JAZZ STYLES: HEARING AND PLAYING THE CHANGES

John C. Coggiola, Ph. D. Setnor School of Music

Syracuse University Why is it important to know about and understand the different jazz styles? Because that knowledge: -allows you to understand the historical evolution of the music from style to style -allows you to perform the music in an authentic manner -allows you to develop specific techniques on your instrument that are appropriate for performing a jazz style (usable technique or technique that gives you freedom) -allows you to develop authentic “vocabulary” for use in your improvisations -allows you to perform with a sense of understanding that promotes a higher-level of performance with others Jazz styles can be explained through the examination of: Melody, Improvisation, Harmony, Rhythm, Forms used in compositions, Instrumentation or ensemble size, Roles of the instruments, The music’s use in society. Where do we begin? At the turn of the 20th century in New Orleans we had several types of music present in everyday life (European, African, & American influences): Folk music Blues Spirituals Ragtime Popular music of the day (marches, quadrilles, classical music)

Early Jazz (Pre 1930’s) New Orleans Style & Chicago Style

Melody: Loosely stated, usually by the lead instrument (trumpet). Improvisation: Collective improvisation (New Orleans Style), Single soloists with collective improvisation (Chicago Style). Harmony: Simple, triads and seventh chords. Rhythm: Emphasis on syncopation, the development of swing feel moving away from the “stiffness” of ragtime. Forms used in compositions: Blues (8, 10, and 12 bar), pop tune forms. Simple composition techniques (non-written) that allow for greater improvisation.

Instrumentation or ensemble size: Small group with trumpet, clarinet, trombone, tuba, banjo, drums, occasionally saxophone. Roles of the instruments: Trumpet – lead, Clarinet – ornamentation of the melody, Trombone – simple figures that outlined the chords and creating lower harmonies, Tuba – bass notes, Banjo- chords, Drums – simple time keeping, usually march-like with syncopation. The music’s use in society: Daily activities, celebrations, gatherings, funerals, dancing, listening entertainment.

Swing Period (1930’s to late 1940’s) Melody: Strictly stated, usually by an instrument section(s), composed counter melodies and background lines for melody and solo statements. Improvisation: Strong movement away from collective improvisation, focus now on solo improvisation in a shorter period of time. Standardized solos on popular tunes. Harmony: more complex, triads, seventh, and ninth chords. Rhythm: Emphasis on swing feel moving to consistent use of swing eighth-note patterns. Forms used in compositions: Blues (12 bar), pop tune forms. Complex composition techniques that allowed for less improvisation. Greater use of written arrangements. Instrumentation or ensemble size: Larger group with 3-5 trumpets, saxophones (2 altos, 2 tenors, baritone) becomes the main reed instruments with continued use of the clarinet, 3-5 trombones, piano and/or guitar replacing the banjo, string bass replacing the tuba, drum set evolution (high-hat and ride cymbals, feathered bass drum) Roles of the instruments: Depends solely on the composition. Great use of mutes with brass instruments, varied woodwind instruments in saxophone section. Ensemble’s color and texture was key element. The music’s use in society: Dancing, listening entertainment. Development of the bandleader as main public figure. Swing music had great popular appeal.

Be-Bop (1940’s – mid 1950’s) - What do you hear? Melody: Very complex, usually written based on chord changes of another popular swing period tune, virtuosic in nature – designed to exclude! Sometimes only at end or no melody at all! Improvisation: Solo improvisation for a longer period (several choruses). No more standardized solos, individually ruled the day. Very little collective improvisation instead trading 4’s, 8’s, chorus approach used to create excitement. Very little packaging for improvisations. Hard for the inexperienced listener to connect solo lines with the chord changes due to the complexity. Harmony: very complex, seventh chords with altered upper extensions b/# 9ths, #11ths, b/nat.13ths. Rhythm: Emphasis on complex rhythms, hard accents at change of melodic direction, swing eighth-note patterns move more towards an even feel with accents being the focal points. Forms used in compositions: Blues (12 bar), pop tune forms. Simpler composition techniques that allowed for greater improvisation opportunities. Greater use of non-written arrangements in performance. Instrumentation or ensemble size: Small group with trumpet, saxophone(s) trombone, piano and/or guitar, string bass, drum set.

Roles of the instruments: Depends solely on the composition. Great use of mutes with brass instruments, saxophone main woodwind instrument. Ensemble’s featured thinner textures. The music’s use in society: Dancing, listening entertainment. Development of the soloists as main public figures. Lost some popular appeal due to Be Bop’s complexities, lack of visual appeal.

Cool Jazz/West Coast (1950’s) - What do you hear? Melody: Very complex, usually written based on chord changes of another popular tune, more melodic in nature. Improvisation: Solo improvisation for shorter periods ( based on a chorus). Subdued playing with the use of counterpoint during improvisation, trading 4’s, 8’s, approach still used but to create contrasting colors and interest. A great deal of packaging for improvisations. Given the focus on melodic development it was easier for the inexperienced listener to connect solo lines with the chord changes. Harmony: very complex, seventh chords with altered upper extensions b/# 9ths, #11ths, b/nat.13ths. Use of counterpoint in melody and improvisation development. Rhythm: Emphasis on complex rhythms, softer accents with a focus on melodic direction, swing eighth-note patterns have an even feel with accents being the focal points. Forms used in compositions: Blues (12 bar), pop tune forms. Advanced composition techniques that allowed for greater melodic development. Greater use of written arrangements in performance. Instrumentation or ensemble size: mid-size group (4-10 players) with trumpet(s), saxophone(s)/woodwind(s) trombone(s), French horn(s), piano and/or guitar, string bass, drum set. Roles of the instruments: Depends solely on the composition. Great use of mutes with brass instruments, saxophones doubled with woodwind instruments. Ensemble’s featured light-weight, dry, or pastel tone colors, softer textures, slow vibrato or no vibrato at all. The music’s use in society: Dancing, listening entertainment. Development of the soloists/bandleader as main public figures.

Hard Bop (1950’s) - What do you hear? Melody: Very complex, usually hard-driving, fiery, melodies, written based on original chord changes of newly composed tunes, more melodic in nature (funky, earthy, roots in black gospel music). Improvisation: Solo improvisation for longer periods (based on a chorus). Virtuoso performances during improvisation, trading 4’s, 8’s, approach still used but to create intensity and interest. Little packaging for improvisations. Like Bebop, it was harder for the inexperienced listener to connect solo lines with the chord changes due to the complexity. Harmony: very complex, seventh chords with altered upper extensions b/# 9ths, #11ths, b/nat.13ths. Rhythm: Emphasis on complex rhythms, harder accents with a focus on swing eighth-note patterns that have an even feel with accents being the focal points.

The Evolution of the Soprano Saxophone in Jazz

The Evolution of the Alto Saxophone in Jazz

Early

Swing

Hard Bop

Free Jazz

Post-Bop & 1970s

Sidney Bichet Johnny Hodges Don Redman Woody Herman Budd Johnson John Coltrane Jerome Richardson Steve Lacy Pharaoh Sanders Sam Rivers John Surman Anthony Braxton Wayne Shorter Dave Liebman Steve Grossman Joe Farrell Tom Scott Roland Kirk (Manzello)

Swing

Bebop

Cool Style

Hard Bop

Free Jazz

1970s

Johnny Hodges Benny Carter Woody Herman Charlie Parker Sonny Stiff Lee Konitz Art Pepper Paul Desmond Bud Shank Lennie Niehaus Herb Geller Charlie Mariano Lou Donaldson Leo Wright Cannonball Adderley Jackie McLean Gigi Gryce Sonny Criss Charles McPherson Oliver Nelson Frank Strozier Phil Woods Jerome Richardson James Spaulding Ornette Coleman Eric Dolphy Marion Brown John Handy John Tchicai Anthony Braxton Eric Kloss Bary Bartz

The Evolution of the Tenor Saxophone in Jazz

The Evolution of the Baritone Saxophone in Jazz

Swing

Bebop

Cool Style

Hard Bop

Free Jazz

Post-Bop & 1970s

Chuck Berry Arnett Cobb Herschell Evans Lucky Thompson Coleman Hawkins Ben Webster Paul Gonsalves Lester Young Ike Quebec Illinois Jacquet Flip Phillips Budd Johnson Gene Ammons Dexter Gordon Wardell Gray James Moody Frank Foster Jeddik Harris Allen Eager Stan Getz Zoot Sims Al Cohn Richie Kanuca Bill Perkins Jimmy Giuffre Warner Marsh Sonny Rollins John Coltrane Sonny Stitt Hank Mobley Johhny Griffin Yusef Lateef Charlie Rouse Stanley Tutrrentine Booker Ervin Roland Kirk Archie Shepp Pharaoh Sanders Gato Barbieri John Gilmore Dewey Redman Albert Ayler Joe Henderson George Coleman Sam Rivers Wayne Shorter Joe Farrell Billy Harper Charles Lloyd

Swing

Bebop

Cool Style

Hard Bop

The Evolution of

Bebop

Free Jazz

Post-Bop & 1970s

Harry Carney Serge Chaloff Cecil Payne Gerry Mulligan Sahib Shihab Pepper Adams Nick Brignola the Flute in Jazz Jerome Richardson Frank Wess Bud Shank James Moody Leo Wright Paul Horn Eric Dolphy Charles Lloyd Sam Rivers Joe Farrell Hubert Laws Roland Kirk Jeremy Steig Charles Lloyd Chris Hinze Jan Garbarek

The Evolution of the Trumpet in Jazz

The Evolution of the Trombone in Jazz

Early Jazz (New Orleans)

Dixieland

Swing

Bebop

Hard Bop

Free Jazz

1970s

Buddy Bolden (C) Freddie Keppard (C) Bunk Johnson (C) King Oliver (C) Tommy Ladnier (T) Louis Armstrong (T) Hot Lips Page (T) Jonah Jones (T) Nick LaRocca Mugsy Spanier Red Nichols Bix Beiderbecke Jimmy McPartland Bunny Berigan Bobby Hackett Bubber Miley Rex Stewert Cootie Williams Ray Nance Clark Terry Sidney de Paris Henry “Red” Allen Roy Eldridge Buck Clayton Harry Edison Cat Anderson Dizzy Gillespie Howard McGhee Fats Navarro Kenny Dorham Miles Davis Chet Baker (Cool Style) Art Farmer Shorty Rogers Clifford Brown Donald Byrd Thad Jones Lee Morgan Bill Hardman Nat Adderley Benny Bailey Carmell Jones Blue Mitchell Booker Little Ted Curson Freddie Hubbard Woody Shaw Don Cherry Dewey Johnson Marvin Peterson Don Ellis Michael Mantler Randy Brecker Lew Soloff Bobby Shew Tom Harrell

Early Jazz

Swing

Bebop

Hard Bop | Post-Bop

Free Jazz

1970s

The Evolution of

Swing

Bebop

Cool Style

Hard Bop

Post-Bop & 1970s

Kid Ory Honore Dutrey Jimmy Harrison Miff Mole Tommy Dorsey Jack Teagarden “Tricky Sam” Nanton Juan Tizol Lawrence Brown Bennie Morton Dickie Wells Vic Dickenson JC Higginbotham Trummy Young JJ Johnson Bill Harris Earl Swope Kai Winding Curtis Fuller Jimmy Cleveland Bob Brookmeyer Julian Priester Garnett Brown Frank Rosolino Carl Fontana Frank Rehak Urbie Green Bill Watrous Slide Hampton Jimmy Knepper Willie Dennis Grachan Moncur III Roswell Rudd Albert Mangelsdorff Jiggs Whigham Bill Reichenbach the Vibraphone in Jazz Lionel Hampton Red Norvo Milt Jackson Terry Gibbs Teddy Charles Cal Tjader Victor Feldman Bobby Hutcherson Gary Burton Roy Ayers Mike Mainieri Karl Berger

The Evolution of the Guitar in Jazz

The Evolution of the String Bass in Jazz

Early Jazz

Swing

Bebop

Cool Style

Hard Bop

Post-Bop

Jazz-Rock

Free Jazz

Johnny St. Cyr Lonnie Johnson Eddie Lang Eddie Condon Django Reinhardt Charlie Christian Tiny Grimes Bill de Arrango Barney Kessel Chuck Wayne Billy Bauer Jimmy Rainey Johnny Smith Tal Farlow Jim Hall Herb Ellis Howard Roberts Grant Green George Benson Kenny Burrell Wes Montgomery Joe Pass Gabor Szabo Attila Zoller Pat Martino Larry Coryell John McLaughlin Joe Beck Derek Bailey Terje Hypdal

Swing

Bebop

Hard Bop

Post-Bop

Free Jazz

1970s

Jimmy Blanton Oscar Pettiford Walter Page Slam Stewert Oscar Pettiford Charles Mingus Ray Brown Milt Hinton George Duvivier Percy Heath Leroy Vinnegar Red Mitchell Paul Chambers Sam Jones Jymie Merritt Reginald Workman Art Davis Ron Carter Chuck Israels Steve Swallow Buster Williams Jimmy Garrison Scott LaFaro Richard Davis Gary Peacock Cecil McBee Eddie Gomez Charlie Haden Dave Holland Barre Philips Arild Andersen Palle Daniellson Miroslav Vitous Niels Hennig Orsted Pedersen George Mraz Gene Perla Stanley Clarke

The Evolution of the Piano in Jazz

Early (1900-1930)

Boogie-Woogie (1930-1940)

Transitional (1930-1945)

Bop (1930-1945)

Hard Bop | Funky (1950-1965)

Hard Bop (1950-1965)

West Coast | Impressionistic (1950-1965)

Major (1965-1975)

Jelly Roll Morton James P Johnson Duke Ellington Fats Waller Willie “The Lion” Smith Jimmy Yancey “Pine Top” Smith Albert Ammons Meade-Lux Lewis Earl Hines Teddy Wilson Count Basie Art Tatum (Erroll Garner) (Oscar Peterson) Thelonious Monk Bud Powell Al Maig John Lewis George Wallington George Shearing Elmo Hope (Dave Brubeck) Horace Silver Bobby Timmons Les McCann (Martial Solal) Ahmad Jamal Hank Jones Tommy Flanagan Barry Harris Red Garland Wynton Kelly Cedar Walton Lennie Tristano Herbie Nichols Richard Twardzik Bill Evans Paul Bley Clare Fischer Steve Kuhn McCoy Tyner Herbie Hancock Chick Corea Joe Zawinul Keith Jarrett

The Evolution of the Drums in Jazz

Early Jazz

Swing

Bebop

Cool Style

Hard Bop

Free Jazz

Post-Bop

Baby Dodds Zutty Singleton George Wettling Chick Webb Sid Catlett Cozy Cole Joe Jones Gene Krupa Dave Tough Kenny Clarke Max Roach Buddy Rich Denzil Best Shelly Manne Mel Lewis Joe Morello Chico Hamilton Philly Joe Jones Art Taylor Dannie Richmond Louis Hayes Billy Higgins Roy Haynes Albert Heath Elvin Jones Alan Dawson Art Blakey Ed Blackwell Paul Motian Charles Moffett Barry Artschul Jon Chritenson Andrew Cyrille Sonny Murray Milford Graves Beaver Harris Tony Williams Jack de Johnette Joe Chambers Billy Hart Eric Gravatt Billy Cobhan Al Mouzon Lenny White Steve Gadd