Japanese.docx

8/14/2019 Japanese.docx

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I. Japanese has both short and long vowels and the distinction is often important.In romanized Japanese, long vowels are marked with a macron, so that represents"long O".

II. Hiragana characters ( )

a i u e o

a i u e o

k

ka ki ku ke ko

s

sa shi su se so

t

ta chi tsu te to

n

na ni nu ne no

h

ha hi fu he ho

m

ma mi mu me mo

y

ya yu yo

r

ra ri ru re ro

w

wa (w)o

n

g

ga gi gu ge go

z

za ji zu ze zo

d


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da ji zu de do

b

ba bi bu be bo

p

pa pi pu pe po

ky

kya kyu kyo

sh

sha shu sho

ch

cha chu cho

hy

hya hyu hyo

gy

gya gyu gyo

j

ja ju jo

by

bya byu byo

III. a / like 'a' in "father"

i / like 'i' in "machine"

u / like 'oo' in "hoop"

e / like 'e' in "set"


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o / like 'o' in "rope"

IV. n / short 'n' at the end of a syllable, pronounced as 'm' before 'b', 'p' or 'm'.

V. Note that "u" is often weak at the end of syllables. In particular, the commonendings -desu and -masu are usually pronounced as "des'" and "mas'" respectively.

VI. k / like 'k' in "king"

g / like 'g' in "go"

s / like 's' in "sit"

z / like 'z' in "haze"

t / like 't' in "top"

d / like 'd' in "dog"

n / like 'n' in "nice"

h / like 'h' in "help"


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p / like 'p' in "pig"

b / like 'b' in "bed"

m / like 'm' in "mother"

y / like 'y' in "yard"

r / like 'r' in "row" (actually a sound between 'l' and 'r', but closer to 'r') w /

like 'w' in "wall"

sh / (s before i) like 'sh' in "sheep"

j / (d before i) like 'j' in "jar"

ch / (t before i) like 'ch' in "touch"

ts / (t before u) like 'ts' in "hot soup"

f / (h before u) like 'wh' in "who"

I. Japanese uses certain hiragana characters as particles which mark the grammatical functionof a word or phrase in a sentence. Some hiragana are pronounced differently when used as a

particle:VII. (topic marker) is pronounced wa, also in (kon'nichiwa)

(direction marker) is pronounced e (possessive marker) is pronounced no

Avoid placing too much emphasis on particular words or syllables. Japanese does have stress andintonation, but it is significantly flatter than English. Mastering word stress is a more advancedtopic and neglecting it at this point should not interfere with meaning. Just trying to keep your


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intonation relatively flat will make your attempts to speak Japanese more comprehensible tolocal listeners. When asking questions, you can raise the tone at the end, as in English.

VIII. Hello.

Konnichiwa. (kon-nee-chee-WAH)

How are you? O-genki desu ka? (oh-GEN-kee dess-KAH?)

Fine, thank you. Genki desu. (GEN-kee dess)

What is your name? O-namae wa nan desu ka? (oh-NAH-mah-eh wah NAHN dess-KAH?)

My name is ____ . ____ Watashi no namae wa ____ desu. (wah-TAH-shee no nah-mah-eh wa

____ dess)

Nice to meet you. Hajimemashite. (hah-jee-meh-MASH-teh)

Please. (request) Onegai shimasu. (oh-neh-gigh shee-moss)

Please. (offer) Dzo. (DOH -zo)

Thank you. Dmo arigat. (doh -moh ah-ree-GAH-toh)

You're welcome. D itashi mashite. (doh EE -tah-shee mosh-teh)

Yes. Hai. (HIGH)

No. Iie. (EE-eh)

Excuse me. Sumimasen. (soo-mee-mah-sen)


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I'm sorry. Gomen-nasai. (goh-men-nah-sigh)

Goodbye. (long-term) Saynara. (sa -YOH-nah-rah)

Goodbye. (informal) Sore dewa. (SOH-reh deh-wah)

I can't speak Japanese [well]. Nihongo o [yoku] hanasemasen. (nee-hohn-goh oh [yo-koo]

hah-nah-seh-mah-sen)

Do you speak English? Eigo o hanasemasuka? (AY-goh oh hah-nah-seh-moss-KAH?)

Is there someone here who speaks English? Dareka eigo o hanasemasuka? (dah-reh-kah AY-goh oh hah-nah-

seh-moss-KAH?)

Help!! Tasukete! (tahs-keh-teh!)

Look out!! Abunai! (ah-boo-NIGH!)

Good morning. Ohay gozaimasu. (oh -hah-YOH go-zigh-moss)

Good evening. Konbanwa. (kohm-bahn-wah)

Good night (to sleep) Oyasuminasai. (oh-yah-soo-mee-nah-sigh)

I don't understand. Wakarimasen. (wah-kah-ree-mah-sen)

Where is the toilet? Toire wa doko desu ka? (toy-reh wah DOH-koh dess kah?)


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IX. Open

Closed

Entrance

Exit

Push

Pull

Toilet

Men

Women

Forbidden


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X. What part of "no" don't you understand?

The Japanese are famously reluctant to say the word "no", and in fact the language's closestequivalent, iie, is largely limited to denying compliments you have received. ("YourJapanese is excellent! "Iie, it is very bad!"). But there are numerous other ways of expressing

"no", so here are a few to watch out for.

XI. Ii desu. Kekk desu. "It's good/excellent." Used when you don't want more beer, don't want your bent lunchmicrowaved, and generally are happy to keep things as they are. Accompany with teeth-sucking and handwaving to be sure to get your point across.

Chotto muzukashii desu...Literally "it's a little difficult", but in practice "it's completely impossible." Often just abbreviated

to sucking in air through teeth, saying "chotto" and looking pained. Take the hint.

Mshiwakenai desukedo... "This is inexcusable but..." But no. Used by sales clerks and such to tell you that you cannot door have something.

Dame desu."It's no good." Used by equals and superiors to tell you that you cannot do or have something.

Chigaimasu."It is different." What they really mean is "you're wrong". The casual form chigau and the Kansaicontraction chau are also much used.

Leave me alone. (hottoite.)

Don't touch me!! (sawaranaide!)

I'll call the police. (keisatsu o yobimasu)

Police!! (keisatsu)


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Stop! Thief!! ! (mate! dorob!)

I need your help. (tasukete kudasai)

It's an emergency. (kinky desu)

I'm lost. (maigo desu)

I lost my bag. (kaban o nakushimashita)

I dropped my wallet. (saifu o otoshimashita)

I'm sick. (byki desu)

I've been injured. (kega shimashita)

Please call a doctor. (isha o yonde kudasai)

Can I use your phone?? (denwa o tsukatte iidesuka


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XII. While Arabic (Western) numerals are employed for most uses in Japan, you willoccasionally still spot Japanese numerals at eg. markets and the menus of fancy restaurants.The characters used are nearly identical to Chinese numerals, and like Chinese, Japanese usesgroups of 4 digits, not 3. "One million" is thus (hyaku-man), literally "hundred ten-thousands".

There are both Japanese and Chinese readings for most numbers, but presented below are themore commonly used Chinese readings. Note that, due to superstition (shi also means "death"), 4and 7 typically use the Japanese readings yon and nana instead.

0, (zero or rei)

1 (ichi)

2 (ni)

3 (san)

4 (yon or shi)

5 (go)

6 (roku)

7 (nana or shichi)

8 (hachi)

9 (ky)

10 (j)

11 (j-ichi)


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12

(j-ni)

13

(j-san)

14 (j-yon)

15 (j-go)

16 (j-roku)

17 (j-nana)

18 (j-hachi)

19 (j-kyuu)

20

(ni- j)

21 (ni- j-ichi)

22 (ni- j-ni)

23 (ni- j-san)

30 (san- j)

40(yon- j)

50 (go- j)


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60

(ro-ku- j)

70

(nana- j)

80 (hachi- j)

90 (ky - j)

100 (hyaku)

200 (ni-hyaku)

300 (san-byaku)

1000 (sen)

2000

(ni-sen)

10,000 (ichi-man)

1,000,000 (hyaku-man)

100,000,000 (ichi-oku)

1,000,000,000,000 (itch)

0.5 (rei ten go)

0.56 (rei ten g -roku)


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number _____ (train, bus, etc.)

_____ (____ ban)

half

(hanbun)

less (few) (sukunai)

more (many) (ooi)

now (ima)

later (atode)

before (mae ni)

before ___ ___ ( ___ no mae ni)

morning (asa)

afternoon (gogo)


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evening

(ygata)

night

(yoru)ClockFor clock times, you will be understood if you simply substitute gozen for "AM" and gogo

for PM, although other time qualifiers like asa for morning and yoru for night may bemore natural. The 24-hour clock is also commonly used in official contexts such as trainschedules.

six o'clock AM6 (asa rokuji)

nine o'clock AM9 (gozen kuji)

noon (shgo)

one o'clock PM1 (gogo ichiji.)

two o'clock PM2 (gogo niji)

midnight12 (yoru jniji)

Duration _____ minute(s) _____ (fun or pun)

_____ hour(s) _____ (jikan)

_____ day(s)

_____ (nichi)

_____ week(s) _____ (shkan)

_____ month(s) _____ (kagetsu)


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_____ year(s) _____ (nen)Daystoday

(ky)

yesterday(kin)

tomorrow(ashita)

this week(konsh)

last week(sensh)

next week(raish)

Sunday (nichiybi)

Monday (getsuybi)

Tuesday (kaybi)

Wednesday (suiybi)

Thursday (mokuybi)

Friday

(kin'ybi)

Saturday (doybi)

Days of the MonthThe 1st through the 10th of the month have special names:


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First day of the month1 (tsuitachi)

Second day of the month2 (futsuka)

Third day of the month3 (mikka)

Fourth day of the month4 (yokka)

Fifth day of the month5 (itsuka)

Sixth day of the month6 (muika)

Seventh day of the month7 (nanoka)

Eighth day of the month8 (yka)

Ninth day of the month9 (kokonoka)

Tenth day of the month10 (tka)

The other days of the month are more orderly, just add the suffix -nichi to the ordinal number. Note that 14, 20, and 24 deviate from this pattern.

Eleventh day of the month11 (jichinichi)

Fourteenth day of the month

14 (jyokka)

Twentieth day of the month20 (hatsuka)

Twenty-fourth day of the month24 (nijyokka) Months


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Months are very orderly in Japanese, just add the suffix -gatsu to the ordinal number.

January (ichigatsu)

February (nigatsu)

March (sangatsu)

April (shigatsu)

May (gogatsu)

June (rokugatsu)

July (shichigatsu)

August (hachigatsu)

September (kugatsu)

October (jgatsu)

November (jichigatsu)

December (jnigatsu)

WritingDates are written in year/month/day (day of week) format, with markers:2006 3 21 ( )

Note that Imperial era years, based on the name and duration of the current Emperor's reign, arealso frequently used. 2006 in the Gregorian calendar corresponds to Heisei 18 ( 18 ),which may be abbreviated as "H18". Dates like "18/03/24" (March 24, Heisei 18) are alsooccasionally seen.


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XIII. Many of the English words for colors are widely used and understood by almost all Japanese.These are indicated after the slash.

Note that some Japanese colors are normally suffixed with -iro ( ) to distinguish between the

color and the object. For example, cha means "tea", but chairo means "tea- color" "brown".

XIV. black / (kuro / burakku)

white / (shiro / howaito)

gray( ) / (hai(iro) / gur)

red / (aka / reddo)

blue / (ao / bur)

yellow( ) / (ki(iro) / ier)

green / (midori / guriin)

orange / (daidai / orenji)

purple / (murasaki / ppuru)

brown( ) / (cha(iro) / buraun)


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How much is a ticket to _____? _____ (_____ made ikura desu ka?)

One ticket to _____, please. _____ (_____ made ichimai onegaishimasu)

Where does this train/bus go?[ / ] (kono densha/basu wa doko yuki desuka?)

Where is the train/bus to _____? _____ [ / ] ? (_____ yuki no densha/basu wa doko desuka?)

Does this train/bus stop in _____?[ / ] _____ (kono densha/basu wa _____ ni tomarimasuka?)

When does the train/bus for _____ leave? _____ [ / ] (_____ yuki no densha/basu wa nanji nishuppatsu shimasuka?)

When will this train/bus arrive in _____?[ / ] _____ ? (kono densha/basu wa nanji ni _____ ni

tsukimasuka?)DirectionsHow do I get to _____ ?

_____ ? (_____ wa dochira desu ka?)

...the train station?

... (eki...)

...the bus station?... (basu tei..)

...the airport?... (kk...)

...downtown?... (machi no chshin...)

...the youth hostel?... (ysu hosuteru...)

...the _____ hotel? _____ ... (hoteru...)

...the _____ embassy/consulate? _____ / ... (_____ taishikan/ryjikan...)


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Watch for the _____.

_____ (ga mejirushi desu)

intersection

(ksaten)

north (kita)

south (minami)

east (higashi)

west (nishi)

uphill (nobori), also used for trains heading towards Tokyo

downhill (kudari), also used for trains coming from Tokyo

TaxiTaxi!

! (Taxi!)

Take me to _____, please. _____ (_____ made onegai shimasu.)

How much does it cost to get to _____? _____ ? (_____ made ikura desuka)

Take me there, please. (soko made onegai shimasu.)


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XV. Do you have any rooms available?? (Aiteru heya arimasuka?)

How much is a room for one person/two people?/ ? (Hitori/futari- y no heya wa ikura desuka?)

Is the room Japanese/Western style?/ (Washitsu/yshitsu desuka?)

Does the room come with... ... ? (Heya wa ___ tsuki desuka?)

...bedsheets?... (beddo no shiitsu...)

...a bathroom? (furoba...)

...a telephone? (denwa...)

...a TV?? (terebi...)

May I see the room first?? (heya o mitemo ii desuka?)

Do you have anything quieter?[ ] ? (motto [shizukana] heya arimasuka?)

...bigger? (hiroi)

...cleaner? (kirei na)

...cheaper?

(yasui)

OK, I'll take it.(hai, kore de ii desu.)

I will stay for _____ night(s). _____ (____ ban tomarimasu.)


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Do you know another place to stay?? (hoka no yado wa gozonji desuka?)

Do you have [a safe?][ ] ? ([kinko] arimasuka?)

...lockers?

... ? (rokkaa (locker)

Is breakfast/supper included?/ ? (chshoku/yshoku wa tsukimasuka?)

What time is breakfast/supper?/ ? (chshoku/yshoku wa nanji desuka?)

Please clean my room. (heya o sji shite kudasai)

Please wake me at _____. _____ (____ ni okoshite kudasai.)

I want to check out.(chekku auto (check out) desu.)


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XVI. Do you accept American/Australian/Canadian dollars?/ / (Amerika/sutoraria/kanada doru

wa tsukae masuka?)

Do you accept British pounds?

(igirisu pondo wa tsukaemasuka?)

Do you accept credit cards? (kurejitto kaado (credit card) wa tsukaemasuka?)

Can you change money for me? (okane rygae dekimasuka?)

Where can I get money changed? (okane wa doko de rygae dekimasuka?)

Can you change a traveler's check for me? ((traveler's check) rygae dekimasuka?)

Where can I get a traveler's check changed? ((traveler's check ) wa doko de rygae

dekimasuka?)

What is the exchange rate?(kawase reeto wa ikura desu ka?)

Where is an automatic teller machine (ATM)?ATM (ATM wa doko ni arimasuka?)


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XVII. A table for one person/two people, please./ (hitori/futari desu)

Please bring a menu. (menu o kudasai.)

Can I look in the kitchen? (chriba o mite mo ii desu ka?)

Is there a house specialty? (O-susume wa arimasuka?)

Is there a local specialty? (Kono hen no meibutsu wa arimasuka?

Please choose for me. (O-makase shimasu.)

I'm a vegetarian. (Bejitarian desu.)

I don't eat pork. (Butaniku wa dame desu.)

I don't eat beef.(Gyniku w a dame desu.)

I don't eat raw fish.(Nama no sakana wa dame desu.)

Please do not use too much oil.(Abura o hikaete kudasai.)

fixed-price meal (teishoku)

la carte

(ippinryri)

breakfast (chshoku)

lunch (chshoku)


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light meal/snack (keishoku)

supper (yshoku)

Please bring _____. _____ (_____ o kudasai.)

I want a dish containing _____. _____ (____ ga haitteru mono o kudasai.)

chicken (toriniku)

beef (gyniku)

fish (sakana)

ham (hamu)

sausage (sseeji)

cheese (chiizu)

eggs (tamago)

salad (sarada)

(fresh) vegetables

( ) ( (nama) yasai)

(fresh) fruit( ) ( (nama) kudamono)

bread (pan)


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toast (tsuto)

noodles (menrui)

pasta (pasta)

rice (gohan)

beans (mame)

May I have a glass/cup of _____? _____ (____ o ippai kudasai.)

May I have a bottle of _____? _____ (_____ o ippon kudasai.)

coffee (khii)

green tea (o-cha)

black tea (kcha)

juice (kaj)

water (mizu)

beer

(biiru)

red/white wine/ (aka/shiro wain)

Do you have _____? _____ ? (_____ wa arimasuka?)


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chopsticks (o-hashi)

fork (fku)

spoon (supn)

salt (shio)

black pepper (kosh)

soy sauce (shyu)

ashtray (haizara)

Excuse me, waiter? (getting attention of server) (sumimasen)

(when starting a meal)(itadakimasu)

It was delicious. (when finishing a meal) (Go- chis -sama deshita.)

Please clear the plates. (Osara o sagete kudasai.)

The check, please. (O-kanjo onegai shimasu.)


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XVIII. Do you serve alcohol?? (O-sake arimasuka?)

Is there table service?? (Tburu sbisu arimasuka?)

A beer/two beers, please./ (Biiru ippai/nihai kudasai.)

A glass of red/white wine, please./ (Aka/shiro wain ippai kudasai.)

A mug (of beer), please.(Biiru no jokki kudasai.)

A bottle, please.. (Bin kudasai.)

_____ (hard liquor) and _____ (mixer), please. _____ _____ (_____ to _____ kudasai.)

sake (nihonshu)

Japanese liquor (shch)

whiskey (uisukii)

vodka (wokka)

rum (ramu)

water

(mizu)

club soda (sda)

tonic water (tonikku ut)


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orange juice (orenji jsu)

cola (soda) (kra)

with ice (onzarokku)

Do you have any bar snacks?? (o-tsumami arimasuka?)

One more, please. (M hitotsu kudasai.)

Another round, please. (Minna ni onaji mono o ippai zutsu kudasai.)

When is closing time?? (Heiten wa nanji desuka?)

XIX. Do you have this in my size? (Watashi no saizu de arimasuka?)

How much is this? (Ikura desuka?)

That's too expensive. (Takasugimasu.)

Would you take _____? _____ (_____ wa d desuka?)

expensive (takai)

cheap (yasui)


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...stomach medicine.

(ichyaku)

...a razor.

(kamisori)

...an umbrella. (kasa)

...sunblock lotion. (hiyakedome)

...a postcard. (hagaki)

...postage stamps. (kitte)

...batteries. (denchi)

...writing paper. (kami)

...a pen.

(pen)

...English-language books. (eigo no hon)

...English-language magazines. (eigo no zasshi)

...an English-language newspaper. (eigo no shinbun)

...a Japanese-English dictionary. (waei jiten)

...an English-Japanese dictionary. (eiwa jiten)


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XX. I want to rent a car. (rent-a-car onegaishimasu.)

Can I get insurance?? (hoken hairemasuka?)

stop (on a street sign) (tomare)

one way (ipp tsuk)

caution (jok)

no parking (chsha kinshi)

speed limit (seigen sokudo)

gas (petrol) station (gasorin sutando)

petrol (gasorin)

diesel/ (keiyu / diizeru)

XXI. In Japan, you can legally be incarcerated for twenty-three (23) days before you arecharged, but you do have the right to see a lawyer after the first 48 hours of detention. Note

that if you sign a confession, you will be convicted.

XXII. I haven't done anything (wrong).( ) (Nani mo (warui koto) shitemasen.)

It was a misunderstanding. (Gokai deshita.)


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Where are you taking me? (Doko e tsurete yukuno desuka?)

Am I under arrest? (Watashi wa taiho sareteruno desuka?)

I am a citizen of ____. ____ (____ no kokumin desu.)

I want to meet with the ____ embassy. ____ (____ taishikan to awasete kudasai.)

I want to meet with a lawyer.(Bengoshi to awasete kudasai.)

Can it be settled with a fine? (Bakkin de sumimasuka?)

Note: You can say this to a traffic cop, but bribery is highly unlikely to work in Japan.

XXIII. It might happen that there is a need to express negative emotions towards others. Or itmight happen that others do this to you. In those cases it is useful to understand someJapanese offensive words. Please use these with care.

XXIV. Fool or idiot (baka)

Fool or idiot, used in Kansai (aho) - writing unsure

Doing something untimely (manuke)

A slow person (noroma)

Being bad at something (heta)

Being very bad at something (hetakuso)


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A stingy person (kechi)

An old man (jijii)

An old woman (babaa)

Not being cool (dasai)

Fussy or depressing (uzai)

Creepy (kimoi)

Drop dead! (kutabare)

Get out of the way! (doke)

Noisy! (urusai)

XXV.

These words are mostly used by young people


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Japanese generally employs a subject-object-verb order, using particles to mark the grammaticalfunctions of the words: watashi-ga hamburger-o taberu, "I-subjecthamburger-object eat". It is common to omit subjects and even objects if these are clear from

previous context.

Verbs and adjectives conjugate by tense and politeness level, but not by person or number. Thereis no verb "to be" as such, but the polite copula desu can be used in most cases: John desu ("I amJohn"), Ringo desu ("This is an apple"), Akai desu ("It is red"), etc. Note that the exact meaningwill depend on the implied subject!

The good news is that Japanese has none of the following: gender, declensions or plurals. Nounsnever conjugate and almost all verbs are regular.

Unlike most western languages, Japanese has an extensive grammatical system to express

politeness and formality.

Since most relationships are not equal in Japanese society, one person typically has a higher position. This position is determined by a variety of factors including job, age, experience, oreven psychological state (e.g., a person asking a favour tends to do so politely). The person in thelower position is expected to use a polite form of speech, whereas the other might use a more

plain form. Strangers will also speak to each other politely. Japanese children rarely use politespeech until they are teens, at which point they are expected to begin speaking in a more adultmanner. See uchi-soto

Whereas teineigo is commonly an inflectional system, sonkeigo and kenjgo often employ many

special honorific and humble alternate verbs: iku "to go" becomes ikimasu in polite form, but isreplaced by irassharu in honorific speech and mairu in humble speech.

The difference between honorific and humble speech is particularly pronounced in the Japaneselanguage. Humble language is used to talk about oneself or one's own group (company, family)whilst honorific language is mostly used when describing the interlocutor and his/her group. Forexample, the -san suffix ("Mr" or "Ms") is an example of honorific language. It is not used totalk about oneself or when talking about someone from one's company to an external person,since the company is the speaker's "group". When speaking directly to one's superior in one'scompany or when speaking with other employees within one's company about a superior, aJapanese person will use vocabulary and inflections of the honorific register to refer to the in-

group superior and his or her speech and actions. When speaking to a person from anothercompany (i.e., a member of an out-group), however, a Japanese person will use the plain or thehumble register to refer to the speech and actions of his or her own in-group superiors. In short,the register used in Japanese to refer to the person, speech, or actions of any particular individualvaries depending on the relationship (either in-group or out-group) between the speaker andlistener, as well as depending on the relative status of the speaker, listener, and third-personreferents. For this reason, the Japanese system for explicit indication of social register is knownas a system of "relative honorifics." This stands in stark contrast to the Korean system of


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"absolute honorifics," in which the same register is used to refer to a particular individual (e.g.one's father, one's company president, etc.) in any context regardless of the relationship betweenthe speaker and interlocutor. Thus, polite Korean speech can sound very presumptuous whentranslated verbatim into Japanese, as in Korean it is acceptable and normal to say things like"Our Mr. Company-President..." when communicating with a member of an out-group, which

would be very inappropriate in a Japanese social context.

Most nouns in the Japanese language may be made polite by the addition of o- or go- as a prefix.o- is generally used for words of native Japanese origin, whereas go- is affixed to words ofChinese derivation. In some cases, the prefix has become a fixed part of the word, and isincluded even in regular speech, such as gohan 'cooked rice; meal.' Such a construction oftenindicates deference to either the item's owner or to the object itself. For example, the wordtomodachi 'friend,' would become o-tomodachi when referring to the friend of someone of higherstatus (though mothers often use this form to refer to their children's friends). On the other hand,a polite female speaker may sometimes refer to mizu 'water' as o-mizu merely to show

politeness; this contrasts with the more abrupt speech of rude men (though men may also use

very polite forms when speaking to superiors). See Gender differences in spoken Japanese.Most Japanese people employ politeness to indicate a lack of familiarity. That is, they use politeforms for new acquaintances, but if a relationship becomes more intimate, they no longer usethem. This occurs regardless of age, social class, or gender.

The original language of Japan, or at least the original language of a certain population that wasancestral to a significant portion of the historical and present Japanese nation, was the so-called

yamato kotoba ( or , i.e. "Yamato words" , which in scholarly contexts issometimes referred to as wa-go ( or , i.e. the "Wa language"). In addition to wordsfrom this original language, present-day Japanese includes a great number of words that wereeither borrowed from Chinese or constructed from Chinese roots following Chinese patterns.These words, known as kango, entered the language from the fifth century onwards via contactwith Chinese culture, both directly and through the Korean peninsula. According to someestimates, Chinese-based words comprise as much as seventy percent of the total vocabulary ofthe modern Japanese language and form as much as thirty to forty percent of words used inspeech.

Like Latin-derived words in English, kango words typically are perceived as somewhat formal or

academic compared to equivalent Yamato words. Indeed, it is generally fair to say that anEnglish word derived from Latin/French roots typically corresponds to a Sino-Japanese word inJapanese, whereas a simpler Anglo-Saxon word would best be translated by a Yamatoequivalent.

A much smaller number of words has been borrowed from Korean and Ainu. Japan has also borrowed a number of words from other languages, particularly ones of European extraction,which are called gairaigo. This began with borrowings from Portuguese in the 16th century,


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followed by borrowing from Dutch during Japan's long isolation of the Edo period. With theMeiji Restoration and the reopening of Japan in the 19th century, borrowing occurred fromGerman, French and English. Currently, words of English origin are the most commonly

borrowed.

In the Meiji era, the Japanese also coined many neologisms using Chinese roots and morphologyto translate Western concepts. The Chinese and Koreans imported many of these pseudo-Chinesewords into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese via their kanji characters in the late 19th and early20th centuries. For example, seiji ("politics"), and kagaku ("chemistry") are wordsderived from Chinese roots that were first created and used by the Japanese, and only later

borrowed into Chinese and other East Asian languages. As a result, Japanese, Chinese, Korean,and Vietnamese share a large common corpus of vocabulary in the same way a large number ofGreek- and Latin-derived words are shared among modern European languages, although manyacademic words formed from such roots were certainly coined by native speakers of otherlanguages, such as English.

In the past few decades, wasei-eigo (made-in-Japan English) has become a prominent phenomenon. Words such as wanpataan (< one + pattern, "to be in a rut", "to have a one-trackmind") and sukinshippu (< skin + -ship, "physical contact"), although coined by compoundingEnglish roots, are nonsensical in a non-Japanese context. A small number of such words have

been borrowed back into English.

Additionally, many native Japanese words have become commonplace in English, due to the popularity of many Japanese cultural exports. Words such as sushi, judo, karate, sumo, karaoke,origami, tsunami, samurai, haiku, ninja, sayonara, rickshaw (from jinrikisha), futon, andmany others have become part of the English language. See list of English words of Japaneseorigin for more.

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