Japan: Transformation without Revolution p. 625
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Transcript of Japan: Transformation without Revolution p. 625
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Japan:Transformation without Revolutionp. 625
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Introduction
First half of the 19th century the shogunate continued to combine beurocracy with feudal contsraintsGovernment was running into financial problemsJapanese intellectual life and culture developedJapan became more secularSchools expanded
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Terakoya – taught reading, writing, and Confucianism to ordinary people
By 1859, literacy was 40% of men and 15% of women – far higher than anywhere else
Confucianism remained the major ideology
There were rivals – nationalists – who insisted on only Japanese style education and the Dutch Studies – who kept alive the knowledge of the Dutch and studied western books
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In the 19th century commerce expanded
By 1850 growth came to a halt
Technological constraints
Rural riots aimed at the wealthy peasants, merchants, and landlord controls
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Isolationism
Japan feared outside influence
In 1853, Matthew Perry, and American arrived at a port in Edo askeing to open trade
He threatened bombardment – very similar to the British in China
In 1854, Perry returned and won two ports
The shogunate saw no alternative than to open their ports…
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Crisis Follows
Samurai began attacking foreigners
Civil War broke out in 1866
The Samurai defeated the Shogunate
The crisis ended in 1868 when a reform group proclaimed a new emperor named Mutsuhito – but commonly called “Meiji” or Enlightened One