Japan’s ModernizationJapan’s Modernization

Emperor Meiji at Age 27

OverviewOverview By the 1800s, discontent simmered throughout Japan

The government responded by trying to revive old ways.

The United States forced Japan to grant trading rights and forced unequal treaties on Japan. Commodore Perry sails into Edo Bay

Some Japanese demanded social and economic reforms

Discontented daimyo overthrew the shogun and “restored” the emperor to power. The Meiji restoration, lasted from 1868 to 1912.

Political ReformsPolitical Reforms

• Adopted the German model of governmentAdopted the German model of government

• Set forth the principle that all people were equal under Set forth the principle that all people were equal under the lawthe law

• Established a western-style bureaucracyEstablished a western-style bureaucracy

• Used western technology to strengthen the militaryUsed western technology to strengthen the military

• Ended the special privilege of samurai (no Ended the special privilege of samurai (no swords/salaries went to the gov’t/many became swords/salaries went to the gov’t/many became teachersteachers

Economic ReformsEconomic Reforms

• Built railroads, telegraph lines, and Built railroads, telegraph lines, and started a postal systemstarted a postal system

• Unified currencyUnified currency• Tax reformsTax reforms• Built factories and sold them to Built factories and sold them to

wealthy business familieswealthy business families

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

• Ended legal distinctions between Ended legal distinctions between classesclasses

• Set up schools and a universitySet up schools and a university

• Hired westerners to teach the new Hired westerners to teach the new generation modern technologygeneration modern technology

• Railway Mileage in the Late Railway Mileage in the Late Nineteenth CenturyNineteenth Century

1850 1870 1890 19101850 1870 1890 1910

• Japan 0 0 1139 5130Japan 0 0 1139 5130

Imperial JapanImperial Japan

• Territories added 1874-1903Territories added 1874-1903Bonin islandsBonin islandsRyukyu islandsRyukyu islandsOkinawa—War w/China Okinawa—War w/China Taiwan—War w/ ChinaTaiwan—War w/ ChinaPescadore IslandsPescadore IslandsKurile islandsKurile islands

Sino—Japanese WarSino—Japanese War

• 1894-1895—fought over Korea 1894-1895—fought over Korea • Japanese victory Japanese victory • Triple InterventionTriple Intervention

Russia, France, & GermanyRussia, France, & Germany

• China severely weakenedChina severely weakened• 1896—Russia forces China to sign 1896—Russia forces China to sign

Russo-China treatyRusso-China treatyTrans-Siberian R/R comes through ManchuriaTrans-Siberian R/R comes through ManchuriaReceive a 25 year lease on Port Arthur Receive a 25 year lease on Port Arthur

Imperial RussiaImperial Russia

Russo—Japanese WarRusso—Japanese War1904-19051904-1905

• Japan feared Russian influence in Japan feared Russian influence in Manchuria & Korea (Sino-War)Manchuria & Korea (Sino-War)

• February 5, 1904 Japan attacked February 5, 1904 Japan attacked Russian ship at Port Arthur Russian ship at Port Arthur (Manchuria)(Manchuria)

• Russia outnumbered Japan in men & Russia outnumbered Japan in men & resourcesresources

• Russia’s navy long trip (still lost)Russia’s navy long trip (still lost)

Russo-Japanese WARRusso-Japanese WAR

• Siege of Port Arthur—220,000 Siege of Port Arthur—220,000 Russians vs.160,000 Japanese Russians vs.160,000 Japanese (August 1904)(August 1904)Russia—50,000 Casualties, Japan—98,000Russia—50,000 Casualties, Japan—98,000

• Battle of Mukden—330,000 Russians vs. 250,000 Japanese (March 1905)

Fight to standstillRussia 90,000 casualties, Japan 70,000

Japanese soldiers in the Russo-Japanese war watch Russians evacuate Liaoyang.

• May 1905—Battle of Tsushima—May 1905—Battle of Tsushima—Russia’s entire Baltic fleet sunk—26 Russia’s entire Baltic fleet sunk—26 WarshipsWarships

• Russia’s most embarrassing defeatRussia’s most embarrassing defeat

• Russia sues for peaceRussia sues for peace

• U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt arbitrates treaty—September 5, 1905 arbitrates treaty—September 5, 1905 Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth signed signed

http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon-Large.asp?Month=June&Date=24

A postcard commemorating New Hampshire negotiationsLeft to right = Russian Finance Minister Count Sergei Witte, Baron Rosen, US President Theodore Roosevelt, Japanese Ambassador to the US Kogoro Takahira, and Japanese Foreign Minister Jutaro Komura

TermsTerms

• Russia must recognize Japans military, Russia must recognize Japans military, economic, and industrial interest in Koreaeconomic, and industrial interest in Korea

• Russia had to give up lease of Lioutung Russia had to give up lease of Lioutung peninsula, and Port Arthurpeninsula, and Port Arthur

• Japan received South Manchurian R/RJapan received South Manchurian R/R

• Russia gave up southern portion of Russia gave up southern portion of Sakhalin IslandsSakhalin Islands

Japan World PowerJapan World Power

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg

The World’s The World’s ViewView

Yellow PerilYellow Peril

Japanese ConquestsJapanese Conquests

• Attacks & defeats ChinaAttacks & defeats China– got Taiwangot Taiwan

• Russo-Japanese War- defeated Russo-Japanese War- defeated RussiaRussia– got Manchuriagot Manchuria

• Attacked KoreaAttacked Korea– annexed Korean Peninsula. annexed Korean Peninsula.

Consequences for RussiaConsequences for Russia

• Tsar Nicholas II discreditedTsar Nicholas II discredited

• Political strikesPolitical strikes

• Internal upheavalsInternal upheavals

• Food shortagesFood shortages

• Russian soldiers turn to socialismRussian soldiers turn to socialism

• Liberal parties formLiberal parties form

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday

January 22, 1905—Peaceful demonstration Led by Father Gapon & 150,000 workers

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday

•Present petitionPresent petitionCreation of constitutionCreation of constitutionFreedom of press, religion, assemblyFreedom of press, religion, assemblySeparation of church & stateSeparation of church & stateLabor—8 hr. work dayLabor—8 hr. work dayAmnesty for political leadersAmnesty for political leaders

• Protesters met by Cossack troopsProtesters met by Cossack troops• Shots fired—1,000 dead, 2,000 Shots fired—1,000 dead, 2,000

woundedwounded

ProblemsProblems• People no longer see Tsar as their People no longer see Tsar as their

protectorprotector

• Epidemic of strikes & assassinationsEpidemic of strikes & assassinations

• Potemkin MutinyPotemkin MutinySailors revolt against conditions in Sailors revolt against conditions in

militarymilitary

• October 1905—general strikeOctober 1905—general strike

• Russia shut downRussia shut down

October ManifestoOctober Manifesto

• ConstitutionConstitution

• Right to voteRight to vote

• Reform DumaReform Duma

• Legalize political powersLegalize political powers

• 11stst time Tsars political powers limited time Tsars political powers limited

Nicholas IINicholas II

•Dissolved the Duma 3 times in 7 years

•He ignored the constitution

•In 1907 he issued new laws to limit the people who could vote

•His actions cemented a revolutionary underclass in Russia