaxesPoll Taxes Literacy TestsLiteracy Tests Grandfather ClausesGrandfather Clauses

– If Grandfather Could Vote, You Could TooIf Grandfather Could Vote, You Could Too Why Might They Have Used ALL Three Tactics At Why Might They Have Used ALL Three Tactics At

Once?Once?

LynchingsLynchings

Murder of An Individual Through Murder of An Individual Through Hanging w/ No TrialHanging w/ No Trial– Why Might They Do This?Why Might They Do This?

Lynch MobsLynch Mobs– 900 Blacks KILLED btwn 1882 & 900 Blacks KILLED btwn 1882 &

1892 1892

Race RiotsRace Riots

Whites Would Invade WHOLE Black Whites Would Invade WHOLE Black Communities and RiotCommunities and Riot

Wilmington, NC Wilmington, NC 1898 Coup1898 Coup– Successful Blacks in Politics & BusinessSuccessful Blacks in Politics & Business– White Citizens Burned Down Black White Citizens Burned Down Black

Businesses & Kicked Black Politicians OUT Businesses & Kicked Black Politicians OUT of Townof Town

Have You Ever Heard This Story Before? If Not, Have You Ever Heard This Story Before? If Not, Why?Why?

Discussion Question Discussion Question 2/282/28

Are Blacks Today Self-Are Blacks Today Self-Sufficient? Can We Take Sufficient? Can We Take Care of Ourselves?Care of Ourselves?

Part IIPart IIBlack Survival Black Survival

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

Former Slave Who Pushed Self-RelianceFormer Slave Who Pushed Self-Reliance– Why Would He Push This?Why Would He Push This?

Atlanta CompromiseAtlanta Compromise– Blacks & Whites Should Work TogetherBlacks & Whites Should Work Together

Tuskegee InstituteTuskegee Institute– Pushed Education From Ground UpPushed Education From Ground Up

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

NAACP Founder Who Was Against NAACP Founder Who Was Against SegregationSegregation

Talented TenthTalented Tenth– Young Blacks With Potential For LeadershipYoung Blacks With Potential For Leadership

What Qualities Would These People Need to What Qualities Would These People Need to Have?Have?

Niagara MovementNiagara Movement– Organization Put Together to Fight For Civil Organization Put Together to Fight For Civil

RightsRights

OpponentsOpponents

ProgressivesProgressives

National Urban LeagueNational Urban League– EconomicEconomic

National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)(NAACP)– Political; Landmark Court CasesPolitical; Landmark Court Cases

How Is This Group Portrayed Now?How Is This Group Portrayed Now?

Black EducationBlack Education

HBCUsHBCUs– Formed to Provide a Place for Blacks to Formed to Provide a Place for Blacks to

Expand Their EducationExpand Their Education

Writers/PoetsWriters/Poets

Fraternities & SororitiesFraternities & Sororities– Mostly To Help Blacks Have a Group to Mostly To Help Blacks Have a Group to

Study & ServeStudy & Serve Unite or Divide?Unite or Divide?

Black BusinessesBlack Businesses

Black PressBlack Press– Push the Message Important to Black Push the Message Important to Black

Readers Not Covered in MainstreamReaders Not Covered in Mainstream Is This Still Necessary Today?Is This Still Necessary Today?

Manufacturing/BankingManufacturing/Banking– Private Owners Making Lots of MoneyPrivate Owners Making Lots of Money

ScientistsScientists

InventionsInventions– Light Bulbs, Trains, BrakesLight Bulbs, Trains, Brakes

Do We Here These Facts Today?Do We Here These Facts Today?

George Washington CarverGeorge Washington Carver– Researcher at TuskegeeResearcher at Tuskegee– Used Peanuts to Revolutionize…Used Peanuts to Revolutionize…

EverythingEverything

Washington vs. DuBois Washington vs. DuBois AssignmentAssignment Washington- Education Before Washington- Education Before

LiberationLiberation DuBois- Liberation Before EducationDuBois- Liberation Before Education

Who Was Right?Who Was Right?

LIST 3 Pros & Cons of EACH Thought ProcessLIST 3 Pros & Cons of EACH Thought Process

Write a Paragraph Describing Which Side You Write a Paragraph Describing Which Side You Agree With The Most and WhyAgree With The Most and Why

Form GroupsForm Groups

Brainstorm the 3 BEST Reasons Brainstorm the 3 BEST Reasons Your Side is Right…and 3 BEST Your Side is Right…and 3 BEST Reasons Their Side is WrongReasons Their Side is Wrong

Write on Big PaperWrite on Big Paper

Choose 3 People To RepresentChoose 3 People To Represent

How Might a Black Soldier in WWI & WWII Felt About Their Situation?

Discussion Question 3/2

Major Events Before The Movement

Part III

World War I

Many Blacks Believed If They Served Honorably, Discrimination Would Lessen

Very Little Combat Roles– Exception: Harlem Hell Fighters

Ignored Post-War; Violence– How Would a Vet Feel About This TODAY?

The Great Migration

Originally Blacks Brought In To Do Manufacturing Jobs for WWI– Why Else Would Blacks Migrate

North?

Northern Cities Grew– Cultural Diffusion

The Great Depression

Many Blacks Lost Jobs Up North– What Would YOU Do

In This Situation?

Unemployment Reached 52% For Black Male Workers (1931)– Less Opportunity for

Recovery

The New Deal

Brought Relief As Many Programs Got Blacks Back to Work

FDR– Shifted Blacks to Democratic Party

What Must Have the Republican Party Been Doing?

– Created “Black Cabinet”

World War II

Military Was Still Segregated, But More Blacks Participated

Blacks Got Hired in Factory Jobs At Home– What is This Similar To?

Tuskegee

The Tuskegee Experiment (1932)– Gave Black Men Syphilis With NO

Treatment to Study The Disease

The Tuskegee Airmen– Trained at Tuskegee Institute– Flew 16,000 Missions, Won Over 900

Medals

Would You Prefer a Segregated School If All Else Were Equal? Why or Why Not?

Discussion Question 3/5

Anti-Segregation Movement

Part IV

We’re NOT Gonna Take It Some Progress

– Desegregation of Armed Forces & Federal

– Reduce Discriminatory Hiring Practices

Vets Fight Back– Why Might A Vet

Have More Influence Than Others?

School Desegregation

The First Fight Against “Separate But Equal”– NAACP & Thurgood Marshall

The Law Schools– Why Might Law Schools Be First?

Brown v. Board of Education Attempt to Enroll Black Students in Closer

NEIGHBORHOOD Schools– What is this similar to?

Case Argued By Marshall

Courts Find “Separate But Equal” UNCONSTITUIONAL– What Does “With All Deliberate Speed” Mean?

Little Rock Nine

Strong Opposition to Integration; Blacks Pushed For It

Attempt to Enroll 9 Blacks in AR Met With Violent Resistance

Federal Troops Were Called In To Integrate– Why Didn’t the Governor Do This?

Other Incidents

Jackie Robinson– Signed By Dodgers to Integrate MLB– Chosen More For Personality Than Playing

Ability Why?

Emmitt Till– “Whistled” at White Woman– Kidnapped & Murdered; Found NOT Guilty

What Would Have to Happen to Cause YOU to Get Up And Protest?

Discussion Question 3/7

Non-Violent Protest Strategies

Part V

Legal

Using the Court System and Precedence to Change Things

– Brown vs. Board of Education

Positives– Changes Laws Altogether

Negatives– Takes Time

What Can This Do?

Political

Pressure Political Officials to Pass Laws Changing Rules– Civil Rights Act of 1965

Positives– Creates NEW Laws

Negatives– Time, Support?

What About Our Process Makes This Difficult?

Boycotts

Refusal to Participate in Order to Cause Economic Distress– Montgomery Bus Boycott

Positive– Hits Opponents in Wallet

Why is This Very Effective?

Negative– Participation, Commitment

Sit-Ins

Sitting Down In a Place Where Unwanted Until Forcibly Removed– Greensboro Sit-In

Positive– Disrupts, Show of Force

Negative– Vulnerable, Commitment

Could YOU Go Through Abuse For This Cause?

Marches/Rallies

Show of Solidarity to Push Massive Support for Cause– March on Washington

Positive– Strong Numbers, Powerful

Negative– Participation, Vulnerable

What Are Some Challenges?

Lawson Strategies

Watch the YouTube Video Clip

Count Off in Groups Divided By 5

Develop 2 Skits Representing The Strategies Used During Civil Rights; Record Reasons WHY Its Effective & Ineffective – Everyone Must Have a Role

What Makes Movements Successful?

Discussion Question 3/13

Taking It To The Streets

Part V

Montgomery Bus Boycotts Baton Rouge, LA

Rosa Parks– Planted By NAACP To Start Boycotts

Could You have Taken This Road?

Success– Led by MLK– 90% of Blacks Refused to Ride Until Buses

Integrated

New Groups

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)– Use Religion to Fight Discrimination

How Does This Compare to the Past?

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)– Northern Group; FREEDOM Riders

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)– YOUNG People Organized Against Segregation

Where Was this Formed?

Freedom Riders

Blacks and Whites Rode Through South to Desegregate– What Image Does this Show?

Attacked Brutally Through Rides

Federal Intervention– RFK vs the SOUTH

Freedom Rides Map

Ole Miss & ‘Bama

University of Mississippi Refused to Admit James Meredith– Fed. Troops Sent In

Riots– 2 Killed; 1 French

How’d This Look?

Gov. George Wallace of AL– BLOCKED Door of UA

Big Violence

Albany & Birmingham– Violence & Arrests

Medgar Evers– Murdered in Driveway

4 Little Girls– Blown Up in Building

Governors on Race

We Will Listen to Audio Recordings of Brief Excerpts From 2 Different Speeches Given By Two Different Governors

You Must Respond to These Topics on Each Speech:– Name of Governor– State– Main Idea of Excerpt– Tone (How Did It Sound? Emotions?)– Does the Same Mindset Exist Today? Problems?

How So?

What Can Possibly Make People Lose Control?

Discussion Question 3/16

The Movement Grows

Part VI

The Civil Rights Laws

Civil Rights Act (1964)– Outlaws Discrimination Against ANY

Individual– JFK Could NOT Get Passed, LBJ Could

What Made This The Case?

Voting Rights Act (1965)– Outlawed Literacy Tests, etc– Used TV Coverage to Help Passage

Explain How TV Affects People’s Views

De Facto vs. De Jure

Discrimination Existed Absolutely Everywhere

De Facto (By Fact)– North; Housing, Hiring

Does This Still Exist? How Does it Work?

De Jure (By Law)

Chicago

MLK & Crew Saw Terrible Conditions for Blacks in the North

Operation Breadbasket– Organization to Fight Discrimination

in North– Led by Jesse Jackson

How Is Jesse Viewed Nowadays?

Freedom Summer

Attempt to Register Black Voters in Mississippi– Why Would They Fear Registering Voters?

Anger Rose, Bombing of Black Churches

Three Civil Rights Workers Killed

The Death of MLK (4/4/68)

MLK Begin Speaking Out Against Not Just Discrimination but Vietnam

Standing at a Hotel in Memphis King was Shot by James Earl Ray– Do You Believe This is

How It Happened? Why?

Riots Broke Out in Over 100 Cities

Militant Mindsets

Part VI

Dissatisfaction w/ Nonviolence Desegregation Was a SLOW Process

– Why?

Conditions Didn’t Improve in Black Neighborhoods

Involvement in Vietnam– What Are Black’s Grips With Vietnam?

Riots

Watts Rebellion (1965)– Black Man & Family Were Arrested– 98% White Police vs. Frustrated Black

Citizens 35 Million in Damage, 34 Killed…What is the

Shock Here?

Others– Chicago & Detroit

Black Nationalism

Mostly Younger Activists

Creation of Own Political Parties, Businesses, & Culture– WHICH Famous Activist Did This Fit

With?

Black Power

Anti-Integration– What Did They Want Then?

Begun Under Stokley Carmichael– What Else Did He Start?

Militant Tactics– Gathered Weapons & Explosives

Black Panthers

Begun by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale in CA to Protect Residents– Similar to What?

Socialists Trained in Military Tactics– How May The Government View This? Why?

FBI Response– Shootouts, Counter-Intelligence

KHS Five-Point Plan

On a Sheet of Paper, Write Down 5 Things You Want to Express as a Student at KHS– Be Ready to Explain Why

Write Them The Way The Black Panthers Ten-Point Plan Was Written– “We Want…”

We Will Compile the Best Ten & Post Them

Black Child’s PledgeBlack Child’s Pledge

I pledge allegiance to my Black People.I pledge allegiance to my Black People.I pledge to develop my mind and body I pledge to develop my mind and body to the greatest extent possible.to the greatest extent possible.I will learn all that I can in order to give I will learn all that I can in order to give my best to my People in their struggle my best to my People in their struggle for liberation.for liberation.

I will keep myself physically fit, I will keep myself physically fit, building a strong body free from building a strong body free from drugs and other substances which drugs and other substances which weaken me and make me less weaken me and make me less capable of protecting myself, my capable of protecting myself, my family and my Black brothers and family and my Black brothers and sisters.sisters.

I will unselfishly share my I will unselfishly share my knowledge and understanding knowledge and understanding with them in order to bring about with them in order to bring about change more quickly.change more quickly.I will discipline myself to direct I will discipline myself to direct my energies thoughtfully and my energies thoughtfully and constructively rather than wasting constructively rather than wasting them in idle hatred.them in idle hatred.

I will train myself never to hurt or I will train myself never to hurt or allow others to harm my Black allow others to harm my Black brothers and sisters for I recognize brothers and sisters for I recognize that we need every Black Man, that we need every Black Man, Woman, and Child to be physically, Woman, and Child to be physically, mentally and psychologically strong.mentally and psychologically strong.These principles I pledge to practice These principles I pledge to practice daily and to teach them to others in daily and to teach them to others in order to unite my People. order to unite my People.

The Nation of Islam

Pat VII

Islam: The Religion

“Spin-off” of Judaism with emphasis on Great Prophet Muhammad

Viewed By Muslims as the ONE True Religion

“Dark Man’s Religion– Brought to America FROM Africans

The Nation of Islam

Elijah Muhammad– Most Famous Leader– Considered a Prophet

Different Form of Islam Focused on Black Nationalism/Self-Help

Current– Controversial LOUIS FARRAKHAN

Malcolm X

Ex-Con From Harlem Who Educated Himself in Jail Through The Nation

Great Leader– Spoke About Striking Back Against White

Oppressors– Changed Views After Haji

Murdered– Another Muslim

Tactics

Nation of Islam Would Build Mosques Around the Country & Attempt to Convert Blacks Through Programs

Used The Prison System to Convert Blacks Incarcerated to Add a Sense of Unity

Split

Infiltration By FBI Made Members Suspicious

X & Muhammad Split After Revelation of Muhammad’s Infidelity/Hypocrisy

Controversy