January 2011. Outline Overview of the water cycle Chemical/Physical Properties Water Sampling Macro...
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Transcript of January 2011. Outline Overview of the water cycle Chemical/Physical Properties Water Sampling Macro...
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January 2011
Envirothon - Aquatics
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OutlineOverview of the water cycleChemical/Physical PropertiesWater SamplingMacro invertebratesWatershedConservation/PollutionStream buffersWetlands & Aquifers
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WATER CYCLEWater covers 70% of the earth’s surface.
Water is a renewable substance – it is continuously being recycled.
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WATER CYCLE
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Hydrologic cycle: Continual movement of water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface through precipitation and back to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration.
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
Two hydrogen atoms attached to one oxygen atom
The chemical structure of water provides it with some very unique properties. H 2 O
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
Water is a very stable compound – it is difficult to break it apart into its component.
100˚C – boils and evaporates0˚C – freezes and expands 4˚C – waters density is at its highest
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
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Specific heatpHConductivityUniversal Solvent – it can dissolve a large
number of different chemicals (salinity, nitrates, phosphates, etc. We test freshwater streams to determine levels of these solutes. They help us determine whether or not a stream has good water quality.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
NITRATES
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
PHOSPHATES
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
SALINITY
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
TEMPERATURE
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)0-2 mg/L: not enough oxygen to support life
2-4 mg/L: only a few kinds of fish and insects can survive
4-7 mg/L: acceptable for warm water fish
7-11 mg/L: very good for most stream fish including cold water fish
Percent Saturation (%)
Below 60%: poor; water too warm or bacteria using up DO
60-79%: acceptable for most aquatic organisms
80-100%: excellent for most aquatic organisms
112% or more: too high, may be dangerous to fish12
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Water SamplingSEDIMENTATION
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Humphreys Brook, Summer 2009
Breached Sediment Fence
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Water SamplingE. COLI
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MACRO-INVERTEBRATESIndicator of aquatic life (biodiversity)They are a link in the food chainThey are sensitive to pollutionMacro-invertebrates can be used as
indicators of water quality.
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MACRO-INVERTEBRATES
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Watershed Boundary
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Tidal Bore
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The Petitcodiac River was once known for its tidal bore being the highest in North America, over two meters
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Water Conservation MethodsThree areas to conserve water: Household,
Commercial, and AgriculturalFor household: Low-flush toilets, high-
efficiency clothes washers.For Commercial: Reclamation systems (ie. Car
washes), waterless urinals, steam sterilizers.For Agricultural: Overhead irrigation, or, a
more expensive but successful measure, drip irrigation.
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Point & Non-Point PollutionPoint Polution: where
wastewater/contaminants enter a waterway through discrete means, ie. Ditch or pipe.Sewage treatment plants, factories, storm
drains, etc.
Non-Point Polution: where wastewater/contaminants enter a waterway through a larger in-discrete means, ie. Agricultural field, urban runoff.Parking lots/roads/highways, agriculture, etc.
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STREAM BUFFERS
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Prevents erosion of banksProvides shade to the stream (temperature
control)Filters pollution from entering the streamSupplies shelter and food to aquatic animalsEasy way to improve water quality
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STREAM BUFFERS
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WETLANDS
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Natural buffersActs as a sponge during large stormsNaturally filters waterSustains more life than any other ecosystemsCanada has 14% of wetlands of the world65% of coastal wetland in Atlantic Canada
have been damaged through agriculture and urban development.
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Types of AquifersUnconfined and Confined
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Freshwater DistributionCanada: We have 7% of the worlds’
freshwater.
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Water: A Finite ResourceRate of water consumption overcomes the
rate of renewalStatistics Canada has determined freshwater
in Canada has been in decline for the last 30 years
90% of this lost freshwater has gone towards economic activity, only 9% has gone towards residential us
Hydraulic Fracturing – “fracking” process that results in the creation of fractures in rocks.
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Impact on Aquatic EcosystemsThe Petitcodiac Causeway
10 million cubic meters of siltRestricted movement of fishReduced the region’s salmon catches by 100%
Biomass HarvestingReduced soil pH can result in acidifying water
source(s) nearby (Pollett River)Difficulties with erosion controlReduced shade/buffer zones for nearby
watersources
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THANK YOU