Jihad as Terrorism Webinar

By: Dr. Jeffrey C. Fox, PhDFox Public Safety: Training, Educating, and Consulting LLC

https://www.fox-publicsafety.com/Linkedin

https://www.linkedin.com/profile/preview?locale=en_US&trk=prof-0-sb-preview-primary-buttonFox Public Safety: Training, Educating, and Consulting LLC

Online Training Offeredhttps://foxpublicsafety.eleapcourses.com/

Knowledge is Power Francis Bacon & Thomas Jefferson

“If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle (Sun Tzu, n.d.).”

2

Overview and GoalsTo bring more awareness to this issue. To enhance the ability to gather, take in, understand and utilize intelligence in prevention as well as response to terrorism. To understand the true threat we face in the short and long term.

Jihad, as terrorism, is the actualized result which stems from a much larger pool of followers, believers, sympathizers, and compatriots. Terrorists and those who directly and indirectly support them do not exists in or operate from a vacuum. You don’t have to be a card carrying, certified member of ISIS or Al Qaeda to be a Jihadists.Such things as Sharia law pose an existential threat and serves as a springboard for violence in many Muslim dominated and controlled societies.

– It is from these roots, which are learned from infancy in many cases, where Islamic inspired terrorists form to create the tip of the Jihadist spear.

– For others, including some in the U.S., they become radicalized through social media, online venues, some mosques, and the religious text(s) themselves. Notice I did not say “self-radicalized”.

– This term seems to offer solace or helps placate the harm done as if to say the terrorist somehow spontaneously, with no help, became a radical Muslim. 3

Terrorism 101Terrorism is a tactic nothing more and nothing less. What matters is the motive used by those who use terrorism as a tactic. Terrorism can be found on a spectrum of conflict. When an officer responds to a violent act or even a horrible accident, such as an explosion, he or she will seldom know what the cause or motive was at first glance.

– “All terrorists are criminals, but not all criminals are terrorists.”

Distinctions are easier to make than definitions. White's (2002) approach is illustrative of this, placing terrorism along a continuum of conflict where related behaviors can be sorted out. This approach sees terrorism as between rioting and guerilla warfare:

4

Terrorism Defined

There is no one definition of terrorism. In fact, the word might be impossible to define because it is intangible and fluctuates according to historical, ideological, and geographical contexts. There is no universal definition of terrorism (Long, 1990). In the U.S. alone we have approximately 100 definitions. The bigger question is, when does one become a terrorist?

5

Official Definitions of Terrorism

State Department definition, Title 22 of the U.S. Code, Chapter 38, Section 2656f(d): premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.

FBI definition: the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.

Defense Department definition: the calculated use, or threatened use, of force or violence against individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies, often to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives.

6

Role of Eschatology

Eschatology means day of Yahweh, which means the Day of Judgment by God. This term is tied to apocalyptic thinking meaning revelation.Revelation and eschatology mean the same thing. For over 2000 years, Christians have waited for the final judgment of God. There is some disagreement as to how and exactly when this will occur.Joining political beliefs with apocalyptic thinking is ripe for violence.Eschatological terrorism is not only dramatic it is mammoth in nature and effect. *I have not seen this to be the focus of Islamic terrorism.

7

Role of Eschatology

Terrorists who derived their dogma from religion have the following views: –the world is separated by good and

evil–killing is sacramental in nature–violence is indiscriminate–they speak for God (Allah)–they have no wider audience–the greatest good is for self–they demonize their enemies

Important Terms

Caliph: title of the ruler or leader of the Umma (global Muslim community); the head of the former Islamic Empire; the title was abolished by Kemal Attaturk in 1924 following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire and the founding of modern Turkey.dar al-Islam: “House (Realm) of Islam”; Islamic territory ruled by Sharia lawdar al-harb: “House (Realm) of War”: territory ruled by infidelsdar al-sulh: “House (Realm) of Truce”: territory ruled by infidels but allied with Islam; territory ruled by Muslims but not under Sharia lawDhimma: the pact of protection extended to non-slave “People of the Book”, usually Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians, which permitted them to remain nominally free under Muslim rule.dhimmi: “protected”; people under the protection of the dhimma.hadith: “report”; any of thousands of episodes from the life of Muhammad transmitted orally until written down in the eighth century AD; sahih (reliable or sound) hadiths are second only to the Quran in authority.

8

Important TermsIslam: “submission” or “surrender.”Mecca: holiest city of Islam; place of Muhammad’s birth in AD 570; early period in Muhammad’s life where more peaceful verses of the Quran were revealed.Medina: “city of the Prophet”; second holiest city of Islam; destination of Muhammad’s Hijra (emigration) in AD 622; later period in Muhammad’s life where more violent verses of the Quran were revealed.Muslim: one who submits.Quran (Kuran, Quran, etc.): “recitation”; according to Islam, the compiled verbatim words of Allah as dictated by Muhammad.Sira: “life”; abbreviation of Sirat Rasul Allah, or “Life of the Prophet of Sunnah: the “Way” of the Prophet Muhammad; includes his teachings, traditions, and example.Sura: a chapter of the Quran; Quranic passages are cited as Suranumber:verse number, e.g., 9:5.

9

Muslim Population

As of 2010, over 1.6 billion or about 23.4% of the world population were Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim:– 91.2% in the Middle East-North Africa– 29.6% in Sub-Saharan Africa– 24.8% in Asia-Oceania – 6.0% in Europe– 0.6% in the Americas

10

Muslim Attitudes & Opinions Survey Data

26% of younger Muslims in America believe suicide bombings are justified.35% of young Muslims in Britain believe suicide bombings are justified (24% overall).42% of young Muslims in France believe suicide bombings are justified (35% overall).22% of young Muslims in Germany believe suicide bombings are justified (13% overall).29% of young Muslims in Spain believe suicide bombings are justified (25% overall).

– http://www.pewresearch.org/files/old-assets/pdf/muslim-americans.pdf#page=60Pew Research (2007)

11

Muslim Attitudes & Opinions Survey Data8% of Muslims in U.S. say suicide bombings and other violence against civilians in defense of Islam is sometimes or often justified. 81% say it is never justified.

– http://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-app-a/

29% of Muslim-Americans agree that violence against those who insult Muhammad or the Quran is acceptable (61% disagree).

– http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/150612-CSP-Polling-Company-Nationwide-Online-Survey-of-Muslims-Topline-Poll-Data.pdf

24% of Muslim-Americans say that violence is justified against those who "offend Islam" (60% disagree).

– http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/150612-CSP-Polling-Company-Nationwide-Online-Survey-of-Muslims-Topline-Poll-Data.pdf

– The Polling Company CSP Poll (2015)

51% of mosques in the U.S. have texts on site rated as severely advocating violence; 30% have texts rated as moderately advocating violence; and 19% have no violent texts at all.

– http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/sharia-adherence-mosque-survey/html

– Terrorism Research Institute Study

38.6% of Muslims believe 9/11 attacks were justified (7% "fully", 6.5% "mostly", 23.1% "partially")

– http://elderofziyon.blogspot.com/2008/05/that-tiny-percentage-of-radical-muslims.html– http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1154– Gallup

5% of American Muslims have a favorable view of al-Qaeda (27% can’t make up their minds). Only 58% reject al-Qaeda outright.

– http://www.pewresearch.org/files/old-assets/pdf/muslim-americans.pdf– Pew Research (2007) 12

Muslim Attitudes & Opinions Survey Data

Large majorities of Muslims favor Sharia. Among those who do, stoning women for adultery is favored by 89% in Pakistan, 85% in Afghanistan, 81% in Egypt, 67% in Jordan, 50% in 'moderate' Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, 58% in Iraq, 44% in Tunisia, 29% in Turkey, and 26% in Russia.

– http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-full-report.pdf Pew Research (2013)

58% of Muslim-Americans believe criticism of Islam or Muhammad is not protected free speech under the First Amendment. 45% believe mockers of Islam should face criminal charges (38% said they should not).12% of Muslim-Americans believe blaspheming Islam should be punishable by death.43% of Muslim-Americans believe people of other faiths have no right to evangelize Muslims.32% of Muslims in America believe that Sharia should be the supreme law of the land.

– http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2012/10/31/sixty-percent-of-us-muslims-reject-freedom-of-expression/– http://www.answeringmuslims.com/2012/10/poll-nearly-half-of-us-muslims-believe.html– Wenzel Strategies (2012):

13

Muslim Attitudes & Opinions Survey Data

According to a nationwide online survey of 600 Muslims living in the U.S.:(51%) agreed that “Muslims in America should have the choice of being governed according to shariah.”(51%) of U.S. Muslims polled believed either that they should have the choice of U.S. or shariahcourts, or that they should have their own tribunals to apply shariah. Only 39% of those polled said that Muslims in the U.S. should be subject to American courts.Nearly 25% of the Muslims polled believed that, “It is legitimate to use violence to punish those who give offense to Islam by, for example, portraying the prophet Mohammed.”Nearly 20% of Muslim respondents said that the use of violence in the U.S. is justified in order to make shariah the law of the land in this country.

Center for Security Policy President, Frank J. Gaffney, Jr., observed:The Pew Research Center estimates that the number of Muslims in the U.S. was 2.75 million in 2011, and growing at a rate of 80-90 thousand a year. If these estimates are correct, the U.S. would have approximately 3.3 to 3.5 million Muslims today.

– If only 5% of Muslims were “radicalized” that would be approximately 175,000 in the U.S.– If only 10% of Muslims were “radicalized” that would be approximately 350,000 in the U.S.– If only 15% of Muslims were “radicalized” that would be approximately 525,000 in the U.S.

2013 survey – Muslims living in the U.S.

14

The Beginnings - Roots

According to Islamic teaching, the Quran came down as a series of revelations from Allah through the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad, who then dictated it to his followers. Muhammad’s companions memorized fragments of the Quran and wrote them down on whatever was at hand, which were later compiled into book form after Muhammad’s death.The Quran is about as long as the Christian New Testament. It comprises 114 suras (not to be confused with the Sira, which refers to the life of the Prophet) of varying lengths, which may be considered chapters. According to Islamic doctrine, it was around 610 AD in a cave near the city of Mecca (southwest Saudi Arabia) that Muhammad received the first revelation from Allah by way of the Archangel Gabriel.

15

Historical Context

16

Historical Context

17

Historical Context

18

Historical Context

19

WWJD

What would Muhammad do - WWMD?– Military strategy– International diplomacy– Social policy

Islamic Doctrine is derived from two sources:The Koran (recitation – Allah – Archangel to

Muhammad)The Sunnah (or way of the Prophet Muhammad)Hadith literature is specifically the record of the

sayings of Muhammad.Sirat or Sirah literature. Sirat literally means

“biography.” 20

Islam 101

Islam requires submission to Allah, whose words are written in the Quran.On Judgement Day, Allah weighs one’s good and bad works and decides whether you go to Paradise or hell.Allah stated, in the Quran, that if you die in jihad then you are spared judgment and automatically go to Paradise.The verses in the Quran that speak of jihad override the verses that speak of love and kindness.Jihad is the motivation behind almost every act of terrorism that is done in the name of Islam.

21

Islam 101

Secular Muslims– They believe in the nice parts of Islam. They reject the call for jihad.

This is the majority of Muslims.Traditional Muslims– They study, know, and practice Islam. They know of jihad but consider

it a spiritual struggle.– The other group of traditional Muslims know of jihad and believe it is

the harsher version, but they do not practice it for several reasons:They lack the ability for various reasons.They are concerned about what would happen to them and their families.

Fundamentalist Muslims– These are the ones who commit terrorism.

They wish to practice Islam as Muhammad did.They are called radical but they are practicing true Islam.

22

Islam 101

Those who reject Islam must be killed. If they turn back (from Islam), take (hold of) them and kill them wherever you find them. (Surah 4:89)So, when you meet those who disbelieve, smite (their) necks till when you have killed and wounded many of them, then bind a bond firmly (on them,. i.e. take them captives). Surah 47:4

23

Islam 101

Whatever Muhammad did or said became the basis from which to model all life and belief. What must be understood regarding the Sunna is that it is equally important to the Muslim as the Quran. This is because it is the Sunna that interprets the Quran. Without the Sunna, the Quran cannot be properly understood. In fact, many aspects and practices of the Islamic religion are not even mentioned in the Quran but are found only in the Sunna.

Sources of the Sunna– The Sunna is mined primarily out of two different types of Islamic

literature. The first and most important of the two types of traditions is what is called Hadith literature. Hadith literature is specifically the record of the sayings of Muhammad. Secondly, there is what is called Sirat or Sirah literature. Sirat literally means “biography.” So the sirat-rasul is a biography of the “apostle” or “prophet” Muhammad. There are many ancient and modern biographies of Muhammad’s life.

24

Islam 101Sunni (80-85%)Shiite (15-20%) (Iran mainly)

A number of other types of Islam exists besides the two major branches. Followers of Sufism, the mystical tradition of Islam, can be found in both the Shiite and Sunni communities. Progressive Muslims, who take a more liberal stance on such matters as the veil and women's leadership in mosques, have developed a significant presence as well. One type of Islam that has emerged outside of the Sunni and Shiite branches is Ahl Al-Quran, also known as the Quranists, which rejects the Hadith in favor of following the Quran alone.Wahhabism is the dominant form of Sunni Islam found in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Qatar. Wahhabis see themselves as adherents of the true, authentic Islam, the so-called original Islam that existed in the time of the Prophet. Very traditional, ultraconservative, fundamentalist.Salafism might be attributed to earlier, pre-modern periods (per adherents), or not (per scholars). Salafi are considered to predate Wahhabi but they are about the same thing.72 overall typesKhomeinist – Follow the Ayatollah 25

Abrogation

Abrogation (‘Al-mansukh wa al-nasikh’ in Arabic—the abrogated and the abrogating): verses that come later in the Quran, chronologically, supersede, or abrogate, the earlier ones. In effect, this results in the more moderate verses of the Meccan period being abrogated by the later, violent, Medinan verses. “When we cancel a message, or throw it into oblivion, we replace it with one better or one similar. Do you not know that Allah has power over all things?” (Quran 2:106)

26

Divisions

SunnisBelieve that the Caliph, ruler of the Muslim community, should be elected by the religious leaders of the community and not in lineage of Muhammad.

ShiitesBelieve that the Caliph should be descendants of Muhammad and not elected by the community.

Islam 101

Lying/Taqiyya: It is permissible for a Muslim to lie, especially to non-Muslims, to safeguard himself personally or to protect Islam.“‘Unless you indeed fear a danger from them’ meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly…We smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them.’” (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, vol. 2, 141)Non-Muslims are “the most vile of created beings” (Q 98:6)Be “merciful to one another, but ruthless to the unbelievers” (Q 48:29)“It is the nature of Islam to dominate, not to be dominated, to impose its law on all nations and to extend its power to the entire planet.” (Hassan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood)“Islam isn’t in America to be equal to any other faith, but to become dominant[s5] . The Koran should be the highest authority in America, and Islam the only accepted religion on Earth.” (Omar Ahmad, Council on American Islamic Relations co-founder/Board Chairman, 1998[s6] )

28

Islam 101

Democracy & Islam: Any system of man-made law is considered illicit under Islamic law, for whose adherents Allah already has provided the only law permitted, shariah. Islam and western-style democracy can never co-exist in harmony. – “And if any fail to judge by the light of what Allah has

revealed, they are no better than unbelievers.” (Q 5:47)“The shariah cannot be amended to conform to changing human values and standards. Rather, it is the absolute norm to which all human values and conduct must conform.” (Muslim Brotherhood spiritual leader Yousef al-Qaradawi[s3] )

29

Islam 101

Apostasy (‘Irtidad’ or ‘Ridda’ in Arabic): The established ruling of shariah is that apostates are to be killed wherever they may be found. “Anyone who, after accepting Faith in Allah, utters Unbelief, except under compulsion, his heart remaining firm in Faith—but such as open their heart to Unbelief—on them is Wrath from Allah, and theirs will be a dreadful Penalty.” (Q 16:106) 30

Islam 101

Take 9:5, commonly referred to as the “Verse of the Sword”, revealed toward the end of Muhammad’s life:9:5. Then when the Sacred Months (the 1st, 7th, 11th, and 12th months of the Islamic calendar) have passed, then kill the Mushrikun {unbelievers} wherever you find them, and capture them and besiege them, and prepare for them each and every ambush. But if they repent and perform As-Salat (Iqamat-as-Salat {the Islamic ritual prayers}), and give Zakat {alms}, then leave their way free. Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

31

“Pillars of Islam”The Declaration of Faith – A Muslim bears witness that there is one God, “Allah,” and Muhammad is messenger of God. Prayer – Muslims pray five times a day; daybreak, noon, midafternoon, sunset, and evening. Zakat- This means “purification.” They show Thanksgiving to God by supporting the poor annually. The Fast of Ramadan – This particular fast occurs once each year during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and the month in which the first revelation of the Quran came to Muhammad. Pilgrimage or Hajj to Mecca in Saudi Arabia – This pilgrimage occurs after Ramadan. “At least once in his or her lifetime, every adult Muslim who is physically and financially able is required to make the sacrifice of time, possessions, status, and normal comforts necessary to make this pilgrimage, becoming a pilgrim totally at God's service.”

Sharia LawUnlike many religions, Islam includes a mandatory and highly specific legal and political plan for society called Sharia, which translates approximately as “way” or “path.” Because Sharia originates with the Quran and the Sunnah, it is not optional. Sharia is the legal code ordained by Allah for all mankind. To violate Sharia or not to accept its authority is to commit rebellion against Allah, which Allah’s faithful are required to combat.There is no separation between the religious and the political in Islam; rather Islam and Sharia constitute a comprehensive means of ordering society at every level. The precepts of Sharia may be divided into two parts: Pillars

– 1. Acts of worship – 2. Human interaction

33

Sharia Law

34

Use of Sharia by country:Green -Sharia plays no role in the judicial system.Yellow - Sharia applies to Muslim's personal law.Blue - Sharia applies in full, including criminal law.Orange - Regional variations in the application of sharia

Jihad What does “jihad” mean?Jihad literally translates as “struggle.” The question remains as to what sort of “struggle” is meant: an inner, spiritual struggle against the passions, or an outward, physical struggle.As in any case of trying to determine Islamic teaching on a particular matter, one must look to the Quran and the Sunnah. From those sources (see above) it is evident that a Muslim is required to struggle against a variety of things: laziness in prayer, neglecting to give zakat (alms), etc. But is it also plain that a Muslim is commanded to struggle in physical combat against the infidel as well. Muhammad’s impressive military career attests to the central role that military action plays in Islam.“Jihad is fighting anybody who stands in the way of spreading Islam. Or fighting anyone who refuse to enter into Islam” (based on Surah 8:39) Sixty percent (60%) of Quranic verses talk about jihad. Muhammad received most of the Quran after he left Mecca and went to Medina (Gabriel, 2002).

35

JihadJihad is warfare to spread Islam:“Fight and kill the disbelievers wherever you find them, and seize them, beleaguer them and lie in wait for them in every stratagem of war…” (Q 9:5)“Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the Religion of Truth, from among the People of the Book, until they pay the jizya with willing submission and feel themselves subdued.” (Q 9:29)“So fight them until there is no more fitna and all submit to the religion of Allah alone.” (Q 8:39)“I have been commanded to fight people until they testify that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammed is the Messenger of Allah, and perform the prayer, and pay the zakat. If they say it, they have saved their blood and possessions from me, except for the rights of Islam over them. And their final reckoning is with Allah” (Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim – agreed upon – as cited in ‘Umdat al-Salik o9.1 Jihad)“Jihad means to wage war against non-Muslims and is etymologically derived from the word mujahada, signifying warfare to establish the religion.” (‘Umdat al-Salik, o9.0, Jihad) 36

Asymmetric Warfare

Modern terrorism is a manifestation of asymmetric warfare due to a transition or evolution in terrorist strategy in recent years. While old tactics remain, newer terrorists shun hierarchical command structures in favor of horizontal, leaderless, or amorphous "freelance" structures. Martyrdom has become the weapon of choice in asymmetric warfare because the willingness to accept casualties has been made so easy. It is a low-tech, low-cost weapon wielded against formidable adversaries with unrivaled might and power. When bin Laden issued his 1998 fatwa calling for Americans to be killed anywhere in the world, he laid the foundation for asymmetrical international war, which Raymond (2003) defines as "organized violence conducted between political units of vastly unequal military capability, where the weaker side relies on relatively low-tech means to attack a more powerful high-tech opponent."

37

38

A Very Brief History of Jihad1983 Beirut Bombing1993 World Trade Center Bombing1996 Bin Laden declares war on U.S.1998 Osama bin Laden publicly declared that acquiring unconventional weapons was a religious duty1998 Two U.S. Embassies bombed in Africa 2000 USS Cole Attacked by suicide bombersSeptember 11, 2001 Terror Attacks

39

Tactics & Weapons

Chemical Weapons– Easy to get but lack sufficient killing power

Biological Weapons– Combine maximum destructiveness and easy

availability

Radiological WeaponsNuclear Weapons

– Great killing capacity but are hard to obtain

Explosive Weapons– IEDs, VBIEDs, Bombs,

etc.Cyber terrorismHostage takingVehiclesShooting, burning, decapitating, etc.

Badly damaged building of Beslan school No1 after the storming / Frame from the NTV Channel

Trends & Patterns

Plots in U.S. Of the 60 plots, 49 could be considered homegrown terror plots. This means that one or more of the actors were American citizens, legal permanent residents, or visitors radicalized predominately in the United States. (Heritage Foundation)

40

Trends & Patterns

41

Trends & Patterns

42

Trends & Patterns

43

Trends and Patterns

44

Mosque in U.S.

45

MosquesRandom survey of 100 representative mosques in the U.S. was conducted to measure the correlation between Sharia adherence and dogma calling for violence against non-believers. Of the 100 mosques surveyed:– 51% had texts on site rated as severely advocating violence– 30% had texts rated as moderately advocating violence– 19% had no violent texts at all.

Mosques that presented as Sharia adherent were more likely to feature violence-positive texts on site than were their non-Sharia-adherent counterparts.In 84.5% of the mosques, the imam recommended studying violence-positive texts. The leadership at Sharia-adherent mosques was more likely to recommend that a worshiper study violence-positive texts than leadership at non-Sharia-adherent mosques.Fifty-eight percent of the mosques invited guest imams known to promote violent jihad. The leadership of mosques that featured violence-positive literature was more likely to invite guest imams who were known to promote violent jihad than was the leadership of mosques that did not feature violence-positive literature on mosque premises.

46

Concluding Comments

We are involved in a multigenerational war. At this point the enemy is using terrorism and all the force multipliers it brings with it – asymmetric warfare. They are using our laws and freedoms against us. The answer or response to this war is not job programs or empathy on our part. It is not appeasement. They view appeasement and such acts as weakness. It is not closing Gitmo.Part of the answer is a strong united front involving both law enforcement domestically and our military internationally through a series of counterterrorism operations based on real time, accurate, and unfiltered honest intelligence. But before we can truly be successful with any of this we must recognize the enemy as and for what it is and what it is not.

47

The End!Questions?

If you have questions or would like a copy of the PPT please contact me.

Dr. Jeffrey C. Fox, PhDFox Public Safety: Training, Educating, and Consulting LLC

https://www.fox-publicsafety.com/Linkedin

https://www.linkedin.com/profile/preview?locale=en_US&trk=prof-0-sb-preview-primary-buttonFox Public Safety: Training, Educating, and Consulting LLC

Online Training Offeredhttps://foxpublicsafety.eleapcourses.com/

jcfpdf@msn.comOffice: 540-524-9103Cell: 540-420-7423

48

49

ReferencesBarrett, J. M. (2004, September/October). Containing Al-Qaeda. Foreign Policy, 144, 4-6. Bergen, P. (2004, October). The long hunt for Osama. Atlantic Monthly, 294(3), 88-100. Borum, R. (2003, July). Understanding the terrorist mind-set. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 72(7). 7-10. Bowden, M. (2003, October). The dark art of interrogation. The Atlantic Monthly, 292(3), 51-74. Burke, J. (2004, May/June). Al-Qaeda. Foreign Policy, 142, 18-26. Byman, D. L. (2003, October). Al-Qaeda as an adversary: Do we understand our enemy? World Politics, 56(1), 139-164. Cullison, A. (2004, Summer). Inside Al-Qaeda’s hard drive. Atlantic Monthly, 294(2), 55-70. Davis, G. M. (2006). House of war: Islam’s jihad against the world. Los Angeles, CA: World Ahead Publishing.Devanney, J., & Devanney, D. (2003, August). Homeland security and patriot acts. Law and Order, 51(8), 10-11. Dolnik, A. (2003). All God’s poisons: Re-evaluating the threat of religious terrorism with respect to non-conventional weapons. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 242-262). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Downing, W. A. (2005). The global war on terrorism: Re-focusing the national strategy. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 435-453). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Effects of September 11. (2003, February). Monthly Labor Review 126(2), 46. Ellis, L., & Walsh, A. (2000). Criminology a global perspective. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Emerson, S. (2002). American jihad: The terrorists living among us. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Gabriel, B. (2009). The must be stopped. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Griffin. Gabriel, M. A. (2002). Islam and terrorism. Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House.Gearson, J. (2002, August). The nature of modern terrorism. The Political Quarterly, 73(1), 7-24. Gorka, S. (2016). Defeating jihad: The winnable war. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.

50

ReferencesGunaratna, R. (2004, Summer). The post-Madrid face of Al-Qaeda. Washington Quarterly, 27(3), 91-100. Harris, L. (2002, August/September). Al-Qaeda fantasy ideology. Policy Review, 114, 19-37.Hayes, L. (n.d.) Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden’s Network of Terror. Pearson Education. Retrieved from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/terror-qaeda.htmlHenzel, C. (2005, Spring). The origins of Al-Qaeda ideology: Implications for US strategy. Parameters, 35(1), 69-81. Hoffman, B. (1998). Defining terrorism. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 3-23). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Hoffman, B. (2004, December). Al-Qaeda and the war on terrorism: An update. Current History, 103(677), 423-428. Howard, R. D. (2005). Preemptive military doctrine: No other choice. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 454-460). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Hudson, R.A. (1999). Who becomes a terrorist and why. Gilford, CT: Lyons Press.Kemp, A. (2008). Jihad: Islam’s 1,300 year war on western civilization. UK: Ostara Publications.Levitt, M. (2004, Winter). Untangling the terror web: Identifying and countering the phenomenon of crossover between terrorist groups. SAIS Review, 24(1), 33-49. McCormick, P.T. (2006, March). Violence: religion, terror, war. Theological Studies, 67(1). 143-163. Meisels, T. (2004, July). Targeting terror. Social Theory and Practice, 30(3). 297-327.Nasir, S. A. (2003, September/October). Al-Qaeda, two years on. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 59(5), 32-42. Phares, W. (2005). Future jihad: Terrorist strategies against america. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Pilla, D. (2001, October 26). The cost of terror. Best’s Review, 102(6), 16-22.

51

ReferencesPillar, P. R. (2001). The dimensions of terrorism and counterterrorism. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 24-43). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Pillar, P. R. (2004). Counterterrorism after Al-Qaeda. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 474-483). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Pillar, P. R. (2004). Counterterrorism policy and the political process. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 496-504). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Posen, B. R. (2001). The struggle against terrorism: Grant strategy, strategy, and tactics. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 461-473). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Powell, B. (2004, August 16). Target: America. Alleged Al-Qaeda attack on financial institutions in Newark, New York and Washington, D.C. Time, 164(7), 28-36. Ranstorp, M. (1996). Terrorism in the name of religion. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 153-167). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Reveron, D. S. (2005, Autumn). Al-Qaeda: Casting a shadow of terror. Naval War College Review, 58(4), 146-148. Sanderson, T. M. (2004, Winter). Transnational terror and organized crime: Blurring the lines. SAIS Review, 24(1), 49-62. Sedgwick, M. (2004). Al-Qaeda and the nature of terrorism. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism understanding the new security environment (2nd ed.), (pp. 187-205). Dubuque, IA: McGraw Hill.Simonsen, C. E., & Spindlove, J. R. (2004) Terrorism Today: The Past, The Players, The Future (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

52

References

Smith, P. J. (2002, Summer). Transnational terrorism and the Al-Qaeda model: Confronting new realities. Parameters, 32(2), 33-47. Snyder, L. (2004, March). Weakened Al-Qaeda still a threat. Building Operating Management. Suspected Al-Qaeda Terrorist Acts. (n.d.). Pearson Education. Retrieved from http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0884893.htmlTolson, J. (2004, May 17). Cracking Al-Qaeda’s code. U. S. News & World Report, 136(17), 72-73. Utley, J. B. (2004, March). Analyzing Al-Qaeda and protecting America. The World & I, 19(5), 34-40. Virgo, J.M. (2001, December). Economic impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Atlantic Economic Journal, 29(4), 353-358. Voll, J. O. (2001, December). Bin Laden and the new ago of global terrorism. Middle East Policy, 8(4), 1-5. White, J. R. (2003). Terrorism an introduction (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.Wiktorowicz, Q., & Kaltner, J. (2003, Summer). Killing in the name of Islam: Al- Qaeda’s justification for September 11. Middle East Policy, 10(2), 76-88. Wolfendale, J. (2006) Terrorism, security, and the threat of counterterrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29. 753-770. Wolosky, L., & Heifetz, S. (2002, Fall). Regulating terrorism. Law and Policy in International Business, 34(1), 1-5. Zagorin, A. (2004, August 16). Inside Al-Qaeda’s Files. Evidence of planned attacks on financial centers. Time, 164(7), 32-33.