Japanese Expansion 1853 - 1941
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Transcript of Japanese Expansion 1853 - 1941
Japanese Expansion1853 - 1941
Feudal Japan
• From 1185 until the 1850s, Japan was ruled by a series of Shoguns (military rulers)
• The emperor, the court, and the traditional central government were left intact but were largely relegated to ceremonial functions.
• Civil, military, and judicial matters were controlled by the bushi (samuari) class, the most powerful of whom was the de facto national ruler, the shogun.
• This period in Japan differed from the old shōen system in its pervasive military emphasis.
Japanese Feudalism
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai – lived by Bushido, the “way of the warrior” (chivalric code)
Samurai
Peasants, Merchants, etc.
Ronin – those samurai without
masters
Ninja – a warrior trained to use
unorthodox fighting methods (assassination,
espionage, martial arts)
1875
15421600
1500
Westerners are unknown in Japan
1542
Portuguese visit Japan
1600
Dutch & British traders arrive
1638
Japan isolates itself from the West
The Tokugawa Shogunate
• Tokugawa family ruled Japan from 1603 until 1868 – also known as the Edo period
• 1635 – foreign trade limited to China, Korea, and Netherlands at Nagasaki a few times per year
• Emperor (mikado) ruled in name only– Actual power held by
the shogun
1853
1638 - 1853
Japan isolates itself from the West
1853
Perry opens Japan
Perry Opens Japan
• 1853Perry visits Japan with 4 steam powered war ships
• 1854Perry returns, treaty signed
Japanese ReactionPros Cons
“Dutch Learning” (Western knowledge) became very popular among many doctors, scholars, and scientists
Western knowledge went against many traditional Japanese beliefs
Japanese entrepreneurs, merchants, and budding industrialists stood to profit from increased trade
Traditional holders of prestige and power (daimyos and samurai) did not tend to profit from increased trade
Resentment• Extraterritorial rights of Americans and Europeans• Anti-foreign uprisings (1863-1864)• Japanese ports in turn bombarded by foreign ships
Solution• “If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em”• Japanese could benefit from knowledge of what happened to China• Japanese felt that they would be in a better position to renegotiate the trade
treaties, and be less likely to be imposed upon, if they adopted Western ways (democracy, imperialism, industrialization, militarization, and modernization) – westernization
Imperialization of Japan
• Why?– Lack of fertile land
for agriculture
– Markets for finished products
– Need for the raw materials of industry
– Population growth
– Response to Western imperialism
1854 - 1900• 1860 Japanese delegation visits US• 1868 Boshin War finalizes rule of Emperor
Meiji• 1875 Japan occupies Kurile Islands• 1876 Japan claims Bonin Islands• 1891 Japan annexes Volcano Islands (Iwo
Jima, et al)• 1894 1st Sino-Japanese War. Japan
easily defeats China and gains Formosa, but intervention by the West denies Japan full (expected) fruits of victory
• 1898 Spanish American War: US gains Philippines
Completed Meiji Restoration
Alliance of southern and western samurai, court and young Emperor Meiji
Ordered the dissolution of the two-hundred-year-old Tokugawa Shogunate.
Tokugawa Yoshinobu launched a military campaign to seize the emperor's court at Kyoto.
Tide rapidly turned in favor of the smaller but relatively modernized imperial faction and resulted in defections of many daimyo to the Imperial side.
Yoshinobu was stripped of all his power by Emperor Meiji and most of Japan accepted the emperor's rule.
18741875
1887
1875
1895
1910
1905
1899
1920
1931
1874
154216001853
1500
Westerners are unknown in Japan
1542
Portuguese visit Japan
1600
Dutch & British traders arrive
1638
Japan isolates itself from the West
1853
Perry opens Japan1874
Japan occupies Rkukyus Island
1875
Japan occupies Bonin Islands
1875
Japan claims Kurile Islands
1887
Japan occupies Volcano Islands
1895
1st Sino-Japanese War; Japan acquires Formosa
1905
Russo-Japanese War
1899
Marcus Is
1910
Japan annexes Korea
1920
1920
1939
1940
1920
Japan acquires German colonies
1931
Japan invades Manchuria
1937/39
Japan occupies portions of China
18741874
1938/39
1938/391938/39
1940
France falls; Japan invades French IndoChina Oil Line
1st Sino-Japanese
War
1900 - 1920• 1904 Russo-Japanese War grew out of the rival imperial
ambitions of the Russia and Japan over Manchuria and Korea. Japan emerged as major world power.
• 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth ends Russo-Japanese War. Japan awarded half of Sakhalin Island and major leases/control
of railroads in Manchuria; but much less than Japan was expecting. Major turning point in US / Japanese
relationship • 1905 Taft-Katsura Memorandum:
• US recognized Japan’s special interest in Korea• Japan agreed to not challenge US oversight of Philippines
• 1910 Japan annexes Korea• WWI Japan seizes Germany’s Pacific possessions
21 Demands on China attempts to make China a protectorate of Japan
• 1919 Treaty of Versailles: German possessions in Asia are awarded to Japan
18741875
1887
1875
1895
1910
1905
1899
1920
1905
Russo-Japanese War
1910
Japan annexes Korea
1920
1920
1920
Japan acquires German colonies
Japan & China: 2nd half 19th Century
• In 50 years China continued her downward spiral from what might have been the world’s most powerful nation to a nation unable to manage her affairs
• In 50 years Japan emerged from a feudal state to a modern world power
1921 - 1931
• 1922 Washington Naval Conference limits size of Japanese Navy
• 1924 Immigration Act of 1924 eliminated “undesirable” immigration including Japanese
• 1930 London Naval Treaty further controls size and scope of navies
• 1931 Invasion of Manchuria
American & European Opposition
• Washington Conference (1922)– Size limits on navies
• 5:5:3 ratio for Great Britain, United States, and Japan
• Japanese resented these limitations– Nine Power Treaty
• China’s independence and territory guaranteed• Open Door Policy reaffirmed
– Four Power Pact• France, Great Britain, Japan, United States• One another’s colonial possessions would be respected
• U.S. Japanese Exclusion Act (1924)
Imperial Flag of the Japanese Navy
Japanese Expansion 1853 - 1931
1932 - 1939• 1933 Japan leaves the League of Nations
after censure over its 1932 shelling of Shanghai
• 1934 Japan withdraws from the Washington and London Naval Treaties
• 1937 Skirmishes escalates into 2nd Sino-Japanese War
• 1937 Rape of Nanking; • 1937 Shanghai and Hongchow fall to
Japanese• 1938 Canton, Hankow, and Amoy fall to
Japanese• 1938/39 Soviet-Japanese Border War• 1939 Hainan occupied by Japan
Japanese Expansion 1853 - 1939
1940 - 1941
• 1940 Fall of France; Japan occupies French Indochina
• 1940 Tripartite Pact formally creates Axis: Japan, Italy and Germany
• 1941 Soviet - Japanese Neutrality Pact
Comparison: New York to LA = 2,450 miles
Pacific Scope
• New York to LA = 2,450 miles
• London to Berlin = 580 miles
• Berlin to Moscow = 1,000 miles
• Entire European War fought inside an area ~1600 miles wide by ~1200 miles tall
• Pacific War fought over a scope 3x as wide and 3x as tall
Japanese Expansion 1853 - 1941
1940
18741875
1887
1875
1895
1910
1905
1899
1920
1931
1874
154216001853
1500
Westerners are unknown in Japan
1542
Portuguese visit Japan
1600
Dutch & British traders arrive
1638
Japan isolates itself from the West
1853
Perry opens Japan1874
Japan occupies Rkukyus Island
1875
Japan occupies Bonin Islands
1875
Japan claims Kurile Islands
1887
Japan occupies Volcano Islands
1895
1st Sino-Japanese War; Japan acquires Formosa
1905
Russo-Japanese War
1899
Marcus Is
1910
Japan annexes Korea
1920
1920
1939
1940
1920
Japan acquires German colonies
1931
Japan invades Manchuria
1937/39
Japan occupies portions of China
18741874
1938/39
1938/391938/39
1940
France falls; Japan invades French IndoChina Oil Line
“Oil Line”