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JCM 210 English News Reporting and Writing II
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JCM 210 English News Reporting and Writing II Seminar 5 12 th March 2009 Total=50 1 Seminar 5-2009
description
JCM 210 English News Reporting and Writing II. Seminar 5 12 th March 2009. Agenda. Outstanding issues arising out of Seminar 4 Beats Briefing (2): Who’s who in your beat Basic Reporting: United Nations & Int’l Affairs. International Affairs. News coverage. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of JCM 210 English News Reporting and Writing II
JCM 210 English News Reporting and Writing II
Seminar 5
12th March 2009
Total=50 1Seminar 5-2009
Agenda
Outstanding issues arising out of Seminar 4 Beats Briefing (2): Who’s who in your beat Basic Reporting: United Nations & Int’l
Affairs
Total=50 2Seminar 5-2009
International Affairs
Total=50 3Seminar 5-2009
News coverage
United Nations: global policies Regional affairs: Asia & Europe Individual states
Korea:
disarmament talk U.S. U.K.
Sino-U.S. relationshipTotal=50 4Seminar 5-2009
Official Institutions / Treaty Bodies
United Nations 聯合國 World Trade Organisation (WTO) 世界貿易
組織 International Court of Justice 國際法庭 International Criminal Court 國際刑事法庭 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
北大西洋公約組織 Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN) 東南亞國家聯盟
Total=50 5Seminar 5-2009
Internationally operated Non-Government Organization
國際性非政府組織 Organization formed by people outside of
government “watchdog” of the human rights
International Committee of the Red Cross 國際紅十字會
Amnesty International 國際特赦組織 World Economic Forum 世經濟論壇 Oxfam 世界宣明會
Total=50 6Seminar 5-2009
What is a “State”?
Permanent population ( 固定人口 ) Defined territory ( 明確領土 ) Government ( 政府 ) Capacity to enter into relations with the
other states ( 能與其他國家建交 )
Total=50 7Seminar 5-2009
International relation
State policy 國家政策 Diplomatic relationship 外交關係
International law 國際法 International Treaty and Convention 國際條約
及公約
Total=50 8Seminar 5-2009
State Policy on diplomacy
Recognition of a nation 承認另一個國家 Trade dispute 貿易糾紛 Territorial and frontier disputes 領土及邊
界糾紛 Declaration of war 宣戰
Total=50 9Seminar 5-2009
Law and order in respect of int’l relation
Total=50 10Seminar 5-2009
International Law
International conventions 國際公約 International custom 國際慣例 General principles of law 各國適用的一般
法律原則 Judicial decisions 司法判例 Academic publication 學術著作
Total=50 11Seminar 5-2009
International conventions (hard law)
Conventions/covenants 公約 Treaty 條約 Only binds the parties to the convention
Article 2(1)(a) Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties 1969 ( 維也納公約 ) International agreement between states In written form; and Governed by international law
Total=50 12Seminar 5-2009
B
A
Bi-lateral /multi-lateral Treaty
convention
C
BA
D
Multi-lateral Convention
United Nation CharterInternational Covenants onCivil and Political Rights
Difference b/w treaty and convention條約與公約的分別
Sino-British Joint Declaration中英聯合聲明Total=50 13Seminar 5-2009
Treaties / Conventions making process
Negotiation A treaty is adopted
States agree to enter into a treaty and sign it Signing a treaty
Official representative of a State signs the treaty
Ratifying ( 追認 ) a treaty Approval by the domestic legislature
A treaty comes into force
Total=50 14Seminar 5-2009
Stanley Ma
Int’l custom/customary int’l law (soft law)
Two elements State practice 各國重覆類似行為
Most states conduct themselves in the same way on the same issue over a period of time
Opinion juris 法律確信 They conduct themselves that way because they feel they are
legally obliged to do so
Total=50 15Seminar 5-2009
Lai Changxing 賴昌星The fugitive of Yuan Hua’s case 遠華集團走私案逃犯
Total=50 16Seminar 5-2009
General principles of law
Rules and principles common to all legal systems ( 各國均適用的原則 )
Right of persons to go to court to settle disputes Right to be heard by a court before judgment is
pronounced Principle of equity ( 公平原則 )
Fairness and justice 公平及公義 Doctrine of acquiescence ( 容忍 ) in the case of territory
delimitation ( 領土劃分 )
Total=50 17Seminar 5-2009
Judicial Decisions International Court of Justice (ICJ) 海牙國際法庭
It binds the parties to the case only In practice, the Court will follow its earlier decisions on
similar issue Informal doctrine of stare decisis
Other tribunals European Court of Human Rights 歐洲人權法庭
Binding on the parties only But strong persuasive force to others in similar human rights
issue
Total=50 18Seminar 5-2009
Other sources?
Resolution ( 決議 ) of international organisation The General Assembly ( 全體大會 ) of the
United Nations Not binding States are not legally obliged to follow the
conduct stipulated by the GA resolution
Declaration ( 宣言 ) of int’l organisationsTotal=50 19Seminar 5-2009
United Nations
Total=50 20Seminar 5-2009
United Nations Charter 聯合國憲章
Article 1 Purposes of UN Maintain int’l peace 國際和平 and security 國
際安全 Take effective collective measures for the
prevention and removal of threats ( 威脅 ) to the peace
Adjustment or settlement ( 解決 ) of int’l disputes ( 國際糾紛 ) or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace
Total=50 21Seminar 5-2009
Develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principles of
Equal rights; and Self-determination 自決
Achieve int’l co-operation in solving international problems of an economic,
social, cultural or humanitarian ( 人道 ) character and
promoting respect for human rights for all w/t distinction as to race, sex, language or religion
Total=50 22Seminar 5-2009
Article 2 Members should act on the following principles:
The sovereign equality of all its Members ( 各成員國主權平等 )
Shall fulfil their obligations in good faith ( 以誠信履行成員國的義務 )
Settle their int’l disputes by peaceful means ( 以和平解決紛爭 )
Refrain from the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence of any State ( 不威脅或以武力損害任何國家領土完整或政治獨立性 )
Total=50 23Seminar 5-2009
Give the UN every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter ( 協助聯合國執行根據憲章作出的行動 )
Peacekeeping Troops 維持和平部隊 Economic sanction 經濟制裁
Ensure non-member States to act in accordance with the above Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of int’l peace and security 確保其他非成員國一同遵守聯合國維持國際和平和安全的責任
Total=50 24Seminar 5-2009
The Organs of the United Nations
Total=50 25Seminar 5-2009
Principal Organs
Trusteeship Council
Security Council
General Assembly
Economic &Social Council
Secretariat
經濟及社會理事會全體大會安全理事會托管理事會 秘書處
Total=50 26Seminar 5-2009
Security Council Link 15 members
5 Permanent members 常任理事國 PRC, France, UK, Russian Federation, United Nations Great Powers 超級大國 Right to final vote 最後投票權
10 non-permanent members 非常任理事國 5 Afro-Asian, 2 from Latin-American, 1 from Eastern Europe, 2 from
Western Europe and other States Japan, Mexico, Turkey, Vietnam, Austria, Costa Rica 2 years’ term
The Presidency of the Security Council ( 安理會主席 ) is held in turn ( 輪任 ) by the members of the Security Council in the English alphabetical order of their names. Each President holds office for one calendar month.
Total=50 27Seminar 5-2009
Powers and functions of SC to maintain international peace and security to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to
regulate armaments ( 軍備 ) to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of
aggression ( 侵略行為 ) and to recommend what action should be taken
to call on Members to apply economic sanctions ( 經濟制裁 ) and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression
to take military action ( 軍事行動 ) against an aggressor
all Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council.
Total=50 28Seminar 5-2009
Subsidiary bodies of SC Peacekeeping Operation and Missions 聯合
國維持和平行動 Int’l Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia 前南斯拉夫問題國際法庭 Int’l Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 盧旺達
問題國際刑事法庭 Genocide 種族清洗 War crime 戰爭罪行
Total=50 29Seminar 5-2009
General Assembly 聯合國大會 Link
Plenary organ comprising all Member States Article 10 UN Charter
Discuss any questions or matters within the scope of the Charter
Total=50 30Seminar 5-2009
How to be a member? Article 4 UN Charter
Open to all other peace-loving States which accept the obligations contained in the Charter and will carry out their obligations
Decision of the GA upon the recommendation of the SC
Total=50 31Seminar 5-2009
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Total=50 32Seminar 5-2009
GA Resolution
By voting Important decision making Approval of important treaties and conventions Generally no legally binding effect on the Members
Exception: admission of new membership But could become an evidence of int’l law
If all states acting in the same way and do believe that they are obliged to do so customary int’l law
Total=50 33Seminar 5-2009
GA 57/228 18 Dec 2002The Prosecution Under Cambodian Law Of Crimes
Committed During The Period Of Democratic
Kampuchea ( 聯合國決議案：對紅色高棉進行檢控 )
Khmer Rouge赤柬 also known as Party of Democratic Kampuchea柬埔寨共產黨
Alleged to have killed 1,7 millions people b/w 1975-1990
Leadership: Pol Pot (波尔布特 ) Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia柬埔寨法院特別法庭
To trial senior leader of Democratic Kampuchea
3 Cambodian Judges 2 International Judges
Total=50 34Seminar 5-2009
Subsidiary bodies under GA
Human Rights Council (since 2006) 聯合國人權理事會
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 聯合國兒童基金
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 聯合國難民事務公署
Human rights treaties bodies Human Rights Committee
since 1976 (for International Covenants for Civil & Political Rights)
Total=50 35Seminar 5-2009
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
54 members Article 62 UN Charter
Make studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related matters
Promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms for all
Article 66 To assist the Security Council
Total=50 36Seminar 5-2009
Subsidiary bodies
Committee on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights Specialized Agencies
International Labour Organization 國際勞工組織 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization 聯合國教科文組織 World Bank Group International Monetary Fund (IMF) 國際貨幣基金 World Health Organization (WHO) 世界衛生組織
Total=50 37Seminar 5-2009
The Secretariat Link
Secretary-General 秘書長 Appointed by GA Five-year term
Ban Ki-moon ( 潘基文 ) of the
Republic of Korea The 8th SG of the UN
Total=50 38Seminar 5-2009
CEO of the UN Organization of the meetings Draft the agenda Provide staff and facilities Prepare report Prepare annual budget for the UN Power to bring matters to the attention of
the SC for investigation
Total=50 39Seminar 5-2009
Organization of the UN system
http://www.un.org/aboutun/chart_en.pdf
Total=50 40Seminar 5-2009
The use of force and arm conflict武力與軍事衝突
Total=50 41Seminar 5-2009
Article 2 UN Charter
All members must settle their disputes by peaceful means
Shall refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State “No war” provision
Total=50 42Seminar 5-2009
GA Resolution
GAR 2131(1965): Prohibition of Intervention Armed intervention ( 軍事介入 ) and all other
forms of interference ( 干預 ) are to be condemned ( 譴責 )
GAR 2625 (1970): General Principles of Int’l Law Threat or use of force is a violation of
international law
Total=50 43Seminar 5-2009
The right of self-defence
Legitimate self-defence is allowed (int’l custom) Necessity of self-defence The act done in self-defence must not be unreasonable
and the force used must be proportionate to the harm threatened
Article 52 UN Charter Right to individual or collective self-defence against
armed attack until the SC has taken the measures necessary to maintain int’l peace and security
Total=50 44Seminar 5-2009
Collective self-defence
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( 北大西洋公約組織 )(NATO)
Organization for collective self-defence under Article 51
Total=50 45Seminar 5-2009
Self-determination 自決
Total=50 46Seminar 5-2009
Right to self-determination
Collective right open to exercise by peoples The right of self-determination in respect of
those people in Eastern Europe following the 1st World War
The disintegration of the overseas empires of the colonial powers following the 2nd World War
Total=50 47Seminar 5-2009
GA Resolutions
GAR 1514/1960: The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Territories and Peoples
GAR 2625/1970 Emergence as a sovereign independent State Free association with an independent State Integration with an independent State
Total=50 48Seminar 5-2009
Cases other than colonies
The early 1970’s view UN has never accepted the principle of
secession of a part of a Member State
Need to be reassessed due to the development of human rights? Right to go away from dictatorship?
Total=50 49Seminar 5-2009
THE END
Total=50 50Seminar 5-2009
