JDBC Connectivity Model

• Name: Kunj Desai• Enrollment No.: 140950107022• Branch : CSE-A• Year:2017

Java and the database

• Database is used to store data. It is also known as persistent storage as the data is stored and can be retrieved anytime.

• Java and database are used almost everywhere to store persistent data and retrieve it when required.

SQL

• Information stored in the database is in tables and the language used to query information from the database is SQL.

• Using SQL we can query a table based on the requirement.

DDL – DML – DCL - TCL• DDL – Data Definition Language

– These queries are used to create database objects such as tables, indexes, procedures, constraints

– Create , drop, alter,truncate,comment,rename• DML – Data Manipulation Language

– These queries are used to manipulate the data in the database tables.

– Insert, update, delete, select (more available)• DCL – Data Control Language– These are data control queries like grant and revoke permissions• TCL– Transaction Control Language– These are transaction control queries like commit, revoke,

savepoint, set transaction

What is JDBC?• JDBC provides Java applications with access to most database

systems via SQL• The architecture and API closely resemble Microsoft's ODBC• JDBC 1.0 was originally introduced into Java 1.1

– JDBC 2.0 was added to Java 1.2• JDBC is based on SQL-92• JDBC classes are contained within the java.sql package

– There are few classes– There are several interfaces

Database Connectivity HistoryBefore APIs like JDBC and ODBC, database connectivity was tedious• Each database vendor provided a function library for accessing

their database• The connectivity library was proprietary.• If the database vendor changed for the application, the data access

portions had to be rewritten• If the application was poorly structured, rewriting its data access

might involve rewriting the majority of the application• The costs incurred generally meant that application developers

were stuck with a particular database product for a given application

JDBC Architecture• With JDBC, the application programmer uses the JDBC API

– The developer never uses any proprietary APIs• Any proprietary APIs are implemented by a JDBC driver

• There are 4 types of JDBC Drivers

Java Application

JDBC API

JDBC DriverManager

JDBC Driver JDBC Driver

JDBC Drivers• Type 1 Driver - JDBC-ODBC bridge

– This is an ODBC driver, which is open source• Type 2 Driver – Native API driver

– This is more like the OCI (Oracle Call Interface) call interface is converted to native calls of the database.

• Type 3 Driver – Network protocol driver– This is achieved by using a Java Driver in a middleware

• Type 4 Driver – Native Protocol Driver– This is a driver written purely in Java Language• We Usually prefer to depend on the Type 4 driver – Eg: Oracle thin driver

Java-Oracle Examplepublic void ConnectToAndQueryDatabase(String username, String password)

{ Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:myDriver:myDatabase", username, password); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT a, b, c FROM Table1"); while (rs.next()) {

int x = rs.getInt("a"); String s = rs.getString("b"); float f = rs.getFloat("c"); }

}

•In the example we have a method call ConnectTo And QueryDatabase which takes in a username, password•The Connection Interface creates a connection. A connection is created by using the DriverManager Class with the connection string , username, password. The concrete implementation is OracleConnection.•The statement Interface creates a statement. The concrete implementation is Oracle Statement.•ResultSet stores the result after invoking execute Query on the statement object. We can iterate over the resultset to get the results from table.

Statement and Prepared Statement

• A Statement Interface is used to create a statement i.e. a query to be executed against a database. In this process, two calls are made to the database system , one to get the table metadata and other to get the data itself. The statement object is also compiled every time it executes.

• A Prepared statement comes in handy as it is compiled and cached and only makes on database call when invoked. The compilation would be skipped even if the values in the where clause change

Statement and Prepared Statement• Statement

Statement stmt= con.statment(“select * from mytab where num=22”);

• Prepared StatementPreparedStatement pstmt = con.preparestatement(select * from mytab where num=?”);pstmt.setInt(1,”11”);This sets the value of ? as 11

– If we run the statement in for loop every time changing the where clause, the statement is compiled every time before execution.

– In the case of prepared statement , the prepared statement is cached and compiled only one time in the event of a for loop with changing where clause.

Stored Procedures

• Stored procedures are compiled sql programs which are stored in the database system and can be executed in the database.

• We use the call keyword in SQL to execute stored procedures

• Java can access the stored procedures in the database by using the Callable statements

Callable Statements• Callable statements are used to call stored procedures

in the database.CallableStatement cstmt = null; try {

String SQL = "{call myprocedure(?, ?)}"; //? Can be set dynamically as in prepared statement

cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL); . . . } catch (SQLException e) { . . . } finally { . . . }

JDBC Interfaces

• ResultSet– Represents the result of an SQL statement– Provides methods for navigating through the resulting data

• DatabaseMetaData– Provides access to a database's system catalogue

• ResultSetMetaData– Provides information about the data contained within a ResultSet

Transactions

• Transactions imply a situation when we have one or more SQL statements to be committed only when everything goes right– Assume we have 10 databases which are always to be

in sync. So we would have one sql query to be executed across all databases. So, the sql query should committed in all the databases only after successful execution in all 10 databases. This is called a transaction. The transaction is committed only after successful execution across all databases.

Closing Connections

• Always remember to close in the following sequence.– Resultset– Statement/Prepared Statement– Connections• Do a null check always before closing the

connections using close() method.