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Jefferson Through Madison and The War of 1812
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Transcript of Jefferson Through Madison and The War of 1812
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1805-1809
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Jefferson’s policies made him very popular• Lowered taxes• Acquired vast new lands to the west• Allowed Alien and Sedition Acts to expire• Kept the nation at peace
Landslide victory for Jefferson• Won all but two states• Electoral College
Jefferson: 162 C.C. Pinckney: 14
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France and Britain at war (again)• Napoleon has taken over most of the European
continent Both countries enforce blockades
• Britain stops all ships going into Napoleon’s Europe
• France stops all ship heading towards the British Isles
Britain seized more than 1,000 American ships and confiscated their cargo• Practiced impressment
Forcing American sailors into their navy
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Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
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Britain wanted to board a U.S. Navy frigate• The Captain said no• The British Navy opened fire
3 American sailors died, 18 were wounded U.S. public opinion turned against the British
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After the Chesapeake incident Jefferson convinced Congress to order an
embargo• No U.S. businesses were to sell any goods to
foreign countries• Felt that this would hurt Britain
Wanted them to recognize American Neutrality Europe was largely unaffected U.S. businesses were badly hurt Congress lifted the act in 1809 Bad mark on Jefferson’s second term
• He lost popularity• Americans lost confidence in their government
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The fourth President of the US Member of Jefferson’ Republican
party Jefferson decided not to run in the
election of 1808 and he endorsed Madison
Madison beat C.C. Pinckney easily
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Americans who were tired of being bullied and wanted war
John C. Calhoun of S. Carolina Henry Clay of Kentucky
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On June 10, 1812, Congress asked for a declaration of war
As Congress was debating, the British Parliament was passing a law to respect US Neutrality• Communication was slow and word did not
reach Congress in time
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South and West were pro-war New England was anti-war
• Again, New England talked about seceding
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The US Navy consisted of a total of nine ships
The army was never larger than 35,000
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US Offensive• US invades Canada several times but never
succeeds British Offensive
• “Bladensburg Races”: stormed Washington D.C., burned the Capitol and the White House
• Fort McHenry: massive attack on the Baltimore Harbor Unsuccessful Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled
Banner
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The bombardment of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore
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Fort McHenry Today
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Francis Scott Key reaching out
to the Star Spangled Banner
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Prior to 1814, other American symbols were more prominent than the American flag
Early American gold coins, for example, featured the eagle and the "Liberty Cap"
The American flag has grown in importance The flag became "the primary symbol of
American patriotism" after Francis Scott Key's poetic account of the bombardment of Fort McHenry stirred a powerful sentiment in the American people
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An Artist's Rendering of the Bombardment on Fort McHenry
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First printed edition combining words and music , published in 1814.
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The original “Star Spangled Banner” in Francis Scott Key’s
handwriting
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The Star-Spangled Banner for Fort McHenry was made by Mary Pickersgill
It had 15 stripes and 15 stars It originally measured 30 x 42 feet
• about one-quarter the size of a basketball court
Each star is about two feet across
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The 15 Star, 15 Stripe Flag
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The Surviving Fort McHenry Flag
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This flag design became the official United States flag on May 1, 1795
With the addition of two stars for Vermont and Kentucky, this flag was to last for 23 years
The five Presidents who served under this flag were:• George Washington (1789-1797)• John Adams (1797-1801)• Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)• James Madison (1809-1817) and• James Monroe (1817-1825)
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New England was where the U.S. trade business was centered• Trade suffered during the war• Many businesses went under
People felt that the government did not care about their interests
In December, 1814 delegates met in Hartford• Discussed the possibility of succeeding from the
union• Third time discussed, closest they actually got• Settled for a plan to give New England more say
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The war basically ended in a tie The Treaty basically left things the
way the were prior to the war
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Signing of the Treaty of Ghent in Ghent, Belgium
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U.S. beat some of the best British troops
Andrew Jackson successfully defended New Orleans • Battle happened after the Treaty of Ghent
was signed• Only clear victory for the U.S.
Made the Americans feel that they had won the war
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