Jatropha Plant

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JATROPHA PLANT

JATROPHA PLANTBIO-Diesel an Alternate Fuel

Zeeshan Asfar

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INTRODUCTION

1. The name of this plant is derived from (Greek iatros= physician and trophe=

nutrition), hence the common name physic nut. Jatrophais native to Central America

and has become naturalied in many tropical and subtropical areas, includin! "outh

Asia,Africa, and #orth America. $ri!inatin! in the Caribbean, Jatropha%as spread as a

valuable hed!e plant to Africa andAsiaby &ortu!uesetraders. The mature small trees

bearseparate male and female flo%ers, and do not !ro% very tall. As %ith many

members of the family 'uphorbiaceae, Jatrophacontains compounds that are hi!hly

toic.

. The hardy *atropha is resistant to drought and pests, and produces seeds

containin! +-/ oil(avera!e0 -.-/).

. Jatropha Curcas as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production.

2o%ever, despite its abundance and use as an oil and reclamationplant, none of the

*atropha species have been properly domesticatedand, as a result, its productivity is

variable, and the lon!term impact of its lar!escale use on soil 3uality and the

environment is unkno%n.

Fig 1. Jatropha curcas sapling

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_(barrier)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_curcashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_(barrier)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha_curcashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication


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-. Currently the oil from *atropha curcasseedsis used for makin! biodieselfuel in

Philippinesand in Brazil, %here it !ro%s naturally and in plantations in the "outheast,

and the #orth4 #ortheast 5rail. 6ike%ise, *atropha $ilis bein! promoted as an easily

!ro%n biofuel crop in hundreds of pro7ects throu!hout 8ndia and other developin!

countries. The rail%ay linebet%een 9umbaiand :elhiis planted %ith *atropha and the

train itself runs on 1;/ biodiesel. 8nAfrica, cultivation of *atropha is bein! promoted

and it is !ro%n successfully in countries such as 9ali.8n the Gran Chacoof &ara!uay,

%here also a native variety (*atropha matacensis) !ro%s, studies have sho%n suitability

of *atropha cultivation and a!ro producers are startin! to consider plantin! in the re!ion.

;. 'stimates of *atropha seed yield vary %idely, due to a lack of research data, the

!enetic diversity of the crop, the ran!e of environments in %hich it is !ro%n, and

*atropha


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CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY

1. THE PRODUCTIVE PLANTATION. Currently, practices are bein!

undertaken by the *atropha !ro%ers to scientifically mana!e the cultivation for better

!ro%th and production. The !ro%th and yield of *atropha could be improved throu!h

effective mana!ement practices and productive plantation.

Method Ad!nt!"e Dis!d!nt!"e E##ectin" $!cto%s

Di%ect seedin"

6ess investment

6ess !ermination

6ess survival

:ama!ed by animals in initial sta!e @lo%erin!, fruitin! in rdyear

"uccess depends upon

:epth of so%in!

:ate of so%in!

uality of seeds

9oisture in the !round

uality of preparation of the !round

uality of seeds

"eedin! depth

:ate of so%in!

Nu%se%y p&!nts

2i!h percenta!e of

success Good resistance to

dryness 'arly flo%erin! and

fruitin!

#ursery raisin! ependiture is etra

Type of precultivation

6en!th of precultivation

A!e of precultivation

P&!nt!tion o#cuttin"s

6ess investment 'arly fruitin!

:evelop %ider side roots 'nter in competition %ith other crop

for moisture and food 6o% resistance to dryness

6o% resistance to diseases

Bisk of insufficiency in event of lar!e

scale plantation "uccess of this techni3ue is related to

A!e of the plant to %hich cuttin!s are

taken The position of cuttin! %ithin the plant

The condition of !round in %hich

cuttin! be planted (draina!e and ventilation) The sie of cuttin! and number of

buds it contains

Bi!ht time Bi!ht sie

Bi!ht a!e

Bi!ht strain

Bi!ht source

T!'&e () Growing methodologies

. 9ethod of cultivation should be chosen on the basis of0

a. 9aimum survival rates

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b. 8ntended utiliation of the plantation

. @rom the table sho%n above %e can determine that0

a. @or 3uick establishment of hed!es and plantation for erosion control,directly planted cuttin!s are best.

b. @or lon!lived plantations for ve!etative oil production, plants propa!ated

by seeds are better.

-. ith better rainfall conditions, the plantations could also be established by direct

seedin!. :irect seedin!, precultivation of seedlin!s, easily propa!ates the *atropha

transplantin! of spontaneous %ild plants and direct plantin! of cuttin!s. "eed should becollected %hen capsules split open. ?se of fresh seeds improves !ermination. 8ntervals

of presoakin! and dryin!, or partial removal of the testa, are more successful than

presoakin! alone. ith !ood moisture conditions, !ermination takes 1 days. The seed

shell splits, the radicula emer!es and - small peripheral roots are formed. "oon after

development of the 1st leaves, the cotyledons %ither and fall off.

;. *EY $ACTOR+ O$ GRO,TH. The key factors that can influence the oil yield

of *atropha Curcas are0

a. C&i-!te. Can %ithstand severe heat. 6ikes heatin! and doin! %ell in

%armer areas. hen cold %ill drop its leaves. 8t can %ithstand li!ht frost

but not for prolon!ed periods. The older the tree the better it %ill %ithstand.

5lack frost %ill almost certainly kill youn! plants and severely dama!e

older plants.

b. u!&ity o# the soi&. 5est in sandy %elldrained soils. Can %ithstand

very poor soils and !ro% in saline conditions. All the actors in the *atropha

sector su!!est, any%ay, usin! or!anic fertilier in order to obtain hi!her

yield.

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c. G%o/th in Nu%se%y. The container volume influences the !ro%th of

*atropha curcas seedlin!s. The !ro%th of *atropha curcas seedlin!s in

small containers %ould be limited bein! a fast !ro%in! plant. 2ence

container sie of DEE shall be appropriate

d. I%%i"!tion. 8t handles dryness very %ell and it is possible to live almost

entirely of humidity in the air. :ifferences are epressed in %hat is

optimum rainfall as some readin!s say mm and some say > mm

%hilst some areas in 8ndia report !ood crops %ith rainfall of 1> mm. ;

mm of rainfall is the limit. 5elo% it the production depends on the

local %ater condition in the !round. 8t %ill also stand for lon! periods

%ithout %ater up to years F and then !ro% a!ain %hen rains occura!ain.

Fig 3: Jatropha fruit

e. ,eedin". "tandard cultural practices are timely %eedin! (- times a

year), proper fertiliation, surface plou!hin! and prunin!. ith thesemana!ement practices a yield around 1; k! of fruit per tree can be

obtained even if the plants did not reach full maturity.

f. Use o# #e%ti&i0e%. Althou!h *atropha is adapted to lo% fertility sites and

alkaline soils, better yields seem to be obtained on poor 3uality soils if

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fertiliers containin! small amounts of calcium, ma!nesium, and "ulfur are

used. 9ycorrhial associations have been observed %ith *atropha and are

kno%n to aid the plants !ro%th under conditions %here phosphate is

limitin!. 8t is recommended that 1 k! of farmyard manure4 plus 1 ! of

#eem %aste for every seedlin!, %ith a recommendation of ; plants per

ha this comes up to .; ton or!anic fertilier per ha. 5esides it after

transplantation and the establishment of the plant fertilier such as #, &

and H should be applied. T%enty !ram urea I 1 ! ""& and 1 ! 9o&

should be applied annually.

!. C%op density. Beferences recommend spacin! for hed!ero%s or soil

conservation is 1;cm ;cm 1;cm;cm in one or t%o ro%s respectivelyand m 1.;m to m mm for plantations. "atisfactory plantin! %idths

are m, .; .; m, and m. This is e3uivalent to crop densities

of ;, 1 and 1111 plants4 ha, respectively. :istance $@ m m 5'

H'&T @$B C$99'BC8A6 C?6T8JAT8$#. 2o%ever, %ider spacin! is

reported to !ive lar!er yields of fruit.

h. P%unin". The plants need to produce side shoots for maimum

sproutin! and maimum flo%ers and seed. 5et%een D and 1 :ays top

of all plants at ; cm. Cut the top off cleanly and cut top to produce > F 1

side branches. 8t is considered !ood practice. 8n order to facilitate the

harvestin!, it is su!!ested to keep the tree less than m.

i. Inte%1c%oppin". "pecific intolerance %ith other crops %as not

detected. $n the contrary the shade can be eploited by shadelovin!

herbal plantsK ve!etables such red and !reen peppers, tomatoes, etc.

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Fig 4: Jatropha inter cropping

7. C%op Yie&d. 8t appears very difficult to estimate une3uivocally theyield of a plant that is able to !ro% in very different conditions. Lield is a

function of %ater, nutrients, heat and the a!e of the plant and other. 9any

different methods of establishment, farmin! and harvestin! are possible.

Lield can be enhanced %ith ri!ht balance of cost, yield, labor and finally

cost per 9t. "eed production ran!es from about tons per hectare per

year to over 1.; t4 ha4 yr, after five years of !ro%th. Althou!h not clearly

specified, this ran!e in production may be attributable to lo% and hi!h

rainfall areas.

i. ,ithout i%%i"!tion

DRY 2Met%ic tons3 hect!%e4

LO, NORMAL HIGH

Lear 1 .1 .; .-

Lear .; 1. 1.;

Lear .+; 1.; 1.+;

Lear - .D 1.+; .;

Lear ; 1.1 . .+;

ii. ,ith i%%i"!tion

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IRRIGATED 2Met%ic tons3 hect!%e4

LO, NORMAL HIGH

Lear 1 .+; 1.; .;

Lear 1. 1.; .

Lear -.; ;. ;.

Lear - ;.; .; >.

Lear ; ;.; >. 1.;

. The land de!radation is caused by %ind and %ater erosion leadin! to depletion of

soil or!anic matter and poor soil structure stability. The *atropha plantation improves

soil structure %ithin a short period of cultivation.

GRO,ING +EA+ON

1. 8n meteorolo!yK for the #orthern hemisphere0

a. "prin! be!ins on 9arch 1.

b. "ummer on *une 1.

c. Autumn on "eptember 1.

d. inter on :ecember 1.

. Therefore for the countries fallin! in the #orthern hemisphere the !ro%in!

season %ill be as under0

a. #ursery raisin! 0 9arch

b. &lantation 0 9ay

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. C%op c!&end!%

PROPAGATION TIME $RAME

#?B"'BL BA8"8#G@'5 9ABC2, "'& $CT$5'B

:8B'CT "'':8#G" After Good Bainfall

Transplantin! of precultivated saplin!s @'5 A&B86, 8n 9ansoon 9onths

:irect &lantin! by "tem Cuttin!s 9onths before 9ansoon

&runin! 8n 9arch 9ay

@lo%erin! 9ay 4 "ept.

Bipenin! *uly #ovember

2arvestin! Au! :ecember( #. 8ndia)

"eeds "tora!e @or maimum 1; 9onths

U+E+

1. This *atropha Curcas (a petro crop) can be used entirely for different purposes

as described belo%0

a. ,ho&e p&!nt

i. &lanted to prevent %ater erosion and for conservation.

ii. &romisin! live fence.

iii. ?seful as !reen manure.

iv. ?seful in controllin! sand drift.

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v. &ossess Allopathic properties.

b. Roots. ?sed as ethnomedicine.

c. Le!es

i. ?sed as ethnomedicine.

ii. Lield a dye used to !ive tan M bro%n.

iii. ?seful as botanical.

d. L!te5

i. Besembles shellac.

ii. ?sed for makin! ink.

iii. ?sed as ethnomedicine.

e. +eeds

i. Source of oil (-/) suitable as fuel for diesel en!ine.

ii. ?seful as illuminant, lubricant, in soap and candle makin!.

iii. ?sed as medicine both internally and eternally.

f. 6!%7. Lields tannins (+/).

!. T/i"

i. ?sed as medicine.

ii. ?sed for makin! herbal tooth brush.

iii. Loun! one cooked and eaten.

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