Jehoachaz son of Jehu, King of Israel BCE
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JEHOACHAZ SON OF JEHU, KING OF ISRAEL818- 802 BCE
Aram DamascusJehoachaz of IsraelReturn of Assyrians
Aram-Damascus
Jehoachaz and Jehoash Jehoachaz ruled Israel during
the second half of the reign of Jehoash of Judah
Aram-Damascus attacks Judah and Israel
Hazael takes the coast to Gath one of the cities of the Philistines
Aram already controlled the Transjordan
Aram now controls both trade routes directly
After taking the coast he turned to Jerusalem
Jehoash paid a heavy tribute to Hazael
Jehoachaz of Israel
Teshuvah of Jehoachaz
Jehoachaz’s Teshuvah
Jehoachaz, King of Israel followed the sins of Jeroboam ben Nebat
Israel was oppressed by Hazael and his son Ben-Hadad of Damascus
Jehoachaz prayed to Hashem who sent him a ”savior“ "מושיע"
This was his son Jehoash, King of Israel
Return of the AssyriansAdad-Nirari III
Adad-Nirari III 811-783 BCE
He began to campaign in Southern Syria in about 802 BCE
He attacked Aram-Damascus and by 796 found an inscription states that he received tribute from Hadadezer from Damascus, Jehoash of Samaria, and the Tyrians and the Sidonians
JEHOASH SON OF JEHOACHAZ,KING OF ISRAEL802-787 BCE
AMAZIAH SON OF JEHOASH, KING OF JUDAH801-753BCE
Revenge on Aram-Damascus
Independent Campaigns Israel attacks Aram-
Damascus and defeats them twice
Israel retakes Transjordan
Judah attacks Aram’s ally Edom and takes their land
Civil War
Amaziah’s Mistake Then Amaziah attacks Jehoash
◦ Jehoash turns and attacks Judah they meet at Beth-Shemesh and Israel defeats Judah and takes Amaziah prisoner
◦ Israel then attacked Jerusalem destroys the north wall and takes the Beis Hamikdash’s treasure
◦ Judah becomes a vassal of Israel just like during the Omride era
After the disastrous loss to Israel there was a conspiracy against Amaziah who fled to Lachish and was killed there
The people chose Azariah, Amaziah’s son to rule after him
THE ERA OF JEROBOAM II OF ISRAEL &
AZARIAH OF JUDAHFORTY YEARS OF
PEACE AND PROSPERITY787-748 BCE
Political Situation
Israel’s Neighbors
Urartu expansion reached its height around 735 BCE which coincides with the reign of Jeroboam II and Azariah
Aram-Damascus has been left weak and defeated by the Assyrian attacks of Adad-Nirari III followed by the attacks of Israel under Jehoash of Israel
Assyria became entangled in internal conflicts
Assyria also faced trouble from the expanding Urartu
Jeroboam II 787-748 BCE
Different Lifestyles Jeroboam II restored
the borders from Lebo Hamath in north Syria to the Dead Sea
The two trade routes pass through Israelite territory which brings wealth in trade and tax collection to Israel
Judah benefitted some but is a vassal to the Israel
Building ◦ Expansion of existing settlements ◦ Refurbishing cities with new fortifications ◦ More city planning ◦ Expansion of towns and villages
Luxury Items ◦ Many luxury items found in this strata◦ Carved ivory – shows control of trade
between Egypt and Phoenicia Amos
◦ Was the prophet in Israel during this period◦ He criticized the rich for oppressing the poor◦ He depicts the rich as vain and arrogant
interested only in their pursuit of money and pleasure
Azariah (Uzziah) 783-732 BCE
Wars of Expansion Azariah built up Judah’s army This must have been with
Jeroboam’s approval Azariah attacked the Philistines
defeated them and built Ashdod and other cities in Philistia to control the Via Maris
Azariah attacked the Negev and built forts there◦ It helped expand Judah’s
agricultural land ◦ They also helped control the King’s
Highway Recovered the Port of Elat from
Edom and rebuilt it
Azariah (Uzziah) 783-732 BCE & Jotham
Tzaraas צרעת According to Divrei
HayaminAzariah wanted to
bring קטורת incense in the Beis Hamikdash
As he did he was struck with צרעת on his forehead
At the same time a terrible earthquake
As a Metzorah Azariah could not function as King and so his son and then grandson ruled while he was still alive
Jotham 750-735 BCE◦ Defeated the Ammonites◦ Constructed parts of the wall of
Jerusalem ◦ Fortified the country◦ Probably concerned about an
invasion from Aram Ahaz 735-732 BCE as regent for
Azariah and 732-727 BCE alone (will have his own slide)
END OF ISRAELLast days of JeroboamZechariah 748-747Shallum 747Menachem 747 -738Pekahia 738-737Pekah 737-732Hoshea 732-724
Zecharia, Shallum & Menachem
Quick Succession The final years of Jeroboam II were a
period of economic decline for Israel Judah expanded into Ammon and
Edom in Transjordan and into Philistia
After Jeroboam’s death Judah’s power increases
Gains practical control over Israel Jeroboam’s son Zachariah takes
over and is kill six months later Shallum from Jabesh Gilead
assassinates Zachariah and becomes king for one month
Before being killed by Menachem who not only killed Shallum’s family but many people in the city
Tiglath-Pileser III745-727 BCE
Resurgent Assyria
743 BCE attacked and defeated the Urartu
740 BCE defeated Arpad a state which controlled northern Syria
Once Arpad fell this led to the capitulation of most northern and central Syria
738 BCE reached the Mediterranean
Receives tribute of Rezin of Damascus, and Menachem of Israel
Menachem747-738 & Pekahia 738-737
Assyrian Vassal
Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum a Seculo Hominum is a collection of short biographies of historical figures with fanciful portraits in the form of coins, published by Guillaume Rouillé (1518?-1589) in Lyon in 1553
Menachem paid tribute to Assyria to keep from being attacked
Judah was in control of the trade routes and was stronger than Israel by this time
Israel did not receive any income from the trade routs but needed to pay a high tribute to Assyria
This led to very high taxes Pekahiah was killed by an anti-
Assyrian coup by those who were upset by the taxes
The coup was supported by Rezin King of Damascus to get an ally against Assyria
Pekah ben Remalyahu became king
ACHAZ OF JUDAH735-727 BCE
&PEKAH OF ISRAEL 737-732 BCE
Aram allies with Israel
Joint Attack
The Shlomo Moussaieff Collection, London/Illustration from Robert Deutsch, Messages from the PastBulla of King Ahaz. “Belonging to Ahaz (son of) Jotham, King of Judah,” reads the Hebrew inscription impressed onto this bulla (lump of clay), which was originally used to secure a papyrus scroll. Ancient bullae and seals are not uncommon, but this is one of the first that can be attributed to a Hebrew king: Ahaz, who ruled over Judah from 735 to 727 B.C.E.
Pekah and Rezin were trying to get Judah to join the anti-Assyrian coalition forming to hold off Tiglath-pileser
Aram and Israel begin to attack Judah to intimidate Judah
They began their attacks on Judah during the reign of Jotham
The Shlomo Moussaieff Collection, London/Illustration from Robert Deutsch, Messages from the PastBulla of King Ahaz. “Belonging to Ahaz (son of) Jotham, King of Judah,” reads the Hebrew inscription impressed onto this bulla (lump of clay), which was originally used to secure a papyrus scroll. Ancient bullae and seals are not uncommon, but this is one of the first that can be attributed to a Hebrew king: Ahaz, who ruled over Judah from 735 to 727 B.C.E.
Aram-Damascus Falls to Assyria
Tiglath-pileser’s Syrian Campaign of 732-734
First he put down the last resistance of the Urartu and the Medes
Then he moved Assyria’s army to defeat Aram-Damascus and its allies
The Navi (2 Kings 16:5-9) tells us that Tiglath-pileser attacked Rezin in Damascus in response to a request of Achaz of Judah
This shows that rather than begin intimidated to join the anti-Assyrian coalition Achaz was intimidated enough to bribe Assyria to help Judah and become Assyria’s vassal
Aram-Damascus Falls to Assyria
Tiglath-pileser’s Syrian Campaign of 732-734
Tiglath-pileser attacked and defeated the coalition starting with the minor states involved Ashkelon, Gaza, Tyre
He took over the Mediterranean coast of Israel as well as Edom, Moab, and Ammon
Damascus was put under siege in 733 until 732 when it surrenders and Damascus is incorporated into the Assyrian Empire and Rezin assassinated
At the same time Tiglath-pileser attacks northern Israel and takes 13,520 prisoners to exile
HOSHEA SON OF ELAHLAST KING OF ISRAEL732-722 BCE
Hoshea son of Elah
Cause for Assassination
A Roman Map Of Israel but the red area depicts the size of the Kingdom of Israel during the time of Hoshea ben Elah
Assyria takes away most of the territory of the kingdom of Israel
It is only a tiny state in the Ephraim Highlands
Transjordan, the coast, Galilee and Jezreel valley were taken
Assyria now controls the Via Maris but since the states of Ammon, Moab, and Edom remain independent Assyria does not directly control the Kings Highway
Due to the losses Pekah is assassinated by Hoshea son of Elah
Hoshea makes peace with Tiglath-pileser
Hoshea
Shalmaneser V Hoshea removed the guards and
allowed the people of Israel to go to Jerusalem for Aliya Le’regel
The people did not go and Hashem decided that Israel needed to be destroyed
While Hoshea was loyal to Tiglath-pileser there was a rebellion against his successor Shalmaneser
It was led by Tyre Shalmaneser put Tyre under
siege in 725 BCE for five years It seems that Hoshea paid
tribute at the beginning of the campaign
He appealed to Egypt for aid against Assyria
Hoshea was captured by Shalmaneser and put in jail
The End
Siege of Samaria Shalmaneser V put Samaria
under siege for three years Shalmaneser died and was
replaced by Sargon II Sargon claims credit for
capturing Samaria But the Babylonian Chronicle
backs up the Navi which says that Shalmaneser was the one who took Samaria
Sargon was forced to return to put down a rebellion of the king of Gaza
Gaza was supported by Egypt and Assyria defeated them and exacted tribute from Egypt
Assyria also started mass deportation of the people of Israel
King of Judah Reign King of Israel Reign
Reheboam 930-913 Jeroboam I 930-908Abijah 913-911 Nadab 908-907Asa 911- 870 Baasha 907-884Jehoshaphat 870- 846 Elah 884-883Jehoram 846-841 Zimri 883Ahaziah 841 Omri 883-872Athaliah 841-835 Ahab 872-851Jehoash 835-801 Ahaziah 851-850Amaziah 801-783 Jehoram 850-841Azariah (Uzziah) 783-732 Jehu 841-818Jotham 750-735 Jehoachaz 818-802Ahaz 735-727 Jehoash 802-787Hezekiah 727-697 Jeroboam II 787-748Manasseh 697-642 Zechariah 748-747Amon 642-640 Shallum 747Josiah 640-609 Manahem 747-738Jehoachaz 609 Pekakiah 738-737Jehoiakim 609- 698 Pekah 737-732Jehoiachin 598-597 Hoshea 732-724Zedekiah 597-586