Community Development

Jatropha, a promising plant

Dr Ir Robert ManurungBio-Technology Research Center

Institut Teknologi Bandung

The reality of change is inescapable. If we do not change, the inexorable forces and shifts in the external world will force change upon us. Better to change before we are changed.

John Harvey-Jones

Trends Changes in the Real (Inflation Adjusted) Prices of Selected Commodities Since 1950

Source : Fry (2002)

Jatropha plant data (1):

| Latin name: Jatropha curcas (Linnaeus)| Famili: Euphorbiaceae| Plant appearance: shrub/small tree, 3-5 m on height.| Habitat: tropic/sub tropic areas at America, Asia,

Africa| Suitable rainfall: 200 1500 mm/yr| Plant density: 1100-3300 plant/ha| Live up to 50 years| Varieties: Cape Verde, Nicaragua, Ife-Nigeria, non-

toxic Mexico| Productivity 5-25 ton/ha/year| Can be harvested since plant is 5 months old,

productivity is stable after 1 years old

Exploitation of Jatropha:

Source : G.M. Giibitz, M. Mittelbach, M. Trabi (1998), Exploitation of the tropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcas L.

Genetic modificationGenetic modification with gamma ray irradiation conducted by BATAN, proofed to be able to alter the productivity and maturity age.

Age (days)Genotype Flower Fruit Harvest

Control 93 120 157

J10-04 57 77 99J15-04 72 103 132J20-04 105 135 167J25-04

Jatropha seed (2)

Proximate analysis (%) of Jatropha seed flour

Assay Composition (%)

Crude fatCrude proteinCrude fibreMoistureAshCarbohydrate

47.25 1.3424.60 1.4010.12 0.525.54 0.204.50 0.147.99

Source : E.T. Akintayo (2003), Characteristics and composition of Parkia biglobbossa and Jatropha curcas oils and cakes

Jatropha seed (3)Kernel Shell Meal

Dry matter (%) 94.2-96.9 89.8-90.4 100Constituents(% in DM)

Crude protein 22.2-27.2 4.3-4.5 56.4-63.8Lipid 56.8-58.4 0.5-1.4 1.0-1.5Ash 3.6-4.3 2.8-6.1 9.6-10.4

Neutral detergent fiber

3.5-3.8 83.9-89.4 8.1-9.1

Acid detergent fiber 2.4-3.0 74.6-78.3 5.7-7.0Acid detergent lignin 0.0-0.2 45.1-47.5 0.1-0.4

Gross energy (MJ/kg)

30.5-31.1 19.3-19.5 18.0-19.3

Source : Trabi, M., 1998. Die Gifstoffe der PurgiernuB (Jatropha curcas L.) MSc thesis, Graz University of Technology, Graz.

Jatropha vs Diesel OilSpecification Jatropha Oil Diesel Oil

Specific gravity (gr/mL)

0.9180 0.8410

Sulphur, wt% 0.13 1.2

Calorific value (kcal/kg)

9470 10170

Flash point, oC 240 50

Cetane value 51 50

Source : J. B. KANDPAL and MIRA MADAN (1994), Jatropha curcus : a renewable source of energy for meeting future energy needs

|Thus, the task is, not so much to seewhat no one has yet seen; but to think what nobody has yet thought, about that which everyone sees.|

Erwin Schrodinger (1887 - 1961)

Jatropha seed oil (1)

| Physico-chemical parameters

Parameter Literature (Akintayo, 2003, dan Gbitz, 1999)

ITB-MIRI Assay (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd), Dec 2004

Density at 15oC (g/cm3)Viscosity at 30oC (cSt)Flash point (oC)Sulphur content (ppm)Iodine value (mg iodine/g) WijsAcid value (mg KOH/g)Calorific value (MJ/kg)

0.92017.1-52240Not measured105.2 0.73.5 0.140.7

0.918150.80290

If you want to understand function, studystructure.

Francis H.C. Crick (1916-);co-discoverer of the double helix structure of DNA

Jatropha vs Ricinus seed oilChemically, consists of triglyceride with linear fatty acid chain (unbranched) with/without double bonds, as CPO

O

O

O

H2 C - O - C - (CH2 )16 - CH3

HC - O - C - (CH2 )7 CH=CH(CH2 )7 CH3

H2 C - O - C - (CH2 )7 CH=CHCH2 CH=CH(CH2 )4 CH3

H2C - O - C - (CH2)7 - CH=CH-CH2 - CH - (CH2)5 - CH3

O OH

H2C - O - C - (CH2)7 - CH=CH-CH2 - CH - (CH2)5 - CH3

O OH

O OHHC - O - C - (CH2)7 - CH=CH-CH2 - CH - (CH2)5 - CH3

Jatropha seed oil

Ricinus seed oil

Jatropha seed oil (2)

Fatty acid compositionFatty acid Jatropha Palm

MiristicPalmiticStearicArachidicBehenicPalmitoleicOleicLinoleicLinolenic

14:016:018:020:022:016:118:118:218:3

0 0.114.1 15.33.7 9.80 0.30 0.20 1.3

34.3 45.829.0 44.2

0 0.3

0.9 1.539.2 45.83.7 5.10 0.04

NA0 0.4

37.4 44.18.7 12.5

0 0.6

Source : G.M. Giibitz, M. Mittelbach, M. Trabi (1998), Exploitation of thetropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcas L.

Jatropha seed oil (3)

| Suitable for palm-oil substitute on non-food applications

| Highly potential as diesel oil substitute, due to its higher flash point and cetane number; has been proven on 4-stroke Mitsubishi engine (Japan)

Jatropha as fuel (1)Technology development :

Handling Production Cost Production Process

(1) Raw JatrophaOil without Esterification

+/-Higher viscosity compared with light oil etc.

Unknown(could be lower than Bio-diesel)

+Simple

(2) Raw JatrophaOil mixed with diesel Oil

+/- ~ +Subject to mixing

ratio

+/- ~ +Mixing devices are required.

+/- ~ +

(3) Bio-dieselization Esterification

+Lower viscosityProven)

-Production devices and alcohols are required.

-Complicated

Jatropha as fuel (5)Engine performance of straight jatropha oil (BD 100), compared to diesel oil-jatropha oil mix (BD 50), and diesel oil (K100)

Pressure vs time at full load (28 kW)

150

120

-30

Pressure incylinder

Pressure in fuelpipe

Collapse time (milisecond)

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Too often people want the benefits without taking responsibility for sustaining the system that has benefited them.

ZERO DISCHARGE :WHAT, WHY, AND HOW

Zero discharge means more than nothing at all out of the plant.

BIOREFINERY means to perform the overall processes with a minimum loss of energy and mass and to maximise the overall production chain value.

Success is a journey, not a destination.

Ben Sweetland

Seed Kernel

Sterilized seeds

Kernel and shell

Grinded kernel

Shell

Straight jatropha oil

Bio oil

Cake Detoxification Animal feedstockPhorbol ester (Anti-cancer activator& anti leukimia)

?

Phorbol ester (Anti-cancer activator

& anti leukimia)

Sterilized seeds

Grinded kernel

Detoxification

Sterilizer

Separator

Expeller

Crusher Grinder

Pyrolisis

65%

100%

35%

30%

?35%

Reference

| Gubitz, G. M., M. Mittelbach, M. Trabi, Exploitation of the tropical seed plant Jatropha curcas L.,BioresourceTechnology 67 (1999)

| Openshaw, Keith, A review of Jatropha curcas: an oil plant of unfulfilled promise, Biomass & Bioenergy 19 (2000)

| Sambanthamurthi, Ravigadevi, Kalyana Sundram, Yew-Ai Tan, Chemistry and biochemistry of palm oil, Progress in Lipid Research 39 (2000)

| Kandpal, J. B., Mira Madan, Jatropha curcus: a renewable source of energy meeting future energy needs, Technical Note, Renewable Energy Vol. 6 No. 2

Acknowledgement

The jatropha oil characteristics and engine test is obtained from the project Development of Small Distributed Power Plant Generation Utilizing Jatropha in Indonesia conducted by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc.,. dan West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc. (West JEC), sponsored by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization)

Community DevelopmentTrends Changes in the Real (Inflation Adjusted) Prices of Selected Commodities Since 1950Jatropha plant data (1):Exploitation of Jatropha:Genetic modificationJatropha seed (2)Jatropha seed (3)Jatropha vs Diesel OilJatropha seed oil (1)Jatropha vs Ricinus seed oilJatropha seed oil (2)Jatropha seed oil (3)Jatropha as fuel (1)Jatropha as fuel (5)ZERO DISCHARGE :WHAT, WHY, AND HOWReferenceAcknowledgement