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A Study of the extent of the "Good faith"principle in
agreement with the legal approach
By
Reza Rahimi dehsori
PhD Candidate in Jurisprudence and Law, University of Qom
*Seyed Mahdi Entezari
Postgraduate level 3 of the Qom Seminary and a Master of Divinity of Tehran University
Hossein Asad zadeh
PhD Candidate in Jurisprudence and Law, University of Motahari, Tehran
Abstract
Good faith in contract law means to fulfill the obligation as faithfully, fair,
reasonable and avoid any malice and fraud and rooted in moral concepts such as loyalty,
honesty, justice, fairness, honesty and trust. The arrival of this principle to the rights
and laws of some countries like France is one of the symbols of moral influence on the
civil law rights. Although the jurisprudence of goodwill to its legal concept is not
mentioned explicitly, laws and titles such as E. rule, required to deliver judgments
related to holy Makasib and ethical principles in the form of customs, trade, and Astyad
this concept is understood, the goodwill plays a role as a connection point between
science.
Key words: goodwill, contracts, ethics and jurisprudence.
*Corresponding author
1
1.Introduction:
Islam is a comprehensive school, and a combination of beliefs, laws and ethics,
Jurisprudence tells opinions about should and should not and ethics of perhaps and
nonperhaps, Viewpoint of individual religious beliefs and moral precepts together and
form complement each other and behavior and personality. There is no doubt that each
of these are different in terms of subject, predicate and target encapsulation and there's
no denying the boundaries between science. But the question is whether moral
principles such as good faith can play a role in jurisprudence and be a basis for the
practical rules? It is necessary to study this issue in today's changing attitude to legal
issues, particularly in the law of contracts. A trend toward the adoption of ethical
principles, including goodwill shown by the legal systems Including goodwill of the legal
system is perceived, a tendency that also affected the legislator so that Article 3 of the e-
commerce has made in good faith. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce goodwill, its
effects on the legal origin of the Jurisprudence trace. Goodwill as a bridge between law
and morality, is the subject of this article.
This article the issue will be considered from two perspectives: In the first part,
studied the goodwill and its effects and regarding I that the origin of this debate is
foreign rights ,the first image is presented in good faith in the system. The second
section deals with this issue that where is the place of good faith in law? Is this concept
can be found in the system, and if so, where it should be searched.
1.1.The first – Acquiring principle of good faith
Goodwill essentially is a moral value after the development and came into law in
order to expanse the social communication and business communities and the
emergence of complex legal disputes.
To the realization of justice and equity in the legal relations of the drought eased
regulations and seeking rights to be moral. One of its applications is contract law.
"Goodwill is constant and independent concept and it can be determined in any
contract according to the rules and conditions not merely in the abstract situation
2
"(Jafarzadeh and maybe that's why, as far as we review the rules, none of the legal
systems do not provide a definition of good faith and many lawyers have described that
it is conceptually simple and impossible have tried to identify and explain the legal
ethical principles and foundations.
1.2.The concept of good faith
Goodwill is known as synonymous with ignorance of legal flaw that the person
doing it with ignorance. Also in the contract is used in the sense of speech and honest.
(Katoozian, N, Abbas Zadeh, Mohammad Hadi, 2013: 167-86) and it is said two
common means due to its wide applications in various legal fields,misconception and
integrity. (Fakhr al-Din Asghari Qmashhady and Hamid Reza Aboueye, 2008: p.29-49).
The concept of good faith observes two directions in the contracts governing aspects of
the support that comes from ignorance.
a. Supportive Goodwill (comes from ignorance)
A person who is out of ignorance or take mistake in legal action and think that his
action is in accordance with the law or get the rig in Legal action.So,the legislators
supporting him against its harmful consequences in certain amount
This type of goodwill that can be referred to excusableness aspects does not count
as moral virtue. Because if the subject is in a state of ignorance, mistakes in
implementation, faults, forgetfulness, or ignorance, or done good or bad work isnt
worthy to praise and condemnation,i.e, good and evil are not arise on this subject. But
because the action of this person isnt protected by law, such as 'seizing someone's
property, the obligation of good faith in denying him the right to demand compensation
and maintenance costs, and so it's not fair. "(See Katoozian , N, Abbas Zadeh,
Mohammad Hadi, 2013: 167-86)
÷
B. Goodwill obligation (lead from manner)
3
The duty of good faith is: "proper behavior, tree planting and respect for self and
other interests; As a rule of conduct in good faith done or not done demand the
following things from someone else. "(Hajypvr, M., 2011: 83-100)
In this sense ,good faith means having loyalty and avoiding deception and betrayal
at all stages of contract to the conclusion of the negotiation, execution, interpretation
and the liquidation of the flow. Behavioral aspect of good faith divided into positive
and negative intentions to have. (Faruqi, 1988)
1.3.Ethics is the legal principle of good faith
Goodwill associated with the ethical implications of the factors that led to the
acceptance or rejection of it is as a matter of principle difference in rights contracts.
«About Foundations of analysis required to comply in good faith in the contracts of
three ethical theory express the necessity and expediency of the parties" (Habibi, p.
298) .Among these three ethnic is the proportionality issue that is investigated . There
are two major perspectives in the root of the debate between ethics and jurisprudence
in this area:
1.4.Transformation of ethics to legal
The first position is that the border between law and morality should be picked.
The dignity that separates ethics and law are fictitious because the law is ignored ethical
issues. Discussion about the absence of holy Makasib raised but why envy and avarice
and worldliness, and so has not been raised. "(Hedayati, p. 63) This theory explains and
justifies what is that "law enforcement without regard to personal characteristics and
psychological which leads to unfair results. Moral rejects this process and recommends
moderate drought legal norms. However, it should recognize nuclear, alter or
reject,existenss should be imposed on its nuclear and change them. "(Katoozian and
Abbas Zadeh, 2013: 167-86)
4
In the words of the martyr Motahhari also seen content that can be corroborated
this view since said by critical tone: "The denial of the principle of justice and influence,
more or less hinder to grow the social philosophy of Islam in the minds.
And based on rational and scientific and to be guide for law and creates
jurisprudence opposite with other principles of Islamic and without principles and
without social philosophy, if liberty and freedom of thought remained and the issue of
supremacy companions and came from the Shiite tradition .We had social philosophy
and jurisprudence that compiled based on the principle of justice and not have a
conflict and the current stalemate "(Motahari, p. 26 and 27) Or on the other part,
Islamic law considers a spiritual body, the soul and the body is variable and fixed it
"principle of justice" that is the spirit of Islamic law.(Motahari, p. 271)
The second view holds that moral and religious propositions are contradictory in
terms of subject and predicate"The issue of the ethical issues and cases within the
human soul is spiritual attributes, but it must act in jurisprudence and his personal and
social behavior.
Predicates in ethics, good or ugly, while the predicate in the jurisprudence of the
commands is the five obligatory and forbidden and abominable and recommended and
is permissible. "(Hedayati, p. 61.)
5
About which of these two views is accurate,we can say that morality and law are
two independent sciences. They differ in terms of subject and predicate proposition can
not be denied But the point is whether the law can enter in ethical virtues and put them
in orders? It seems the answer is positive.
To quote the philosopher,the best reason for happening something is possibility of it
and we see that in many cases have occurred. For example, truth, lies, infidelity and
practice his pledge are ethical issues that it is a matter of law but ethics says
Honesty is good and lying is not worthy . About other moral values like "bona
fide" is true It can be owned and respect for fact and what is required in the field of
contracts?
6
And there are reasons that make necessary the observance of good faith in the
contract, such as the verse (Al-Ma'idah verse: 1) Which seems to clearly indicate this fact.
According to this article the purpose of good faith here is not only an internal
characteristics,but also think the jurisprudence issued to the inner traits of behavior
that is not a legal ruling on it and we believe Although the term "bona fide" in
jurisprudence applied, but in many instances have been raised that the trading rules
that are in accordance with this principle.
1.5. Producer moral virtue in legal principle of good faith
In legal sources and validity, Barbie in particular devoted to customs and
tradein.For example, Jaber Sahiheh by Imam Baqir (AS) has written in the book which
Allameh Helli wrote on the topic of business etiquette as follows: Imam Ali (AS) in
Kufa, used every morning, while the shoulders if he were carrying a whip,
They had come out of the palace and in the markets. Then stood up and yelled to
every market: O merchants : fear Allah. (From the market) when he heard screams (of
awesomeness them)throw what in their hands and realized his heart and soul to him
and listen..
7
He looked at the market and then to settle all the people, instead of returning. "(Koleini,
p. 383) version of the document is correct. For all those who are in the chain of Emami
and are trustworthy.
Section II : The effects of acting "Good faith " in the legal
"Good faith"is an internal state which has both positive and negative intentions .It
means going to believe its positive, the concept of right and good and negative aspects
related to avoidance of deceit, deception, concealing the fact and abstain from
attending any privileges absurd than the other. (Farooq, 1988: 87, 88; Black, following
"Bad faith" and "Good faith")
Of course, as mentioned in the first part of this division is the supervisor on duty
aspect of goodwill and in this section we introduce examples of it in jurisprudence but
then take over comes and issues related to protection of the mistake and the wrong
impression of it in one more chance .
-Positive effects of goodwill
1. Loyality in word means complete and perfect: it is the right business to one
that is based on Vafi .The term "Ghadir" is used to mean the opposite of faith.
Means to deliver on its commitment to its protection and various definitions
have been proposed such as:
8
"Accompanied by the promises of equality and protect and preserve the tradition
of love in secretly and publicly and in the presence and absence " .loyality in debt means
paying and act sth ans sale of loyality is to sell the product to the customer and when
paid the loan back the goods to the seller. (See Khalil ibn Ahmad, vol. 8, p. 409. 5. Ibn
Manzur, vol. 15, p. 398. 1731).
Applications of "loyalty" in term of jurisprudence are: to fulfill that promise,
contract, or meet obligations to deliver jurists often means carrying out contracts.The
meaning of "loyality" in contract is to practice appropriate and customary " (Ansari,
vol. 2, p. 133. and purpose of the obligation to fulfill the contract are as follows:
"Against the contract, acting in accordance with the implied meaning that a verbal
contract, then the contract is owned obligation to acquire appropriate action, So the
material sold from the buyer, without his consent, is prohibited and fulfill the will of not
covering the contract of sale "(ibid, vol. 5, p. 18.
Accuratelythe By considering to mentioned contents of the above ,it can be concluded
that: Fulfill the covenant is essentially a moral value and is owned as can be seen in
many verses of the Qur'an, aAnd there is also has been interpreted Tlqgrfth to contract
marriage covenant to contract has been interpreted and qualification in law and in good
faith are two different aspects.
: با ارزش یک اصل در وفا که گرفت نتیجه چنین میتوان شده یاد مطالب در تامل و دقت
و میشود، مالحظه قرآن متعدد آیات در که همانطوری است عهد آن متعلق و است اخالقیدو نیت حسن و فقه در آن راهیابی و شده، تفسیر عهد به عقد تعلقگرفته، عقد به که نیز آنجا
دارد متفاوت ،جنبه
One essential aspect in the jurisprudence as a matter of Rumi and is manifesting
itself in the form of the obligation to fulfill that contrac t, And .the term "Avfva" The
9
positive cases such as honesty and loyalty and includes a And negative examples in the
holy Makasib crystallization becomes, in a sense.
عقد به وفای وجوب قالب در و مولوی امری صورت به فقه علم در که الزامی جنبه یکی ... » شامل » را و وفاداری و صداقت قبیل از ایجابی موارد هم اوفوا لفظ و میکند، گری جلوه
میگیرد بر در میکند، پیدا تبلور محرمه مکاسب در که را سلبی مصادیق هم و .میشود
And other aspects that most observers to ethical aspects and form of business
practice is emphasized; Although the legal means to fulfill that contract and contract
enforcement action is appropriate a, And such rights that, some countries have made it
clear that good faith implementation of the agreement .But if we accept the principle of
this in the contracts applicable to other cases such as interpretation and the liquidation
of the contract will be.
قرارگرفته و تأکید مورد تجارت آداب قالب و است اخالقی جهات به ناظر بیشتر آن دیگر جنبه
و است، آن بهمقتضای عمل و قرارداد اجرای معنای به عقد به وفای فقها ازنظر هرچند است؛ولی نمودهاند تصریح قرارداد اجرای زمینه در را نیت حسن که کشورها از بعضی حقوق همانند
انحالل و تفسیر قبیل از موارد سایر به تسری قابل بپذیریم عقود باب در را مطلب این اصل اگربود خواهد نیز .قرارداد
-
Negative effects of goodwill
10
Islam stands for strengthening the economic vigor of their economies, but is not
only as a goal But but also as the Islamic targets is not possible without a healthy
economy and an independent economic force But and Islam considers the economy as
the pillars of social life.Therefore,don’t hit to other organs because of the economic
impact and compromise, to other organs.
يا است، هدف خود اقتصاد اينكه بهعنوان نه اما است اقتصادي بنيه تقويت طرفدار اسالمهدف اينكه بهعنوان بلكه است، هدف مستقل تنها نيروي و سالم اقتصاد بدون اسالمي هاي
به بنابراين ميداند، اجتماعي حيات اركان از ركن يك را اقتصاد اسالم اما نيست، ميسر اقتصادينميزند لطمه و ضربه اركان ساير به اقتصاد .خاطر
Islam doesn’t advocates the theory that the source of revenue, demand and desire
is, Bell.It is believed to be willing to do to adapt to the interests of humanity excellent and
comprehensive Islam and it is therefore important chapter part in the name of holy
Makasib (Motahari, vol. 3, p. 250) .The jurists divide trade with the provisions of the
five obligatory, recommended, permitted, abomination, and forbidden to divide And and
assigned in this section independent and comprehensive discussion as holy to swear fifth
Makasib assigned in this section forbidden to speak business And the purpose of the
prohibition of unlawful acquisition of transfers intended to relate the effect of the transaction
is considered unlawful. (Ansari, J1, S14,)
بلكه نيست، است تمايالت و تقاضاها درآمد، سرچشمه كه نظريه اين طرفدار اسالمازاین بكند، تطبيق بشريت جانبه همه و عالي مصالح با تمايالت بايد است مهمي معتقد فصل رو
) ج مطهری، محرمه مكاسب نام به هست اسالم ص 3در احکام) 250، به را تجارت فقیهان
مبسوطی و مستقل مبحث و میکنند تقسیم حرام و ، مکروه ، مباح ، مستحب ، واجب پنجگانهرا حرام کسب انواع بخش این در و داده اختصاص پنجم قسم به محرمه مکاسب عنوان با را
اثر شدن مترتب بهقصد انتقال و نقل بودن حرام را اکتساب حرمت از مقصود و میکنند بیان ). ج انصاری، میدانند معامله بر ص 1 حرام ،14 ،
According to Sheikh Ansari ,is unlawful acquisition of hase five types of cases that
are not directly correlated with our discussion:
11
- Transaction unclean objects 2. Buy something that is lawful and substantial
benefits in terms of not rationally3. revenue from the duties. But the other two have
been linked with intent Party and in other words, the origin of the prohibition in the
case of is bad faith on the transaction .They are included 1. What are the The purpose of
the transaction that is prohibited.
با مستقیم رابطه آن مورد سه که است نوع پنج انصاری شیخ نظر از حرام کسب انواع : از عبارتاند که ندارند ما نجس- 1بحث اعیان و- 2معامله حالل منفعت که چیزی فروش خرید
ندارد عقال ازنظر توجه . 3قابل قصد- با که دیگر نوع دو آن اما واجبات انجام راه از درآمد کسب
در سوءنیت وجود موارد این در حرمت منشاء بهعبارتدیگر و میباشند مرتبط عاقد نیت و
. از عبارتاند است باشد- 1معامله حرام آن از مقصود که چیزی معامله .
The jurisprudents of this type contains all forbidden acts that are against the
property Although some of the things mentioned in this chapter are not conventional
acquisition of absenteeism. The late Sheikh Ansari following entioned this case as twenty-
eight states in this case and a few examples that can cause ill Party is boycotting them
are: Fainting, misrepresentation, as Rkban, false and evaluation, and othersetc.
میشود باشند مال با مقابله قابل که حرامی اعمال تمام شامل نوع این فقیهان ازنظرمانند نیست متعارف آنها به اکتساب میکنند ذکر باب این در که مواردی از بعضی هرچند
که. نمونه چند و میکند بیان مصداق هشت و بیست عنوان این ذیل انصاری شیخ مرحوم غیبت
: از عبارتند باشد می عاقد سوءنیت میتواند آنها تحریم کذب علت رکبان، تلقی تدلیس، غش،
موارد سایر نجشو .و
Another manifestation of the moral issues of is jurisprudence that represents Vjlvh
of positive and negative goodwill is represents the custom practices. More chapters in the
books of fiqh and hadith in areas as customs, such as: : Customs, trade, sale, judiciary,
travel, mosques, prayers, qasamah sacrifice, Jihad, stoning, ablution, rent, dying, and
this is clear evidence The for deep bond between law and morality .Ghazali considered
goodwill ais considered one of the sales customs practices and says:
مبا از دیگر حسن یکی سلبی و ایجابی های وجلوه است فقه بودن اخالقی مظهر که حثی
. تحت بخشهایی ابواب بیشتر در روایی و فقهی کتابهای در است آداب کند می نمایان را نیت
12
: جهاد، ذبح، قسامه، نماز، مساجد، سفر، قضاء، بیع، تجارت، آداب مانند دارد وجود آداب عنوان
اخالق و فقه بین عمیق پیوند بر است آشکاری گواه مطلب این و احتضار، اجاره، وضوء، رجم،
میگوید و شمرده بر بیع آداب از یکی را نیت حسن :غزالي
"One of the business customs practices of good faith and believed at the start of
trading, the intention of avoiding the question of trade And and keep the greed of the
people who need them with solvent And and the use of religion and subsistence income
for the family to be placed among the Mujahideen And and benevolence Muslims is
what he loves for himself and for others to love what is good Follow the path of
righteousness and charity and the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of vice at all are
what he sees in the market.
» از نیتش باید تجارت، آغاز در اعتقاد و نیت حسن از است عبارت تجارت آداب از یکیکار به و حالل کسب با آنان از نیازی بی مردم از حرص و آز داشتن نگه و سوال از پرهیز تجارتخیر و گیرد جای مجاهدین میان در تا خانواده معاش تامین و دینداری راه در درآمد گرفتن
و دارد دوست خود برای را آنچه بدارد دوست بقیه برای و باشد او مقصود مسلمانان خواهی
تمام در منکرات از پیشگیری و ارزشها ترویج و را نیکوکاری و عدالت مسیر روی دنبال کند نیتبیند می بازار در که را .آنچه
If these beliefs and intentions to bring your agent will be in the afterlife ... "(Al-
Ghazali, blue Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, vol. 2, p. 84). It is also
usable traditions, Imam Sadiq (AS) is taken into account goodwill as one of increased
from toys sustenance is taken into account. (Hurr Ameli, J1, p. 53)
»... بود خواهد مرگ پساز زندگی راه در عامل آورد بوجود خود در را نیات و باورها این اگرج( أحمد، بن محمد بن محمد حامد أبي استفاده) 84،ص 2غزالي، قابل مطلب این نیز روایات از
. ( است ( آورده حساب به روزی و رزق شدن زیاد اسباب از را نیت حسن ع صادق امام است،ج( عاملي، ص 1 حر ،53(
Examples of sales practices customs are: "the observance of equality between the
customers and the other for fairness in bargaining between individuals who are noble
and humble Ngdard different." (Second Martyr, vol. 3, p 0.289) "Defect in the product is
mentioned, both obvious and hidden defects because of the story and that is a sign of
faith and good will." (Ibid., Vol. 3, p. 290)
13
« : بین انصاف جهت از مشتریان بین مساوات رعایت از عبارتند بیع آداب از هایی نمونه». نگدارد فرق حقیر و شریف افراد بین و دیگران و کند می زنی چانه که ثانى،ج( کسی ،3شهيد
این ) » 289ص . و روایت وجود دلیل به پنهان و آشکار عیب از اعم است کاال در موجود عیب ذکر
)». ج همان، است خواهی خیر و ایمان نشانه ص 3که ،290(
Goodness, Zainab perfume, the wives of the Prophet (PBUH) had come to sell perfume.
When the prophet arrived, he said: If you come to our house Atr Agin! Perfume she
said. O Messenger of Allah (PBUH) your home with fragrant aromas you Ast.pyambr
(pbuh) said while trade, craft Mzn good and that it is compatible with the righteous
And a longer shelf-life is yours. (Hurr Ameli, J17, p. 388) topic is very wide sales
practices and calls for an independent investigation.
( آمده ( عطر فروش جهت به ص پیامبر همسران نزد عطرفروش، زینِب نیکی، و احسان : ( ) عطرآگین. ما خانه میآیی تو هرگاه فرمودند او به شدند، وارد ص پیامبر که هنگامی بود ( ) : خوشبوتر! شما رایحه با شما هاي خانه ص خدا رسول اي گفت عطرفروش زینِب میشود
( ) پرهیزگاري. با کار این که مزن نیرنگ و کن نیکی دادوستد، هنگام فرمودند ص پیامبر است ). ج عاملي، حر است مال بیشتر ماندگاري مایه و است ص، 17 سازگارتر بیع) 388، آداب مبحث
طلبد می را مستقلی تحقیق و است گسترده .بسیار
Conclusion
The study reflects the fact that different legal regimes regulations has the common
concern of goodwill in support of legal relations and deal with bad intentions. The
concept of good faith in regard to the rights and interests of others is one of the themes
that gradually finds its appropriate position in the legal systems So that even countries
that have traditionally been opposed to general concepts such as goodwill were moving
towards accepting some sort of goodwill, which is with greater clarity in the law in
America and law is less clearly visible in British.
Islamic law are closely related to ethics and ethical implications of systems that
goodwill is so iportant in it.Although this matter has surfaced sporadically and revealed
in different categorie.From titles and provisions set in the text can be say that
14
Jurisprudence in good faith with the name of the meaning is not explicitly considered in
the Romano-Germanic systems but the existence of multiple laws governing the
protection of good faith and bad faith prohibits represents privileged role of goodwill in
the deep bond between law and morality
References
15
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Ansari, M. "Almkasb", first edition, the Assembly Alfkr al-Islam, in 1999.
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