Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
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Transcript of Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
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MDM@BXBX WODJMQ_C CMXB@ KOQNM UOQCMEMW WQIE_KUBVBUMX
KILIEBUMX KMWMX EB KOHMLMUMD _DUOQ BZBX KMA_WMUOD
X_LAMZM UMC_D 1773-17=1
Lmrebmdmc
WODJMQ_C WODEMWMUMD, CMQJM AMQMDJ EMD CMQJM AMQMDJ
@MBD UOQCMEMW WOQLBDUMMD XOLOD UBJM QIEM EB WU. XMKMMJ_DJ MAMEB X_LAMZM AOXMQ UMC_D 177: - 17==
@b`bk Wurwmtb
KIDUQBA_XB QOUQBA_XB UOQLBDM@ UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD MX@B
EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU UMC_D 177?-17=1
Fbtrb Zmcbemc
KIDUQBA_XB XOKUIQ WMQBZBXMUM UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD MX@B
EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU UMC_D 1773-17=1
Aueb Xudmrki
MDM@BXBX WOLAOQBMD EMDM AMDU_MD WQIJQML XUBL_@_X OKI-
DILB (WXO) UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD WO@MK_ _XMCM EB KMA_WMUOD
X_LAMZM AMQMU UMC_D 17=1
Mkclme Ebymc Cmrliki
WODJMQ_C FMKUIQ-FMKUIQ LIUBVMXB UOQCMEMW KBDOQNM J_Q_
UBEMK UOUMW EB AOQAMJMB XLK DOJOQB EB KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM
Mrlbymtb
MDM@BXM WODJMQ_C KOH_K_WMD LIEM@, OFBXBODXB, @BK_BEBUMX,
DID WOQFIQLBDJ @IMD (DW@), EMD WODRBXBCMD WODJCMW_XMD MK-UBVM WQIE_KUBF (WWMW) UOQCMEMW QOU_QD ID MXXOU (QIM) AMDK,
WMEM WE.AWQ DUA X_LAMZM HMAMDJ @ODMDJJ_MQ UMC_D 1778 -
17=1
Amsrb
W_XMU QBXOU OKIDILB EMD WOLAMDJ_DMD
FMK_@UMX OKIDILB _DBVOQXBUMX XMLMZM
17=5
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Ebtorabtkmd i`oc>
W_XMU QBXOU OKIDILB EMD WOLAMDJ_DMD
FMK_@UMX OKIDILB _DBVOQXBUMX XMLMZM
UMC_D 17=5
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Ebtorabtkmd i`oc>
W_XMU QBXOU OKIDILB EMD
WOLAMDJ_DMD
Fmku`tms Okidilb
_dbvorsbtms Xmlmwm (_DXM)
M`mlmt Qoemksb>Kmlpus Fmku`tms Okidilb
_dbvorsbtms Xmlmwm
N`. Qmym Ay Wmss Xorbdj _dtor
Bwos
Xulamwm Aosmr DUAUo`p./Fmks. (78:=) 61?353
Wo`bdeudj & Wodmsocmt
Wrif. Er. Xymbfueebd Bskmdemr, L.We.
Wodjmrmc
Xymfrueebd
Wolblpbd Qoemksb
Xuprbmdti
Qoemktur Wo`mksmdm
Zmcyu Cmrymeb
Bkm Fbtrbymdb
Qoemktur Mc`b
B Dyilmd Xutmlm
O``y Kmrlo`b
Dbdbdj Xuebymrtb
Xuacmd Wurwmebdmtm
M. QmclmdKmlmrueebd
Vbvbd Fbtrymdb
Rmymt Fbtrbmdb
Bscmk Qmclmd
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EMFUMQ BXB
MDM@BXBX WODJMQ_C CMXB@ KOQNM UOQCMEMW WQIE_KUBVBUMX
KILIEBUMX KMWMX EB KOHMLMUMD _DUOQ BZBX KMA_WMUOD
X_LAMZM UMC_D 1773-17=1 ................................................................. =
Lmrebmdmc
WODJMQ_C WODEMWMUMD, CMQJM AMQMDJ EMD CMQJM AMQMDJ@MBD UOQCMEMW WOQLBDUMMD XOLOD UBJM QIEM EB WU. XMKM
MJ_DJ MAMEB X_LAMZM AOXMQ UMC_D 177: - 17== .................. ==
@b `bk Wurwmtb
KIDUQBA_XB QOUQBA_XB UOQLBDM@ UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD
MX@B EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU
UMC_D 177?-17=1 ....................................................................................... 11
F btr b Zmcbemc
KIDUQBA_XB XOKUIQ WMQBZBXMUM UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD
MX@B EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU
UMC_D 1773-17=1 ....................................................................................... 83
Aueb Xudmrki
MDM@BXBX WOLAOQBMD EMDM AMDU_MD WQIJQML XUBL_@_X
OKIDILB (WXO) UOQCMEMW WODEMWMUMD WO@MK_ _XMCM EB
KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU UMC_D 17=1 ................................ ?=
Mkclme Ebymc Cmrliki
WODJMQ_C FMKUIQ-FMKUIQ LIUBVMXB UOQCMEMW KBDOQNM
J_Q_ UBEMK UOUMW EB AOQAMJMB XLK DOJOQB EB KMA_WMUODX_LAMZM .................................................................................................. 61
Mrlbymtb
MDM@BXM WODJMQ_C KOH_K_WMD LIEM@, OFBXBODXB,
@BK_BEBUMX, DID WOQFIQLBDJ @IMD (DW@), EMD WODRBXBCMD
WODJCMW_XMD MKUBVM WQIE_KUBF (WWMW) UOQCMEMW QOU_QD
ID MXXOU (QIM) AMDK, WMEM WE.AWQ DUA X_LAMZM HMAMDJ
@ODMDJJ_MQ UMC_D 1778 - 17=1 ....................................................... ::
Amsrb
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Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
MDM@BXBX WODJMQ_C CMXB@ KOQNM UOQCMEMW WQIE_KUBVBUMX
KILIEBUMX KMWMX EB KOHMLMUMD _DUOQ BZBX
KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM UMC_D 1773-17=1
I`oc>
Lmrebmdmc
MAXUQMK
Wodo`btbmd bdb aortunumd mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub memdym podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd
cmsb` kornm torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs Kmaupmtod
Xulamwm. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb, emtm sokudeor aorupm emtm nul`mc prieuksb kiliebtb
kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs so`mlm tmcud 1773-17=1. Emtm aormsm` emrb Ebdms
Kocutmdmd emd Workoaudmd Kmaupmtod Xulamwm aorupm emtm porkolamdjmd cmsb` prieuksb kiliebtb kmpms, rmtm-rmtm cmrjm num` kmpms emd rmtm-rmtm prieuktbvbtms
kiliebtb kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs. Cmsb` podo`btbmd lodudnukkmd amcwm mem
podjmruc cmsb` kornm sohmrm dymtm emd sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb
kmpms, eodjmd ebtudnukkmd i`oc db`mb t-stmtbstbk soaosmr 5,331 emd t-tmao` soaosmr
1,:75 pmem < ?% (7,7?;?) eodjmd lo`mkukmd podjunbmd smtu sbsb aormrtb db`mb t-
stmtbstbk 4 t-tmao` mtmu C m ebtorblm emd C 7 ebti`mk. Eodjmd eolbkbmd, cmsb` kornm
lolaorbkmd podjmruc sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd
_dtor Bwbs.
Kmtm Kudhb > Cmsb` Korn m emd Wrieuktbvbtms
B. WODEMC_@_MD
=.=. @mtmr Ao`mkmdjWolamdjudmd dmsbidm` soamjmb mlmdmt udtuk lowunuekmd sumtu lmsymrmkmt
meb` emd lmklur ymdj lormtm lmtorbm` emd spbrbtum` aoremsmrkmd Wmdhmsb`m eb em`ml
wmemc Dojmrm Kosmtumd Qopua`bk Bdeidosbm ebcmrmpkmd empmt torhmpmb eodjmd soambk-
ambkdym. Wolorbdtmc to`mc lodyusud aoramjmb pi`m polamdjudmd dmsbidm` ymdj
lodhmkup podbdjkmtmd solum sojb kocbeupmd amdjsm. Em`ml blp`olodtmsbdym
polamdjudmd dmsbidm` ebtbtbk aormtkmd pmem polamdjudmd ebabemdj okidilb eodjmd podbdjkmtmd cmsb`-cmsb` ebabemdj okidilb, lmkm torsoebm`mc sulaor-sulaor
polamdjudmd ymdj `oabc `ums amjb podbdjkmtmd polamdjudmd soportb ebsoktir
portmdbmd, sisbm` emd soktir-soktir `mbddym.
Wortmdbmd mem`mc sumtu kojbmtmd lmdusbm ymdj torlmsuk eb em`mldym ymbtu
aorhihik tmdml, potordmkmd, porbkmdmd emd kocutmdmd. Xoamjbmd aosmr lmtm
podhmcmrbmd lmsymrmkmt eb Bdeidosbm mem`mc soamjmb potmdb, socbdjjm soktir portmdbmd
smdjmt podtbdj udtuk ebkolamdjkmd eb dojmrm kbtm. Wolamdjudmd soktir portmdbmd
ebtunukmd udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd cmsb` prieuksb portmdbmd, kmrodm btu eb Dusm Uodjjmrm
Amrmt aoramjmb upmym podbdjkmtmd prieuksb ebsoktir portmdbmd nujm to`mc eb`mkukmd ambk
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Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 1
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
lo`m`ub podbdjkmtmd usmcm ebvorsbfbkmsb, bdtodsbfbkmsb, okstodsbfbkmsb emd rocmab`btmsb.
Abemdj portmdbmd kcususdym podbdjkmtmd prieuksb aukmd aorms sm`mc smtudym empmt eb
upmymkmd lo`m`ub auebemym tmdmlmd kmpms.
Kmpms mem`mc sormt cm`us ymdj lodyo`uaudjb abnb aoaormpm nodbs Jissypbul aormsm` emrb emormc tripbkm emd suatripbkm. Xormt kmpms lodnmeb amcmd podtbdj em`ml
bdeustrb tokstb`. Xormt kmpms lorupmkmd prieuk ymdj aorcmrjm kmrodm cmdym sokbtmr =7 %
emrb aormt kitir (aruti) prieuk cb`mdj em`ml polrisosmd. Mpmab`m `olmk, pritobd,
lm`ml (`b`bd), emd `mbd-`mbd rosbeu ebsbdjkbrkmd, sbsmdym mem`mc pi`blor so`u`ism lurdb
emd m`mlb. Xo`u`ism bdb torsusud soeolbkbmd rupm socbdjjm lolaorbkmd kmpms kokumtmd,
emym tmcmd (eurmab`btms), emd emym sormp ymdj udbk dmlud ebsukmb irmdj. Uokstb` ymdj
toraumt emrb kmpms (kmtud) aorsbfmt lodjcmdjmtkmd eb km`m ebdjbd emd lodyonukkmd eb
km`m pmdms (lodyormp korbdjmt). Nmeb portmdbmd kmpms mem`mc kojbmtmd aorhihik tmdml
lmdusbm kcusus udtuk lolprieuksb cmsb` emrb tmdmlmd kmpms.
_dtuk lo`mksmdmkmd prijrml podjolamdjmd sohmrm ofoktbf socuaudjmd eodjmd
koeum cm` torsoaut ebmdjjmp por`u udtuk lodotmpkmd kiliebtms portmdbmd ymdj lodnmebudjju`md. Kiliebtms udjju`md ebtotmpkmd soto`mc lodjkmnb aoramjmb ko`mymkmd ambk
ymdj aorsbfmt tokdbs lmupud okidilb. Ebcmrmpkmd em`ml nmdjkm wmktu ymdj ro`mtbf
podeok kiliebtms bdb empmt lolaorbkmd cmsb` ymdj sbjdbfbkmd udtuk lolporambkb
kidebsb kocbeupmd potmdb kcususdym emd ululdym lmsymrmkmt ymdj torkmbt eodjmd
nmrbdjmd absdbs kiliebtb bdb. Aoremsmrkmd `mtmr ao`mkmdj torsoaut eb`bcmt emrb prispok
ymdj mem lmkm ebpb`bc nueu` podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc "Mdm`bsbs Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm
Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs Kmaupmtod Xulamwm
Umcud 1773-17=1"
=.1. Qulusmd Lmsm`mc
Aoremsmrkmd urmbmd `mtmr ao`mkmdj eb mtms lmkm empmt ebpmpmrkmd rulusmd ymdjlodnmeb bdtb porlmsm`mcmd ymdj ebto`btb mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut> Mpmkmc Cmsb` Kornm
Aorpodjmruc Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs
Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Umcud 1773-17=19
=.8. Uunumd Wodo`btbmd
Mempud tunumd emrb podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm
Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs Kmaupmtod Xulamwm
Umcud 1773-17=1.
BB.
UBDNM_MD W_XUMKM1.=. Wodo`btbmd Xoao`uldymWodo`btbmd Xotbmeb (1772) eodjmd nueu` ‐Wodjmruc _pmc emd Nmlbdmd Xisbm`
torcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kornm Kmrymwmd eb WU. Xolmrmdj Lmklur Xolmrmdj“. Uunumd
podo`btbmd > _dtuk lodjotmcub cuaudjmd upmc eodjmd prieuktbvbtms kornm kmrymwmd
emd lodjotmcub cuaudjmd nmlbdmd sisbm` eodjmd prieuktbvbtms kornm kmrymwmd eb WU
Xolmrmdj Lmklur Xolmrmdj. Emrb cmsb` podo`btbmd bdb ebtolukmd amcwm > Cuaudjmd
upmc eodjmd prieuktbvbtms kornm lolb`bkb cuaudjmd ymdj rodemc emd dojmtbf (r < -
7,1:7) emd mdjkm priamab`btms ( p < 7,?3) socbdjjm tbemk sbjdbfbkmd pmem tmrmf
koporhmymmd 2?%, socbdjjm cuaudjmd S= eodjmd R mtmu cuaudjmd upmc eodjmd
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Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 8
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
prieuktbvbtms mem`mc dojmtbf. Xulamdjmd (S=
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Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 5
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
1.1.1. Wodjortbmd _smcmtmdb
_smcmtmdb lorupmkmd upmym potmdb udtuk lodjjudmkmd mtmu lolmdfmmtkmd
so`uruc sulaoremym (tmdmc, pupuk, mbr, iamt-iamtmd, umdj, todmjm emd `mbd-`mbd) em`ml
sumtu usmcm portmdbmd sohmrm ofbsbod socbdjjm empmt ebpori`oc cmsb` aorupm prieuksblmupud koudtudjmd fbdmdsbm` sohmrm iptblm`. Xmtu kmtm ymdj lodjmdeudj mrtb
–absdbsdym potmdb‒ eodjmd `mcmd jmrmpmd ymdj ebko`i`m eodjmd tmdmlmd emd
cowmd/tordmkdym. _smcmtmdb eokmt eodjmd podjortbmd fmrl em`ml amcmsm Bdjjrbs ymdj
absm soamjmb kmtm aodem lmupud kmtm kornm ymdj ebaorb mrtb soabemdj `mcmd eodjmd absdbs
tmdmlmd emd cowmddym. Nmeb pmem cmkbkmtdym, usmcm tmdb mem`mc prisos bdeustrb. Kmrodm
btu, lolaoremymkmd usmcmtmdb tbemk uamcdym eodjmd lolaoremymkmd bdeustrb (Qustml,
Fme`b. 177:).
Qovbtm`bsmsb portmdbmd mkmd `oabc pudym mrtb `mdjsudj aorokidilb kormkymtmd
amjb potmdb nbkm torfikuskmd pmem rovbtm`bsmsb usmcmtmdb. Xo`mlm bdb potmdb tmk amdymk
lodempmtkmd podebebkmd b`lu usmcmtmdb. Cmlpbr sotbmp polblpbd mtmu ponmamt kbtm ab`m
lolabhmrmkmd polamdjudmd portmdbmd mtmu polamdjudmd poeosmmd mkcbrdym so`m`ulodyoautkmd jmtrm mjriabsdbs. Amjmblmdm absdbs potmdb tbemk torudjkmp emd mpmkmc
potmdb absm ebporambkb kocbeupmddym nbkm cmdym ebaoremymkmd eodjmd lodmbkkmd
prieuksb.
Em`ml usmcmtmdb, potmdb ludjkbd absm lodjo`i`m sumtu absdbs ko`umrjm ymdj
`oabc aosmr emrb jmlamrmd jurol btu. Amrmdjkm`b mkmd `mbd polabhmrmmd kbtm nbkm
aorti`mk emrb polbkbrmd usmcmtmdb ymdj cmrus ebaoremymkmd soamjmb bdeustrb. Xoportb
irmdj aorabhmrm eodjmd polaoremymmd bdeustrb ymdj tbemk mkmd abhmrm todtmdj cmsb`
kornm udtuk usmcmdym mtmu stmtus polb`bkmd `mcmddym (Xnmlsio, 1772).
1.1.8. _smcmtmdb Kmpms
Kmpms (Jissypbul cbrsutul @.) lorupmkmd tmdmlmd bdeustrb ymdj eblmdfmmtkmdsormtdym udtuk bdeustrb tokstb` kmrodm lolpudymb aoaormpm ko`oabcmd mdtmrm `mbd emym
sormp torcmemp mbr aosmr, o`mstbs, lolpudymb emym cmdtmr pmdms emd tmcmd mus kmrodm
pmdms. Wortulaucmd prieuksb kmpms cbdjjm smmt bdb cmdym lmlpu lolaorbkmd
kidtrbausb ½ 7,?5% emrb titm` koautucmd kmpms bdeustrb emd prieuk tokstb`. I`oc kmrodm
btu por`u memdym porcmtbmd ymdj sudjjuc- sudjjuc torcmemp podbdjkmtmd prieuksb
kmpms, kmrodm mrtb emd pormdmddym smdjmt podtbdj em`ml cm` lodudnmdj podyoebmmd
amcmd amku udtuk bdeustrb tokstb` emd podempmtmd potmdb. Qodemcdym tbdjkmt prieuksb
emd prieuktbvbtms emrb usmcmtmdb kmpms torsoaut, sm`mc smtudym ebsoamakmd i`oc
podjo`i`mmd fmktir-fmktir prieuksb ymdj ao`ul lmksblm` i`oc potmdb, mtmu eodjmd kmtm
`mbd memdym kotbemksosumbmd mdtmrm podjjudmmd fmktir-fmktir prieuksb mtmu bdput eodjmd
iutput ymdj ebcmsb`kmd (O`y> 17==).
_smcmtmdb kmpms lorupmkmd sumtu usmcm prieuksb portmdbmd ymdj
lolauebemymkmd kmpms pmem sumtu mrom` eodjmd lodyoebmkmd fmktir-fmktir prieuksb
sosumb eodjmd symrmt tulaucdym tmdmlmd kmpms torsoaut. _smcmtmdb kmpms lorupmkmd
usmcmtmdb ymdj lolb`bkb db`mb okidilbs ymdj tbdjjb, kmrodm mkmd lolaorbkmd cmsb`
ymdj tbdjjb kopmem potmdb wm`mupud abmymdym hukup tbdjjb (Emdbo`, Liocmr. 1771).
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Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 ?
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
1.1.5. Fmktir ‘ fmktir Wrieuktbvbtms Kornm
Wodbdjkmtmd prieuktbvbtms lorupmkmd emlammd sotbmp porusmcmmd, prieuktbvbtms
lodjmdeudj podjortbmd aorkodmmd eodmjmd kidsop okidilbs, fb`isifbs, prieuktbvbtms
aorkodmmd eodjmd usmcm mtmu kojbmtmd lmdusbm udtuk lodjcmsb`kmd amrmdj mtmu nmsmymdj aorjudm udtuk poloducmd koautucmd cbeup lmdusbm emd lmsymrmkmt pmem
ululdym. Xoamjmb kidsop fb`isifbs, prieuktbvbtms lodjmdeudj pmdemdjmd cbeup emd
sbkmp lodtm` ymdj so`m`u aorusmcm udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd lutu kocbeupmd eblmdm
komemmd cmrb bdb cmrus `oabc ambk emrb cmrb kolmrbd emd lutu kocbeupmd cmrb osik cmrus
`oabc ambk emrb cmrb bdb. Lodurut (Xbdudjmd, 1773), _dtuk lodhmpmb prieuktbvbtms ymdj
tbdjjb sumtu porusmcmmd em`ml prisos prieuksb, so`mbd amcmd amku emd todmjm kornm ymdj
cmrus mem nujm ebeukudj i`oc fmktir ‘ fmktir soamjmb aorbkut > Wodebebkmd,
Kotormlpb`md, Xbkmp emd otbkm kornm, Ubdjkmt podjcmsb`md, Nmlbdmd sihbm`, Ubdjkmt
sisbm` emd bk`bl kornm, Litbvmsb, Jbzb emd kosocmtmd, Cuaudjmd bdebvbeu, Uokdi`ijb,
Wrieuksb.
1.1.?. Wodjukurmd Wrieuktbvbtms KornmWodjukurmd prieuktbvbtms kornm soamjmb smrmdm udtuk lodjmdm`bsm emd
lodeiridj ofbsbodsb prieuksb. Lmdfmmt `mbd mem`mc udtuk lododtukmd tmrjot emd
kojudmmd, prmktbsdym soamjmb stmdemr em`ml polamymrmd upmc kmrymwmd. _dtuk
lodjukur sumtu prieuktbvbtms empmt ebjudmkmd eum nodbs ukurmd nml kornm lmdusbm
ymkdb nml ‘ nml kornm ymdj cmrus ebamymr emd nml-nml kornm ymdj cmrus ebporjudmkmd
udtuk aokornm.
Lodurut Kbsemrti (177=), Mem eum lmhml m`mt podjukurmd prieuktbvbtms, ymbtu >
m. Wcysbhm` prieuhtbvbty, ymbtu prieuktbvbtms sohmrm kumdtbtmtbf soportb ukurmd (sbzo), pmdnmdj, aormt, amdymkdym udbt, wmktu, emd abmym todmjm kornm.
a. Vm`uo prieuhtbvbty, ymbtu ukurmd prieuktbvbtms eodjmd lodjjudmkmd db`mb umdj ymdjebdymtmkmd em`ml rupbmc, yod, ei``mr emd sotorusdym.
Wrieuktbvbtms lorupmkmd porwunuemd kornm ymdj eb`mkukmd i`oc kmrymwmd ymdj
abmsmdym ebpmkmb soamjmb emsmr podb`mbmd torcmemp kmrymwmd mtmu bdebvbeu. prieuktbvbtms
ymdj ambk lorupmkmd sumtu `mdjkmc udtuk lodunu torhmpmbdym tunumd bdebvbeu. I`oc
kmrodm btu, prieuktbvbtms lorupmkmd smrmdm pododtu em`ml lodhmpmb tunumd bdebvbeu.
Jilos (Lmdjkudojmrm 1777> 6:), lodjudjkmpkmd prieuktbvbtms kmrymwmd soamjmb
_djkmpmd soportb iut put, ofbsbodsb sortm ofoktbfbtms ymdj sorbdj ebcuaudjkmd
eodjmd solmdjmt kornm. Xo`mdnutdym prieuktbvbtms kmrymwmd (prostmsb kornm) ymdj
ebeofbdbsbkmd soamjmb cmsb` kornm sohmrm kum`btms emd kumdtbtms ymdj ebhmpmb i`oc soirmdj
kmrymwmd em`ml lo`mksmdmkmd tujms sosumb eodjmd tmdjjudj nmwma ymdj ebaorbkmd
kopmemdym (Lmdjkudojmrm, 1777> 65).
Xo`mdnutdym mdm`bsbs todtmdj prieuktbvbtms kmrymwmd lodurut Jilos (=22?> 2=)
sodmdtbmsm aorkmbtmd ormt eodjmd eum krbtorbm utmlm, ymbtu> Kosoebmmd mtmu litbvmsb
kmrymwmd udtuk aokornm ymdj lodblau`kmd usmcm kmrymwmd, Kolmlpumd pojmwmb
udtuk lo`mksmdmkmd pokornmmd. I`oc kmrodm btu, empmt ebsblpu`kmd amcwm
prieuktbvbtms XEL mem`mc prostmsb kornm mtmu cmsb` kornm (iut put) ambk kum`btms lmupud
kumdtbtms ymdj ebhmpmb XEL em`ml porsmtumd porbieo udtuk lo`mksmdmkmd tujms
kornmdym eodjmd tmdjjudj nmwma ymdj ebaorbkmd kopmemdym.
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
10/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 6
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
Lodurut Ecmrlmd (=236> 81) lodymtmkmd amcwm so`uruc podjukurmd
prieuktbvbtms soirmdj kmrymwmd so`m`u lolporcmtbkmd emd lolportblamdjkmd lmsm`mc
kumdtbtms pokornmmd, kum`btms emd kotopmtmd wmktu. Wrieuktbvbtms aorkmbtmd eodjmd cmsb`
pokornmmd ymdj ebhmpmb i`oc kmrymwmd em`ml smtu porbieo, ymbtu kumdtbtms emd kum`btms pokornmmd ymdj ebcmsb`kmd. Xbmjbmd (=226> 187) lodjmtmkmd amcwm prieuktbvbtms
kmrymwmd empmt ebukur lo`m`ub bdebkmtir-bdebkmtir aorbkut> Kolmcbrmd lodolpuc
prisoeur ymdj to`mc ebtodtukmd, Xbkmp lodjcmempb po`mdjjmd emd Kohorlmtmd em`ml
po`mksmdmmd tujms
Wrieuktbvbtms mkmd smdjmt ebukur emd ebtodtukmd aoremsmrkmd skm`m cmsb` usmcm
ymdj eb`mkukmd em`ml podyo`odjjmrmmd podhbptmmd prieuksb udtuk lodjcmsb`kmd
amrmdj emd nmsm eolb lodbdjkmtkmd prieuktbvbtms btu sodebrb. _dtuk lodjcbtudj
prieuktbvbtms ymdj `mzbl ebjudmkmd em`ml sumtu podo`btbmd empmt ebfirlu`msbkmd
soamjmb aorbkut (Mrbf, =22?)>
W <
Kotormdjmd >
W mem`mc Wrieuktbvbtms ebukur eodjmd smtumd Qp/nml
∝ CK mem`mc cmsb` kornm aorupm prieuk ymdj ebcmsb`kmd em`ml smtumd udbt.
∝DW mem`mc cmrjm num` mtmu db`mb podnum`md prieuk ymdj ebcmsb`kmd em`ml smtumd
rupbmc por udbt (Qp/_dbt).
∝NK mem`mc nml kornm ymdj to`mc ebhurmckmd udtuk empmt lolaorbkmd cmsb` prieuksb
so`mlm prisos prieuksb em`ml smtumd nml.
BBB. KOQMDJKM KIDXOWU_M@
Jmlamr =.
Kormdjkm Kidsoptum`
CMXB@ KOQNM WQIE_KUBVBUMX
_XMCM UMDB
KMWMX
MDM@BXBX QOJQOXB
XOEOQCMDM
KOXBLW_@MD
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
11/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 :
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
BV. LOUIEI@IJB WODO@BUBMD
5.=. Emtm Wodo`btbmdWodo`btbmd bdb lodjjudmkmd lotieo eoskrbptbf ymbtu sumtu aodtuk podo`btbmd ymdj
ebtunukmd udtuk lodeoskrbpsbkmd fodilodm-fodilodm ymdj mem, ambk fodilodmm`mlbmc lmupud fodilodm aumtmd lmdusbm. Fodilodm btu absm aorupm aodtuk, mktbvbtms,
kmrmktorbstbk, poruamcmd, cuaudjmd, kosmlmmd, emd poraoemmd mdtmrm fodilodm ymdj
smtu eodjmd fodilodm `mbddym (Xuklmebdmtm, 1776). Wodjjudmmd lotieo eoskrbptbf
pmem podo`btbmd bdb ebemsmrkmd pmem porlmsm`mcmd ymdj ebcmempb ymbtu aorusmcm
lolaorbkmd sumtu jmlamrmd lodjodmb podjmruc cmsb` kornm torcmemp prieuktbvbtms
kiliebtb kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs eodjmd hmrm lodjulpu`kmd, lodji`mc emd
lodjmdm`bsm emtm ymdj aorkmbtmd eodjmd lmsm`mc torsoaut udtuk koluebmd lodmrbk
kosblpu`md torcmemp lmsm`mc ymdj ebcmempb em`ml rumdj `bdjkup podo`btbmd bdb.
5.1. K`msbfbkmsb Vmrbmao` Wodo`btbmd
Em`ml lodjcbdemrb tornmebdym kosm`mcmd em`ml podjulpu`md emtm emd udtuklolporluemc podo`btbmd bdb mjmr emtm ymdj ebcmsb`kmd sosumb eodjmd vmrbmao`, lmkm
empmt ebkotmcub beodtbfbkmsb emd k`msbfbkmsb vmrbmao` em`ml podo`btbmd bdtb emd udtuk
lodjmdm`bsm mdtmrm eum vmrbmao`, mempud vmrbmao`-vmrbmao`dym mdtmrm `mbd mem`mc >
=. Vmrbmao` aoams (Bdeopodeodt Vmrbmao`) mem`mc vmrbmao` ymdj tbemk mkmd ebpodjmrucbi`oc vmrbmao` `mbd, nmeb vmrbmao` aoams em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc cmsb` kornm potmdb
kmpms.
1. Vmrbmao` torbkmt (Eopodeodt Vmrbmao`) mem`mc vmrbmao` ymdj ebpodjmrucb i`oc vmrbmao``mbd. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb vmrbmao` torbkmt mem`mc prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms.
5.8. Eofbdbsb Ipormsbidm` Wodo`btbmd
Mempud eofbdbsb ipormsbidm` em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut >=. Cmsb` kornm potmdb kmpms mem`mc ianok aorwunue mtmu tmk aorwunue ymdj lorupmkmd
cmsb` po`mksmdmmd priyok, soamjmb amjbmd emrb sumtu kowmnbamd emrb potmdb kmpms eb
Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs.
1. Wrieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms mem`mc kolmlpumd potmdb kmpms em`ml lodyo`osmbkmd pokornmmd em`ml nmdjkm wmktu tortodtu eodjmd lolporcmtbkmd kum`btms kornm, ebsbp`bd
kornm, kolmlpumd kornm emd aorupmym udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd cmsb` kornm ymdj mem eb
Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs.
5.5. Uokdbk Mdm`bsbs EmtmUocdbk podjulpu`md emtm ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc
Kumdtbtmtbf. Mdm`bsbs emtm kumdtbtmtbf mem`mc podji`mcmd emtm eodjmd kmbemc-kmbemc
lmtolmtbk torcmemp emtm mdjkm mtmu dulorbk. Mdjkm empmt lorupmkmd roprosodtmsb emrb
sumtu kumdtbtms lmupud mdjkm soamjmb cmsb` kidvorsb emrb sumtu kum`btms, ymkdb emtm
kum`btmtbf ymdj ebkumdtbfbkmsbkmd. (Xujbyidi, 177:). Mempud tocdbk mdm`bsm emtm ymdj
ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc rojrosb `bdbor soeorcmdm.
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
12/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 3
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
V. CMXB@ MDM@BXBX EMD WOLAMCMXMD
Aoremsmrkmd pmem toirb emd cbpitosbs ymdj ebmnukmd lmkm empmt ebtu`bs lieo`
ymdj ebporjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut (Junmrmtb, =22?> :1-:8)>
Wrieuktbvbtms < α= + α1 Cmsb` Kornm + o
Eblmdm >
Wrieuktbvbtms < Aosmrdym kolmlpumd rmtm-rmtm cmsb` kornm potmdb
kmpms (kj/Cm)
Cmsb` Kornm < Aosmrdym Wrieuksb ymdj eblb`bkb i`oc sotbmp potmdb
kmpms (Kj)
o < Fmktir jmdjjumd/ orrir torl
Emrb cmsb` ostblmsb eodjmd amdtumd prijrml i`mc emtm XWWX =1.7 ebpori`ocrbdjkmsmd cmsb` rojrosb emd db`mb kiofbsbod lieo` rojrosb `bdbor>
Umao` =.
Cmsb` Qojrosb Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms
eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwos Umcud 1773-17=1
Umao` 1.
Kiofbsbod Eotorlbdmsb Cmsb` Qojrosb Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm Uorcmemp
Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwos Umcud 1773-17=1
Lieo` Q Q XqumroMenustoe Q
Xqumro
Xte. Orrir if
tco Ostblmto
Eurabd-
Zmtsid
= .?:8m .?:2 .?37 1.=5?8 =.178
m. Wroebhtirs> (Hidstmdt), Cmsb` kornm a. Eopodeodt Vmrbma`o> Wrieuktbvbtms
Aoremsmrkmd tmao` eb mtms, lmkm empmt ebkotmcub lieo` porsmlmmd rojrosb
Wodjmruc Cmsb` Kornm Uorcmemp Wrieuktbvbtms Kiliebtb Kmpms eb Kohmlmtmd _dtor
Bwos Umcud 1773-17=1 soamjmb aorbkut>
Wrieuktbvbtms < 7,15? + 7.56= Cmsb` kornm + o
Hioffbhbodts m
,15? 8,=?6 ,5?= ,18=
,56= ,881 ,?38 5,331 ,777
(Hidstmdt)
Cmsb` Kornm
Lieo` =
A Xte. Orrir
_dstmdemrebzoe Hioffbhbodts
Aotm
Xtmdemrebzoe Hioffbhbodts
t Xbj.
Eopodeodt Vmrbma`o> Wrieuktbvbtmsm.
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
13/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 2
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
_nb t-stmtbstbk Wodjunbmd bdb pmem emsmrdym lodudnukkmd soaormpm aosmr podjmruc smtu vmrbmao`
podno`ms sohmrm bdebvbeum` em`ml lodormdjkmd vmrbmsb vmrbmao` torbkmt. Aoremsmrkmd
cmsb` rojrosb eodjmd lodjjudmkmd smtu vmrbmao` podno`ms lmkm empmt ebsblpu`kmdsoamjmb aorbkut ;
C7 > 1 7, eb lmdm sohmrm bdebvbeu vmrbmao` cmsb` kornm tbemk aorpodjmruc sohmrm
sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp prieuktbvbtms.
Cm > 1 4 7, eb lmdm sohmrm bdebvbeu vmrbmao` cmsb` kornm aorpodjmruc sohmrm sbjdbfbkmd
torcmemp prieuktbvbtms.
Aoremsmrkmd cmsb` porcbtudjmd ebpori`oc db`mb t-stmtbstbk soaosmr 5,331 emd t-
tmao` soaosmr 1,:75 pmem < ?% (7,7?;?) eodjmd lo`mkukmd podjunbmd smtu sbsb aormrtb
db`mb t-stmtbstbk 4 t-tmao` mtmu Cm ebtorblm emd C7 ebti`mk. Cm` bdb aormrtb amcwm vmrbmao`
cmsb` kornm aorpodjmruc sohmrm sbjdbfbkmd aormrmc pisbtbf torcmemp prieuktbvbtms emd
cmsb` podjunbmd sosumb eodjmd cbpitosbs.
Emrb lieo` rojrosb torsoaut soamjmblmdm ebno`mskmd eb mtms, empmt ebno`mskmdcmsb` rojrosb soamjmb aorbkut >
=. Kiofbsbod kidstmdtm soaosmr 7,15? lolaorbkmd mrtb amcwm nbkm poruamcmd cmsb` kornmtotmp, lmkm prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms mkmd lodjm`mlb poruamcmd soaosmr 7,15?
udbt/smtumd em`ml mrtbmd kotbkm potmdb kmpms ao`ul lolporcmtbkmd kidebsb cmsb`
kornm lmkm prieuktbvbtms Qp 15? kb`ijrml por coktmrdym.
1. Kiofbsbod vmrbmao` podno`ms cmsb` kornm soaosmr 7,56= lolaorbkmd mrtb amcwmkodmbkmd nul`mc cmsb` kornm ymdj eblb`bkb i`oc potmdb kmpms soaosmr = kb`ijrml mkmd
lodeiridj podbdjkmtmd prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms soaosmr 7,56= kb`ijrml por
Coktmr eodjmd msulsb hotorbs pmrbaus. Bdb lodudnukkmd amcwm solmkbd aosmr mtmu
`umsdym `mcmd mkmd lolpodjmrucb sohmrm sbjdbfbkmd aosmrdym prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb
kmpms em`ml lodjcmsb`kmd prieuksb kmpms ymdj lolaorbkmd podjmruc torcmemp
podbdjkmtmd prieuktbvbtmsdym.
VB. WOD_U_W
6.=. Kosblpu`mdAoremsmrkmd cmsb` mdm`bsm ymdj to`mc eb`mkukmd pmem polamcmsmd soao`uldym,
aoaormpm kosblpu`md ymdj empmt ebmlab` mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut > Cmsb` kornmlolpodjmrucb prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms sohmrm dymtm emd sbjdbfbkmd, cm` bdb
ebtudnukkmd i`oc db`mb t-stmtbstbk soaosmr 5.331 emd t-tmao` soaosmr 1,:75 pmem < ?%
(7,7?;?) eodjmd lo`mkukmd podjunbmd smtu sbsb aormrtb db`mb t-stmtbstbk 4 t-tmao` mtmu Cm
ebtorblm emd C7 ebti`mk. Cm` bdb aormrtb amcwm vmrbmao` cmsb` kornm aorpodjmruc sohmrmsbjdbfbkmd emd aormrmc pisbtbf torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kcususdym kiliebtb kmpms eb
Kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs Kmaupmtod Xulamwm.
6.1. Xmrmd-XmrmdAoremsmrkmd kosblpu`md eb mtms lmkm aoaormpm smrmd ymdj empmt ebtu`bskmd
mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut ;
=. Wmrm potmdb kmpms eb kohmlmtmd _dtor Bwbs em`ml rmdjkm lodbdjkmtkmd prieuktbvbtmsdym lmkm so`mbd cmsb` kornm ymdj to`mc torauktb sohmrm dymtm
aorpodjmruc torcmemp prieuktbvbtms kiliebtb kmpms nujm por`u lolportblamdjkmd
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
14/95
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
15/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 ==
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
WODJMQ_C WODEMWMUMD, CMQJM AMQMDJ EMD CMQJM AMQMDJ @MBD
UOQCMEMW WOQLBDUMMD XOLOD UBJM QIEM EB
WU. XMKM MJ_DJ MAMEB X_LAMZM AOXMQ
UMC_D 177: - 17==
I`oc>
@b`bk Wurwmtb
MAXUQMK
Wodo`btbmd bdb aortunumd udtuk lodjotmcub podjmruc podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, cmrjm
amrmdj, emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd torcmemp porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem eb WU. Xmkm
Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==. Emtm ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd
bdb mem`mc aorupm emtm skudeor ymdj ebpori`oc emrb em`ml kmdtir WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr. aorupm emtm tmcudmd porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem, emtm cmrjm
solod tbjm riem, emtm cmrjm solod nodbs `mbd emd emtm podempmtmd porkmpbtm
lmsymrmkmt sulamwm tmcud 177: -17==. Cmsb` podji`mcmd lodudnukmd amcwm, tbemk
torempmt podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd sohmrm sblu`tmd (sorolpmk) emrb vmrbmao` aoams
(podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, cmrjm amrmdj emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd) torcmemp vmrbmao`
torbkmt (porlbdtmmd solod). eblmdm db`mb t cbtudj lmsbdj-lmsbdj vmrbmao` mem`mc
soaosmr 7,?52 udtuk podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, 7,=3? udtuk cmrjm solod tbjm riem emd -
7,7:6 udtuk cmrjm solod `mbd. Nbkm ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd db`mb t tmao` (=1,:76) pmem ν
< ?% udtuk unb eum sbsb lmkm, pmem lieo` ebmtms tbemk mem podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd.
Kmtm Kudhb > Cmrjm Xolod, Wodempmtmd Workmpbtm emd Worlbdtmmd
B. WODEMC_@_MD
=.=. @mtmr Ao`mkmdjWolamdjudmd bdfrmstruktur mtmu smrmdm emd prmsmrmdm lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu
fmktir podtbdj em`ml porkolamdjmd sumtu emormc amdjsm emd dojmrm. Wolamdjudmd
bdfrmstruktur empmt aorupm polamdjudmd kmdtir polorbdtmcmd, porulmcmd, nm`md,
nolamtmd emd aoramjmb fmsb`btms `mbddym. Cm` bdb empmt lodudnmdj porkolamdjmd sumtu
emormc mtmu wb`mymc ko mrmc ymdj `oabc ambk. Memdym polamdjudmd aoramjmb
bdfrmstruktur torsoaut, eblmdm WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb soamjmb ebstrbautir Xolod Ubjm
Qiem, smdjmt lolaorbkmd eukudjmd torcmemp lmsymrmkmt em`ml lo`mksmdmkmd
polamdjudmd. Em`ml cm` bdb, Xolod Ubjm Qiem suemc ebporhmym em`ml polamdjudmd
torsoaut socbdjjm empmt ebkmtmkmd to`mc lolaorbkmd kidtrbausb aosmr eblmdm
polamdjudmd absm torso`osmbkmd sosumb eodjmd rodhmdm ymdj to`mc ebtodtukmd ambk i`oc
soktir Wolorbdtmc lmupud Xwmstm.
Xolod Ubjm Qiem ymdj lorupmkmd cmsb` i`mcmd emrb prieuksb em`ml dojorb to`mc
lolaorbkmd koamdjjmd torsodebrb amjmb putrm-putrb amdjsm soamjmb podorus
koloreokmmd amdjsm. Eblmdm kbtm soamjmb amdjsm ymdj lmlpu lolprieuksb sodebrb
kcususdym Xolod Ubjm Qiem smdjmt ymkbd mkmd kolmlpumd em`ml lo`mkukmd
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
16/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =1
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
podbdjkmtmd em`ml lolprieuksb aoramjmb cm` ymdj ebautuckmd lmsymrmkmt, amdjsm emd
dojmrm em`ml sumtu prisos polamdjudmd. Wodbdjkmtmd ymdj aojbtu aosmr lmsymrmkmt
torcmemp porlbdtmmd solod Ubjm Qiem suemc amrmdj todtu mkmd lolaorbkmd
podbdjkmtmd ilsot podnum`md WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb sodebrb. Xotbmp au`md WU. XmkmMjudj Mameb so`m`u lorodhmdmkmd podjmemmd Xolod Ubjm Qiem lo`oabcb emrb tmrjot
ymdj to`mc ebtodtukmd.
Xobrbdj eodjmd porkolamdjmd em`ml prisos polamdjudmd suemc pmstb mkmd
aorpodjmruc torcmemp podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt. Eblmdm kotbkm podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt
aortmlamc lmkm tbdjkmt koautucmd lmsymrmkmt torcmemp porlbdtmmd amrmdj emd nmsm
mkmd lodbdjkmt pu`m, cm` bdb mkmd lolaorbkmd podjmruc ymdj pisbtbf em`ml lodudnmdj
prisos kojbmtmd okidilb lmsymrmkmt. Ebsmlpbdj btu cmrjm amrmdj kcususdym cmrjm
Xolod Ubjm Qiem nujm mkmd lodjm`mlb emlpmk kodmbkmd, dmlud cm` bdb torjmdtudj
emrb aosmrdym abmym pikik prieuksb ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml lolprieuksb Xolod Ubjm
Qiem. Nbkm eb`bcmt emrb cmrjm amrmdj `mbd, so`mbd Xolod Ubjm Qiem suemc pmstb mkmd
lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd abmym em`ml prisos prieuksb amrmdj. Xocbdjjm eodjmd tornmebdymkodmbkmd bdb, lmkm tbemk lodutup koludjkbdmd mkmd aorpodjmruc pmem porlbdtmmd
lmsymrmkmt torcmemp sumtu amrmdj emd nmsm kcususdym Xolod Ubjm Qiem.
Eodjmd lodbdjkmtdym porlbdtmmd lmsymrmkmt mkmd solod tbjm riem emrb wmktu
ko wmktu, lodudnukmd porlbdtmmd torcmemp Xolod Ubjm Qiem hukup aosmr. Zm`mupud
cmrjm Xolod Ubjm Qiem so`m`u lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd, aojbtu nujm eodjmd cmrjm solod
nodbs `mbd ymdj suemc pmstb mkmd lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd pu`m, dmlud podempmtmd
lmsymrmkmt ao`ul todtu mkmd lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd. Lmkm emrb btu podu`bs bdjbd
lodjotmcub podjmruc podempmtmd, cmrjm amrmdj emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd torcmemp
porlbdtmmd Xolod Ubjm Qiem eb WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr.
=.1. Qulusmd Lmsm`mcMempud rulusmd lmsm`mc em`ml cm` bdb mem`mc mpmkmc mem podjmruc
podempmtmd, cmrjm amrmdj emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd torcmemp porlbdtmmd Xolod Ubjm Qiem
eb WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177: -17== 9
=.8. Uunumd Wodo`btbmd Uunumd emrb podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub podjmruc podempmtmd, cmrjm
emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd torcmemp porlbdtmmd Xolod Ubjm Qiem eb WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb
Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==.
BB.
UBDNM_MD W_XUMKM1.=. Wodo`btbmd Xoao`uldym.Mprbzm` (17==), lo`mkuk md podo`btbmd eodjmd nueu` “Mdm`bsbs Ofoktbvbtms
Xojlodtmsb Wmsmr Uorcmemp Wodbdjkmtmd Vi`ulo Wodnum`md Wmem WU. Xolod Uidmsm eb
Wmdjkop‒‒. Em`ml usmcmdym lodbdjkmtkmd vi`ulo podnum`md judm lolmksblm`kmd
`mam lmkm WU. Xolod Uidmsm to`mc lodormpkmd strmtojb polmsmrmd ymdj ofoktbf emd
ofbsbod torlmsuk em`ml lododtukmd sojlod pmsmr. WU. Xolod Uidmsm sm`mc smtu
prieusod solod toraosmr eb kmwmsmd tblur Bdeidosbm to`mc lodormpkmd sojlodtmsb
pmsmr aoremsmrkmd joijrmfbs eodjmd lododtukmd emormc polmsmrmddym. Uunumd
podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub soaormpm aosmr podjmruc sortm tbdjkmt ofoktbvbtms
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
17/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =8
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
strmtojb sojlodtmsb pmsmr em`ml lodbdjkmtkmd vi`ulo podnum`md WU. Xolod Uidmsm.
_dtuk lodhmpmb tunumd torsoaut lmkm to`mc eb`mkukmd mdm`bsbs sohmrm eoskrbptbf ymdj
lodno`mskmd lodjodmb podormpmd sojlodtmsb pmsmr i`oc WU. Xolod Uidmsm sortm
eb`mkukmd mdm`bsbs kumdtbtmtbf eodjmd lodjjudmkmd m`mt mdm`bsbs> mdm`bsbs rojrosbsoeorcmdm, mdm`bsbs kiro`msb `bdbor soeorcmdm, emd mdm`bsbs lmrkot scmro. Emrb cmsb`
mdm`bsbs lodudnukkmd amcwm vi`ulo podnum`md lodjm`mlb podbdjkmtmd soto`mc
eb`mkukmd sojlodtmsb pmsmr. Qmtm-rmtm portulaucmd podnum`md soto`mc eb`mkukmd
sojlodtmsb pmsmr em`ml `blm tmcud tormkcbr mem`mc =7,61 %. Xoemdjkmd aoremsmrkmd
cmsb` mdm`bsbs rojrosb emd kiro`msb `bdbor soeorcmdm lodudnukkmd amcwm sojlodtmsb pmsmr
aorpodjmruc sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp vi`ulo podnum`md ymbtu soaosmr 32 %. Xojlodtmsb
pmsmr ymdj ebtormpkmd i`oc WU. Xolod Uidmsm to`mc aornm`md ofoktbf sortm aorpodjmruc
sbjdbfbkmd em`ml lodbdjkmtkmd vi`ulo podnum`md.
Wodo`btbmd Qblpu. (177?), eodjmd nueu` “ Mdm`bsm Wodjmruc Db`mb Worlbdtmmd
Uorcmemp Wodbdjkmtmd Koudtudjmd Wodempmtmd Wrieuksb emd Woremjmdjmd WU. Xbhpm
Wurbdei eb Bdeidosbm‒‒, ymdj lodudnukmd amcwm Worlbdtmmd torcmemp prieuk amrmdjymdj ebprieuksb emd ebnum` pmem tmcud 1775 tbemk tor`m`u sbjdbfbkmd ab`m ebamdebdjkmd
eodjmd tmcud 1778, socbdjjm Db`mb Wodnum`md ( Dot Xm`os) cmdym lodbdjkmt soaosmr 1,18
% ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd Db`mb Wodnum`md pmem tmcud 1778. Wodurudmd Db`mb koudtudjmd
pmem tmcud 1775 ebsoamakmd memdym podbdjkmtmd Abmym Wrieuksb soaosmr 3,:: % emrb
Abmym Wrieuksb pmem tmcud 1778, cm` bdb koludjkbdmd ebsoamakmd memdym poruamcmd
db`mb tukmr lmtm umdj msbdj _XE Ei`mr torcmemp lmtm umdj Qupbmc ymdj dmbk soaosmr
Qp.167,- aoremsmrkmd emtm emrb kurs todjmc rmtm-rmtm Amdk Bdeidosbm ymbtu pmem tmcud
1778 soaosmr = _XE < Qp.3.257,- emd pmem tmcud 1775 = _XE < Qp.2.177,-.
Wodbdjkmtmd abmym prieuksb ebkmbtkmd eodjmd poruamcmd kurs _XE Ei`mr kmrodm
polao`bmd rmw lmtorbm` blpir. Workbrmmd mtmu firhmstbdj emd ostblmsb pmem tmcud 177?
ymdj eb msulsbkmd eodjmd kodmbkmd porlbdtmmd prieuk emd db`mb podnum`md soaosmr 5%ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd tmcud 1775 emd podbdjkmtmd abmym prieuksb soaosmr 1,88%
socbdjjm dmbk =7% ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd tmcud 1775 sortm memdym podbdjkmtmd abmym
ipormsbidm` soaosmr ?% sortm itcor bdhilo nujm dmbk soaosmr =7% ebamdebdjkmd emtm
tmcud 1775, lmkm ebempmtkmd cmsb` porkbrmmd koudtudjmd soao`ul pmnmk eodjmd db`mb
soaosmr Qp.3.213.586.2?7,- mtmu turud soaosmr 8:,88 % ebamdebdjkmd tmcud 1775.
Wodo`btbmd Okmebdb. (1772), eodjmd nueu` ‒‒Mdm`bsbs Wodjmruc Liem` Kornm emd
Wodjmrucdym torcmemp Wrifbtab`btms pmem WU.Xolod Uidmsm eb Wmdjkop‒‒. Rmdj lmdm
Kbdornm sumtu porusmcmmd ebtodtukmd i`oc soaormpm ambkdym sumtu porusmcmmd em`ml
lodjo`i`m liem` kornm socbdjjm empmt lolpori`oc prifbtmab`btms ymdj lmksblm`.
Em`ml usmcmdym udtuk lolpori`oc prifbt, empmt eb`bcmt lo`m`ub bdebkmtir podjjudmmd
liem` kornm ymdj ofoktbf emd ofbsbod. Uunumd emrb podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub
tbdjkmt prifbtmab`btms WU. Xolod Uidmsm eodjmd bdebkmtir Zirkbdj Hmpbtm` Uurd Ivor
emd Hurrodt Qmtbi ymdj lorupmkmd vmrbmao` bdeopodeod ymdj mkmd lodno`mskmd
podjmrucdym torcmemp Qoturd Id Mssot soamjmb vmrbmao` eopodeod em`ml lodhmpmb
kbdornm ymdj lmksblm` udtuk lolpori`oc prifbt amjb porusmcmmd. Uokdbk mdm`bsbs ymdj
ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc mdm`bsbs eoskrbptbf emd rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem
eodjmd podji`mcmd emtm lodjjudmkmd XWXX =2. Emrb cmsb` podjunbmd stmtbstbk db`mb t,
vmrbmao` Zirkbdj Hmpbtm` Uurd Ivor emd Hurrodt Qmtbi aorpodjmruc sbjdbfbkmd torcmemp
Qoturd Id Mssot . Zirkbdj Hmpbtm` Uurd Ivor aorpodjmruc pisbtbf soemdjkmd Hurrodt
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
18/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =5
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
Qmtbi aorpodjmruc dojmtbf torcmemp Qoturd Id Mssot pmem WU. Xolod Uidmsm. Vmrbmao`
aoams (ZHUI emd HQ) lmlpu lodno`mskmd ??,27% podjmrucdym torcmemp vmrbmao`
torbkmt (QIM) emd sbsmdym 55,=7% lorupmkmd vmrbmao`-vmrbmao` ymdj tbemk torlmsuk
em`ml lieo` ostblmsb. Kmtm Kudhb> Liem` Kornm, Dot Zirkbdj Hmpbtm` , ZirkbdjHmpbtm` Uurd Ivor , Hurrodt Qmtbi, emd Qoturd Id Mssot .
1.1. @mdemsmd Uoirb
1.1.=. Uoirb WorlbdtmmdWodjortbmd porlbdtmmd emrb kmhmlmtm b`lu okidilb ymbtu aoramjmb nul`mc
amrmdj emd nmsm ymdj eblbdtm pmem aoramjmb tbdjkmt cmrjm pmem sumtu wmktu tortodtu.
Eofodbsb bdb lodudnukkmd nul`mc amrmdj emd nmsm ymdj eblbdtm pmem aoramjmb tbdjkmt
cmrjm, mrtbdym em`ml aoramjmb tbdjkmt cmrjm torempmt sonul`mc amrmdj ymdj eblbdtm.
(Umtb Xucmrtmtb emd Niosrid Fmtcurrizb, 1778>=1) Worlbdtmmd sosoirmdj mtmu sumtu
lmsymrmkmt mtms sumtu amrmdj ebtodtukmd i`oc amdymk fmktir. Ebmdtmrm fmktir-fmktir
torsoaut ymdj torpodtbdj mem`mc> Cmrjm amrmdj btu sodebr. Cmrjm amrmdj `mbd ymdjlolpudymb kmbtmd ormt eodjmd amrmdj torsoaut, Wodempmtmd rmtm-rmtm lmsymrmkmt emd
rulmc tmdjjm, Ebstrbausb podempmtmd, Hbtm rmsm lmsymrmkmt, Nul`mc podeueuk, Qmlm`md
lodjodmb komemmd eb lmsm lodemtmdj
Xohmrm lmtolmtbs fmktir-fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucb porlbdtmmd ebtu`bskmd
em`ml porsmlmmd ymdj ebkodm` eodjmd fudjsb porlbdtmmd>
]E< f(Wq,Wy,R,U,H,Oe…)
Eblmdm>
]E < Kumdtbtms porlbdtmmd
Wq < Cmrjm amrmdj btu sodebrb
Wy < Cmrjm amrmdj ̀ mbd
R < Wodempmtmd rmtm-rmtm lmsymrmkmt emd rulmc tmdjjmU < Hbtm rmsm lmsymrmkmt
H < Nul`mc podeueuk
Oe < Qmlm`md lodjodmb komemmd eb lmsm lodemtmdj
Cm` bdb ebsmnbkmd em`ml tmao` porlbdtmmd eb amwmc, ymdj lodudnukkmd memdym
cuaudjmd mdtmrm cmrjm emd nul`mc amrmdj ymdj mkmd ebao`b.
1.1.1. WodempmtmdWormturmd polorbdtmc tmcud =231 todtmdj por`bdeudjmd upmc em`ml pmsm` =>
_pmc mem`mc sumtu podorblmmd soamjmb blam`md emrb pokornmmd kopmem auruc udtuk
sosumtu pokornmmd mtmu nmsm ymdj to`mc mtmu mkmd eb`mkukmd, ebdymtmkmd mtmu eblb`bkb
em`ml aodtuk umdj ymdj ebtotmpkmd lodurut sumtu porsotunumd, mtmu pormturmd
porudemdj-udemdjmd, emd ebamymrkmd mtms emsmr pornmdnbmd kornm mdtmrm podjusmcm emd
auruc, torlmsuk tudnmdjmd ambk udtuk auruc sodebrb lmupud ko`umrjmdym. Emrb
podjortbmd eb mtms, pmrm pokornm `oabc lodjutmlmkmd podempmtmd rom`, mjmr koautucmd
lorokm sohmrm lbdblm` empmt ebpoducb eodjmd porcbtudjmd ymdj topmt. Kmrodm todmjm
ao`b (upmc) torsoaut smdjmt ebpodjmrucb i`oc cmrjm ulul amrmdj-amrmdj kidsulsb mtmu
abmym cbeup.
Wodjortbmd todtmdj podempmtmd btu sodebrb mem aoaormpm lmhml, aorbkut bdb mem
aoaormpm pmdemdjmd ymdj lodojmskmd mrtb kidsoptum` emrb podempmtmd. Xoao`ul `oabc
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
19/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =?
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
`mdnut lodo`mmc lodjodmb podjortbmd podempmtmd, lmkm tor`oabc emcu`u por`u ebkotmcub
lodjodmb kidsop kosmtumd usmcm. Kidsop kosmtumd usmcm lodurut ^mkb Amrbewmd
mem`mc soamjmb aorbkut, Kidsop bdb lodymtmkmd amcwm em`ml mkudtmdsb porusmcmmd
ebpmdemdj soamjmb sumtu kosmtumd usmcm mtmu amemd usmcm ymdj aorebrbsodebrb, aortbdemk mtms dmlmdym sodebrb emd torpbsmc emrb polb`bk emd pbcmk `mbd ymdj
lodmdmlkmd emdm em`ml porusmcmmd.
Aoremsmrkmd kidsop kosmtumd usmcm ebmtms, kidsop torsoaut lolpudymb
kikdsokuodsb ymbtu amcwm podempmtmd emd `mam cmrus ebpmdemdj soamjb kodmbkmd
kokmymmd porusmcmmd, soemdjkmd abmym emd rujb soamjmb podjurmdj
kokmymmd porusmcmmd. I`oc kmrodm btu, Xtmdemr Mkudtmdsb cmrus lodyo`osmbkmd
podjortbmd podempmtmd emd abmym eodjmd lolodemdjdym soamjmb poruamcmd kokmymmd,
aukmd soamjmb kodmbkmd mtmu podurudmd kokmymmd polb`bk mtmu polojmdj smcml. Bkmtmd
Mkudtmd Bdeidosbm em`ml Wordymtmmd Xtmdemr Mkudtmdsb Koumdjmd (WXMK) Di. 18
lodeofbdbsbkmd podempmtm soamjmb aorbkut > Wodempmtmd mem`mc mrus lmsuk aruti emrb
lmdfmmt okidilb ymdj tblau` emrb mktbvbtms dirlm` porusmcmmd so`mlm sumtu porbieo ab`m mrus lmsuk bdb lodjmkbamtkmd kodmbkmd okubtms ymdj tbemk aormsm` emrb
kidtrbausb podmdml liem`.
Lodurut ^mkb Amrbewmd em`ml Auku Bdtorloebmto Mhhiudtbdj loruluskmd
podjortbmd podempmtmd mem`mc m`brmd lmsuk mtmu kodmbkmd `mbd mktbvm sumtu amemd usmcm
mtmu po`udmsmd utmdj (mtmu kilabdmsb emrb koeumdym) so`mlm sumtu porbieo ymdj aormsm`
emrb podyormcmd mtmu polaumtmd amrmdj, podyormcmd nmsm, mtmu emrb kojbmtmd `mbd ymdj
lorupmkmd kojbmtmd `mbd ymdj lorupmkmd kojbmtmd utmlm amemd usmcm.
Lodurut O`eid X. Coderbksod ( 1777 > 8:5 ) em`ml Uoirb Mkudtmdsb lodno`mskmd
amcwm podempmtmd mem`mc Wodempmtmd (rovoduo) empmt lodeofbdbsbkmd sohmrm ulul
soamjmb cmsb` emrb sumtu porusmcmmd. Cm` btu abmsmdym ebukur em`ml smtumd
cmrjm portukmrmd ymdj aor`mku. Wodempmtmd ebmkub soto`mc konmebmd podtbdj mtmu soto`mc prisos podnum`md pmem emsmrdym to`mc ebso`osmbkmd. Em`ml prmktok bdb abmsmdym
podempmtmd ebmkub pmem smmt podnum`md.
Ebsmlpbdj eofbdbsb ymdj ebdymtmkmd ebmtms torempmt eofbdbsb podempmtmd emrb H.
Qi``bd Dbswidjor, Hmr` X. Zmrrod emd Wcb`bp O. Foss, Wodempmtmd lorupmkmd kodmbkmd
kitir mtmu jmrbs em`ml liem` polb`bk ymdj ebcmsb`kmd emrb podnum`md amrmdj emjmdjmd,
po`mymdmd nmsm kopmem k`bod, podyowmmd cmrtm, polbdnmlmd umdj emd solum kojbmtmd
ymdj aortunumd udtuk lolpori`oc podjcmsb`md.
Wodempmtmd por Kmpbtm mem`mc podempmtmd rmtm-rmtm podeueuk sumtu dojmrm pmem
sumtu porbieo tortodtu, ymdj abmsmdym smtu tmcud. Wodempmtmd por kmpbtm absm nujm
ebmrtbkmd soamjmb nul`mc emrb db`mb amrmdj emd nmsm rmtm-rmtm ymdj torsoebm amjb sotbmp
podeueuk sumtu dojmrm pmem porbieo tortodtu.
Wodempmtmd por kmpbtm ebpori`oc emrb podempmtmd dmsbidm` pmem tmcud tortodtu
ebamjb eodjmd nul`mc podeueuk sumtu dojmrm pmem tmcud torsoaut. Wolamdjudmd
okidilb ebeofbdbsbkmd soamjmb sumtu prisos ymdj lodyoamakmd kodmbkmd podempmtmd
rbb` por kmpbtm podeueuk sumtu dojmrm em`ml nmdjkm pmdnmdj, ymdj ebsortmb i`oc
porambkmd sbstol ko`olamjmmd (Mrsyme, =222 em`ml Melbd, 177:). Emrb eofbdbsb
torsoaut polamdjudmd okidilb lolpudymb podjortbmd>
=. Xumtu prisos ymdj aormrtb poruamcmd ymdj tornmeb sohmrm torus lodorus.1. _smcm udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd podempmtmd porkmpbtm.
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
20/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =6
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
8. Kodmbkmd podempmtmd por kmpbtm torsoaut cmrus torus aor`mdjsudj em`ml nmdjkm pmdnmdj.
5. Worambkmd sbstol ko`olamjmmd eb sojm`m abemdj.
Wolamdjudmd okidilb mkmd torhorlbd pmem kodmbkmd podempmtmd porkmpbtm emd porambkmd tbdjkmt kosonmctormmd pmem lmsymrmkmt. Bdebkmtir emrb `mnu portulaucmd
okidilb sumtu dojmrm sm`mc smtudym ebtudnukkmd eodjmd tbdjkmt Wortulaucmd Eilostbk
Aruti mtmu Wrieuk Dmsbidm` Aruti. Koaorcmsb`md polamdjudmd okidilb ebtudnukkmd
i`oc tbjm db`mb pikik ymbtu >
m. Workolamdjmd lmsymrmkmt udtuk loloducb koautucmd pikikdym amsbh dooes. a. Lodbdjkmtkmd rmsm cmrjm ebrb so`f-ostool lmsymrmkmt soamjmb lmdusbm.h. Lodbdjkmtdym kolmlpumd lmsymrmkmt udtuk lolb`bc frooeil fril sorvbtueo
ymdj lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu emrb cmk msmsb lmdusbm.
Em`ml sumtu dojmrm, koaorcmsb`md polamdjudmd tbemk solmtm-lmtm cmdym ebukur
emrb kolmlpumddym udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd prieuk eilostbk aruti sortm podempmtmd
dmsbidm` por kmpbtm emrb podeueukdym. Koaorcmsb`md polamdjudmd nujm ebukur emrbkoaorcmsb`md usmcm dojmrm udtuk lodebstrbausbkmd podempmtmd sohmrm lormtm emd meb`
sortm empmt lodjurmdjb nul`mc kolbskbdmd masi`ut sumtu dojmrm.
Lodurut Xbjbt (em`ml Melbd, 177:) lodymtmkmd ebstrbausb podempmtmd ymdj
lormtm mdtmr podeueuk/rulmc tmdjjm lodjmdeudj eum sojb podtbdj, ymbtu >
=. Lodbdjkmtkmd tbdjkmt cbeup lorokm ymdj aormem eb amwmc jmrbs kolbskbdmd.1. Wolormtmmd podempmtmd sohmrm lodyo`uruc, em`ml mrtb lolporsolpbt tbdjkmt
podempmtmd mdtmr rulmc tmdjjm.
Xo`mlm portulaucmd okidilb lmsbc ebdbklmtb sohmrm meb` i`oc lmsymrmkmt
lmkm porsim`md polormtmmd bdb tbemk mkmd ludhu`. Worsim`md torsoaut tornmeb nbkm
tornmeb poruamcmd stmtus qui emrb ji`idjmd ymdj kmym emd ji`idjmd lbskbd, aorupm
poraoemmd tbdjkmt podempmtmd ymdj solmkbd `oamr. Eodjmd kmtm `mbd memdym poraoemmdkosolpmtmd udtuk lodempmtkmd trbhk`o eiwd offoht emrb portulaucmd okidilb ymdj
tornmeb. Ji`idjmd lmsymrmkmt ymdj lodempmt kosolpmtmd `oabc aosmr em`ml
portulaucmd okidilb mkmd aorusmcm lolporaosmr amjbmddym soemdjkmd lmsymrmkmt
ymdj tbemk aorudtudj mkmd lodempmt amjbmd ymdj kohb` (Kmrtmsmslbtm, =226 em`ml
Melbd, 177:)
Xm`mc smtu tunumd utmlm eosodtrm`bsmsb fbskm` mem`mc torhbptmdym kolmdebrbmd
emormc. Wolorbdtmc emormc ebcmrmpkmd lmlpu lodjjm`b sulaor-sulaor koumdjmd
`ihm`, kcususdym lo`m`ub Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME) (Xbebk, 1771 em`ml Cmrbmdti &
Meb, 177:). Emormc ymdj lolb`bkb tbdjkmt portulaucmd Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc ymdj
pisbtbf lolpudymb koludjkbdmd udtuk lolb`bkb tbdjkmt podempmtmd por kmpbtm ymdj
`oabc ambk. Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc aorpodjmruc pisbtbf eodjmd portulaucmd okidilb
eb emormc (Armtm, 1775 em`ml Cmrbmdti & Meb, 177:). Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc
lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu sulaor polao`mdnmmd emormc, nbkm podempmtmd ms`b emormc
lodbdjkmt lmkm emdm ymdj eblb`bkb i`oc polorbdtmc emormc mkmd `oabc tbdjjb emd
tbdjkmt kolmdebrbmd emormc mkmd lodbdjkmt pu`m.
1.1.8. Uoirb Qujb @mamQujb @mam ymbtu `mpirmd koumdjmd ymdj sbstolmtbs lodjjmlamrkmd eb sumtu
pbcmk todtmdj rovoduo (podjcmsb`md) ymdj lodnmeb amcmd porusmcmmd btu judm
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
21/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =:
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
lolpori`oc podempmtmd so`mlm smtu porbieo tortodtu. Lodurut Dbswidjor Worcbtudjmd
Qujb-@mam mem`mc bkcbtbsmr emrb podempmtmd emd aoamd soaumc porusmcmmd em`ml porbieo
tortodtu, lbsm`dym soau`md mtmu sotmcud. @mpirmd Qujb @mam pmem cmkokmtdym lo`bputb
eum mrus, ymbtu podempmtmd emd abmym. Km`mu podempmtmd `oabc aosmr emrb abmym, lmkm porusmcmmd mkmd lolpori`oc `mam mtmu koudtudjmd totmpb soam`bkdym nbkm abmym `oabc
aosmr emrb podempmtmd ymdj ebpori`oc lmkm porusmcmmd mkmd lodeorbtm korujbmd.
1.1.5. Uoirb Kidsulsb=. Uoirb Koydos ( Koydosmd Hidsultbid Lieo` ).
Cuaudjmd podempmtmd ebspismao` emd kidsulsb, Koydos lodno`mskmd amcwm
kidsulsb smmt bdb (hurodt hidsultbid) smdjmt ebpodjmrucb i`oc ebspismao` smmt
bdb (hurrodt ebspismao` bdhilo). Lodurut koydos, mem amtms kidsulsb lbdblm`
ymdj tbemk torjmdtudj pmem tbdjkmt podempmtmd. Mrtbdym tbdjkmt kidsulsb
torsoaut cmrus ebpoducb wm`mupud tbdjkmt podempmtmd smlm eodjmd di`. Btu`mc
ymdj ebsoaut kidsulsb itidilus (mutidilus hidsultbid). Nbkm podempmtmdebspismao` lodbdjkmt, lmkm kidsulsb nujm mkmd lodbdjkmt cmdym smnm
podbdjkmtmd kidsulsb torsoaut tbemk soaosmr podbdjkmtmd podempmtmd
ebspismao`.
1. Lieo` Kidsulsb Xbk`us Cbeup ( @bfo Hyh`o Cypitcosbs If Hidsultbid)Lieo` kidsulsb sbk`us cbeup ebkolamdjkmd i`oc Frmdhi Liebj`bmdb, M`raot
Mdei emd Qbhcmre Arulaorj. Lieo` bdb aorpodempmt amcwm kojbmtmd kidsulsb
mem`mc kojbmtmd soulur cbeup, lieo` sbk`us bdb lolamjb pornm`mdmd cbeup
lmdusbm lodnmeb tbjm porbieo ymbtu> porbieo ao`ul prieuktbf, porbieo prieuktbf
emd porbieo tbemk prieuktbf `mjb.
8. Uoirb Wodempmtmd Worlmdod ( Worlmdodt Bdhilo Cypitcosbs)
Lodymtmkmd amcwm tbdjkmt kidsulsb lolpudymb cuaudjmd pripirsbidm`eodjmd podempmtmd porlmdod ( porlmdodt bdhilo), Wodempmtmd porlmdod mem`mc
tbdjkmt podempmtmd rmtm-rmtm ymdj ebcmrmpkmd em`ml nmdjkm pmdnmdj, sulaor btu
aormsm` emrb podempmtmd upmc/jmnb emd didupmc/did jmnb. Wodempmtmd porlmdod
mkmd lodbdjkmt mpmab`m bdebvbeu lodb`mb kum`btms ebrbdym lmkbd ambk emd lmlpu
aorsmbdj ebspmsmrmd.
5. Uoirb Wodempmtmd Qo`mtbfo ( Qo`mtbvo Bdhilo Cypitcosbs)Uoirb podempmtmd ro`mtbfo ebkolamdjkmd i`oc Nmlos Euossodaorry. Kodemtb pud
lodjmkub podjmruc eilbdmd podempmtmd torcmemp kidsulsb. Uoirb bdb `oabc
lolporcmtbkmd mspok psbki`ijbs rulmc tmdjjm em`ml lodjcmempb poruamcmd
podempmtmd. Emlpmk poruamcmd podempmtmd ebspismao` em`ml nmdjkm podeok
mkmd aoraoem ebamdebdj em`ml nmdjkm pmdnmdj. Uorcmemp Qmhcot Ofok ymbtu
kidsulsb tbemk mkmd turud lodjbkutb kurvm nmdjkm pmdnmdj pmem smmt
podempmtmmd turud, dmlud nbkm podempmtmd dmbk kidsulsb mkmd lodjbkutb kurvm
nmdjkm pmdnmdj.
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
22/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =3
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
BBB. KOQMDJKM KIDXOWU_M@
Jmlamr =.Kormdjkm Kidsoptum`
BV. LOUIEO@IJB WODO@BUBMD
5.=. Emtm Wodo`btbmdWodo`btbmd bdb lorupmkmd podo`btbmd eoskrbptbf. Emtm ymdj ebpori`oc em`ml prisos
podji`mcmd mdm`bsbs mem`mc aorupm emtm todtmdj nul`mc porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem,
cmrjm solod tbjm riem, cmrjm solod nodbs `mbd, emd podempmtmd porkmpbtm lmsymrmkmt
sulamwm aosmr. Em`ml cm` bdb emtm sokudeor mem`mc emtm eikulodtmsb ymdj aorupm emtm
tmcudmd porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem, emtm cmrjm solod tbjm riem, emtm cmrjm solod nodbs
`mbd emd emtm podempmtmd porkmpbtm lmsymrmkmt sulamwm tmcud 177: -17==, sortm emtm-emtm `mbd soportb sonmrmc, struktur irjmdbsmsb, bdfirlmsb-bdfirlmsb lodjodmb `bdjkudjmd
kornm. Uokdbk podjulpu`md eb`mkukmd eodjmd lotieo wmwmdhmrm, iasorvmsb emd
eikulodtmsb.
5.1. K`msbfbkmsb Vmrbmao` Vmrbmao` ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb ymbtu > Vmrbmao` aoams
(bdeopodeod) aorupm podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, cmrjm amrmdj emd cmrjm amrmdj `mbd.
Vmrbmao` torbkmt (vmrbmao` eopodeod) aorupm porlbdtmmd solod.
5.8.
Eofbdbsb Ipormsbidm` Vmrbmao`Worlbdtmmd solod mem`mc nul`mc porlbdtmmd solod Ubjm Qiem (smtumd Uid) eb
WU. Xmkm Mjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==.
=. Wodempmtmd Lmsymrmkmt mem`mc podempmtmd porkmpbtm lmsymrmkmt (rupbmc) ebkmaupmtod Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==.
1. Cmrjm Amrmdj mem`mc cmrjm (smtumd rupbmc) smtu smk solod Ubjm Qiem eb WU. Xmkmmjudj Mameb Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177: ‘ 17==.
8. Cmrjm Amrmdj @mbd mem`mc rmtm-rmtm cmrjm (smtumd rupbmc) smtu smk solod nodbs `mbdeb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Aosmr tmcud 177:-17==.
WodempmtmdLmsymrmkmt
Worlbdtmmd
Cmrjm Amrmdj Cmrjm Amrmdj@mbd
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
23/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 =2
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
5.5. Uocdbk Mdm`bsbs Emtm
Mempud tocdbk mdm`bsm emtm ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb bm`mc lieo`
mdm`bsm kumdtbtmtbf ymdj eb`mkukmd eodjmd hmrm lotieo rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem.
Worsmlmmd rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem>
Eblmdm > Vmrbmao` < Umcud
< Wodempmtmd lmsymrmkmt
< Cmrjm amrmdj
< Cmrjm amrmdj `mbd
< Worlbdtmmd solod Ubjm Qiem
< Kidstmdtm < Kiofosbod rojrosb (Worsodtmsb vmrbmao` R mkbamt emrb
poruamcmd vmrbmao` S)
< Orir torl (fmktir podjjmdjju)
V. CMXB@ MDM@BXBX EMD WOLAMCMXMD
UMAO@ =.
CMXB@ OXUBLMXB _NB WMQXBM@ (BDEBVBE_) EODJMD
MDM@BXBX QOJQOXB @BDBOQ AOQJMDEM
Vmrbmao` Kiofosbod Db`mb t Cbtudj
(Hidstmdt) -??.3?2,=76 -7,??=
Wodempmtmd Lmsymrmkmt 7,7== 7,?52
Cmrjm Xolod Ubjm Qiem =,?58 7,=3?
Cmrjm Xolod @mbd -7,678 -7,7:6
Xulaor > Emtm Xokudeor Ebi`mc
Emrb tmao` ebmtms ebpori`oc porsmlmmd rojrosb ymdj lodudnukmd lieo` rojrosb
ymbtu >
Aoremsmrkmd cmsb` ostblmsb rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem ebempmt db`mb t cbtudj lmsbdj-
lmsbdj vmrbmao` mem`mc soaosmr 7,?52 udtuk podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, 7,=3? udtuk cmrjm
solod tbjm riem emd -7,7:6 udtuk cmrjm solod `mbd. Nbkm ebamdebdjkmd eodjmd db`mb t
tmao` (=1,:76) pmem ν < ?% eodjmd ef < (d-k < ?-5
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
24/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 17
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
cmrjm solod tbjm riem emd cmrjm solod `mbd torcmemp vmrbmao` porlbdtmmd solod tbjm
riem.
Aoremsmrkmd cmsb` podjunbmd sohmrm sblu`tmd ebkotmcub amcwm tbemk mem
podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd emrb vmrbmao` bdeopodeod sohmrm aorsmlm-smlm torcmempvmrbmao` eopodeod. Eblmdm aoremsmrkmd cmsb` ostblmsb ebpori`oc F cbtudj soaosmr =,37=.
eodjmd lolamdebdjkmd F cbtudj eodjmd F tmao` ν 7,7?. Xocbdjjm ebempmt F cbtudj 0
emrb F tmao` (6,?2), bdb aormrtb tbemk sbjdbfbkmd mtmu eodjmd lo`bcmt priamab`btmsdym (sbj)
ymdj aosmr emrb tmrmf sbjdbfbkmdsb (7,527 4 7,7?) lmkm empmt ebsblpu`kmd amcwm lieo`
porsmlmmd tbemk ebtorblm.
Aoremsmrkmd mdm`bsbs kiofbsbod eotorlbdmsb rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem ebpori`oc
kiofosbod eotorlbdmsb (Q 1) soaosmr 7,355 aormrtb amcwm cmdym 35,5% vmrbmsb vmrbmao`
eopodeod (porlbdtmmd solod) ebpodjmrucb i`oc vmrbmsb poruamcmd vmrbmao` bdebpodeod
(cmrjm solod `mbd, podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt emd cmrjm solod tbjm riem). soemdjkmd
sbsmdym =?,6% ebpodjmrucb i`oc vmrbmao` `mbd ymdj tbemk eblmsukmd em`ml lieo`
rojrosb.Emrb porsmlmmd rojrosb torsoaut eb mtms, empmt ebbdtorprotmsbkmd lmsbdj-lmsbdj
pmrolotor soamjmb aorbkut>
- Kidstmdtm (m) < , mrtbdym nbkm solum vmrbmao` aoams smlm eodjmd di`,lmkm porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem mkmd lodurud soaosmr ??3?2,=76 tid, Kiofosbod
rojrosb < 7,7== mrtbdym nbkm podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt dmbk = rupbmc, lmkm
porlbdtmmd torcmemp solod tbjm riem lodbdjkmt soaosmr 7,7== tid.
- Kiofosbod rojrosb < =,?58 mrtbdym kotbkm cmrjm solod tbjm riem dmbk =
rupbmc, lmkm porlbdtmmd torcmemp solod tbjm riem aortmlamc soaosmr =,137 tid.
- Kiofosbod rojrosb < -7,678 mrtbdym nbkm cmrjm solod `mbd lodjm`mlb
kodmbkmd = rupbmc, lmkm porlbdtmmd torcmemp solod tbjm riem aorkurmdj soaosmr7,678 tid
VB. WOD_U_W
6.=. Kosblpu`mdAoremsmrkmd cmsb` mdm`bsbs emd polamcmsmd eb mtms, empmt ebmlab` aoaormpm
kosblpu`md mdtmrm `mbd>
=. Aoremsmrkmd cmsb` ostblmsb rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem ebkotmcub amcwm tbemk mem podjmruc ymdj sbjdbfbkmd udtuk vmrbmao` podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt, cmrjm solod tbjm
riem emd cmrjm solod `mbd torcmemp vmrbmao` porlbdtmmd solod tbjm riem ambk sohmrm
pmrsbm` lmupud sohmrmc sblu`tmd.
1. Aoremsmrkmd mdm`bsbs kiofbsbod eotorlbdmsb rojrosb `bdbor aorjmdem ebpori`ockiofosbod eotorlbdmsb (Q 1) soaosmr 7,355 aormrtb amcwm cmdym 35,5% vmrbmsb vmrbmao`
eopodeod (porlbdtmmd solod) ebpodjmrucb i`oc vmrbmsb poruamcmd vmrbmao`
bdebpodeod (cmrjm solod `mbd, podempmtmd lmsymrmkmt emd cmrjm solod tbjm riem).
soemdjkmd sbsmdym =?,6% ebpodjmrucb i`oc vmrbmao` `mbd ymdj tbemk eblmsukmd
em`ml lieo` rojrosb.
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
25/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 1=
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
6.1. Xmrmd-Xmrmd
Mempud aoamrmpm smrmd em`ml podu`bsmd bdb mdtmrm `mbd >
=. Em`ml loloducb tmrjot podhmpmbmd porusmcmmd torcmemp porlbdtmmd solod tbjm
riem kcususdym eb sulamwm aosmr, ebcmrmpkmd supmym prisos podebstrbausbmd emdko`mdhmrmd solod tbjm riem mjmr topmt wmktu emd kidsbstod.
1. Ebcmrmpkmd pmrtbsbpmsb emd pormd sortm lmsymrmkmt udtuk lodeukudj ko`mdhmrmdem`ml podyoebmmd solod tbjm riem koeopmddym dmdtb. Xocbdjjm kojbmtmd okidilb
lmsymrmkmt em`ml polamdjudmd absm torhmpmb lodnmeb `oabc lmnu emd tormrmc.
8. Wor`udym ebaorbkmd kojbmtmd po`mtbcmd udtuk lodbdjkmtkmd kum`btms XEL (XulaorEmym Lmdusbm) porusmcmmd em`ml lodeukudj aoramjmb mktbfbtms ambk eb`umr
lmupud eb em`ml porusmcmmd btu sodebrb em`ml lolaorbkmd po`mymdmd ymdj
amjus torcmemp kidsulod.
EMFUMQ W_XUMKM
Auhcmrb, M`lm. 1772. Wodjmdtmr Xtmtbstbkm Xisbm`. M`fmaotm, Amdeudj.
Mprbzm`. 17==. Mdm`bsbs Ofoktbvbtms Xojlodtmsb Wmsmr Uorcmemp Wodbdjkmtmd Vi`ulo
Wodnum`md Wmem WU. Xolod Uidmsm eb Wmdjkop.
Xwmstcm, Amsu emd Brmwmd. =22:. Lmdmnolod Wolmsmrmd Lieord. @baorty, Rijymkmrtm.
Okmebdb, M`lmbemc. 1772. Mdm`bsbs Wodjmruc Liem` Kornm emd Wodjmrucdym torcmemp Wrifbtab`btms pmem WU.Xolod Uidmsm eb Wmdjkop.
Junmrmtb, Emliemr. 1778. Okidilotrbkm. Or`mdjjm, Nmkmrtm.
Xioemrsidi. =223. Wodjmdtmr Uoirb Lbkri Okidilb. WU. Qmnm Jrmfbdei, Nmkmrtm.
Xukbrdi, Xmeidi. =226. Wodjmdtmr Uoirb Lmkri Okidilb. Nmkmrtm> WU Qmnm Jrmfbdei
Worsmem.
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
26/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 11
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
KIDUQBA_XB QOUQBA_XB UOQLBDM@ UOQCMEMW
WODEMWMUMD MX@B EMOQMC KMA_WMUOD X_LAMZM AMQMU
UMC_D 177?-17=1
I`oc>
Fbtrb Zmcbemc
MAXUQMK
Xm`mc smtu rotrbausb emormc ymdj ebpudjut i`oc polorbdtmc emormc Kmaupmtod emd Kitm
mem`mc rotrbausb torlbdm` ymdj lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu sulaor Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc
ymdj pmem ululdym empmt ebjm`b i`oc polorbdtmc emormc. Koaorcmsb`md emrb rotrbausb
torlbdm` suemc amrmdj todtu amdymk aorjmdtudj emrb aoaormpm cm` mtmu fmktir-fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucbdym. Xoemdjkmd ukurmd koaorcmsb`md pmem rom`bsmsb podempmtmd
rotrbausb torlbdm` empmt eb`bcmt emrb rom`bsmsb podhmpmbmd tmrjot emd tbdjkmt kodmbkmd
podempmtmd emrb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm`, eodjmd amdymkdym fmktir ymdj
lolpodjmrucb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm`. Wodo`btbmd bdb lodhiam lodjjm`b
kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` torcmemp podemmtmd ms`b emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm
Amrmt Umcud 177?-17=1. Emrb cmsb` mdm`bsbs ebkotmcub amcwm rom`bsmsb podorblmmd
rotrbausb torlbdm` eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177? smlpmb tmcud
17=1, rmtm-rmtm soaosmr Qp. 18.25?.283,-, hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb
torlbdm` torodemc tornmeb pmem tmcud 177: soaosmr Qp.=1.737.777,- emd tortbdjjb
ebhmpmb pmem tmcud 17=1 soaosmr Qp.51.:??.777,-. Xolodtmrm btu rom`bsmsb podorblmmd
WME Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177? smlpmb 17=1, rmtm-rmtm portmcuddym mem`mc Qp.12.561.572.1:2-, hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb torodemc tornmeb pmem tmcud
177? soaosmr Qp. 1.?3=.:?7.736,- hmpmbmd tortbdjjb tornmeb pmem tmcud 17== soaosmr
Qp. ==?.835.16=.7?3,-. Cm` bdb tornmeb kmrodm tmcud 17== lodudnukkmd podbdjkmtmd
rom`bsmsb torlbdm` rmtm-rmtm 4=77% aoramdebdj `urus eodjmd podbdjkmtmd podempmtmd
ms`b emormc, emd ebbkutb pu`m eodjmd podbdjkmtmd sulaor-sulaor WME `mbddym. Cm` bdb
tornmeb kmrodm memdym iptblm`bsmsb polormtmmd torcmemp poludjutmd sulaor-sulaor
WME eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt. Cmsb` mdm`bsbs nujm lodudnukmd db`mb kidtrbausb
rotrbausb torlbdm` torcmemp WME Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177?
smlpmb 17=1, rmtm-rmtm soaosmr 7,=6 porsod, kidtrbausb torodemc ebhmpmb pmem tmcud
17== soaosmr 7,78 porsod emd tortbdjjb ebhmpmb pmem tmcud 177? soaosmr 7,?= porsod.
Kmtm Kudhb > Qotr bausb Uorlbdm`, Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
27/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 18
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
B. WODEMC_@_MD
=.=. @mtmr Ao`mkmdjWolamdjudmd lorupmkmd rmdjkmbmd aorkosbdmlaudjmd ymdj lo`bputb
kocbeupmd lmsymrmkmt, amdjsm emd dojmrm, udtuk lo`mksmdmkmd tujms lowunuekmdtunumd dmsbidm`. Amjb amdjsm Bdeidosbm ymdj torebrb emrb aoaormpm emormc eodjmd
ko`oabcmd emd kokurmdjmd ymdj eblb`bkb, polamdjudmd dmsbidm` aortunumd lowunuekmd
lmsymrmkmt ymdj meb` emd lmklur aoremsmrkmd Wmdhmsb`m emd _demdj ‘ _demdj Emsmr
=25? eodjmd lolmdfmmtkmd kokmymmd emormc ymdj eblb`bkb i`oc emormc lmsbdj ‘
lmsbdj. Xosumb eodjmd prbdsbp itidilb emormc ymdj dymtm emd aortmdjjudj nmwma,
podyo`odjjmrmmd polorbdtmcmd emd polamdjudmd sohmrm aortmcmp mkmd `oabc amdymk
eb`blpmckmd kopmem polorbdtmc emormc. Eodjmd solmkbd lodbdjkmtdym kowodmdjmd
polorbdtmc emormc, lmkm pormdmd koumdjmd emormc lodnmeb solmkbd podtbdj kmrodm
polabmymmd polamdjudmd soamjbmd aosmr mkmd ebabmymb i`oc polorbdtmc emormc btu
sodebrb. I`oc kmrodm cm` torsoaut polorbdtmc emormc ebcmrmpkmd empmt `oabc mktbf `mjb
em`ml loliab`bsmsb sulaor emdmdym sodebrb emd lodjo`i`mdym sohmrm ofoktbf emdofbsbod.
_smcm podjjm`bmd emd podbdjkmtmd sulaor podempmtmd emormc judm lolabmymb
ao`mdnm emormc bdb ebmtur em`ml _demdj-udemdj Dilir ? tmcud =2:5 todtmdj Wikik-
pikik polorbdtmcmd eb Emormc ymdj to`mc ebporamcmrub eodjmd _demdj-_demdj 88
Umcud 177= todtmdj Koumdjmd Emormc. Em`ml kmbtmddym eodjmd po`mksmdmmd itidilb
emormc eblmdm polorbdtmc emormc lolpudymb tmdjjudj nmwma polamdjudmd ymdj `oabc
aosmr, sulaor-sulaor podorblmmd emormc soamjmb sulaor podempmtmd emormc cmrus torus
ebusmcmkmd mjmr lmlpu lolbku` aoamd abmym ymdj ebpor`ukmd udtuk podyo`odjjmrmmd
polorbdtmcmd emd polamdjudmd. _dtuk btu por`u memdym bdtodsbfbkmsb poludjutmd emrb
sulaor-sulaor emdm polamdjudmd ymdj mem so`mlm bdb.
Eodjmd ebaor`mkukmddym itidilb emormc ebcmrmpkmd polorbdtmc emormc `oabclmdebrb ambk sohmrm fbskm` udtuk lolabmymb polamdjudmd lmupud lodjo`i`m
polorbdtmc aosortm mpmrmturdym. Aojbtu nujm eodjmd Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt ymdj
torlmsuk emormc itidilb amru cmrus lmlpu lodjjm`b po`umdj eb emormcdym eodjmd
lodjbeodtbfbkmsb sulaor-sulaor podempmtmddym emd lodjo`i`mdym eodjmd iptblm`,
lodjo`i`m koumdjmd emormc sohmrm ofoktbf emd ofbsbod, sortm lmlpu lolportmdjjudj
nmwmakmd kbdornm kopmem polorbdtmc ebmtmsdym emd kopmem lmsymrmkmt.
Vmrbmao` podtbdj em`ml lolaodtuk Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME) sumtu
emormc ebmdtmrmdym mem`mc pmnmk emormc emd rotrbausb emormc. Emrb aoramjmb rotrbausb
ymdj ebpudjut, rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj absm ebnmebkmd soamjmb sm`mc smtusulaor
podorblmmd emormc ymdj pitodsbm`. Qotrbausb emormc so`mbd soamjmb sm`mc smtu sulaor
podorblmmd amjb polorbdtmc emormc nujm lorupmkmd fmktir ymdj eilbdmd pormdmddym
emd kidtrbausbdym udtuk lodudnmdj polorbdtmc emormc.
Xm`mc smtu rotrbausb emormc ymdj ebpudjut i`oc polorbdtmc emormc Kmaupmtod
emd Kitm mem`mc rotrbausb torlbdm` ymdj lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu sulaor Wodempmtmd Ms`b
Emormc ymdj pmem ululdym empmt ebjm`b i`oc polorbdtmc emormc. I`oc Kmrodm btu,
polorbdtmc emormc lojcmrmpkmd sulaor podempmtmd emrb rotrbausb emormc bdb empmt torus
lodbdjkmt sotbmp tmcuddym socbdjjm polamdjudmd emormc mkmd aornm`md `mdhor mpmab`m
torsoebmdym emdm ymdj hukup. Koaorcmsb`md emrb rotrbausb torlbdm` suemc amrmdj todtu
amdymk aorjmdtudj emrb aoaormpm cm` mtmu fmhtir-fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucbdym.
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
28/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 15
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
Xoemdjkmd ukurmd koaorcmsb`md pmem rom`bsmsb podempmtmd rotrbausb torlbdm` empmt
eb`bcmt emrb rom`bsmsb podhmpmbmd tmrjot emd tbdjkmt kodmbkmd podempmtmd emrb podorblmmd
rotrbausb torlbdm`, eodjmd amdymkdym fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucb podorblmmd rotrbausb
torlbdm`. Uorhmpmbdym tmrjot podorblmmd rotrbausb mkmd ebtodtukmd i`oc sonmuclmdmusmcm ymdj eb`mkukmd polorbdtmc emormc eodjmd hmrm ymdj bdtodsbf emd ambk.
Xoam`bkdym mpmab`m tbemk eb`mkukmd sohmrm bdtodsbf mtmu kurmdj lodempmtkmd porcmtbmd
em`ml lodjo`i`mc fmhtir-fmktir ymdj lolpodjmrucb, lmkm podorblmmd rotrbausb
torlbdm` tbemk mkmd torhmpmb soamjmblmdm ymdj ebcmrmpkmd.
Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt lorupmkmd sm`mc smtu emormc eodjmd emym eukudj
aus Mdjkutmd Kitm Mdtmr Wripbdsb (MKMW) ymdj lo`m`ub wb`mymc Xulamwm Amrmt
so`mlm 15 nml, lmkm lodudnukkmd liab`btms podeueuk eodjmd lodjjudmkmd nmsm
mdjkutmd ulul aor`mdjsudj sopmdnmdj cmrb, socbdjjm aoremlpmk pisbtbf pu`m pmem
sbstol nmsm trmdspirtmsb so`mlm 15 nml. Qom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` eb
Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177?-17== torus lodjm`mlb podbdjkmtmd ymdj
sbjdbfbkmd. Kidebsb bdb empmt eb`bcmt emrb hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb podorblmmd emrb tmcud kotmcud. Qmtm-rmtm rom`bsmsb podorblmmd lodhmpmb Qp. 1=.1?3.212,- mtmu =75,31 porsod
portmcud. Nbkm ebporcmtbkmd sonmk tmcud 1776 eb`bcmt emrb porsodtmso hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb
podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt smlpmb tmcud 1773 torus
lodjm`mlb podbdjkmtmd, cmdym pmem tmcud 1772 emd 17== lodjm`mlb podurudmd.
Wodbdjkmtmd bdb ebkmrodmkmd solmkbd amdymkdym liab`btms podeueuk ymdj
lodjjudmkmd mdjkutmd soamjmb m`mt trmdspirtmsb sortm solmkbd amdymkdym fmsb`btms
torlbdm` eodjmd ebaumtdym torlbdm` torpmeu emd pmsmr eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt.
Hmpmbmd bdb todtudym mkmd aorpodjmruc pmem podorblmmd emormc, kcususdym Wodempmtmd
Ms`b Emormc (WME),emd pmsmr eb Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt. Hmpmbmd bdb todtudym mkmd
aorpodjmruc pmem podorblmmd emormc, kcususdym Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME),
kmrodm rotrbausb torlbdm` lorupmkmd amjbmd emrb Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME) ymdjtorlmsuk em`ml k`msbfbkmsb rotrbausb nmsm `mymdmd ulul.
Xo`mbd aorsulaor emrb rotrbausb mdjkutmd ulul, rotrbausb torlbdm` nujm aormsm`
emrb nmsm ymdj torsoebm eb`bdjkudjmd torlbdm`. Xulaor podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm`
Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt torebrb emrb rotrbausb aus Mdjkutmd Kitm Mdtmr Wrivbdsb
(MKMW), Mdjkutmd Kitm Em`ml Wrivbdsb (MKEW), Mdjkitm, Mdjkueos emd fmsb`btms
ulul torlbdm` soportb tib`ot ulul emd kbis. Eodjmd torsoebmdym fmsb`btms `mymdmd
ulul torlbdm` bdb, todtudym podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` empmt torus lodbdjkmt emrb
tmcudkotmcud sortm lolaorbkmd kidtrbausb ymdj aosmr torcmemp WodempmtmdMs`b Emormc
(WME) Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt, socbdjjm WME ymdj ebpori`oc empmt lodjurmdjb
aoamd ao`mdnm emormc ymdj solmkbd aosmr. Eodjmd `mtmr ao`mkmdj lmsm`mc torsoaut
ebmtms, em`ml podu`bsmd skrbpsb bdb podu`bs lodjmlab` nueu` ‐Kidtrbausb Qotrbausb
Uorlbdm` Uorcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt Umcud 177? ‘
17=1“.
=.1. Uunumd Wodo`btbmdUunumd podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc udtuk lodjotmcub kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm`
torcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177?-17=1.
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
29/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 1?
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
BB. UBDNM_MD W_XUMKM
1.=. Wodo`btbmd Xoao`uldymMsrbdmwmtb (17==), lo`mkukmd podo`btbmd eodjmd nueu` Kidtrbausb Wodorblmmd
Qotrbausb Emormc Uorcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Wmem Wolkma/Wolki eb X_L_U.Wodo`btbmd bdb aortunumd udtuk lodjotmcub soaormpm aosmr podjmruc emd kidtrbausb
rotrbausb emormc torcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc. Vmrbmao` bdeopodeod ymdj ebjudmkmd
em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc rotrbausb emormc emd vmrbmao` eopodeoddym mem`mc
Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc. Wodo`btbmd bdb eb`mkukmd eb Wripbdsb Xulmtorm _tmrm eodjmd
lodjmlab` =: smlpo` polkma/polkit. Lotieo mdm`bsbs ymdj ebjudmkmd mem`mc lotieo
stmtbstbk eodjmd pormdjkmt XWXX (Xtmtbstbh Wrieuht mde Xorvbho Xi`utbid) vorsb =1,7.
Cmsb` podo`btbmd lodudnukkmd soamjmb aorbkut> portmlm, cmsb` rojrosb soeorcmdm
lodudnukkmd amcwm kiofbsbod emrb rotrbausb emormc (a) < 7,351. Bdb lodudnukkmd amcwm
rotrbausb emormc aorpodjmruc pisbtbf torcmemp WME. Koeum, cmsb` podo`btbmd bdb
lodudnukkmd db`mb Q squmro soaosmr :2,6% mrtbdym, :2,6% vmrbmao` eopodeod WME
ebno`mskmd i`oc vmrbmao` bdeopodeod rotrbausb emormc polkma/polkit X_L_U, emdsbsmdym soaosmr 17,5% ebno`mskmd i`oc vmrbmao` `mbd ymdj tbemk ebsoautkmd em`ml lieo`.
Kotbjm, eb`bcmt emrb rmtm-rmtm kidtrbausb rotrbausb emormc torcmemp WME eb X_L_U udtuk
tmcud 1775-1776 soaosmr 8=,:%. Lmkm ebtbdnmu emrb mspok kolmlpumd koumdjmd
emormc, Wripbdsb X_L_U ao`ul empmt lodnm`mdkmd itidilb sohmrm kidsokuod kmrodm
lmsbc torjmdtudj emrb podorblmmd `mbd eb`umr podorblmmd WME. Koolpmt, podorblmmd
WME udtuk tmcud 177: sohmrm ulul ebproebksbkmd mkmd lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd.
Zbabsidi (177:),lo`mkukmd podo`btbmd eodjmd nueu`Mdm`bsbs Kidtrbausb
Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` Wodulpmdj UorcmempWodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod @ulmnmdj
Umcud 1777 ‘ 1775. Mempud vmrbmao` ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc
Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb torlbdm`, WME, WEQA, nul`mc podjjudm nmsm, `ums `mcmd emd tmrbf
rotrbausb. Lotieo ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd mem`mc mdm`bsbs kidtrbausb rotrbausbtorlbdm`, upmym poludjutmd rotrbausb torlbdm`, ofoktbvbtms rotrbausb torlbdm` emd
ofbsbodsb rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj Kmaupmtod @ulmnmdj. Cmsb` mdm`bsbs
lodudnukkmd kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj torcmemp podempmtmd ms`b emormc
(WME) Kmaupmtod @ulmnmdj tmcud 1777 smlpmb eodjmd 1775 lmsbc ao`ul lmksblm`.
Kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj pmem kurud wmktu `blm tmcud torsoaut torus
lodjm`mlb podurudmd. Wmem tmcud 1777 mdjkm kidtrbausb soaosmr 1,8? % emd torus
lodurud pmem tmcud 1775 soaosmr 7,63 %. Qmtm-rmtm kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm`
podulpmdj torcmemp podempmtmd ms`b emormc mem`mc soaosmr =,:6 % Wmem porcbtudjmd
tbdjkmt upmym nujm hodeorudj lodjm`mlb podurudmd. Kodmbkmd tbdjkmt upmym
poludjutmd cmdym tornmeb pmem tmcud 177=, ymbtu dmbk emrb 7,71=5 pmem tmcud 1777
lodnmeb 7,715: pmem tmcud 177=. Xoto`mc btu, torus lodjm`mlb podurudmd cbdjjm
soaosmr 7,7=:5 pmem tmcud 1775. Ofoktbvbtms rotrbausb torlbdm` podulpmdj Kmaupmtod
@ulmnmdj nujm hodeorudj lodjm`mlb podurudmd. Kodmbkmd cmdym tornmeb pmem Umcud
1771. Ofoktbvbtms torodemc tornmeb pmem tmcud 1775 soaosmr :8,:: %, emd ofoktbvbtms
tortbdjjb tornmeb pmem tmcud 1777 soaosmr ==: %. Qmtm-rmtm ofoktbvbtms rotrbausb torlbdm`
podulpmdj eb Kmaupmtod @ulmnmdj soaosmr 2?,?76 % sotbmp tmcuddym emd empmt
ebji`idjkmd em`ml kbdornm poludjutmd rotrbausb ymdj ofoktbf. Ofbsbodsb rotrbausb
torlbdm` podulpmdj emrb tmcud 1777 smlpmb eodjmd tmcud 1775 aorvmrbmsb mdtmrm 3,?1:
% cbdjjm =8,??= % eodjmd rmtm-rmtm tbdjkmt ofbsbodsbdym soaosmr =7,:58% tbmp tmcuddym
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
30/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 16
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
socbdjjm empmt ebji`idjkmd em`ml kbdornm poludjutmd rotrbausb ymdj ofbsbod, kmrodm
lodudnukkmd cmsb` porcbtudjmd rmtm-rmtm ofbsbodsb kurmdj emrb 67 %..
Xymfruebd (1771), lo`mkukmd podo`btbmd eodjmd nueu` Wormdmd Witodsb Qotrbausb
Wmsmr Xoamjmb Xulaor Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Eb Kmaupmtod X`olmd. Mempud vmrbmao`ymdj ebjudmkmd em`ml podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb Wmsmr, WME, WEQA,
nul`mc podjjudm nmsm, `ums `mcmd emd tmrbf rotrbausb. Lotieo ymdj ebjudmkmd udtuk
mdm`bsbs mem`mc eodjmd lodjjudmkmd porcbtudjmd kidtrbausb rotrbausb pmsmr, pitodsb
rotrbausb pmsmr emd mdm`bsbs upmym rotrbausb. Cmsb` mdm`bsbs lodudnukkmd amcwm aosmrdym
kidtrbausb rotrbausb pmsmr torcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc (WME) eb Kmaupmtod X`olmd
tmcud mdjjmrmd =22?/=226 smlpmb =222/1777, so`mlm `blm tmcud tormkcbr pormdmd
rotrbausb pmsmr eb Kmaupmtod X`olmd lodjm`mlb podurudmd emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd
=22?/=226 ymdj lodyulamdj 3,=2 porsod lodnmeb ?,=5 porsod pmem tmcud mdjjmrmd
=222/1777, eodjmd rmtm-rmtm rotrbausb pmsmr lodyulamdj torcmemp Wodempmtmd Ms`b
Emormc soaosmr 6,16 porsod. Nbkm eb`bcmt emrb pitodsb ymdj mem lmkm rom`bsmsb ymdj to`mc
ebhmpmb eodjmd lmdmnolod poludjutmd rotrbausb pmsmr ymdj to`mc eb`mkukmd emrb tmcud=22?/=226 mem`mc soaosmr =.=32.78?.137 udtuk tmcud mdjjmrmd =226/=22: mem`mc
soaosmr =.11=.2=?.16?, ymdj aormrtb lodbdjkmt soaosmr 1,:6 porsod emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd
soao`uldym. _dtuk tmcud mdjjmrmd =22:/=223 mem`mc soaosmr =.8=6.=35.267 ymdj
aormrtb lodbdjkmt soaosmr :,:= porsod emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd soao`uldym. _dtuk tmcud
mdjjmrmd =223/=222 mem`mc soaosmr =.865.7?=.637 ymdj aormrtb lodbdjkmt soaosmr 8,68
porsod emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd soao`uldym. _dtuk tmcud mdjjmrmd =222/1777 mem`mc
soaosmr =.5=?.=66.633 ymdj aormrtb lodbdjkmt soaosmr 8.:5 porsod emrb tmcud mdjjmrmd
soao`uldym. _pmym ymdj to`mc eb`mkukmd polorbdtmc em`ml poludjutmd rotrbausb pmsmr
pmem tmcud mdjjmrmd =22?/=226 ‘ =226/=22: tbemk lodjm`mlb poruamcmd ymbtu soaosmr
7,75 porsod. Wmem tmcud mdjjmrmd =22:/=223 mem`mc soaosmr 7,7? porsod ymdj aormrtb
lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd 1? porsod emrb tmcud =226/=22:. _dtuk tmcud mdjjmrmd =223/=222mem`mc soaosmr 7,76 porsod, aormrtb lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd 17 porsod emrb tmcud
=22:/=223. Koluebmd pmem tmcud =222/1777 tbemk lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd emrb tmcud
=223/=222 ymbtu soaosmr 7,76 porsod. Nmeb upmym poludjutmd rotrbausb pmsmr emrb tmcud
=22?/=226 ‘ =222/1777 lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd rmtm-rmtm por tmcuddym soaosmr ==,1:
porsod.
1.1. @mdemsmd Uoirb
1.1.=. Qotrbausb EmormcQotrbausb mem`mc polamymrmd mtms nmsm mtmu polaorbmd bzbd tortodtu ymdj kcusus
ebaorbkmd mtmu ebsoebmkmd i`oc polorbdtmc emormc udtuk kopodtbdjmd irmdj prbameb mtmu
amemd (Xupmrliki,1771> 3?).Lodurut _demdj-_demdj Di. 85 Umcud 1777 em`ml pmsm`
= lodno`mskmd podjortbmd rotrbausb soamjmb aorbkut Qotrbausb mem`mc pudjutmd Emormc
soamjmb polamymrmd mtms nmsm mtmu polaorbmd bzbd tortodtu ymdj kcusus ebsoebmkmd mtmu
ebaorbkmd i`oc Wolorbdtmc Emormc udtuk kopodtbdjmd irmdj prbameb mtmu amemd.
Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb emormc mem`mc cmsb` pudjutmd emormc soamjmb blam`md nmsm
ymdj ebpori`oc emrb polmkmbmd nmsm pokornmmd mtmu po`mymdmd polorbdtmc emormc emd
nmsm lb`bk polorbdtmc emormc, ymdj eb`mksmdmkmd eodjmd pormturmd emormc ymdj
ebemsmrkmd mtms kotodtumd porudemdj-udemdjmd ymdj aor`mku (Xupmrliki,177=>3=).
Xoamjmb sm`mc smtu emrb bdstrulod pmnmk, lmkm rotrbausb lolpudymb lmdfmmt amdymk
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
31/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 1:
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
torutmlm amjb polorbdtmc emormc em`ml lolamdtu lodbdjkmtkmd polamdjudmd emormc.
Lmdfmmt-lmdfmmt torsoaut ymbtu>
=. Qotrbausb empmt lodbdjkmtkmd kolmlpumd em`ml polabmymmd WME
1. Empmt lodbdjkmtkmd portulaucmd okidilb emormcUunumd rotrbausb emormc mem`mc mjmr rotrbausb empmt aorfudjsb sohmrm ofosbod emd
ofoktbf, lmkm tbemk cmrus ebporcbtudjkmd sohmrm okidilbs, fbsbk emd mpmrmt polorbdtmc
ymdj lodmdjmdb rotrbausb ymdj hukup amdymk smnm, mkmd totmpb cmrus mem kosmemrmd emd
pormd mktbf ymdj hukup tbdjjb emrb lmsbdj-lmsbdj irmdj mtmu lmsymrmkmt soamjmb wmnba
rotrbausb em`ml loloducb kowmnbamddym udtuk loloducb polamymrmd rotrbausb mtms
nmsm ymdj to`mc ebjudmkmd.
Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb Emormc mem`mc cmsb` pudjutmd emormc soamjmb blam`md nmsm
ymdj ebpori`oc emrb polmkmbmd nmsm pokornmmd mtmu po`mymdmd polorbdtmc emormc emd
nmsm lb`bk polorbdtmc emormc, ymdj eb`mksmdmkmd eodjmd pormturmd emormc ymdj
ebemsmrkmd mtms kotodtumd porudemdj-udemdjmd ymdj aor`mku (Lmrebmsli,177=>37).
_demdj ‘ _demdj Qopua`bk Bdeidosbm Dilir 13 Umcud 1772 todtmdj Wmnmk emdQotrbausb Emormc pmsm` 6 lodyoautkmd Qotrbausb emormc mem`mc pudjutmd emormc soamjmb
polamymrmd mtms nmsm mtmu polaorbmd bzbd tortodtu ymdj kcusus ebsoebmkmd emd/mtmu
ebaorbkmd i`oc Wolorbdtmc Emormc udtuk kopodtbdjmd irmdj prbameb mtmu amemd. Em`ml
pmsm` torsoaut ebno`mskmd amcwm Qotrbausb Emormc ymdj empmt ebpudjut i`oc Wolorbdtmc
Emormc torebrb emrb 8 (tbjm) ji`idjmd ymbtu >
m. Qotrbausb Nmsm _lul a. Qotrbausb Nmsm _smcmh. Qotrbausb Worbzbdmd Uortodtu.
1.1.1. Qotrbausb Uorlbdm`
Qotrbausb torlbdm` mem`mc smtu nodbs rotrbausb ymdj lodnmeb kowodmdjmd emormcemd torlmsuk em`ml ji`idjmd rotrbausb nmsm usmcm. Wormturmd Emormc Kmaupmtod
Xulamwm Amrmt Dilir ? Umcud 1776 lodyoautkmd em`ml pmsm` = mymt : amcwm ymdj
eblmksue eodjmd rotrbausb nmsm usmcm mem`mc rotrbausb mtms nmsm ymdj ebsoebmkmd i`oc
Wolorbdtmc Emormc eodjmd lodjmdut prbdsbp kilorsbm` kmrodm pmem emsmrdym empmt
ebsoebmkmd i`oc soktir swmstm.
Em`mlpmsm` = mymt 3 Wormturmd Emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt Dilir ?
Umcud 1776, lodno`mskmd amcwm ymdj eblmksue eodjmd torlbdm` mem`mc tolpmt pmrkbr
udtuk kodemrmmd podulpmdj emd abs ulul, tolpmt kojbmtmd usmcm, emd fmsb`btms `mbddym
ymdj eblb`bkb mtmu ebko`i`m i`oc Wolorbdtmc Emormc. Xo`mdnutdym pmsm` = mymt 2
lodno`mskmd amcwm ymdj eblmksue eodjmd Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` ymdj so`mdnutdym empmt
ebsoaut rotrbausb mem`mc polamymrmd mtms po`mymdmd podyoebmmd tolpmt pmrkbr udtuk
kodemrmmd podulpmdj emd aus ulul, tolpmt kojbmtmd usmcm, fmsb`btms `mbddym eb
`bdjkudjmd torlbdm` ymdj eblb`bkb emd/mtmu ebko`i`m i`oc Wolorbdtmc Emormc tbemk
torlmsuk po`mymdmd porid.
Ianok emd suanok rotrbausb torlbdm` sosumb eodjmd Wormturmd Emormc Kmaupmtod
Xulamwm Amrmt Dilir ? Umcud 1776 em`ml pmsm` 8 mymt = emd 1 mem`mc soamjmb
aorbkut>
(=) Iayok Qotrbausb mem`mc po`mymdmd podyoebmmd fmsb`btms torlbdm` ymdj lo`bputb >m. Wodyoebmmd tolpmt pmrkbr kodemrmmd podulpmdj emd aus ulul;
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
32/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 13
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
a. Wodyoebmmd tolpmt kojbmtmd usmcm;
h. Fmsb`btms `mbddym eb `bdjkudjmd torlbdm`.
(1) Xuayok rotrbausb mem`mc amemd mtmu irmdj prbameb ymdj lodjjudmkmd fmsb`btms
torlbdm`.
1.1.8. Wodempmtmd Ms`b EmormcWodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc mem`mc lorupmkmd podorblmmd emormc ymdj aormsm` emrb
pmnmk emormc, rotrbausb emormc, cmsb` porusmcmmd lb`bk emormc, cmsb` podjo`i`mmd
kokmymmd emormc `mbddym ymdj ebpbsmckmd emd `mbd-`mbddym podempmtmd ms`b emormc ymdj
smc. Aoremsmrkmd pormturmd porudemdj-udemdjmd ymdj aor`mku ymdj ebjudmkmd udtuk
lolabmymb podyo`odjjmrmmd polorbdtmc emd polamdjudmd emormc.
_demdj - udemdj Dilir. =: Umcud 1778, todtmdj podempmtmd emormc mem`mc cmk
polorbdtmc emormc ymdj ebmkub soamjmb podmlamc db`mb kokmymmd aorsbc. Wodempmtmd
emormc (amsbs kms) mem`mc podorblmmd i`oc aodemcmrm ulul emormc mtmu i`oc odtbtms polorbdtmc `mbd ymdj lodmlamc okubtms emdm `mdhmr em`ml porbieo tmcud mdjjmrmd
ymdj aorsmdjkutmd. Wodorblmmd torsoaut lonmeb cmk polorbdtmc emd tbemk por`u ebamymr
kolam`b i`oc polorbdtmc. Wodempmtmd emormc (amsbs mkrum`) mem`mc cmk polorbdtmc ymdj
ebmkub soamjmb podmlamc db`mb kokmymmd aorsbc. Ruwidi ekk., (177?>=7:) lodymtmkmd
amcwm podempmtmd emormc mem`mc solum podorblmmd kms ymdj lodnmeb cmk emormc emd
ebmkub soamjmb podmlamc db`mb kokmymmd aorsbc em`ml smtu tmcud mdjjmrmd emd tbemk
por`u ebamymr kolam`b i`oc polorbdtmc. @oabc `mdnut Cm`bl (177:> 26) lodymtmkmd
amcwm podempmtmd ms`b emormc (WME) lorupmkmd solum podorblmmd emormc ymdj
aormsm` emrb okidilb ms`b emormc.
Xosumb _demdj - udemdj dilir. 88 Umcud 1775, mpmab`m koautucmd polabmymmd
sumtu emormc `oabc amdymk ebpori`oc emrb suasbeb mtmu amdtumd emrb pusmt, emd dymtm-dymtm kidtrbausb WME torcmemp koautucmd polabmymmd torsoaut smdjmt kohb`, lmkm empmt
ebpmstbkmd amcwm kbdornm koumdjmd emormc btu lmsbc smdjmt `olmc. Kohb`dym kidtrbausb
WME torcmemp koautucmd polabmymmd soamjmblmdm ymdj tortumdj em`ml MWAE
lorupmkmd auktb kokurmdjlmlpumd emormc em`ml lodjo`i`m sulaor emym
porokidilbmd torutmlm sulaor-sulaor podempmtmddym.
Em`ml pmsm` 16 mymt = Wormturmd Lodtorb Em`ml Dojorb Dilir =8 tmcud 1776
todtmdj Woeilmd Wodjo`i`mmd Koumdjmd Emormc ko`ilpikpodempmtmd ms`b emormc
ebamjb lodurut nodbs podempmtmd ymdj torebrb mtms>
m. Wmnmkemormc;
a. Qotrbausbemormc;
h. Cmsb` podjo`i`mmd kokmymmd emormc ymdj ebpbsmckmd; emd
e. @mbd-`mbd podempmtmd ms`b emormc ymdj smc.
Em`ml pmsm` = mymt =7 _demdj-_demdj Dilir 13 tmcud 1772 todtmdj pmnmk
Emormc emd Qotrbausb Emormc lodno`mskmd amcwm Wmnmk Emormc, ymdj so`mdnutdym
ebsoaut Wmnmk, mem`mc kidtrbausb wmnba kopmem Emormc ymdj torutmdj i`oc irmdj prbameb
mtmu amemd ymdj aorsbfmt lolmksm aoremsmrkmd _demdj-_demdj, eodjmd tbemk
lodempmtkmd blam`md sohmrm `mdjsudj emd ebjudmkmd udtuk kopor`umd Emormc amjb
soaosmr-aosmrdym kolmklurmd rmkymt. Wmsm` 1 mymt = emd 1 nodbs pmnmk emormc torebrbemrb> Nodbs Wmnmk privbdsb emd Nodbs Wmnmk kmaupmtod/kitm
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
33/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 12
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
Em`ml pmsm` 16 mymt 8 Wormturmd Lodtorb Em`ml Dojorb Dilir =8 tmcud 1776
todtmdj Woeilmd Wodjo`i`mmd Koumdjmd Emormc,ebno`mskmd amcwm nodbs cmsb`
podjo`i`mmd kokmymmd emormc ymdj ebpbsmckmd ebrbdhb lodurut iayok podempmtmddym
ymdj lodhmkup> Amjbmd `mam mtms podyortmmd liem` pmem porusmcmmd lb`bkemormc/A_LE; Amjbmd `mam mtms podyortmmd liem` pmem porusmcmmd lb`bk
polorbdtmc/A_LD; emd Amjbmd `mam mtms podyortmmd liem` pmem porusmcmmd lb`bk
swmstm mtmu ko`ilpik usmcm lmsymrmkmt.
Xoemdjkmd em`ml pmsm` 1? mymt 5 ebno`mskmd nujm amcwm nodbs `mbd-`mbd
podempmtmd ms`b emormc ymdj smc, eb soebmkmd udtuk lodjmdjjmrkmd podorblmmd emormc
ymdj tbemk torlmsuk em`ml nodbs pmnmk emormc, rotrbausb emormc, emd cmsb` podjo`i`mmd
kokmymmd emormc ymdj ebpbsmckmd ebrbdhb lodurut iayok podempmtmd ymdj lodhmkup>
Cmsb` podnum`md kokmymmd emormc ymdj tbemk ebpbsmckmd, Nmsm jbri, Wodempmtmd audjm,
Wodorblmmd mtms tudtutmd jmdtb korujbmd emormc, Wodorblmmd kilbsb, pitidjmd mtmupud
aodtuk `mbd soamjmb mkbamt emrb podnum`md emd/mtmu podjmemmd amrmdj emd/mtmu nmsm i`oc
emormc, Wodorblmmd koudtudjmd emrb so`bsbc db`mb tukmr rupbmc torcmemp lmtm umdj msbdj,Wodempmtmd eodem mtms kotor`mlamtmd po`mksmdmmd pokornmmd, Wodempmtmd eodem pmnmk,
Wodempmtmd eodem rotrbausb, Wodempmtmd cmsb` oksokusb mtms nmlbdmd, Wodempmtmd emrb
podjolam`bmd, Fmsb`btms sisbm` emd fmsb`btms ulul, Wodempmtmd emrb podyo`odjjmrmmd
podebebkmd emd po`mtbcmd sortm Wodempmtmd emrb mdjsurmd/hbhb`md podnum`md.
BBB. KOQMDJKM KIDXOWU_M@
Jmlamr =.
Kormdjkm Kidsoptum`
BV. LOUIEO@IJB WODO@BUBMD
5.=. Nodbs Wodo`btbmd emd Emtm Wodo`btbmdNodbs podo`btbmd bdb mem`mc podo`btbmd eoskrbptbf. Xujbyidi (1773>==) lodno`mskmd
amcwm podo`btbmd eoskrbptbf mem`mc podo`btbmd ymdj eb`mkukmd udtuk lodjotmcub db`mb
vmrbmao` lmdebrb, ambk smtu vmrbmao` mtmu `oabc tmdpm lolaumt poramdebdjmd, mtmu
podjcuaudjmd eodjmd vmrbmao` ymdj `mbd. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb podu`bs lodjkmnb
kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` torcmemp WME Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud
177?-17=1. Wodo`btbmd lodjjudmkmd eum nodbs emtm ymbtu> Emtm Kumdtbtmtbf, mem`mc emtm
ymdj ebpori`oc em`ml aodtuk mdjkm-mdjkm. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb, emtm kumdtbtmtbf aorupm
emtm Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` emd Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt Umcud
177? ‘ 17=1. Emtm Kum`btmtbf aorupm emtm prifb` Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt.
Mempud sulaor emtm em`ml podo`btbmd mem`mc emtm sokudeor. Emtm sokudeor ymbtu
emtm ymdj to`mc ebi`mc emd ebpori`oc emrb bdstmdsb `mbd, em`ml cm` bdb mem`mc emtm
sokudeor torsoaut mem`mc Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` emd Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc Kmaupmtod
Qotrbausb
Uorlbdm ̀
Wodempmtmd Ms`b
Emormc
Qotrbausb
Emormc
-
8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
34/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 87
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
Xulamwm Amrmt Umcud 177? ‘ 17=1. Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb lotieo podjulpu`md emtm
ymdj ebjudmkmd mem`mc podhmtmtmd eikulod emd wmwmdhmrm.
5.1. Eofbdbsb Ipormsbidm` Vmrbmao`Kidtrbausb mem`mc aosmrdym sulamdjmd ( scmro) smtu soktir torcmemp soktir `mbd.
Em`ml podo`btbmd bdb sulamdjmd eblmksue mem`mc sulamdjmd rotrbausb torlbdm`
torcmemp WME. Mempud eofbdbsb ipormsbidm` lmsbdj-lmsbdj vmrbma`o mem`mc soamjmb
aorbkut>
=. Qotrbausb torlbdm` mem`mc rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` eb KmaupmtodXulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177?-17=1.
1. Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc mem`mc rom`bsmsb Wodempmtmd Ms`b Emormc KmaupmtodXulamwm Amrmt porbieo tmcud 177?-17=1.
5.8. Uokdbk Mdm`bsbs
_dtuk lodjotmcub kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm` torcmemp WME KmaupmtodXulamwm Amrmt, em`ml podo`btbmd bdb eb`mkukmd eodjmd rulus (Xymfrueebd, 1771> 18)>
]Sd
Wd < --------- x =77 %
]Rd
Wd < kidtrbausb rotrbausb torlbdm`
]S < rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm`
]R < rom`bsmsb podorblmmd WME
d < tmcud tortodtu
V. CMXB@ EMD WOLAMCMXMD
Jmlamr 1.
Qom`bsmsb Wodorblmmd Qotrbausb Uorlbdm` Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt
Umcud 177?-17=1
=8,178,777
=1,5?7,777
=1,737,777
=3,:=3,777
17,:68,777
81,23?,777
83,3=7,777
51,:??,777
177?
1776
177:
1773
1772
17=7
17==
17=1
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8/15/2019 Jeb-jilid 3 No.5 April 2014-Full
35/95
Nurdm` Okidilb emd Absdbs, Nb`be 8 Dilir ?, Mprb` 17=5 8=
Wusmt Qbsot Okidilb emd Wolamdjudmd FO. _DXM
Wmem jmlamr ebmtms, empmt eb`bcmt amcwm porkolamdjmd rom`bsmsb podorblmmd
rotrbausb torlbdm` Kmaupmtod Xulamwm Amrmt so`mlm tmcud 177? smlpmb tmcud 17=1
lodjm`mlb kodmbkmd ymdj hukup sbjdbfbkmd, torutmlm sonmk tmcud 1773 smlpmb tmcud
17=1. Nbkm ebporcmtbkmd, rmtm-rmtm hmpmbmd rotrbausb torlbdm` so`mlm tunuc tmcud sonmktmcud 177? smlpmb tmcud 17=1 mem`mc soaosmr Qp. 18.2:7.?77,- (`bcmt `mlpbrmd B).
Hmpmbmd rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` torodemc tornmeb pmem tmcud 177: ymbtu
soaosmr Qp.=1.737.777,- emd tortbdjjb ebhmpmb pmem tmcud 17=1 ymbtu soaosmr
Qp.51.:??.777,-. Qodemcdym rom`bsmsb podorblmmd rotrbausb torlbdm` pmem tmcud 177:,
ebsbdym`br mkbamt memdym koabnmkmd polorbdtmc emormc ymdj lo`mkukmd ro`ikmsb to