Experiment 4

JAR TEST

2Majority of ions in surface water consist of negatively charged

particle/colloids which are stable in nature ( stable = existing in

ionized form) .

They repel other colloidal particles before they collide with one another. The colloids are continually involved in Brownian movement.

COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION

3Destabilization (Coagulation)Particles Flocculation

Al(OH)3 (s) @ Fe(OH)3 (s)

Settle down at the bottom of

the flocculation tank

Al 3+ /

Fe3+

Al 3+ /

Fe3+

COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION

Coagulation

Coagulation process utilizes what is known as a chemical coagulant is mixed thoroughly with the water and various species of the positively charged particles (such as Al3+, Fe3+)adsorb to the negatively charged colloids such as colour, clay, turbidity and other particles through the processes of charge neutralisation to produce microfloc.

Once the charge is neutralized, the small suspended particles are capable of sticking together microflocs.

The water surrounding the newly formed microflocs should be clear. If it is not, all the particles' charges have not been neutralized, and coagulation has not been carried to completion. More coagulant may need to be added.

Flocculation

is the process in which the destabilised particles are bound together by hydrogen bonding of Van der Waals forces to form larger particle flocs.

High molecular weight polymers, (i.e coagulant aids) added during this step to help bridge, bind, and strengthen the floc, add weight, and increase settling rate.

The dosage used in WT is 5-50 mg/L.

Effective pH for coagulation is 5.5-8.0.

Example: Used alum as coagulation

agent

1Al2(SO4)314H2O + 6HCO-3 2Al(OH)3 3H2O(s) + 6CO2 +8H2O

+ 3SO-24

Al2(SO4)3.14H2O + 6HCO-3 2Al(OH)3(s) + 6CO2 + 3SO

-24 +

14H2O

The above reaction shifts the carbonate equilibrium and decreases

the pH

Alum sludge (alum floc,

aluminum hidroxide, dry

sludge) settle in the

flocculation tank

Coagulant agents:

Trivalent cations considered as good coagulant as follows:

Cations such as Fe3+ and Al3+ has a higher molecular weight, so its easy to settle .

it removes turbidity effectively even a small dose was used.

In FKAAS laboratory, frequently we used Al3+ or Fe2+ as coagulant agent.

Environmental Engineering Sem 2 2011/2012 8

PROCEDURE of COAGULATION and FLOCCULATION

Therefore, coagulation and flocculation designed to removeMicroorganisms and colloids that caused turbidity Toxic compounds that are sorbed to particles

JAR test (shown in Figure) is a laboratory works to illustrate the coagulation and flocculation concepts associated to nature water. From this experiment the optimal pH, coagulant dose ,and coagulant aid could be determined.

Procedure:

1. Prepare the wastewater sample

2. Measure temperature, pH and turbidity of

water sample

..cont. PROCEDURE

3. Add 1 - 5 ml of coagulant (alum/ferrous sulfate) by using a

measuring pipette into beaker 1,2,3,4 and 5 while in

beaker 6, no alum was added as it acts as a control

sample.

Students are allowed to choose:

JAR TEST 1: Set up with fixed coagulant dose at

varied pH (shown in Table 1 lab sheet)

JAR TEST 2: Set up the variation of coagulant dose

at a fixed pH=6 (shown in Table 2 in lab sheet)

..cont. PROCEDURE

..cont. PROCEDURES

4. Measure the pH and turbidity of each beaker

by using pH and turbidity meter.

5. Start stirring rapidly (60 to 80 rpm) for 3

minutes.

6. Reduce the speed (30 rpm) for about 20

minutes.

7. Observe the flocculation process and record

the floc formation in final 10 minutes by

referring to the chart of particle sizes provided

as in lab sheet.

7. After the stirring period is over, stop the stirrer

and allow the flocs to settle for about 5

minutes.

8. Separate out 500 mL of settled water into

another beaker.

9. Determine the temperature, pH and turbidity

of the clarified water.

..cont. PROCEDURE

Please record the qualitative characteristics

of flocs as bad, moderate, good and very

good.

Cloudy samples indicate bad coagulation

while good coagulation refers to rapid floc

formation resulting in clear water formation on

the upper portion of the beaker.

..cont. PROCEDURE

Figure: The scale for measures of floc particle sizes. It gives

the qualitative characteristics of flocs.

Very fine

Very fine / fine

Fine

Moderately fine

Moderate

Coarse

Very Coarse

Analysis:

Example of results:

Plot the graph:Example of graph: From the graph, the

optimal alum dosage was

estimated to be 12.5 mg/L