JAPANESE CULTURE ANGELA ADAMS, STEPHANIE CHEERS, PIETRO CHRISTOFOLI, EMMANUEL AYIM, KEV’ANN...
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Transcript of JAPANESE CULTURE ANGELA ADAMS, STEPHANIE CHEERS, PIETRO CHRISTOFOLI, EMMANUEL AYIM, KEV’ANN...
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JAPANESE CULTUREANGELA ADAMS, STEPHANIE CHEERS, PIETRO CHRISTOFOLI, EMMANUEL AYIM, KEV’ANN JARMAN
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INTRODUCTION
• According to Jones (2012), the 2000 Census found that there were 11,898,828 Asian Americans in the United States
• 797,700 of which were Japanese American.
• The 2010 Census found an increase in the Asian American population to 17,320,856.
• California was the most populated state
• Honolulu, HI being was the most populated city
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INTRODUCTION• How project was broken up:
• Determination of Culture
• Researched different cultures in United States and determined Asian Americans are a growing demographic.
• Discovered a lot of information on Chinese culture but little on Japanese.
• Division of Labor
• Group members volunteered for separate sections to focus research on
• Strategies used for research:
• CINAHL
• EBSCOhost
• Census Bureau
• 18 different sources were utilized ranging from websites, scholarly journals, and textbooks
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BACKGROUND
• Geography
• Japan is located in the continent of Asia and it consists of four major islands (Japan, 2013).
• Population
• Current population of 127.515 million
• Language
• The main language spoken in Japan is Japanese (Japanese Language History, 2013).
• Religion
• Shintoism
• Buddhism
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CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Cultural Beliefs
• The Japanese are known to be very conscious of age and status
• Japanese people attach much importance to harmony
• They place great emphasis on politeness, personal responsibility and working together for the universal, rather than the individual good
• Japanese culture is group oriented
• Communication
• Japanese believe that words can have several meanings
• Non-verbal communication expressions all have interpretations
• Frowning while someone is speaking is interpreted as a sign of disagreement
• Housing
• Traditional Japanese homes are made of wood and supported by wooden pillars Shoes are never worn inside Japanese homes. (Explore Japan: Housing, Food, and Clothes)
• Japanese practiced the extended family system but they are gradually transitioning into the nuclear family system
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CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Common Fashion
• Japanese are known to dress modestly.
• The traditional Japanese dress is the Kimono.
• In everyday life, young Japanese prefer to wear clothing that are easy to move around like T-shirts, jeans, polo shirts, and sweat suits
• Food
• The major food in Japan is rice
• A typical Japanese meal consists of a serving of plain white rice, a main dish of fish or meat, a side dish usually cooked vegetables, a soup and some pickled vegetables
• Chopsticks are mostly used for eating instead of spoons and forks.
• Other common traditional Japanese foods include noodles, pasta, Sushi, Tempura, and Sukiyaki
(Explore Japan: Housing, Food, and Clothes).
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BIRTH AND DEATH PRACTICES
• Japanese are born Shinto (purity and cleanliness) but learn to embrace Buddhism later on in life
• During childbirth, Japanese women believe it is all natural and having a C-section is considered to be hardship
• Fathers are not to be in the delivery room during childbirth
• After death, a funeral ceremony is from a Buddhist approach, during the ceremony, they believe that the spirits of the dead are being revived
• Terminal illnesses, dying and death are considered “negative” or impure…also considered contaminated
• Believe that there is life after death also known as rebirth
• Organ donation not favored very important for the person to die “intact”
• They view a terminal illness as “skikata ga nai” meaning “it cannot be helped”
• It takes the blame off of the patient or their family
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HEALTH AND ILLNESS
• Believe that it is dependent upon maintaining harmony with the universe
• Also believe that the mind and body are one
• Believe that being diagnosed with an illness is beyond their control
• Believe in “Kampo” which is an herbal medicine used to treat various illnesses
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CULTURAL CARE
“Professional healthcare that is culturally sensitive, culturally appropriate and culturally competent”
(Spector, 2009, p. 195)
(Spector, 2009, p. 195)
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CULTURAL SENSITIVITY & AWARENESS PROMOTION FOR THE CLINICIAN
• Determine preferred method of communication
• Identify patient’s culture
• Inquire about culture-specific dietary habits
• Encourage two-way communication
• Other than the patient, is there someone they would like you to discuss their medical information with
• Assess their comprehension of the situation
(Seibert, Stridh-Igo, & Zimmerman, 2002)
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JAPANESE VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Languages spoken: Japanese (primary), American English
• Soft spoken and reserved
• May hesitate to ask questions
• It is best to ask questions that require more than a simple yes or no answer
• May only disclose information if trust is established
• May want communication concerning treatment to take place only with family present
• May not verbalize pain or emotion, particularly the elderly
(HealthCare Chaplaincy, 2013)
(University of Michigan, 2013)
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JAPANESE NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Tend to have little direct eye contact
• Touching is uncommon,
• Nodding does not necessarily indicate understanding or agreement
• Smile and bow/Handshake
• Stoic demeanor when in pain
• Respect, politeness, and courtesy are of high importance
(HealthCare Chaplaincy, 2013)
(Children's Mercy Family Health Partners, 2010)
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WORKING WITH AN INTERPRETER
Translators are often used to ensure information is conveyed and received accurately. When utilizing an interpreter, some things to remember are:
• Keep speech short and simple
• Have patience with the process
• Speak in first person
• Listen to the patient
• Always check the patient’s comprehension
(University of Michigan, 2013)
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FAMILY STRUCTURE AND DECISION MAKING
• Family oriented culture
• Father is the head of the family hierarchy
• Decisions/consents may be made by father; in the case of elders, decisions are made by children
• Discussions of death and dying, including advance directive and informed consent, must be approached with courteous respect
• Family members, particularly spouse may wish to stay at the bedside
(HealthCare Chaplaincy, 2013)
(Children's Mercy Family Health Partners, 2010)
(Tanabe, 2013)
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JAPANESE DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS
• Traditional Japanese diets are high in sodium which can put them at risk for hypertension
• There is a high prevalence of lactose intolerance
• The typical Japanese diet consists of three meals a day, most served with rice, low fat animal protein, and is low in cholesterol and sugar, but high is sodium
(Tanabe, 2013)
(Children's Mercy Family Health Partners, 2010)
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ATTRIBUTES NECESSARY FOR ADMINISTERING CULTURALLY COMPETENT CARE
• Understand the differences between Western culture and the culture of others
• Have empathy
• Display patience
• Build a trusting relationship
• Be respectful of the views of other cultures
• Always display courtesy and thoughtfulness(University of
Michigan, 2013)
(Tanabe, 2013)
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CONCLUSION• Suggestions for Health Care Professionals
• Pose questions regarding care to father of family
• Be aware that just because patient nods, it doesn’t mean they understand
• Do not take the fact that patient is not looking you in the eye as a sign that they are not listening or paying attention.
• Be aware of their feelings concerning touching.
• Understand that the Japanese patient may not be very expressive concerning pain
• Influence on Current/Future practices
• Our area has a large Latin American influence so being aware of different beliefs and cultures are already being practiced.
• Understand more about the Japanese culture allows us to become more culturally aware.
• Practice conducting interviews utilizing an interpreter
• Be aware of herbal remedies and alternative methods of care can help to provide more holistic care.
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REFERENCES
• Asian Culture. (2002). Japanese Health Beliefs. Retrieved from: http://personal.uncc.edu/macurran/2002/webproject/asi.htm#_Japanese_Health_Beliefs
• Children's Mercy Family Health Partners. (2010, May). Cross-Cultural Health Care Resource Guide. Retrieved May 25, 2013, from Children's Mercy Family Health Partners: http://www.fhp.org/fhpdocs/CrossCulturalResourceGuide.pdf
• Denison, B. (2002). A Basic Overview of Japanese Culture. Retrieved from Mizukan Dojo: http://www.mizukan.org/articles/culture.htm
• East and Southeast Asia: Japan. (2013). Retrieved from Central Interlligence Agency: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html
• Explore Japan: Housing, Food, and Clothes. (n.d.). Retrieved from Kids Web Japan: http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/housing/
• Ford, J. B., & Honeycutt Jr, E. D. (1992). Japanese national culture as a basis for understanding.. Business Horizons, 35(6), 27.
• HealthCare Chaplaincy. (2013). Handbook of Patients’ Spiritual and Cultural Values for Health Care Professionals. Retrieved May 25, 2013, from http://www.healthcarechaplaincy.org
• Japan. (2013). Retrieved from Countries and their Culture: http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Japan.html
• Japan’s population falls by record level. (2013). Retrieved from The Japanese Times: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/04/17/national/japans-population-falls-by-record-level/#.UasCsmzD_mR
• Japan - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette. (n.d.). Retrieved from Kwintessentials: http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/japan-country-profiles.html
• Japanese Language History. (2013). Retrieved from ForeignTranslations: http://www.foreigntranslations.com/languages/japanese-translation/japanese-language-history/
• Jones, N. A. (2012). The Asian Population in the United States: Results from the 2010 Census. Retrieved from: http://www.ssa.gov/aapi/2010census-data.pdf
• Seibert, P., Stridh-Igo, P., & Zimmerman, C. (2002). A checklist to facilitate cultural awareness and sensitivity. J Med Ethics, 28, 143-146.
• Spector, R. (2009). Cultural diversity in health and illness (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Tanabe, M., Marianne, K. G. (2013). Health and Healthcare of Japanese-American Elders. Retrieved May 24, 2013, from Stanford University: http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnoger/japanese.html
• The Japanese Family System. (n.d.). Retrieved from Nakasendoway: http://www.nakasendoway.com/?page_id=1082
• University of Michigan. (2013). Enhancing Your Cultural Communication Skills. Retrieved May 26, 2013, from University of Michigan Health Systems: http://www.med.umich.edu/pteducation/cultcomp.htm
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