Japanese-American Internments

1. Who was the lead scientist on the Manhattan Project?

2. Which city was the first city to be bombed with an atomic bomb?

3. Where were the German war crimes trials held?

4. Who was the US admiral in charge of the US Navy in the Pacific?

5. What did FDR, Churchill and Stalin agree to create after the war to keep world peace?

The Japanese-American Internments

Objective:To understand the causes and effects, as well as

the short and long-term impacts, of the Japanese-American Internments

Context:December 7th, 1941: Pearl Harbor, an attack by

the Japanese on the Hawaiian base

Causes of Internment• By far, the main cause of the internments was a fear of anyone

of Japanese descent following Pearl Harbor.

• The US and Japan’s “peaceful” feud before the attack prompted some concern as well

• In August 1941, Rep. John Dingell of Michigan suggested, to President Roosevelt, jailing 10,000 Hawaiian Japanese to ensure “good behavior” on the part of Japan.

http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html

Causes of Internment (cont.)

• Roosevelt’s presidential Executive Order 9066 authorized the armed forces to consider any areas necessary of the US as military areas “from which any or all persons may be excluded,“ essentially the Japanese.

• Internment was also popular among many white farmers, as removing any competitor proves convenient.

"Californians have properly objected on the sound basic grounds that Japanese immigrants are not capable of assimilation into the American population... Anyone who has traveled in the Far East knows that the mingling of Asiatic blood with European and American blood produces, in nine cases out of ten, the most unfortunate results".

-Franklin D. Roosevelt, regarding the Japanese occupation in Western America.

SOURCE: By Order of the President,

by Greg Robinson

DISCUSS:What arguments may be made that

challenge the decision to inter Japanese-Americans?

Effects of Internment

• Nearly 120,000 Japanese-Americans were relocated inland, of which 62% were already American citizens.

• Over 1,000 Japanese, who renounced their American citizenship, were repatriated back to Japan

http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/images/figure1.1.jpg

Facts to Consider…October 27-30, 1944The 442nd Regimental Combat Team rescues an American battalion which had been cut off and surrounded by the enemy. Eight hundred casualties are suffered by the 442nd to rescue 211 men. After this rescue, the 442nd is ordered to keep advancing in the forest; they would push ahead without relief or rest until November 9.“The dead and wounded outnumber the living: 211 men are rescued, 216 Nisei soldiers are killed and more than 856 are wounded.” http://nisei.hawaii.edu/object/io_1149148836656.html

“Serving in Italy, France and Germany, the 442nd RCT fought in eight battle campaigns. With more than 18,000 individual awards and seven Presidential Unit Citations, it earned the distinction of being the most highly decorated unit of World War II.” http://www4.army.mil/ocpa/read.php?story_id_key=3550

http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html

25.3 THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC

America at War: 1941-1945

FDR’s STRATEGY:

1. Attack Germany first: save USSR and UK

2. Attack Japan second: give ground in Pacific

PROBLEM: Will America arm itself (and its Allies) in time?

CONCERN: Were totalitarian warriors better than citizen-soldiers?

WWII: Pacific TheatreAct I

12/7/1941: Pearl Harbor

12/1941-5/1942: Grim Defeat and RetreatFall of Dutch East Indies, Fall of Philippines, Corregidor, Bataan Death March, Gen. MacArthur

– “I shall return.”

http://www.libraries.psu.edu/maps/photo/8-Bataan.jpg

http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/pacificwar/2130.jpg

http://ghostofbataan.com/image2/deathm1.jpg

PHILIPPINES

80,000 US VS.

200,000 JAPAN

After 5 Months-US Forces:14,000 KIA48,000 WIA

Map: Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945

Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945Following the Battle of Midway, with the invasion of Guadalcanal (August 1942), American forces began the costly process of island hopping. This map shows the paths of the American campaign in the Pacific, closing the circle on Japan. After the Soviet Union entered the war and Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by atomic bombs, Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Doolittle RaidsOn April 18, 1942, sixteen B25 bombers, with 80 volunteers commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle, took off from the aircraft carrier Hornet. Their mission was to drop the first bombs on Tokyo, Nagoya and Yokohama. All reached their targets successfully, with little Japanese response. Then, low on fuel, fifteen of the planes crashed or were abandoned in China. (The Japanese would eventually execute 250,000 Chinese for helping the American fliers escape.) A sixteenth plane landed near Vladivostok. Two of the Doolittle raiders came down in enemy territory and three crewmen were executed. But 71 men eventually came home.

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h97000/h97502t.jpg

http://www.pbs.org/perilousfight/_images/photos/battlefield/doolittle/05.jpg

WWII: Pacific TheatreAct II

May-June 1942: Allies Turn the Tide

Battle of the Coral Sea (saves Australia)

Battle of Midway (destroys Japanese Carriers)

Aug. 1942: “Island Hopping” begins

Guadalcanal (20K Japanese dead to 1200 USA)

Tarawa, Marianas, Solomon Islands

Aug. 1943: Recover Aleutian Islands

MEANWHILE: US subs destroy Japansese navy,

US begins bombing Tokyo and Japan

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH, HENDERSON AIRFIELD, GUADALCANAL

Battle of Midway• Admiral Chester Nimitz, US Commander• US uses intercepted/decoded Japanese messages re:

invasion fleet of 110 ships• Nimitz sets trap, destroys 332 planes, 4 aircraft carriers, and

many experienced Japanese pilots

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Island Hopping• By-pass Japanese

strong-points• Seize small, unfortified

islands• Build airfields on them• Use air power to

destroy Japanese supply lines

• Starve out Japanese strong-points

• Repeat

Tarawa by Tom LovellOn November 21, 1943, marines stormed ashore on the atoll of Tarawa, soon to be called "Bloody Tarawa." The marines secured the island, but the cost was high. Of the 5,000 marines who fought in the battle, more than 1,000 were killed and another 2,000 wounded. Nearly all of the 5,000 Japanese defenders died, many in a final "death charge." (U.S. Marine Corps Museum)

Tarawa by Tom Lovell

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

AUSTRALIAN ANTI-JAPANESEPROPAGANDA ,

1942

Map: Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945

Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945Following the Battle of Midway, with the invasion of Guadalcanal (August 1942), American forces began the costly process of island hopping. This map shows the paths of the American campaign in the Pacific, closing the circle on Japan. After the Soviet Union entered the war and Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by atomic bombs, Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

• Supreme Commander of Allies in Pacific

• Utilized “island hopping”• Brilliant strategist• 1/10 kill ratio US/Jap.• Put in charge of

governing Japan after WWII

• Led US forces in Korean War

• Fired by Truman for insubordination

http://www.e-yliko.gr/Fyyl/Istoria/prosopawwarII/Douglas%20MacArthur.gif

WWII: Pacific TheatreAct III

Oct. 1944: Battle of Leyte Gulf (final destruction of J navy)

Jan.-July 1945-: Liberation of PhilippinesMarch 1945: Iwo JimaApril-June 1945: Okinawa (Kamikaze)July 1945: Potsdam Conference (US, UK, USSR’s

ultimatum)Aug. 6, 1945: Hiroshima – 180,000 deathsAug. 9, 1945: Nagasaki – 80,000 deathsSep. 2, 1945: V-J Day

IWO JIMA, PRESENT-DAY

MARINE KIAs, IWO JIMA

MARINE “K-9” PATROL MEMBERS IN

FOXHOLE, IWO JIMA

Kamikaze• “divine wind”• Used in Battle of Leyte

Gulf, Philippines• 424 kamikaze pilots sunk

16 ships, damaged 80• Similar suicidal resistance

shown by Japanese army on Iwo Jima, Okinawa

• Okinawa: 1900 kamikaze attacks sink 30 ships, damage 300, kill 5,000 sailors

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Manhattan Project

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• Secret project to develop atomic bomb• Racing Germans and Soviets• Began in 1942• Scientists organized by J. Robert

Oppenheimer (above right)• many scientists are refugees from fascist

countries• Bombs use plutonium and uranium 235 • First bomb, “Trinity,” tested July 16,

1945 near Alamogordo, NM – beginning of atomic age

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TRUMAN

• TRUMAN REPLACES FDR

• VET OF WWI

• MISSOURI

• HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION

• COMES TO POLITICS AFTER FAILING AT BUSINESS

WHO DOES

HE REMIND YOU OF?

http://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/firstln/955pres12.gif

To Bomb or Not to Bomb (pp. 751-752)

• PRO • CON

Island Bases in Marianas and on Iwo Jima provided

strategic staging areas for the bombing of Japan

and dropping of the bomb.

http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/potsdam_decision.htm

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

YALTA: February 1945

•Last meeting of the Big Three•Stalin joins fight against Japan•USSR gets Manchuria, Kuril, Sakhalin•Founding of the United Nations, based on Atlantic Charter

What is it? Pact? Agreement? Sell-out?

Is it Versailles?Is it Munich?Or…?

New World Order (?)• Nuremburg Trials: 1945

– Trial of Nazi and German Military Leaders– Foundations of International Human Rights

• New Crimes:– Crimes against Humanity– Crimes against Geneva Convention

• Division of Germany among “Big Four” – US, UK, USSR, and France– East and West Germany

• Military Administration of Germany and Japan– Gen. MacArthur runs Japan, writes democratic

constitution

Potential Essay Topics: TWO paragraphs minimum

1. Compare and Contrast the strategies of the war in the Pacific and the war in Europe. Discuss the priorities of the allies, the generals and commanders, and the major battles.

2. Identify the arguments for and against dropping the atomic bomb. Identify who had ultimate responsibility for the decision. Discuss the merits of each side of the argument and take a stand. Support your position with details and facts from the text.

3. Discuss the arguments for and against interning Japanese Americans during WWII. Was it justified?

4. Compare and contrast communism and fascism. Then identify two dictators who came to power in the 1930’s. Compare and contrast their rise to power and their ultimate fate.