Jean Mark Gawron Linguistics San Diego State University … · 2016-03-23 · 1. A jogger ran...
Transcript of Jean Mark Gawron Linguistics San Diego State University … · 2016-03-23 · 1. A jogger ran...
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Syntax Assignment:Model Answers
Jean Mark Gawron
Linguistics
San Diego State University
http://www.rohan.sdsu.edu/∼gawron
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 1/20
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1. A jogger ran toward the end of the lane
Det N V P Det N P Det N
2. These tall trees are blocking the road
Det Adj N Aux V Det N
3.Jeremy will play the trumpet and the drums in he orchestra
N Aux V Det N Conj Det N P Det N
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 2/20
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Prepositions
Prepositions about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at,before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by,despite, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like,near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, since, through,throughout, till, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon,with, within, without
Where is X? above, across, against, along, among, around, at, behind, be-low, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, in, inside,into, near, off, on, out, outside, over, past, through, throughout,under, underneath, up, upon
Locativ
Where is X headed? to, into, toward
Where is X coming from ? from
When is X? after, before, by, during, since, until, till Tempor
Others (Common) about, with, of
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 3/20
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Auxiliary
will, should, can, must, may, might, shall, would, do, have, be
Yes-no question test:
John has left.
Has John left? Has is an Aux
John made Mary leave
* Made John Mary leave? Made is not an Aux
John left.
Did John leave? Did is an Aux
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 4/20
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Ex. 3
Head and specifier
NP�� HH
Det
the
N’
N
zoo
NP
�� HH
Det
this
N’
N
house
VP
�� HH
Adv
always
V’
V
try
AP
��
HH
Deg
very
A’
A
competent
AP
�� HH
Deg
so
A’
A
witty
VP
��
HH
Adv
perhaps
V’
V
pass
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 5/20
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Ex. 2, ctd.
Head and specifier]
VP
��
HH
Adv
never
V’
V
surrender
AP
�� HH
Deg
less
A’
A
bleak
NP
��
HH
Det
those
N’
N
books
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 6/20
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Ex. 4: Head, complement, specifierPP
P’
��
HH
P
into
NP
�� HH
Det
the
N
house
VP
V’
���
HHH
V
fixed
NP
��
HH
Det
the
N’
N
telephone
AP
A’
��
HH
A
full
PP
P’
��
HH
P
of
NP
N
mistakes
PP
��
�
HH
H
Deg
more
P’
���
HHH
P
toward
NP
��
HH
Det
the
N
window
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 7/20
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Ex. 4: Head, complement, specifier
NP
���
HHH
Det
a
N’
���
HHH
N
film
PP
P’
��
HH
P
about
NP
N’
N
pollution
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 8/20
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Ex. 4: Head, complement, specifier
Specifier attaches high.VP
��
�
HH
H
Adv
always
V’
���
HHH
V
study
NP
��
HH
Det
this
N
material
Complement attaches low.
Head of the phrase
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 9/20
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Ex. 5IP
��
��
HH
HH
NP
��
HH
Det
Those
N
guests
I’
��
HH
I
should
VP
V
leave
IP
��
�
HH
H
NP
N
Maria
I’
��
�
HH
H
I
+Pst
VP
���
HHH
Adv
never
V’
��
HH
V
ate
NP
��
HH
Det
a
N
brownie
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 10/20
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Ex. 5IP
��
��
HH
HH
NP
��
HH
Det
The
N
student
I’
���
HHH
I
+Pst
VP
��
HH
V
lost
NP
�� HH
Det
the
N
debate
IP
��
��
HH
HH
NP
N
Mariane
I’
��
��
HH
HH
I
could
VP
��
�
HH
H
V
become
AP
���
HHH
Deg
quite
A’
��
HH
A
fond
PP�� HH
P
of
NP
N
LarrySyntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 11/20
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Mistakes I
Wrong Right
NP
N’
���
HHH
PP��HH
Deg
full
P
of
N
mistakes
AP
A’
��
HH
Adj
full
PP
P’
��
HH
P
of
NP
N
mistakes
1. Part of speech full: Adjective
2. P
of
N
mistakes
⇒
PP
��
HH
P
of
NP
N
mistakes
Prep complement: NP
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 12/20
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Modifier Principles
Modifier Head Position Pattern
Adverb Verb never
smile
SpecifierVP
�� HH
Adverb V’
V
Deg Adj
Prep
right
under the table
SpecifierAP
�� HH
Deg Adj’
Adj
PP��HH
Deg P’
P
Det N the
book
SpecifierNP
��HH
Det N’
N
PP N or V the book
on the table
ComplementNP
��
HH
Det N’��HH
N PP
VP
V’��HH
V PP
Adj N red
book
SpecifierNP
��HH
Adj N’
NSyntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 13/20
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Mistakes II
Wrong Right
IP
��
��
HH
HH
NP
��
HH
N
Maria
Adv
never
VP
��
HH
V
ate
NP
��
HH
Det
a
N
brownie
IP
��
�
HH
H
NP
N
Maria
VP
V’
���
HHH
Adv
never
��
HH
V
ate
NP
��
HH
Det
a
N
brownie
1. Every phrase has a head: IP (I’, I)
2. Adverbs never EVER modify Nouns
3. When in doubt, draw BOTH trees. Looking at them decidewhich one is a better fit with the principles of tree-drawing.
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 14/20
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Mistakes III: Heads
Wrong Right
S
���
HHH
V
fixed
NP
��
HH
Det
the
N
telephone
VP
���
HHH
V
fixed
NP
��
HH
Det
the
N
telephone
S
��
HH
Adj
full
PP
��
HH
P
of
NP
N
mistakes
AP
��
HH
Adj
full
PP
��
HH
P
of
NP
N
mistakes
A phrase headed by a
8
<
:
V is a VP
an Adj is an APSyntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 15/20
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Mistakes IV
Wrong Right
VP
��
��
HH
HH
V’
��
HH
Adv
always
V
study
NP
��
HH
Det
this
N
material
VP
��
�
HH
H
Adv
always
V’
���
HHH
V
study
NP
��
HH
Det
this
N
material
S
��
�
HH
H
N’�� HH
Det
a
N
film
VP
��
HH
V
about
NP
N
pollution
NP
N’
���
HHH
Det
a
N’
���
HHH
N
film
PP
��
HH
P
about
NP
N
pollutionSyntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 16/20
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Errors
1. Specifiers attach HIGH; complements low.
2. about is a preposition, not a verb
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 17/20
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Complete sentences
A film about pollution: Is it a sentence?
1. This is NOT a sentence (Yes/no question test):
* Does a film about pollution?* About a film pollution?Is the film about pollution? [Must add be to MAKE it a sentence]
Other examples:
That John left * Did that John leave?
* Did that John left?
For John to leave now * To for John leave now?
* Did John to leave now?
Because John left * Did because John leave?
John left Did John leave?
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 18/20
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Tree vocab I
SentenceIP
���
HHH
NP I’
�� HH
I
+Pst
VP
V
IP
���
HHH
NP I’
�� HH
I
Aux
VP
V
Prepositional phrasePP
��HH
P NP
Noun phraseNP
��HH
Det N
NP
��
HH
Det N’��HH
N PP
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 19/20
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Tree Vocab II
Adjective PhraseAP
��HH
Deg A
AP�� HH
Deg A’
A
PP
Verb PhraseVP
��HH
Adv V
VP
��
HH
Adv V’��HH
V NP
Syntax Assignment:Model Answers – p. 20/20