Current Status and Future Plan of JAXA Earth Observation ...
JAXA Earth Observation Program and Data Products
Transcript of JAXA Earth Observation Program and Data Products
JAXA Earth Observation Program and Data Products
Misako KACHIEarth Observation Research Center, Space Technology Directorate I
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Targets (JFY: Apr-Mar) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025Disasters Management
& Land MonitoringJERS1/OPS, SAR (1992-1998)ADEOS-I/AVNIRALOS/AVNIR2, PALSAR (2006-2011)
Climate System•Climate changeADEOS-I/OCTS (1996-1997)ADEOS-II/GLI (2003)
•Water CycleADEOS-II/AMSR (2003)Aqua/AMSR-E (2002-2011)
•Greenhouse gases
Japanese Earth Observation Satellites
On orbitMission status
[Land and disaster monitoring]
[CO2, CH4]
[Wind, SST , water vapor, rainfall]
[Precipitation 3D structure]
[CO2, CH4, CO]
Development
TRMM / PR
ALOS-2 / PALSAR-2
GPM / DPR
GCOM-W / AMSR2
ALOS-3/Advanced Optical
ALOS-4/Advanced SAR
Pre-phase-A
Himawari-9 (standby)Himawari-8
[Cloud, aerosol, SST]MTSAT-1RMTSAT-2 (Himawari-7)JMA geostationary
meteorological satellites
with NASA
with NASA
with MOE
GOSAT-GW/TANSO-3
Himawari-10/11 planning
GOSAT-GW/AMSR3
Completed
AMSR-2 Successor Sensor
TANSO-2 Successor Sensor
[Wind, SST , water vapor, precipitation]
with MOEGOSAT / FTS, CAI
(Himawari-6)
MOE[CO2, CH4, NO2]
[Land and disaster monitoring]
[Land and disaster monitoring]
Himawari-8 (standby)Himawari-9
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[Cloud and aerosol 3D structure]GCOM-C / SGLI
EarthCARE / CPRwith ESA
[Vegetation, aerosol, cloud, SST, ocean color]
GOSAT-2
F/O Feasibility Study
PhysicalOcean surface heat fluxSea ice Sea level Sea stateSea surface currentsSea surface salinitySea surface stressSubsurface salinitySea surface temperature Subsurface currentsSubsurface temperature
BiogeochemicalInorganic carbon Transient tracersNitrous oxide NutrientsOcean colour Oxygen
Biological/ecosystemsMarine habitat propertiesPlankton
OceanBiosphere Hydrosphere
Above-ground biomass
Groundwater
Albedo LakesEvaporation from land
River discharge
Fire AnthroposphereFraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR)
Anthropogenic Greenhouse gas fluxes
Land cover Anthropogenic water use
Land surface temperature CryosphereLeaf area index Glaciers SnowSoil carbon Ice sheets and ice
shelvesSoil moisture Permafrost
Land
Surface Upper-air Atmospheric Composition
Precipitation Earth radiation budget
Aerosol and ozone precursors
Pressure Lightning Aerosols properties
Radiation budget
Temperature Carbon dioxide, methane & other greenhouse gases
Temperature Water vapour Cloud properties
Water vapour Wind speed & direction
Ozone
Wind speed and direction
Atmosphere
GCOM-C GCOM-W GOSAT, GOSAT-2GPM/DPR ALOS-2
JAXA Satellites’ Contributions to ECVs
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Climate Monitoring by GCOM-CGlobal Change Observation Mission - Climate (GCOM-C)
Water cloud effective radius
RGB image
Total suspended matterEarth system model
(ESM)Vegetation index
Ocean Chlorophyll-a
Fire smoke
Cloud particle radius is affected by the aerosol
Aerosol and clouds by SGLI bands
JAXA/GCOM-C observation:üSpatial distributionüSeasonal changeüYear-to-year changeü…
üModel-Observation comparisonü Correlation among variablesü …
ü Aerosol and cloud processes and radiative forcing
JAMSTEC, Tokyo Univ.
The SGLI 380nm channel clearly shows aerosols (fire smoke) as brown color areas
Offshore California on 17 Nov. 2018
Environmental monitoringby 250m
Global ecosystem change
® Improvement of the ESM® Improvement of future prediction
of the future global environment8-day mean during 24-31 Mar. 2020 Around Japan Sea on 6 May. 2021
RGB image
GCOM-CEnergyBudget
Carbon& Material
Cycle
Sea Surface Temperature
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New AMSR2 Research ProductsGlobal Change Observation Mission - Water (GCOM-W)
GCOM-W
Water Cycle
Multi-band SST (research)6GHz SST (standard)
Missing due to RFIs
Reduce missing area due to RFIs by referring 7GHz SST
High ResolutionSea Ice Concentration(research) in 5-km res.
Sea Ice Concentration(standard) in 15-km res.
Aqua/MODISFalse color imageR:7ch/G:2ch/B:1ch
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JAXA/GCOM-W observation:ü Observation started since 3 Jul. 2012ü Finest spatial resolution among PMWsü 6.9/7.3 GHz for SST and Soil Moistureü Near-real-time distribution (2-3 hr latency) ü Ver.4 products for SST & Sea Surface Wind
Speed have been released in Oct. 2020ü Research Products are available via
https://suzaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GCOM_W/research/resdist.html
New Research Product “Soil Moisture and Vegetation Water Content based on the Land Data Assimilation Methodology”using ECHLA* is in preparation* See Sawada et al. (2017), Sawada (2020), etc.
Soil Moisture Content (0-5cm)July 2019
Vegetation Water ContentJuly 2019
GSMaP is the Japanese GPM product, and a multi-satellite precipitation product from a blended Passive Microwave radiometer(PMW)-IR algorithm.
A review paper of GPM-GSMaP V03 & V04 was published: Kubota et al. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24568-9_20
Displaying accumulated rainfall in some temporal scale (daily, pentad, weekly, 10-days and monthly), indices related to extreme heavy rainfall and drought.
Detection of heavy rainfall and drought is based upon Tashima et al. (2020, JSTARS).https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2020.3014881
Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP)
Extreme heavy rainfall in Kyushu, Japan for weekly precipitation (July 1-7, 2020)
We started to operate a homepage “JAXA Climate Rainfall Watch”, which provides information about extreme heavy rainfall and drought over the world using the GSMaP.Graphical User Interface of the "JAXA Climate Rainfall Watch" website (https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP_CLM/) 6
2018-Now
2009-Now
Global CO2 concentrations observed by GOSAT and GOSAT-2, CH4 and CO (September 2019)
CO2 Observation CH4 (upper) & CO (lower) Observation
A-decade-long GHG observation by GOSAT seriesGreenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) & GOSAT-2
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Carbon& Material
Cycle
GOSAT
GOSAT-20.12
0.09
0.06
0.00
XCO [ppm]
0.03
GOSAT-2 Analyzed by JAXA/EORC
Orbit
Same orbit as ALOS-2Altitude: 628 km at the equatorInclination angle: 97.9°Local sun time at Desc.: 12:00 +/- 15 minRevisit time: 14 day (15-3/14 rev/day)
Instruments- PALSAR-3 (Phased Array type L-band
Synthetic Aperture Radar-3)- SPAISE3 (SPace based AIS Experiment 3)
Satellite Mass Approx. 3 tons at launch
Designed lifetime 7 years
Future ALOS series Missions:ALOS-3 Optical (2021) & ALOS-4 L-band SAR (2022)
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ALOS-3 (Optical)
ALOS-4 (Radar)
Reso
lutio
n (m
)
Swath (km)
3
10
16
50 20070 75
JERS-1 ▼(1992-1998)
ALOS ▼(2006-2011)
▼ALOS-2(2014-)
▼ALOS-4(2022-)
②Wider observation
50 km Swath(ALOS-2)
ALOS-4 Coverage(Hawaii Island)
200 km Swath(ALOS-4)
Orbit
Sun-synchronous sub-recurrentAltitude: 669 km at the equatorLocal Sun Time at Desc: 10:30 am +/- 15 minRevisit time: 35 days (Sub-cycle 3 days)
Instruments - Wide-swath and high-resolution optical imager - Dual-frequencies Infrared sensor (hosted payload)
Ground Sampling Distance (GSD)
- Panchromatic band (Pa): 0.8 m- Multispectral band (Mu): 3.2 m (6 bands)
Quantization 11 bit / pixel
Swath width 70 km at nadir
Mission data downlink Direct: Ka and X-band; via. Data Relay Satellite
Satellite Mass Approx. 3 tons at launch
Duty 10 mins / recurrent
Designed lifetime 7 years
ALOS-3 simulation image
To be launched in JFY2022
To be launched in JFY2021
Disaster/Mapping
Disaster/Forest
Future Missions for Climate & Water:EarthCARE (2022) & GOSAT-GW (2023)• Europe-Japan joint mission• 3 dimensional global distributions
of cloud and aerosol to contribute to precise understanding of climate change
• JAXA and NICT provides world's first satellite-based cloud vertical motion by the Clod Profiling Radar (CPR) with 94 GHz with Doppler Capability at 0.8 km spatial resolution.
Orbit
Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbitAltitude: approx. 400kmInclination angle: 97.05°Local Sun Time at Desc.: 14:00Revisit time: 25 days
Instruments
- Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) by NICT & JAXA- Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID) by ESA- Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) by ESA)- Broad-Band Radiometer (BBR) by ESA
Mass Approx. 2.2 tons at launchDesigned lifetime 3 years
EarthCARE
To be launched in JFY2022
GOSAT-GW
To be launched in JFY2023
Cloud/Aerosol
Radiation Budget
Green-house gases
Orbit
Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbitAltitude: approx. 666kmInclination angle: 98.06°Local Sun Time at Desc.: 1:30 +/- 15 minRevisit time: 3 days
Instruments
- Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 3 (AMSR3)- Total Anthropogenic and Natural emissions mapping SpectrOmeter-3 (TANSO-3) (for Ministry of Environment in Japan (MOE))
Mass Approx. 2.6 tons at launchDesigned lifetime 7 years
• Carrying two instruments, AMSR3 and TANSO-3.
• AMSR3 (JAXA) will succeed AMSR series observations adding new high frequency channels (166 & 183 GHz) for snowfall retrievals and water vapor analysis for NWP and additional 10.25 GHz for robust SST retrievals.
• TANSO-3 (led by Ministry of Environment in Japan) uses imaging spectrometer technology to measure CO2, CH4 and NO2 globally with medium and locally with high spatial resolution.
AMSR3 for both snow & rain
Water Cycle
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2014-
Next Generation Precipitation Radar Discussed in JAXA
• JAXA has large heritage of the TRMM/PR and GPM/DPR, and the data record of spaceborne precipitation radars is more than 20 years.
• Feasibility study for the next generation precipitation radar is now ongoing in JAXA, and discussed with NASA for ACCP (Aerosol, Cloud, Convection and Precipitation) collaboration.
2000 2005 20152010 2020
TRMM/PRKu-band (13.8GHz)
1997 - 2015
Overlap->calibration
From tropics to mid latitudes & from single to dual freq.
TRMM precip. GPM precip.
2025 2030
Higher sensitivity & Doppler CapabilityTo realize1. Understanding of cloud-precipitation process2. Providing improved information for weather and
disaster prevention; collaboration with high resolution numerical models
3. Monitoring the extreme and its application for various global water-related issues
What is currently being discussed is...
GPM/DPRKu-band (13.6GHz)Ka-band (35.5GHz)
EarthCARE/CPRw-band (94 GHz)
with Doppler
Next Precip. Radar
year
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Satellite and Model Collaborations toward Earth Environment Predictions
Ocean Model
Atmospheric Model
Land/River ModelSatellite Data
with JAMSTEC, RIKEN with U. Tokyo
with U. Tokyo, RIKENwith JMA, MRI, NIES, Kyushu Univ. Severe WeatherHeavy Rainfall,
Flood
Inte
ract
ion Interaction
Alert for Public Health
Fisheries,Ocean Transport,
Climate
Drought, Flood,Water-related
Hazard
Aerosol Model
Climate Model &Earth System Model with U. Tokyo, JAMSTEC, etc.
ECVs
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“JAXA Realtime Weather Watch” GSMaP Assimilation in JAXA Supercomputer System (NEXRA)
• JAXA, Univ. Tokyo and RIKEN installed the NICAM-LETKF data assimilation system using the GSMaP at JAXA supercomputer system generation 2 (JSS2) and has experimentally operated it in near-real time (Kotsuki et al. 2019, SOLA).
Assimilating GSMaP with NICAM-LETKF
NICAMEnsemble
Forecasts
First guess
Observation
LETKF
Analysis
● Radiosondes (L=400 km)● GSMaP (L=250 km)
Time integration (6-hr)
Gaussian-Transformation
Quality Control PrecipitatingMember (>70 %)
(100 member ensemble)
NICAM-LETKF at JAXA Research Analysis = NEXRA
Monitoring home page of the NEXRA is now available as “JAXA realtimeweather watch”.
https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/theme/NEXRA/
Kotsuki et al., 2019: Predictability of Record-Breaking Rainfall in Japan in July 2018: Ensemble Forecast Experiments with the Near-real-time Global Atmospheric Data Assimilation System NEXRA. SOLA, 15A,https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.15A-001.
14 km res.Global scale
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Global Terrestrial Hydrological Simulation System;Today’s Earth
TE-Global (Global System) TE-Japan (Regional System)
Horizontal resol. (lat/lon) Land: 0.5 deg., River: 0.25 deg. 1/60 deg.
Temporal resol. Every 3 hour Every hour
Latency About 3 days Real-time*forecast data distribution is limited within research purpose due to the Japanese law
Satellite data used in the System(in prep.)
GSMaP, Terra/Aqua MODIS, SRTM30, NOAA AVHRR, (AW3D, GCOM-C)
SRTM30, NOAA AVHRR, (GSMaP, Himawari-8, ALOS HRLC)
Product River discharge, Flooded area, Soil moisture, Snow amount, Latent heat flux, etc.
https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/water/
• JAXA has developed the “Today’s Earth”, the satellite merged global terrestrial hydrological simulation system, under the joint research with the University of Tokyo.
• Today’s Earth can visualize risk indices in terms of return period as well as various hydrological products.
Example of flood risk estimation by TE-Global in the case of the sever flood in New South Wales, Australia, March 2021https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/21/australia/australia-flood-natural-disaster-intl-hnk/index.html 13
JAXA Himawari ProductsProduct name Grid size Interval Format Estimated size per day
Level 1
Himawari Standard Data (HSD) (JMA original format)Reflectance (6CH) & brightness temperature (10CH) 500m/1km/2km 10min (full)/
2.5min (Japan)HSD(file per channel)
122GB (full)/21GB (Japan)
Himawari L1 Gridded Data (JAXA NetCDF format)Reflectance (6CH) & brightness temperature (10CH)
0.02/0.05deg. (full)/0.01deg. (Japan) 10min NetCDF4 73GB(0.02deg.)/15GB(0.05deg.)
(full) / 7GB (Japan)
Level 2 and 3
AtmosphereAerosol properties 5km 10min/1hr/1dy/
1month NetCDF4 600MB(10min)/180MB(hr)/92MB(1dy)
Cloud properties 5km 10min NetCDF4 2GB
OceanSea surface temperature 2km 10min/1hr/1dy/
1month NetCDF4 4GB(10min)/1.3GB(1hr)/128MB(1dy)
Ocean color (Chlorophyll-a) 5km (full)/1km (Japan) 1hr/1dy/1month NetCDF4 170MB(1hr)/40MB(1dy)(full)
Land Wild fire 2km (10min/1hr/1dy)/0.25deg. (1month)
10min/1hr/1dy/1month CSV (text) 3.3MB(10min)/1.5MB(1hr)/0.3MB(1
dy)
RadiationPhotosynthetically active radiation & shortwave radiation
5km (full)/1km (Japan)
10min/1hr/1dy/1month NetCDF4 300MB(10min)/660MB(1hr)/45MB(
1dy)
Photovoltaic power (image only) 1km/4km 10min - -
Level 4 (Satellite-assimilated model outputs)
ModelAerosol properties ~0.37deg. (global) 1hr
NetCDF4120MB
Sea surface temperature ~1/36deg. (Japan) 1hr with forecast 25MB
(https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree)
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JAXA’s Open and Free EO Data and ServicesPortal Name and URL
G-PortalProvides products of GPM, GCOM-W, GCOM-C, GOSAT, and Past Satellites and Sensors (MOS-1/1b, JERS-1, ADEOS, ADEOS-II, Aqua/AMSR-E, TRMM/PR) https://gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr/ (Contacts : [email protected])
GSMaP: Global Satellite Mapping of PrecipitationProvides hourly Global Rainfall Map in Near-Real-Time (GSMaP_NRT), available four hours after observation. (GPM-Core GMI, TRMM TMI, GCOM-W1 AMSR2, DMSP series SSMIS, NOAA series AMSU, MetOp series AMSU, and Geostationary IR)https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP/(Contacts : [email protected])
JAXA Himawari Monitor Provides multi-satellite products from the Himawari Standard Data provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) as well as the geophysical parameter data (Aerosol Optical Thickness, Sea Surface Temperature, Short Wave Radiation, Chlorophyll-a, Wild Fire, Photovoltaic Power, Cloud Optical Thickness and Cloud Type) produced by JAXA. https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/(Contacts : [email protected])
GDAS: GOSAT Data Archive Service (Operated by National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES))Provides GOSAT products (Methane and CO2). https://data2.gosat.nies.go.jp/index_en.html(Contacts: [email protected]) 15