JANUARY 1975 - NASA · Project management, Goddard Space Flight Center and Gesellschaft fuer...

(NASA-News-Pelease-75-19)(NASA) U5 p

SPACE SCIENCECSCL 22A

G3/88 07779

JANUARY 1975

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750008360 2020-07-17T22:29:15+00:00Z

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RELEASE NO: 75-19

CONTENTS 4>

(Editors: This fact .sheet contains information on NASA's j^space science program. It is suggested that it be retained *in your files.) - . • . •

BACKGROUND ON THE SPACE SCIENCE PROGRAM ...... . ....... . . 1-2

-- PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY PROGRAMS .............. • ......... . . 3-24Aeros (German A-2) ........ .............. ............ . 3Netherlands Astronomical Satellite (ANS) ... ..... ..... 4Atmosphere Explorer ...................... . ........... 5Dual Air Density Explorer (DAD) ...................... 6Fawkeye/Neutral Point Explorer ........... . ........... 7High Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO) .......... 8INTASAT ................... ..... .......... ......... ... 9International Sun-Earth Explorers (ISEE) : • • • • ....... 10

International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS) 11-12International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) ............... 13Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) ..... ........ 14Large Space Telescope ........................... ..... 15

. : V0pbiting Astronomical. Observatory (OAO) .............. 16-17v(3rbitinSoi^r Observator OSO . . . •.-.. ..Observatory (OSO) .........>... V........ 18y^if^Radib- Astr6nomy;,Explorer IRAE) . ."'-. ........ ..'. . . . 19 ;'Y 'H X ail' s'tirojiomy- Sateirite (SAS) . . . . ......... ;xl ....... 20. .i>:xSWall"}''- ''cieH i-f-Ic;-;.Satellit'e (SSS-A) . . ....... .".- 21* V '-'iitjk -S"'' '•">'""; *' '••'£••""':V ' >; •.."'."'.. .7. V ;; " 22

Sounding Rockets ..."...'.".".. .'. . : . -23-24

PLANETARY PROGRAMS 25-38Mariner Mars 1911 25-26Mariner Venus/Mercury 1973 27-28Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 29-30Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 31-33Viking .' 34-35Helios 36-37Pioneer Venus 1978 38

LUNAR PROGRAMS • 39

OSS LAUNCH VEHICLES » 40-44Scout .-...' "..'. 40.Delta . .'.. '• 41Atlas/Centaur 42Titan III C 43Titan III E/Centaur 44

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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTR2

OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE 1

/V$|bNj|-p Q1<S •%>%' <o °\te %<£% ^

3., NASA's Office of Space Science (OSS) is res

for automated space missions to make directmeasurements in space.

A new technology--that of space—has in the 15 yearsof NASA's history provided a detailed knowledge of theenvironment of Earth in space, a first understanding ofour neighboring planets, and expanded knowledge of thesolar -system and the universe.

In that period, OSS and its predecessor, the Officeof Space Science and Applications, have launched morethan 300 spacecraft into Earth orbit or interplanetaryspace and have launched more than 1,700 sounding rocketsinto near-Earth space.

Earth-orbiting satellites have, discovered and mappedin detail the highly .complex magnetosphere surroundingEarth and the effect of solar radiation on Earth's .ionosphere and atmosphere. Other spacecraft, orbitingabove the obscuring curtain of Earth's atmosphere, havelooked far into space to study ultraviolet, infrared,X-ray and gamma ray radiations to learn more about thestairs, galaxies, pulsars and quasars.

Automated spacecraft have orbited Mars and haveflown by Venus, Mercury and Jupiter, contributing to anunderstanding of those planets and why they are differentfrom the planet Earth. Other far-ranging spacecraft havemapped the Moon in detail and observed the Sun and thesolar wind from widely separated points in the solar system.

To launch automated spacecraft, OSS has developeda highly-reliable stable of versatile launch vehicles:Scout, Thor-Delta and Atlas-Centaur. Adaptation ofthe Titan III and Titan Ill-Centaur for launch of largerautomated spacecraft is underway.

. In addition, for study of near-Earth space phenomena,balloons and sounding rockets are launched from a varietyof ranges throughout the world. High-flying aircraft alsoare employed to carry astronomical instruments above mostof Earth's atmosphere for stellar studies. OSS also supportsa program of astronomical observations with Earth-basedtelescopes.

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Satellites provided by a number of other governmentalagencies, corporations and universities also are launchedby OSS. These include operational spacecraft such as theIntelsat communications satellites and the Improved Tirosweather satellites. A variety of advanced technologysatellites have been launched for NASA's Office ofAeronautics and Space Technology.

Acting under agreements executed'by NASA's Interna-tional Programs Office, similar launches are conducted byOSS for institutions abroad. British, Canadian, Italian,German, Netherlands, and French satellites, as well asscientific satellites of the European Space ResearchOrganization (ESRO), have been launched.

In the case of OSS launches for both foreign anddomestic institutions, NASA may cooperate.in the develop-ment of the satellite, the launch, and the reduction ofthe data. In other cases, the institution develops itsown satellite and purchases the launch vehicle and supportservices from NASA.

Although it accounts for only about 7 per cent of theOSS budget, Supporting Research and Technology (SR&T) isthe underlying foundation for OSS's space exploration.Within this program, studies are conducted upon whichdecisions concerning the space fJLight program are based.

The main objectives of the SR&T program are to:

develop concepts and strategy for future flightmissions,

develop the technology to carry out futuremissions,

acquire fundamental knowledge in the scientificdisciplines to which the flight program isdedicated,

and apply that fundamental knowledge by providingtechnical consultation to other governmentalagencies.

For management purposes, Office of Space Science pro-grams are divided into Physics and Astronomy Programs,Planetary Exploration Programs, Lunar Exploration Pro-grams, and Launch Vehicle and Propulsion Programs.

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Physics and Astronomy

Program:

Description:

Schedule:

Management:

Program Officials:

Funding:

AEROS (German A-2)

AEROS is a 125-kilogram (275-pound)spacecraft designed to measure themain aeronomic parameters determiningthe,state of the upper atmosphereand the solar ultraviolet radiationin the wavelength band of main absorp-tion. The spin-stabilized satelliteis designed to orbit Earth at a dis-tance of 218 kilometers to 864 kilometers(135 to 537 miles).

AEROS-A .was launched December 16, 1972,from Western Test Range. Launchvehicle, Scout. Ceased operation onAug. 22, 1973. AEROS-B was launchedon July 16, 1974.

Project management, Goddard SpaceFlight Center and Gesellschaft fuerWeltraumforschung (GFW). Industrialcontractor, Dornier Systems.

Program managers, M. Ottenbein andJohn R. Holtz;

Project managers, H. Schreiber andC. L. Wagner, Jr.(GSFC) ;

Program scientists, Erwin R. Schmerlingand E. Lubbert;

Project scientists, P. Lammerzahl andS. J. Bauer (GSFC).

$1.8 million obligated through June 1975.

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Program:

Description:

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Funding:

Netherlands Astronomical Satellite(ANS) (NASA/Netherlands .cooperativeproject)

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This 132-kilogram (291-pound)/satellite will carry instrumentsdesigned to obtain spectral distri- *

• bution and other data from celestialX-ray and ultraviolet sources. Sta-bilized .by three axis wheels andmagnetic coils, ANS will be placedin a 560 x 510 kilometer (348 to 316miles) sun synchronous polar orbit. Itsdesigned lifetime is six months.

Launch, August 27, 1974, from WesternTest Range. Launch vehicle, Scout.

Project management for NASA, GoddardSpace Flight Center.Proj'ect management for the Netherlands,Netherlands Institute for Aeronauticsand Space.. (NIVR)Spacecraft management, Fokker/Phillips.

Program manager, John R. Holtz;Project manager, E. W. Hymowitz (GSFC);Program scientist, Nancy G. Roman;Project scientist, T. P. Stecher.


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Program:

Description:

Atmosphere Explorer

These are 660-kilogram (1,450-pound)Explorer-class spacecraft to belaunched by Delta rocket intoelliptical Earth orbits of differentinclinations to make scientificstudies of the photochemicalprocesses and energy transfermechanisms which control the struc-ture . and behavior of the Earth'satmosphere and ionosphere throughthe region of high solar energyabsorption. An on-board propulsionsystem will permit the spacecraft tomake changes in their orbit whileinvestigating in detail the regionsbetween 120 and 155 kilometers //4to 96 miles) above the Earth.

Schedule:

Management:

Program Officials:

Funding:

Atmosphere Explorers D and E tobe launched from Western or EasternTest Range in 1975. AE-D will beplaced in a near polar orbit; AE-E,in a near equatorial. Three previouslaunches: Explorer 17 in April 1953,Explorer 32 in May 1966, and Explorer 51in 1973.

Project managment, Goddard SpaceFlight Center. Industrial contractorfor Atmosphere Explorers C, D, and E,RCA Corp.

Program manager, Frank W. Gaetano;Project manager, David W. Grimes

(GSFC);Program scientist, Erwin R. Schmerling;Project scientist, Nelson W. Spencer

(GSFC).

$47.8 million obligated through June 1974

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Program:

Description:

Schedule:

Management:

Program Officials:

Funding:

.Dual Air. Density Explorer f (DAD).

Two 40-kilogram ( 88-pound) space-craft will be launched by one vehicle400 to 1,500 kilometers (248 to 932miles) arid 700 to 1,500 kilometers(434 to 932 miles)co-planar Earthorbits to obtain global density mea-sure ments of the upper thermosphereand the lower exosphere, to measurethe vertical structure of the atmosphereas a function of latitude, season, andlocal solar time, and to perform com-position measurements--with a uniquemass spectrometer system--of the upperatmosphere and the lower exosphere.

DAD will be launched in late 1975from the Western Test Range. Launchvehicle, Scout.

Project management, Langley ResearchCenter. Contractor, (for-mass spectro-meter) , University of Minnesota.

Program manager, J. R. Holtz;Project manager, J. E. Canaday, Jr.

(LaRC);Program scientist, Erwin R. SchmerlingProject scientist, E. J. Prior (LaRC).

$15.6 million obligated for DAD/Hawkeyethrough June 1974.

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'Program:

Description:

Hawkeye/Neutr£l Point' Explorer

Hawkeye was designed to investigatethe polar imagnetosphere at highaltitudes, and; the boundary of themagnetosphere 'Min the vicinity ofneutral points by.measuring chargedparticles and magnetic fields. The27 -kilogram (58-pound) spin-stabi-lized spacecraft was launched intoan Earth orbit with an apogee ofapproximately 125,570 kilometers(.75,342. mile's) and a perigee of 470kilometers ,(282 miles) .

Schedule:

Management:

Program Officials:

Funding:

Launched in June 1974 from the WesternTest Range by. a five-stage Scoutrocket. ' :' '- • .

Project management, Langley ResearchCenter. Contractors, University ofIowa, Ball Brothers Research Corp.

•'-.Program manager, J. R. Holtz;Project manager/ C. W. Coffee, Jr.

. :• ' (.LaRC) ;Program scientist, L. D. Kavanagh, Jr.;Project scientist, J. A. Van Allen

(University, of Iowa) .

See funding for Dual Air DensityExplorer (DAD); previous page.

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Program:

Description:

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High Energy Astronomy Observatory(HEAO)

The HEAO program consists of 'threespacecraft, HEAO-A B, and .C,'. each willcarry 1,300 kg (2,950 Ib.) payloads of scientific instruments to study some of themost intriguing mysteries of the uni-verse—very energetic radiation fromspace, X-rays, gamma rays and cosmic"rays. These have been seen previouslyby sounding rockets and balloons andby small satellites with lower resolu-tion and sensitivity. There is strongevidence that supernovae and pulsarsare X-ray sources and some weaker evi-dence that links X-rays with radiogalaxies and quasars. HEAO, a 2700-kilogram (6000 pound), 5.6-meter (22-feet) long spacecraft, will be launchedby an Atlas Centaur rocket into a 425-kilometer (264-mile) orbit.

Launches in 1977, 1978 and 1979, fromEastern Test Range.

Marshall Space Flight. Center.Industrial contractor for spacecraftsystems: TRW, Inc., Redondo Beach,Calif.

Program manager, R. E. Halpern;Project manager, F. A. Speer (MSFC);Program scientist, A. G. Opp;.Project scientist, F. B. McDonald (GSFC).


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Program:

Description:

Schedule:

INTASAT (Institute Nacional deTechnica Aeroespacial Satellite)(NASA/Spain cooperative project)

Objective of the INTASAT mission isto conduct worldwide observations ofionospheric total electron count,ionospheric irregularities, andionospheric scintillations. The 15-kilogram (37-pound) spacecraft ismagnet-stabilized. It will orbit theEarth at approximately 1,450-kilometers(901 miles).

Launched as a piggyback spacecraftwith ITOS-G in October 1974 by a Deltavehicle from the Western Test Range.

Management:

Program Officials:

Funding:

Project management for Spain: InstituteNacional de Technica Aeroespacial (INTA)Project management for NASA: GoddardSpace Flight Center.

Program managers, John R. Holtz (NASA)and INTA.

Project managers, J.M. Dorado, .INTA andWilliam R. Wilt, GSFC.

Program scientist, L. Sanchez, INTA andErwin R. Schmerling, GSFC.

$6/000 obligated through June 1974.

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Program:

Description:

International Sun-Earth Explorers(ISEE)(Joint effort between NASA andESRO)

This program consists of two Deltalaunches of three spacecraft; .one •-vehicle will carry two spacecraftidentified as ISEE-A and B, andthe second vehicle will carry aspacecraft identified as ISEE-C.. ,.-,/-•This .mission will investigate solar-terrestrial relationships at theoutermost boundaries of the Earthmagnetosphere, to examine indetail the structure of the solarwind near Earth, and the shock wavewhich forms the interface betweenthe solar wind and Earth, and tocontinue the investigation of cosmicrays and solar flares in the inter-planetary region near 1 AU. ISEE-Aand B with station-keeping ability,will be in a highly elliptical Earthorbit with an apogee of 18-23 Earthradii; ISEE-C will be at I AU in theinterplanetary medium. Designweights are 306 kilogram (674pounds) for A, 135 kilograms(300 pounds) for B, and 430kilograms (948 pounds) for C.

Schedule:

Management:

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Funding:

Launch of A and B in late 1977 andHeliocentric in late 1978.

NASA project management: GoddardSpace Flight Center (GSFC);ESRO project management: EuropeanSpace Technology Center (ESTEC).

Program managers, J. R. Holtz (NASA)and J. Ortner (ESRO);

Program scientists, Erwin R. Schmerling(NASA) and G. Haskell (ESRO);

Project managers, J. Madden (GSFC)and D. Eaten (ESTEC);

Project scientists, (A/B) - K.Ogilvie (GSFC) and D. Page (ESTEC);(H) - T. von Rosenvinge (GSFC).

Initial project funding in FY 1975.

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Program:

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International Satellite forIonospheric Studies (ISIS) (Acooperative project with Canada)

The ISIS satellites, designed andbuilt by Canada, are launched fromthe Western Test Range into polarorbits to develop a better under-standing of ionosphere physics.They measure, by latitude, daily andseasonal fluctuations in theelectron density of the upper iono-sphere, study radio and cosmic noiseemissions and conduct correlativedirect measurements of theenergetic particles interactingwith the ionosphere. The roughly225 to'270-kilogram (500 to 600-pound) spacecraft were placed intoorbit by a NASA-supplied Delta launchvehicle.

ISIS 2 was launched March 1971 intoa circular orbit of about 1,400kilometers (870 miles). This space-craft was the last in the pro-gram and no additional launchesare planned. Previous launchesincluded Alouettes 1 and 2 inSeptember 1962 and November1965, respectively, and ISIS-1in January 1969.

For Canada: The CommunicationsResearch Center, Department ofCommunications.

For NASA:Center.

Goddard Space Flight

Program manager, Frank Gaetano;Project manager, John E. Jackson

(GSFC);Program scientist, Dr. Erwin R.

Schmerling;Project scientist, John E. Jackson

(GSFC).

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*

For Canada: Program manager,Dr. Colin A. Franklin;

Deputy program manager, Harold R. Raine

Funding: - $13.3 million obligated by NASA for pro-gram through June 1974.

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Program:

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International Ultraviolet Explorer(IUE)

The IUE is a 644-kilogram (1,416-pound)Explorer-class spacecraft (includinga 260-kilogram (570-pound) third stageapogee motor) which is designed to obtainhigh-resolution ultraviolet (W)data on the spectra of many typesand classes of astronomical objects.This 3-axis stabilized spacecraftwill be launched into a geosyn-chronous orbit and will be insight of a U.S. ground station atall times. Spacecraft capabilities,in conjunction with the orbit, willallow real-time operations similar tothose accomplished at ground basedoptical telescope facilities. Thiswill permit astronomers to performground-based observations while con-currently receiving satellite data.

Launch by a Delta vehicle is plannedfrom Eastern Test Range (ETR) in1976.

Project management: Goddard SpacePlight Center, which will developthe spacecraft in-house. The UnitedKingdom (U.K.) will supply theimage tubes for the spectrograph andacquisition field camera. ESRO willprovide the solar paddles as well asinstallation of an European groundstation.

Program manager, John R. Holtz;Program scientist, Nancy G. Roman;Project manager, Gerry Longanecker (GSFC);Project scientist, Anne B. Underhill (GSFC)


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Program:

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Interplanetary Monitoring Platform(IMP)

The IMP program is a series ofExplorer-class spacecraft designedto extend our knowledge of Sun,Earth, Moon relationships by con-ducting a continuing study of theradiation environment of the inter-planetary medium. They performdetailed and near-continuous studiesof the interplanetary environmentfor orbit periods comparable toseveral rotations of active regionson the Sun; study particle and fieldinteractions; investigate, during aperiod of changing solar activity,through several solar rotations^thenature and features of the solarwind, the interplanetary field andcosmic rays. Spacecraft are launchedby Delta vehicles from Cape Canaveralor Western Test Range into highlyelliptical Earth orbits (except forone lunar-anchored IMP, Explorer 35).

Previous IMP launches were Explorer18, November 1963; Explorer 21,October 1964; Explorer 28, May 1965;Explorer 33, July 1966; Explorer 34,May 196?; Explorer 35 (lunar orbit),July 1967; Explorer 41, June 1969;Explorer 43, March 1971; Explorer 47,September 1972; Explorer 50, October1973.

Project management, Goddard SpacePlight Center, which develops thespacecraft in-house.

Program manager, John R. Holtz;Project manager, Paul Butler (GSFC);Program scientist, Erwin R. Schmerling;Project scientists, Frank B. McDonaldand Norman F. Ness (GSFC).

$69 million obligated through June 1974.

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Large Space Telescope (LST)

The concept of the LST calls for a 3-meter (10-foot) class telescope orbitingthe Earth and operating at very near thediffraction limit; it would make possibleastronomical observations deeper intospace and with more detail than has everbeen possible. The LST will be designedlike ground-based telescopes to use anumber of different scientific instru-ments at its focal plane. This generalpurpose characteristic will permit theLST to be used effectively as a nationalfacility, capable of supporting worldwideastronomical needs of an internationaluser community. The LST will circle theEarth at an altitude of approximately 611kilometers (380 miles and at an inclina-tion to the equator of 28.8 degrees.Electrical power for the system willbe supplied with the aid of solarpanels. The LST will weigh 10 tons.

Scheduled to be placed in orbit via theSpace Shuttle in 1981/82.

Marshall Space Flight Center, with par-ticipation by Goddard Space Flight Centerand other NASA centers. Industrial con-tractors. ITEK CORP. and the PerkingElmer Corp.

Program manager, M.J. AucremanneProgram scientist, Nancy G. RomanProject manager, James A. Downey, III (MSFC)Project scientist, C.R. O'Dell (MSFC).

Current funding limited to study and defini-tion effort. Initial project funding ten-tatively planned for' FY 1977.

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Program:

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Management:

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory(OAO)

Complex 2,250-kilogram (5,000-pound)spacecraft launched by Atlas-Centaurfrom Cape Kennedy into 650-kilometer(400-mile) circular Earth orbit toinvestigate stellar phenomena,galactic and intergalactic medium.The spacecraft provides power,thermal control and precisionpointing for the observatory systems.The spacecraft is capable of pro-viding data storage, handling,transmission and reception and issupported by a ground system.Astronomical instruments are capableof observing, the electromagneticspectrum (ultraviolet and X-ray)from space. They measure theemission of diffuse nebulae, map theform and brightness characteristicsof faint nebulae, record the bright-ness of hot stars, obtain absolutespectrophotometry data, observe thespectra of interstellar gas anddust and observe X-ray emissionsand their absorption in interstellarspace.

OAO-3 was launched on August 21, 1972.This spacecraft was the last in thepresently approved program. Noadditional launches presently fore-seen. Previous launches were OAO-1,April 1966 (spacecraft failure);OAO-2, December 1968 (successful);and OAO-B in November 1970 (vehiclefailure).

Project management, Goddard SpaceFlight Center. Industrial con-tractor, Grumman Aerospace Corpora-tion.

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Program Officials

Funding:

Program manager, Michael E. McDonald;Project manager, James E. Kupperian;Program scientist, Nancy G. "Roman;Project scientist, James E. Kupperian

(GSPC);

$359.1 million obligated through June 1974;runout costs estimated at $360-365 million.

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Program:

Description:

Schedule:

Management:

Program Officials

Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO)

Earth orbiting spacecraft designedto obtain high resolution data fromthe Sun. OSO-I (eye) will investi-gate the Sun's lower corona, thechromosphere, and their interfacein the X-ray and ultraviolet spectralregions to obtain a better under-standing of the transport of energyfrom the photosphere into the corona.Also to be studied are solar-terrestrial relationships and thebackground component of cosmic X-rays.First six OSO's were in 270-kilogram(600-pound) range. OSO-7 weighsabout 625 kilograms (1,400 pounds),while OSO-I will weigh about 1,050kilograms (2,300 pounds). A guestinvestigator program opens up theuse of the major experiments onOSO-I to qualified scientists fromaround the world.

OSO-I is scheduled for launch inmid-1975 from Cape Canaveral. Deltalaunch vehicle. Previous spacecraft:OSO-1 launched in March 1962; OSO-2,February 1965; OSO-C, August 1965(vehicle failure); OSO-3, March 196?;OSO-4, October 1967; OSO-5,January 1969; OSO-6, August 1969;and OSO-7, September 1971.

Project management, Goddard SpaceFlight Center. Industrial con-tractors, Ball Brothers ResearchCorporation, A-H, and Hughes Air-craft Company, I.

Program manager, Michael E. McDonald;Project manager, Robert H. Pickard

(GSFC);Program scientist, Goetz K. Oertel;Project scientist, Stephen P. Maran

(GSFC);

Funding: $161.6 million obligated through June 1974

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Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE)

RAE is a gravity-gradient stabilized250-kilogram (550-pound)^ satellitewhich was placed into a 1,100-kilometer(684 mile) circular lunar orbit.It has 250-meter (750-foot) extendableantennas, giving an overall satellitelength in space of 500 meters (1,500feet) . RAE was designed to make measure-ments of galactic and solar radio noise,at frequencies below the ionosphericcut-offs and outside terrestrial back-ground interference, by using the Moonfor occultation and focusing.

RAE-B (Explorer 49) was launched June1973 from Cape Kennedy. Launch vehicle:Delta. Previous launch: Explorer 38,July 1968 (Earth orbit).

Goddard Space Flight Center, whichdevelops spacecraft in-house.

Program manager, John R. Holtz;Project manager, John T. Shea (GSFC) ;Program scientist, Nancy G. Roman;Project scientist, Robert G. Stone (GSFC)


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Program:

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Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS)

SAS is an Earth-orbiting 145-190kilogram (320-425-pound) Explorer-class spacecraft which surveys thecelestial sphere and searches forsources radiating in the X-ray,gamma-ray, ultraviolet and otherspectral regions both inside andoutside our Galaxy. SAS-A and Ccarry X-ray instruments; SAS-Bcarried a gamma-ray instrument.

SAS-C will be launched in 1975 toinvestigate X-ray sources. Previouslaunches were Explorer 42 (SAS-A),December 1970 and Explorer 48(SAS-B), November 1972.

Project management, Goddard SpacePlight Center. Spacecraft controlsection contractor, Applied PhysicsLaboratory, Johns Hopkins University.

Program manager, John R. Holtz;Project manager, Marjorie Townsend

(GSFC);Program scientist, Nancy G. Roman;Project scientist, Carl E. Fichtel

(GSFC).

$44 million obligated through June 1974

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Program:

Description:

Schedule:

Small Scientific Satellite (SSS-A)

Earth orbiting Explorer-class space-craft to investigate the Earth'sring current and development of themain phase of magnetic storms, therelation between auroral phenomena,magnetic storms, and the accelera-tion of charged particles withinthe inner magnetosphere and timevariations of the trapped particlepopulation.

Explorer 45 was launched inNovember 1971 from San Marco plat-form, Kenya. Scout launch vehicle.

Management:

Program Officials;

Funding:

Goddard Space Flight Center, whichdeveloped spacecraft in-house.

Program manager, John R. Holtz;Project manager, Gerald W. Longanecker

(GSFC)jProgram scientist, Erwin R. Schmerling;Project scientist, Robert A. Hoffman

(GSFC).


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Program:

Description:

Schedule:

UK-5 (NASA/United Kingdom Cooperative)

UK-5 is a 140-kilogram (308-pound)spacecraft designed to investigategalactic and extragalactic X-raysources. UK-5 was launched into a .510-kilometer. (316-mile) circularorbit. Spin-stabilized, with gas jetsfor control.

UK-5 was. successfully launched fromSan Marco Oct. 15, 1974. Launch vehicle,.Scout.

Management:

Program Officials:

Funding:

Project management for the U.K. ,Science Research Council (SRC). Space-craft contractor, Marconi Space SystemsDivision, GEC (U.K.)

Project management for NASA, GoddardSpace Flight Center.

Program manager, John R. Holtz;Project manager, Herbert L. Eaker (GSFC);Program scientist, Nancy G. Roman;Project scientist, Stephen S. Holt (GSFC)

For NASA: $542,,000 obligated throuahJune 1974.

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Program:

Description:

Schedule:

Sounding Rockets

Includes all rockets launched forshort-term measurements to a distanceusually less than one Earth radius(6,400 kilometers: 2,172miles). Specifically included arestudies of the Earth's atmosphereabove the limits of balloon flights(about 32 kilometers: 20 miles), upto the lowest satellite investiga-tions (about 160 kilometers: 100miles). Sounding rockets alsomeasure the pressure, density, andtemperature of the ionosphere,aurorae and airglow, solar flares,geomagnetic storms, trapped radia-tion 'fluctuation and meteor streams.Biological specimens as well asscientific instruments have beenflown on test flights prior tosatellite or deep space missions.By adding attitude stabilizationsystems, some sounding rockets havebeen used for stellar astronomyexperiments in the X-ray, ultra-violet and radio regions of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

More than 1,700 sounding rocketshave been launched under OSS direction.The launch rate will continue at about80 per year. Rockets include Areas,Nike-Apache, Nike-CaJun, Nike-Tomahawk, Aerobee 150, 170 and 350,Javelin, Black Brant III, BlackBrant VC, and Astrobee D. Launchranges include Wallops Flight Center;White Sands, N.W.; Fairbanks and PointBarrow, Ala.; Fort Churchill andResolute Bay, Canada; Thumba, India;Kiruna, Sweden; Kourou, French Guiana.

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Management: Goddard Space Flight Center, WallopsFlight Center and Ames ResearchCenter. Rocket stages are built by a varietyvariety of companies. Scientific pay-loads are provided by a number of univer-sities, private industry and govern-ment institutions in the U.S. and over-seas .

Program Officials: Program manager for scientificsounding rockets, John R. Holtz;Program manager for meteorologicalsounding rockets, William C. Spreen;Project manager, Karl R. Medrow (GSFC);Project manager, Larry J. Early

(Wallops Flight Center);Center);

Project manager, Edward A. Gabris(ARC)

Funding: Current level of effort is approximately$20 million.

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Planetary Programs

Program:

Description:

Mariner Mars 1971

First U.S. mission to orbit anotherplanet. The original plan was tolaunch two spacecraft. However, afailure of the second stage of theAtlas/Centaur on May 8, 1971 pre-vented Mariner 8 from achievingtrajectory to Mars. Mariner 9 wassuccessfully launched on May 30, 1971,and encountered Mars onNovember 13, 1971.

Objective of Mariner 9 was to orbitMars for at least 90 days, mappingabout 70 per cent of the planet'ssurface and viewing selected areasduring dynamic changes on Mars.Spacecraft carried two TV camerasand infrared and ultraviolet instru-ments to measure surface tempera-tures, temperatures and constituentsof the atmosphere and composition ofthe surface including polar caps.

Mariner 9 is orbiting Mars at analtitude of 17,000 kilometers by1,650 kilometers (10,540 miles by1,023 miles) at an inclination of64.4 degrees and with a 12-hourperiod. Orbit was designed toaccomplish as many of the scientificobjectives of both spacecraft aspossible.

First planetary mission to use real-time adaptive mode operations inwhich data from each orbit isanalyzed by science teams to directstudy of areas of greatest intereston subsequent orbits.

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Management:

Program Officials:

Funding:

Mariner 9 collected data for 3^9 .days from November 13, ,1971 toOctober 27, 1972. Data'returnedincluded 7,329 pictures-.of the .planet and its satellites;, hundredsof thousands of infraredand ultra-violet measurements; hundreds of S-band occultation experiment measure-ments and a wealth of informationassociated with the celestialmechanics experiment. This data haschanged our picture of Mars fromthat of a dead, moon-like planet toa living, dynamic planet, and pro-vided visual mapping of 100 per cent of theplanet's surface. Mariner 9 willcontinue to orbit Mars for 50 to 100years, but the transmitter wassilenced by command on October 27, 1972because of depletion of altitudecontrol gas.

Project management: Jet PropulsionLaboratory, which developed thespacecraft in-house.

Program manager, Earl W. Glahn;Project manager, Dan Schneiderman

(JPL);Program scientist, Harold F. Hipsher;Project scientist, Robert H.Steinbacher (JPL).

$133.'6 million obligated through June 1974.

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Program:

Description:

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Mariner Venus/Mercury 1973 (Mariner 10)

A 504-kilogram (^108-pound), modifiedMariner type spacecraft, carrying tele-vision and six other scientific instru-ments, flew by Venus to obtain a gravityassist/trajectory deflection in order tofly within close proximity of Mercury,the closest planet to our Sun. The mis-sion was designed to conductinvestigation of both planets includingmeasurements of atmosphere, surface andplanetary characteristics of Mercury.Due to Mercury's close angular proximityto the Sun, it has received relativelylittle observational study. However, forthe same reason, it is one of the mostimportant planets to study to obtain databearing on the origin and history of thesolar system.

The pitt'orial data obtained will helpdefine Venus' atmospheric parameterssuch as structure, circulation, composi-tion and distribution. Photographs ofVenus show the planet's dense cloudblanket as well as its ultraviolet "clouds"which appear to rotate around the planetevery four days.

Best picture resolution of the surfaceof Mercury was 100 meters (30.48 feet).Before that, only gross shadingcharacteristics of Mercury couldbe distinguished with Earth-basedtelescopes. Mercury photographywas used to map and identifymajor physical landmarks, determinethe orientation of the spin axis andestablish a cartographic coordinationsystem.

Other experiments detected and measureda small atmosphere; characterized thesurface thermal properties; determinedplasma and magnetic field environment;obtained measurements directed towarddefining the surface composition; andobtained data to improve existing in-formation relative to the gravitationalpotential, mass, shape and ephemerisof Mercury.

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Schedule:

Management:

During the interplanetary cruise portionof the mission, continuous data wasobtained relating to radial gradientsof magnetic fields, charged particlecharacteristics and plasma waves.

Mariner 10 was launched on November 3,1973, and flew within 5,800 kilometers(3,600 miles) of Venus in February 1974.It continued on, passing within 704kilometers (437 miles) of Mercury onMarch 29, 1974. Because of the helio-centric trajectory of the spacecraftafter Mercury encounter, a secondencounter occurred on September 21,1974, and a third encounter occurredin March 1975.

Project management: Jet PropulsionLaboratory.

The Boeing Company, Seattle,Wash., selected as the space-craft systems contractor in April1971.

ProgramOfficials:

Funding:

Program manager, N.W. Cunningham;Project manager, W.E. Giberson (JPL);Program scientist, Stephen Dwornik;Project scientist, James Dunne (JPL).


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Program:

Description:

Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977

Two 750-kilogram (1,600-pound)spacecraft will be launched duringthe August-September '77 opportunityto fly by Jupiter and Saturn andconduct exploratory investigationsof the Jupiter and Saturn planetarysystems and the interplanetarymedium out to Saturn. Primaryemphasis will be placed on the con-duct of comparative studies of theJupiter and Saturn systems by obtain-ing measurements of the environment,atmosphere and body characteristicsof the planets, and one or more ofthe satellites" of each planet;studies of the nature of the ringsof Saturn and exploration of theinterplanetary (or interstellar)medium at increasing distances fromthe Sun.

Major investigations will includeimaging, radio science, infrared andultraviolet spectroscopy, magnetom-etry, charged particles, cosmic rays,photopolarimetry planetary radioastronomy, plasma and plasma wave.

Schedule:

The spacecraft will be three-axisstabilized with a 3.7 meter (12-foot) diameter antenna pointed towardEarth. A scan platform will be pro-vided for those investigations requiringpointing control. RadioisotopeThermoelectric Generators (RTG) willbe used as the primary source ofspacecraft electrical power.

First spacecraft will be launchedin August 1977; second in - ,September 1977 from Cape Kennedy.Titan Ill/Centaur/Burner II launch .vehicle. Plight time to Jupiter -1.6 to 1.7 years; flight time toSaturn - 3.4 to 3.7 years.

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Management:

Program Officials:

Funding:

Project management, Jet PropulsionLaboratory, which develops space-craft in-house.

Program manager, J. W. Keller;Project manager, H. M. Schurmeier;Program scientist, M. A. Mitz;Project scientist, E. C. Stone.


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Program:

Description:

Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11

Two 259-kilogram (570-pound) spacecraft,adapted from preceding Pioneers, launchedby Atlas/Centaurs from Cape Kennedy, tomake exploratory investigations beyond theorbit of Mars of the interplanetary medium,the nature of the asteroid belt and theenvironmental and atmospheric characteris-tics of the planet Jupiter.

Each spacecraft is capable of performing13 scientific experiments in space, includingphotographing Jupiter and measuring itsradiative energy and field and particleenvironment.

During the trip to Jupiter, which takestwo years and covers more than a billionkilometers (over half a billion miles), the60 pounds of instruments measure solarplasma* energetic particles, cosmic rays,neutral hydrogen density and the inter-planetary magnetic field. They alsomeasure the velocities, mass propertiesand flux of asteroids and meteoroids toestimate better the characteristics ofcosmic debris and to gauge their poten-tial hazard to spaceflight.

Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators(RTG) are used as the primary source ofspacecraft electrical power. The Pioneersare spin-stabilized with a 2.7-m (9-ft.)diameter antenna pointed constantly atEarth.

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Pioneer 10 was launched on March 2, 1972,and swept past the planet Jupiter at adistance of 131,400 kilometers (81,000 miles)on Dec. 3, 1973, making measurements andtaking photographs. Culminating a two-year, billion-kilometer (600-million-mile)journey, the encounter marked the beginning -of man's probe of the outer solar system.Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to flybeyond the orbit of Mars, the-first topenetrate the Asteroid Belt and may even-tually become the first manmade object toescape the solar system.

Pioneer 10 returned more than 300 closeuppictures of Jupiter and its inner moons,and provided new information on its tur-bulent atmosphere and cloud currents, itsbizzare Red Spot, its murky interior andthe surrounding magnetic, field and radia-tion belt environments.

Pioneer 10 is now on its five-year exten-ded mission—to reach the orbit of Saturnin 1976, and the orbit of Uranus, twobillion miles away, the limit of space-craft communications with Earth, in 1979.The spacecraft will then continue itsjourney out of the solar system.

At year's end, Pioneer scientists werecompleting their study of radiation beltdata obtained by the spacecraft and con-cluded that a second Jupiter probe coj\ld besafely retargeted closer to the giantplanet and then on to Saturn.The second probe, Pioneer 11, launchedon April 5, 1973, arrived at Jupiter onDec. 3, 1974. ' It flew by the planet ata distance of about 46,400 km (29,000mi.), three times closer than its pred-ecessor. The spacecraft, renamedPioneer Saturn, is scheduled to arriveat the ringed planet in September, 1979

Management: Project management: Ames ResearchCenter. Industrial contractor, TRWSystems, Inc.

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. Program .Officials:

Funding:

Program manager, Fred Kochendorfer;Project manager, C.F. Hall (Ames);Program scientist, Albert Opp;Project scientist, John H. Wolfe (Ames).


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Program:

Description:

Schedule:

Management:

Viking

Two automated spacecraft will be sentto Mars, each consisting of a 2,320-kilogram (5,320-pound) orbiter and a1,957-kilogram (2,000-pound) lander.Primary emphasis will be on studyingthe environment of Mars and the searchfor signs of extraterrestrial life. Afterlaunch by a Titan-Centaur from CapeCanaveral, orbiter and lander remainmated during the 736-million-kilometer(460-million-mile) trip to Mars andinitial reconnaissance of the planet.The lander then detaches and lands,using parachute and retrorockets.

Orbiter science includes TV cameras,water vapor and temperature mapping.Lander science includes two color TVcameras; experiments for biological,organic and inorganic analysis ofMartian soil; and instruments todetermine atmospheric composition andstructure; pressure, temperature andwind, and a seismometer.

Lander will be powered by radioisotopethermoelectric generators. Sterilizationprocedures will assure that chances ofcontaminating Mars with Earth micro-organisms are less than one in a million.

Two spacecraft will be launched fromETR in late summer 1975, arriving atthe planet in mid-summer 1976. Vikingis a follow-on to the 1964-65, 1969 andthe 1971 Mariner flights to Mars.

Project management: Langley ResearchCenter. LaRC also manages lander withMartin Marietta Corp. as industrial con-tractor. Orbiter management, Jet Propul-sion Laboratory.

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Program Officials: Program manager, Walter Jakobowski;Project manager., James Martin (LaRC) ;"Program scientist, Dr. Richard. Young;Project scientist, Dr. Gerald Soffen

(LaRC)

Funding: $726.1 million obligated through June 1974

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Program:

Description:

Helios (a cooperative project withthe Federal Republic of Germany)

Under agreement of June 10, 1969,between the West German Ministry ofScience and Education and NASA, thetwo countries are cooperating indeveloping two probes, Helios A andB, to investigate space close to theSun within approximately 45 millionkilometers (28 million miles).

Schedule:

The 370-kilogram (815-pound) space-craft are being developed by WestGermany. NASA will provide TitanIII-D/Centaur launch vehicles,launching services, and support bythe Deep Space Network. Seven ofthe ro experiments will be providedby German scientists and three byNASA in cooperation with U.S.,Australian and Italian scientists.

The scientific objectives are toinvestigate the properties of andprocesses in interplanetary spaceclose to the Sun (about 0.3 AU).

Helios-A was launched from CapeCanaveral on Dec. 10, 1974. Helios-Bis scheduled for launch in early 1976,

Management: German project management: Gessellschaftfuer Weltraumforschurig (Gfw) Contractor,Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm GmbH.NASA project management: GoddardSpace Flight Center.

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Program Officials: For NASA: Program manager, FredKochendorfer;

Project manager, Gilbert W. Ousley(GSFC);

Program scientist, Alois W. Schardt;Project scientist, James H. Tralnor

(GSFC).

Funding: For NASa: $8.1 million obligated throughJune 1974.

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Program:

Description:

Schedule:

Management:

Program Officials:

Funding:

Pioneer Venus 1978

Two spacecraft, an orbiter and a lander,are due to arrive at Venus late in 1978.The orbiter, carrying 38 kilograms (185pounds) of instruments, is designed tostudy the atmosphere over one 243-dayperiod, coming as close as 200 kilometers(125 miles) to the planet's surface.The multiprobe bus will drop one .largeand three small probes toward the surfaceand will then send back data as it entersthe atmosphere. Primary objective of thetwin missions is to gather detailed infor-mation on Venus' atmosphere and clouds,which could lead to a better understandingof our own atmosphere. Thirty-eightscientists, including one each from Franceand Germany, have been chosen by NASA toprovide the experiments for Pioneer Venus.

Two spacecraft will be launched fromETR in May and August, 1978, arrivingat Venus in December 1978.

Project management: Ames Research Center

Program manager, Fred Kochendorfer (Hqs.);Deputy program manager, Paul Tarver (Hqs.);Project manager, C. F. Hall (ARC);Program scientist, Dr. Robert F. Fellows (Hqs.)Project scientist, Dr. Lawrence Colin (ARC),

Initial project funding planned for FY 1975.

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J8I Lunar Programs

The Lunar Programs Office is responsible for the contin-uing operation, collection and distribution of data from theApollo Lunar Surface Experiment Packages (ALSEPs). All fivepackages placed on the lunar surface by Apollos 12, 14, 15, 16and 17 are still operating,'with the majority of the individualexperiments still collecting valid scientific data. This officesupports the ALSEP and photoanalysis Principal Investigatorsand generates the necessary cartographic and photographic sup-port products. The Curatorial Facility at Johnson Space Center,Houston, Tex • < safeguards,.stores, prepares, analyzes anddistributed the lunar rock and soil samples returned by theApollo flights. Over 170 scientific groups of approved investi-gators are participating in this sample analysis program.

The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment is utilizing variationsin direction and travel time of laser pulses transmitted fromthe University of Texas' McDonald Observatory and reflected backby retroreflectors emplaced at three Apollo landing sites, todetermine changes in orientation and distances of the Earth-moon systems. A second observatory will soon be operating onMount Haleakala in Hawaii.

An integral part of the Lunar Program Office is the LunarData Analysis and Synthesis Program which seeks to develop,through all available data, a detailed picture of the origin,evolution and present environment of the moon and to extendultimately these results to a better understanding of our Earthand Solar System.

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Launch Vehicles

SCOUT

Scout is the smallest and only all-solid-fuel launch vehiclein the national launch vehicle stable. It is used for a large"variety of small scientific payloads such as atmospheric andspace probes, high speed reentry experiments and small satellites,

From October 1963 to August 1974, 65 Scouts were launchedwith a 95 per cent success rate. The last 33 launches have allbeen successful.

Mission Capability: Can put 186 kilograms (410 pounds) in555-kilometer (300-mile) orbit, due eastfrom Wallops Station, Va.

Stages (Four)

Algol III-A

Castor II-A

Antares IIB

Altair III

Fuel Thrust

Solid 481,704 newtons (108,287 pounds)




Scout is 23 meters (72 feet) tall with a maximum diameterof 1.12 meters (3.67 feet).

Management: Langley Research Center

Program Officials: Program manager, Paul E. Goozh; NASA Hqs.

Prime Contractor:

Funding:

Project manager, Roland D. English (LaRC)

Vought Systems Division, LTV Aerospace Corp.


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DELTA

Delta is an economical, reliable launch vehicle usedfor a wide variety of medium-size satellites and small spaceprobes. It may be used as a two-or three-stage vehicle witha three, six, or nine solid-motor first-stage thrust augmen-tation.

Through August, 1974, 102 Deltas have been launched withan overall success record of 91 per cent.

Mission Capability:

Stages (Three)

Thor

Can put 1,800-kilogram (4,500-pound)payload into 185-kilometer (115-mile)orbit or 386 kilograms (850 pounds) toMars or Venus (two-stage, nine solids).

Fuel Thrust

Delta

TE-364-4

Liquid oxygenmodified kero-sene (LOX/RP-1)

2 4/Aerozene-50

Solid

Thrust

2,298,000 newtons(517,000 pounds)including six of thenine solid strap-ons,

45,800 newtons(10,305 pounds)


Delta is 35 meters (116.0 feet) tall with a maximumdiameter of 2.4 meters (8 feet).

Management:

Program Officials:

Prime Contractor:

Funding:

Goddard Space Flight Center

Program manager, Peter EatonProject manager, William Schindler (GSFC).

McDonnell Douglas Corporation


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ATLAS/CENTAUR

Atlas/Centaur is a high energy mission, two and onehalf-stage rocket for launch of medium weight spacecraft intoplanetary and synchronous orbits. Reliability and flexibilityof the Centaur stage is increased' to provide additional vehicleperformance for support of Viking and subsequent missions witha Titan III booster.

Through August 1974, Atlas/Centaurs have been launchedwith an overall success record of 88 per cent for operationalvehicles.

Mission Capability:

Stages (Two)

Atlas

Centaur

Can put 4,700 kilograms (10,300 pounds)into 555-kilometer (345 miles)orbit or 1,810 kilograms (4,000 pounds)into synchronous transfer orbit.

Fuel

Liquid oxygenmodified kerosene(LOX-RP-1)

Liquid oxygen andliquid hydrogen(LOX/LH2)

Thrust

2,236,000 newtons(.503,000 pounds)


Atlas/Centaur and shroud are 39.81 meters (131 feet) tallwith a maximum diameter of 3.04 meters (10 feet).

Management:

Program Officials

Prime Contractor:

Funding:

Lewis Research center

Program manager, F. Robert SchmidtProject manager, Henry Sloan (LeRC).

General Dynamics/Convair

$669.2 million obligated through June 1974for complete Centaur program.

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TITAN III C (Air Force)

TITAN III C (Air Force) Launched the Applications TechnologySatellite F May 30, 1974.

Mission Capability: Can put 11,820 kilograms (26,000 pounds)into 555-kiiometef (345 mile)-orbit, 1,500 kilograms (3,300 pounds)into synchronous orbit.

Stages (Four)

Stage 0(two solids)

Stage I

Stage II

Stage III

Fuel

Solid

Nitrogen' tetroxide(N_0.) ahd Aerozene-50(NjHj/UDMHJ-

Nitrogen tetroxide(N90.) and Aerozene-50

Nitrogen tetroxide(N.,0 .) and Aerozene-50(N^Hj/UDMH)

Thrust :

10,450,825newtons (2,350,000pounds)

2,320,000 newtons(520,000 pounds)


70,000 newtons{15,700 pounds)

Titan III .C is.40.6 meters (133 feet) tall with a maxi-mum diameter"of 3 meters '(10 feet). ^

'Management:

Program Official:

Prime Contractor:

Funding:

U.S. Air Force

NASA, Roger A. Mattson

Martin Marietta (Denver)

$23.8 million obligated through June 1974,

TITAN III E/CENTAUR

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Mission Capability: Can put 5,1.36-kilograms (11,300-pounds)into Earth escape orbit, or 3,963 kilograms(8,850-pounds) to Mar? or Venus.

Stage (Four)*

Titan Stage(2 SRM's)

Titan Stage I

Titan Stage

Centaur (DITR)

Fuel

Solid

Thrust

10,450,825 newtons(2,350,000 pounds)

Nitrogen tetroxide 2,320,000 newtons(N-O.) and Aerozine-50 (520,000 pounds)(N /UDMH)

Nitrogen tetroxideand Aerozene.(N2H4/UDMH/N204)

LOX/LH2)



Titan III E/Centaur and shroud are•about 53 meters (160 feet)tall with a maximum diameter of 3 meters (10 feet).

Management:

Program Official:

Funding:

Lewis Research Center

Program Manager; R. MattsonProject Manager; Paul Winslow (LeRC)

See Atlas/Centaur for total projectfunding.

*Fifth stage optional for high velocity missions (Jupiter, etc.)

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JANUARY 1975 - NASA · Project management, Goddard Space Flight Center and Gesellschaft fuer...

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